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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 864

Explain how the structures of the respiratory system protect the lungs from damage and infection.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Nasal hairs and mucus in the nasal cavity trap large particles and pathogens, which prevents them from entering the lungs.
  • The reason for this is the sticky mucus captures debris while hairs act as a physical barrier.
  • Blood vessels in the nasal cavity warm incoming air, therefore protecting delicate lung tissue from cold shock.
  • The pharynx contains tonsils with lymphoid tissue that identify and destroy pathogens, consequently reducing infection risk.
  • These structures work by white blood cells within tonsils actively attacking bacteria and viruses before they reach lower airways.
  • The trachea and bronchi contain cilia and mucus-producing cells that function together to move trapped particles upward.
  • This mechanism operates via rhythmic ciliary beating, which ensures particles are expelled before reaching alveoli.
  • As a result, multiple protective structures create a comprehensive defence system for the lungs.
Show Worked Solution
  • Nasal hairs and mucus in the nasal cavity trap large particles and pathogens, which prevents them from entering the lungs.
  • The reason for this is the sticky mucus captures debris while hairs act as a physical barrier.
  • Blood vessels in the nasal cavity warm incoming air, therefore protecting delicate lung tissue from cold shock.
  • The pharynx contains tonsils with lymphoid tissue that identify and destroy pathogens, consequently reducing infection risk.
  • These structures work by white blood cells within tonsils actively attacking bacteria and viruses before they reach lower airways.
  • The trachea and bronchi contain cilia and mucus-producing cells that function together to move trapped particles upward.
  • This mechanism operates via rhythmic ciliary beating, which ensures particles are expelled before reaching alveoli.
  • As a result, multiple protective structures create a comprehensive defence system for the lungs.