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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 803 MC

After completing research on how different aerobic activities affect resting heart rate, which of the following would be the MOST logical next research question to explore?

  1. What impact do anaerobic activities have on flexibility?
  2. How does the duration of each training session affect recovery heart rate?
  3. What is the relationship between age and heart rate?
  4. Do males or females prefer running or swimming?
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Builds directly on previous research by investigating another variable (session duration) that could influence heart rate response, maintaining the focus on physiological responses to aerobic training.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Shifts focus to anaerobic activities and flexibility, losing connection to the original heart rate research.
  • C is incorrect: Focuses on age rather than training variables, moving away from investigating effects of aerobic training.
  • D is incorrect: Changes focus to preference rather than physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 801 MC

A student conducted a 4 week training program investigating how different aerobic activities affect resting heart rate. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate method to present the findings?

  1. A single bar graph showing only the final heart rate values for each activity
  2. A detailed written description of heart rate changes without visual aids
  3. A pie chart showing the percentage decrease in resting heart rate for each activity
  4. A line graph showing weekly changes in resting heart rate for each activity across the 4-week period
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: 

  • D is correct: A line graph shows trends over time, allowing comparison of how activities affected heart rate throughout the intervention.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Shows only final results, omitting important information about progressive changes.
  • B is incorrect: Lacks visual representation, making it difficult to interpret trends and compare activities.
  • C is incorrect: Pie charts are inappropriate for showing changes over time and comparing multiple variables.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 800

Compare THREE different research questions about ventilation rate responses to aerobic training, and evaluate which would provide the most valid and reliable data for a student research project.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Question 1: “Does aerobic training change ventilation rate?”

  • This question lacks specificity about training type, duration, and measurement methods, making valid data collection difficult as variables remain undefined.

Question 2: “What is the effect of 3 weeks of fartlek training on ventilation rate during submaximal exercise?”

  • This question improves specificity by naming training type and duration, but omits measurement protocols and participant details, risking reliability.

Question 3: “How does 30 minutes of continuous aerobic training at 70% maximum heart rate, performed 3 times weekly for 4 weeks, affect ventilation rate during a standardised step test in 15 – 17 year old students?”

  • This question provides precise parameters for training intensity, frequency, duration, measurement protocols, and participant group.

Validity and Reliability

Question 3: 

  • Provides the most valid and reliable data by clearly defining all variables, enabling consistent implementation and standardised testing.
  • It allows for accurate pre-and post-testing comparisons with controlled variables, enhancing internal validity.
  • Its specificity ensures study reproducibility, improving reliability and allowing meaningful conclusions about ventilation responses to aerobic training.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Question 1: “Does aerobic training change ventilation rate?”

  • This question lacks specificity about training type, duration, and measurement methods, making valid data collection difficult as variables remain undefined.

Question 2: “What is the effect of 3 weeks of fartlek training on ventilation rate during submaximal exercise?”

  • This question improves specificity by naming training type and duration, but omits measurement protocols and participant details, risking reliability.

Question 3: “How does 30 minutes of continuous aerobic training at 70% maximum heart rate, performed 3 times weekly for 4 weeks, affect ventilation rate during a standardised step test in 15 – 17 year old students?”

  • This question provides precise parameters for training intensity, frequency, duration, measurement protocols, and participant group.

Validity and Reliability

Question 3: 

  • Provides the most valid and reliable data by clearly defining all variables, enabling consistent implementation and standardised testing.
  • It allows for accurate pre-and post-testing comparisons with controlled variables, enhancing internal validity.
  • Its specificity ensures study reproducibility, improving reliability and allowing meaningful conclusions about ventilation responses to aerobic training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 798 MC

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate research question for investigating immediate physiological responses to aerobic training?

