Explain how the peripheral nervous system facilitates both voluntary and involuntary aspects of a 100-metre sprint performance. (5 marks)
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Sample Answer
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle contractions for sprinting.
- Motor neurons transmit signals from CNS to skeletal muscles, causing sprinters to consciously drive from blocks and maintain running form.
- This shows how voluntary PNS pathways enable purposeful movement.
- Sensory neurons provide continuous feedback during the sprint.
- This information allows real-time adjustments to technique and balance.
- Runners sense foot contact and adjust stride length for maximum speed, demonstrating how sensory input refines voluntary movement.
- The autonomic nervous system triggers involuntary cardiovascular responses.
- Sympathetic activation increases heart rate before conscious awareness, resulting in rates rising from 70 to 180+ bpm within seconds.
- This illustrates how involuntary responses support intense exercise.
- Pre-race sympathetic activation prepares the body for explosive effort.
- Adrenaline release automatically increases muscle tension and mental alertness.
- Sprinters experience heightened awareness and energy at the starting line, showing how involuntary preparation enhances voluntary performance.
Show Worked Solution
Sample Answer
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle contractions for sprinting.
- Motor neurons transmit signals from CNS to skeletal muscles, causing sprinters to consciously drive from blocks and maintain running form.
- This shows how voluntary PNS pathways enable purposeful movement.
- Sensory neurons provide continuous feedback during the sprint.
- This information allows real-time adjustments to technique and balance.
- Runners sense foot contact and adjust stride length for maximum speed, demonstrating how sensory input refines voluntary movement.
- The autonomic nervous system triggers involuntary cardiovascular responses.
- Sympathetic activation increases heart rate before conscious awareness, resulting in rates rising from 70 to 180+ bpm within seconds.
- This illustrates how involuntary responses support intense exercise.
- Pre-race sympathetic activation prepares the body for explosive effort.
- Adrenaline release automatically increases muscle tension and mental alertness.
- Sprinters experience heightened awareness and energy at the starting line, showing how involuntary preparation enhances voluntary performance.