Describe the relationship between the hormone cortisol and the digestive system during periods of prolonged stress. (5 marks)
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Sample Answer
- Cortisol released by the adrenal glands increases blood glucose through gluconeogenesis. Energy is diverted away from digestive processes to support the stress response.
- Prolonged cortisol elevation can increase stomach acid production in some individuals. Gastric inflammation, ulcers, or reflux disease may result from this change.
- Cortisol disrupts the intestinal barrier function, increasing gut permeability. Partially digested food and bacteria can enter the bloodstream, triggering inflammation.
- Chronic high cortisol suppresses digestive enzyme production from the pancreas and other organs. Nutrient breakdown and absorption efficiency decreases, particularly affecting protein digestion.
- Cortisol alters gut motility, either speeding it up or slowing it down. Normal food passage becomes disrupted, potentially causing diarrhoea or constipation.
- Compromised digestive function occurs during chronic stress. Malnutrition and gastrointestinal disorders can develop despite adequate food intake.
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Sample Answer
- Cortisol released by the adrenal glands increases blood glucose through gluconeogenesis. Energy is diverted away from digestive processes to support the stress response.
- Prolonged cortisol elevation can increase stomach acid production in some individuals. Gastric inflammation, ulcers, or reflux disease may result from this change.
- Cortisol disrupts the intestinal barrier function, increasing gut permeability. Partially digested food and bacteria can enter the bloodstream, triggering inflammation.
- Chronic high cortisol suppresses digestive enzyme production from the pancreas and other organs. Nutrient breakdown and absorption efficiency decreases, particularly affecting protein digestion.
- Cortisol alters gut motility, either speeding it up or slowing it down. Normal food passage becomes disrupted, potentially causing diarrhoea or constipation.
- Compromised digestive function occurs during chronic stress. Malnutrition and gastrointestinal disorders can develop despite adequate food intake.