  1. What are the benefits of aerobic exercise for teenagers?
  2. How does running affect the body's energy systems?
  3. What is the effect of 6 weeks of swimming training on resting heart rate?
  4. Which sporting activity is most enjoyable for high school students?
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: This question is specific, measurable, and focuses directly on a physiological response (resting heart rate) to a specific type of aerobic training (swimming) over a defined period (6 weeks).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too broad and lacks specificity about which physiological responses are being investigated.
  • B is incorrect: Lacks measurable outcomes and timeframe for investigation.
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on enjoyment rather than physiological responses to aerobic training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 451

A student conducted an 8-week investigation on how aerobic training affects resting heart rate, recording measurements every 2 weeks. Assess the most appropriate ways to present these findings and draw conclusions that accurately reflect the changes observed.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A line graph showing the average resting heart rate at each 2-week interval would visually demonstrate the pattern of change over time, making it clear whether improvements were steady or occurred primarily during specific periods.
  • Including individual data points or separate lines for each participant would show the range of responses, allowing conclusions about consistency of effects across different individuals.
  • Calculating and presenting the percentage change in resting heart rate would provide context about the magnitude of improvement, helping to determine whether the changes were significant enough to be meaningful.
  • Comparing the findings to expected changes based on research would allow for conclusions about whether the training program was effective relative to established norms.
  • Acknowledging limitations such as sample size and factors that might have influenced results (like participant adherence to the program) ensures honest and realistic conclusions about the observed changes.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A line graph showing the average resting heart rate at each 2-week interval would visually demonstrate the pattern of change over time, making it clear whether improvements were steady or occurred primarily during specific periods.
  • Including individual data points or separate lines for each participant would show the range of responses, allowing conclusions about consistency of effects across different individuals.
  • Calculating and presenting the percentage change in resting heart rate would provide context about the magnitude of improvement, helping to determine whether the changes were significant enough to be meaningful.
  • Comparing the findings to expected changes based on research would allow for conclusions about whether the training program was effective relative to established norms.
  • Acknowledging limitations such as sample size and factors that might have influenced results (like participant adherence to the program) ensures honest and realistic conclusions about the observed changes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 450

Explain how you could use physiological data collected during an aerobic training investigation to draw valid conclusions about the relationship between training intensity and improvement in aerobic capacity.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Calculate the percentage improvement in aerobic capacity measures (VO₂ max, lactate threshold) for participants training at different intensity zones (low, moderate, high) to determine which intensity produces optimal adaptations.
  • Analyse heart rate data during training sessions to verify that participants maintained their assigned training intensities, ensuring conclusions about intensity-related effects are based on actual training loads experienced.
  • Examine whether a dose-response relationship exists by plotting training intensity against improvements, determining if benefits increase linearly with intensity or if there’s an optimal range beyond which returns diminish.
  • Control for and account for confounding variables such as training volume and frequency when analysing the intensity relationship, ensuring conclusions specifically isolate the effect of intensity rather than other training factors.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Calculate the percentage improvement in aerobic capacity measures (VO₂ max, lactate threshold) for participants training at different intensity zones (low, moderate, high) to determine which intensity produces optimal adaptations.
  • Analyse heart rate data during training sessions to verify that participants maintained their assigned training intensities, ensuring conclusions about intensity-related effects are based on actual training loads experienced.
  • Examine whether a dose-response relationship exists by plotting training intensity against improvements, determining if benefits increase linearly with intensity or if there’s an optimal range beyond which returns diminish.
  • Control for and account for confounding variables such as training volume and frequency when analysing the intensity relationship, ensuring conclusions specifically isolate the effect of intensity rather than other training factors.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 449

Critically analyse how different presentation methods could affect the interpretation of findings from an investigation comparing the effects of continuous versus interval aerobic training on VO₂ max improvement.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Bar graphs showing average improvements could visually emphasise differences between training methods, but without error bars might exaggerate small differences that aren’t statistically significant.
  • Scatter plots showing individual data points would transparently reveal the distribution of responses in both groups, preventing misinterpretation of averages that might mask substantial overlap between methods.
  • Line graphs tracking changes over time would effectively show the rate of improvement for each method, revealing whether one method produces faster initial gains versus greater long-term improvements.
  • Line graphs tracking changes over time would effectively show the rate of improvement for each method, revealing whether one method produces faster initial gains versus greater long-term improvements.
  • Using percentage change rather than absolute values could alter interpretation by normalising improvements relative to baseline, potentially favoring the method that works better for initially less-fit individuals.
  • Selectively highlighting specific time points or variables where differences are greatest could create bias toward one method, whereas comprehensive data presentation with effect sizes would provide a more balanced interpretation of relative effectiveness.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Bar graphs showing average improvements could visually emphasise differences between training methods, but without error bars might exaggerate small differences that aren’t statistically significant.
  • Scatter plots showing individual data points would transparently reveal the distribution of responses in both groups, preventing misinterpretation of averages that might mask substantial overlap between methods.
  • Line graphs tracking changes over time would effectively show the rate of improvement for each method, revealing whether one method produces faster initial gains versus greater long-term improvements.
  • Line graphs tracking changes over time would effectively show the rate of improvement for each method, revealing whether one method produces faster initial gains versus greater long-term improvements.
  • Using percentage change rather than absolute values could alter interpretation by normalising improvements relative to baseline, potentially favoring the method that works better for initially less-fit individuals.
  • Selectively highlighting specific time points or variables where differences are greatest could create bias toward one method, whereas comprehensive data presentation with effect sizes would provide a more balanced interpretation of relative effectiveness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 448

A student investigated the impact of a 4-week aerobic training program on participants' recovery heart rates. Describe how the student could effectively present their findings to demonstrate individual variability in training responses.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Individual line graphs could be presented showing each participant’s recovery heart rate profile before and after training, highlighting the unique magnitude and pattern of improvement for each person.
  • Box plots could display the distribution of recovery heart rates at different time points, visually demonstrating the range and variability of responses while showing the overall group trend.
  • A table organising participants into responder categories (high, moderate, low) based on percentage improvement in recovery heart rate would effectively quantify and categorise individual variability while maintaining data organisation.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Individual line graphs could be presented showing each participant’s recovery heart rate profile before and after training, highlighting the unique magnitude and pattern of improvement for each person.
  • Box plots could display the distribution of recovery heart rates at different time points, visually demonstrating the range and variability of responses while showing the overall group trend.
  • A table organising participants into responder categories (high, moderate, low) based on percentage improvement in recovery heart rate would effectively quantify and categorise individual variability while maintaining data organisation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 444

Analyse how the presentation of data collected during a 12-week aerobic training investigation can influence the conclusions drawn about improvements in cardiovascular efficiency.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Presenting data as percentage change from baseline rather than raw numbers highlights relative improvements, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between participants with different starting fitness levels.
  • Including both average group results and individual case studies provides a balanced view of overall trends while acknowledging that not all participants respond to aerobic training at the same rate or magnitude.
  • Displaying progressive measurements (at 4, 8, and 12 weeks) rather than just pre/post data reveals the timeline of adaptations, showing whether improvements occur steadily or plateau at certain points.
  • Comparing multiple cardiovascular measurements (resting heart rate, recovery time, blood pressure) creates a comprehensive picture of efficiency improvements rather than relying on a single measure that might not tell the complete story.
  • Using clear visuals like line graphs with consistent scales prevents misinterpretation of the magnitude of improvements, ensuring conclusions accurately reflect the actual physiological changes observed.
  • Separating data by relevant participant characteristics (age groups, initial fitness levels) allows for more precise conclusions about which populations might benefit most from similar aerobic training programs.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Presenting data as percentage change from baseline rather than raw numbers highlights relative improvements, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between participants with different starting fitness levels.
  • Including both average group results and individual case studies provides a balanced view of overall trends while acknowledging that not all participants respond to aerobic training at the same rate or magnitude.
  • Displaying progressive measurements (at 4, 8, and 12 weeks) rather than just pre/post data reveals the timeline of adaptations, showing whether improvements occur steadily or plateau at certain points.
  • Comparing multiple cardiovascular measurements (resting heart rate, recovery time, blood pressure) creates a comprehensive picture of efficiency improvements rather than relying on a single measure that might not tell the complete story.
  • Using clear visuals like line graphs with consistent scales prevents misinterpretation of the magnitude of improvements, ensuring conclusions accurately reflect the actual physiological changes observed.
  • Separating data by relevant participant characteristics (age groups, initial fitness levels) allows for more precise conclusions about which populations might benefit most from similar aerobic training programs.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 443

Describe TWO methods for presenting findings from a physiological investigation that would effectively communicate the relationship between training intensity and oxygen consumption.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • A scatter plot with a line of best fit would effectively present the relationship between training intensity (x-axis) and oxygen consumption (y-axis), visually demonstrating the correlation and allowing for identification of the aerobic threshold where oxygen consumption increases disproportionately to intensity.
  • Tables organising data by intensity zones (low, moderate, high) with corresponding average oxygen consumption values would allow for clear numerical comparison across intensity levels and could include standard deviations to show variability within each intensity zone.
  • Line graphs showing oxygen consumption over time at different intensity levels could effectively display how oxygen uptake kinetics change based on exercise intensity, particularly highlighting differences in steady-state achievement and oxygen deficit at different intensities.
  • Heat maps could represent individual participant responses across various intensity levels, effectively visualising both group trends and individual variations in oxygen consumption responses to increasing training loads.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • A scatter plot with a line of best fit would effectively present the relationship between training intensity (x-axis) and oxygen consumption (y-axis), visually demonstrating the correlation and allowing for identification of the aerobic threshold where oxygen consumption increases disproportionately to intensity.
  • Tables organising data by intensity zones (low, moderate, high) with corresponding average oxygen consumption values would allow for clear numerical comparison across intensity levels and could include standard deviations to show variability within each intensity zone.
  • Line graphs showing oxygen consumption over time at different intensity levels could effectively display how oxygen uptake kinetics change based on exercise intensity, particularly highlighting differences in steady-state achievement and oxygen deficit at different intensities.
  • Heat maps could represent individual participant responses across various intensity levels, effectively visualising both group trends and individual variations in oxygen consumption responses to increasing training loads.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 442

Outline the purpose of including a visual representation of data when presenting findings from an investigation on physiological responses to aerobic training.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Visual representations such as graphs quickly communicate patterns in physiological data that might not be apparent in numerical tables.
  • Visuals allow for easier comparison of pre-training and post-training measurements, highlighting the magnitude of physiological adaptations.
  • Appropriate visual aids enhance audience understanding, particularly when presenting complex relationships between variables such as heart rate recovery time and training duration.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Visual representations such as graphs quickly communicate patterns in physiological data that might not be apparent in numerical tables.
  • Visuals allow for easier comparison of pre-training and post-training measurements, highlighting the magnitude of physiological adaptations.
  • Appropriate visual aids enhance audience understanding, particularly when presenting complex relationships between variables such as heart rate recovery time and training duration.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 440 MC

A student investigating the effect of aerobic training on VO₂ max collected data from 10 participants before and after an 8-week training program. When drawing conclusions, which of the following would be most important to consider?

  1. Comparing the data with the general population's average VO₂ max
  2. The brand of equipment used to measure VO₂ max
  3. Statistical significance of the observed changes
  4. The participants' previous exercise experience
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Statistical significance determines whether the observed changes are likely due to the training program rather than random chance, which is crucial for valid conclusions.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Comparing to population averages doesn’t directly address the investigation question about the effect of the specific training program.
  • B is incorrect: While equipment quality matters for data collection, it’s not the most important factor when drawing conclusions from already collected data.
  • D is incorrect: While previous exercise experience might be relevant as a variable to control, it’s not the most important factor when determining if the changes observed were meaningful.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 438

After conducting a pilot study on aerobic training and stress management in Year 11 students, a researcher found inconsistent results using a single data collection method.

Critically analyse which combination of data collection methods (observation, survey, and/or interview) would provide the most valid and reliable data for a full-scale investigation into this topic. Justify your response with specific examples of how each method would be implemented.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • A combination of surveys, observation, and selective interviews would provide the most comprehensive data, as each method addresses different aspects of the relationship between aerobic training and stress management.
  • Surveys using validated tools like the Perceived Stress Scale should be administered pre-, mid-, and post-program to quantify changes in perceived stress levels, providing standardised numerical data that can be statistically analysed to identify trends across the participant group.
  • Direct observation during standardized stress tests (such as timed cognitive tasks) before and after the training program would provide objective physiological data through measuring visible stress responses like sweating, fidgeting, or facial expressions, complementing the subjective survey data.
  • Physiological measurements could be incorporated into observation sessions by recording vital signs like heart rate variability and blood pressure during stress tests, providing objective indicators of the body’s stress response that participants might not be consciously aware of.
  • Semi-structured interviews with a representative sample of participants showing varying degrees of improvement would explore the mechanisms behind individual differences, potentially revealing why some students benefited more than others from the aerobic training.
  • Interviews would also allow exploration of how participants applied stress management techniques learned through aerobic training to real-life situations outside the program, providing ecological validity that laboratory measurements cannot capture.
  • This triangulated approach compensates for the weaknesses of each individual method – surveys might be affected by social desirability bias, observations might miss internal experiences, and interviews alone might not provide generalizable data.
  • Implementation should include proper sequencing of methods, with surveys and observations conducted at consistent intervals throughout the program, and interviews conducted at the conclusion to prevent interview questions from influencing survey responses or observed behaviors.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • A combination of surveys, observation, and selective interviews would provide the most comprehensive data, as each method addresses different aspects of the relationship between aerobic training and stress management.
  • Surveys using validated tools like the Perceived Stress Scale should be administered pre-, mid-, and post-program to quantify changes in perceived stress levels, providing standardised numerical data that can be statistically analysed to identify trends across the participant group.
  • Direct observation during standardized stress tests (such as timed cognitive tasks) before and after the training program would provide objective physiological data through measuring visible stress responses like sweating, fidgeting, or facial expressions, complementing the subjective survey data.
  • Physiological measurements could be incorporated into observation sessions by recording vital signs like heart rate variability and blood pressure during stress tests, providing objective indicators of the body’s stress response that participants might not be consciously aware of.
  • Semi-structured interviews with a representative sample of participants showing varying degrees of improvement would explore the mechanisms behind individual differences, potentially revealing why some students benefited more than others from the aerobic training.
  • Interviews would also allow exploration of how participants applied stress management techniques learned through aerobic training to real-life situations outside the program, providing ecological validity that laboratory measurements cannot capture.
  • This triangulated approach compensates for the weaknesses of each individual method – surveys might be affected by social desirability bias, observations might miss internal experiences, and interviews alone might not provide generalizable data.
  • Implementation should include proper sequencing of methods, with surveys and observations conducted at consistent intervals throughout the program, and interviews conducted at the conclusion to prevent interview questions from influencing survey responses or observed behaviors.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 434 MC

A student wants to investigate the relationship between aerobic training and perceived energy levels throughout the day in Year 11 students. Which data collection method would be most appropriate for this investigation?

  1. Observation of students during their regular classes
  2. Blood tests measuring ATP levels before and after training
  3. Survey with Likert scale questions about energy levels at different times of day
  4. Interview with teachers about students' classroom participation
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:

  • Survey with Likert scale questions is most appropriate because perceived energy levels are subjective experiences that are best measured through self-reporting.
  • A structured survey using a Likert scale (e.g., rating energy from 1-5) allows for quantifiable data collection about participants’ internal experiences throughout the day, which cannot be directly observed or measured through physiological tests.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Inappropriate because energy levels are subjective internal states that cannot be reliably observed externally.
  • B is incorrect: Measures a physiological marker (ATP) rather than perceived energy levels, which is not what the research question is investigating.
  • D is incorrect: Relies on secondhand perceptions rather than direct reports from the participants experiencing the energy levels.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 433

After conducting an investigation into how a 12-week aerobic training program affected blood pressure responses to submaximal exercise, a student found that while resting blood pressure decreased for most participants, the blood pressure response during exercise showed minimal change.

Propose TWO further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer – or similar questions and reasons with required detail

  • “Is there a relationship between age and the blood pressure response to aerobic training at rest versus during exercise?” would investigate whether demographic factors influence how different aspects of blood pressure regulation adapt to training.
    • This question is valuable because it could help explain why resting blood pressure improved while exercise blood pressure didn’t, by examining whether age-related factors influence different physiological responses.
  • “How do the blood pressure responses at rest and during exercise compare between participants who reported high versus low enjoyment of the training program?” examines psychological influences on physiological responses.
    • This question explores the mind-body connection in exercise responses, potentially revealing whether engagement and enjoyment of the training program influences physiological adaptations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – or similar questions and reasons with required detail

  • “Is there a relationship between age and the blood pressure response to aerobic training at rest versus during exercise?” would investigate whether demographic factors influence how different aspects of blood pressure regulation adapt to training.
    • This question is valuable because it could help explain why resting blood pressure improved while exercise blood pressure didn’t, by examining whether age-related factors influence different physiological responses.
  • “How do the blood pressure responses at rest and during exercise compare between participants who reported high versus low enjoyment of the training program?” examines psychological influences on physiological responses.
    • This question explores the mind-body connection in exercise responses, potentially revealing whether engagement and enjoyment of the training program influences physiological adaptations.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 432

A student investigated how a 6-week aerobic training program affected recovery heart rate in Year 11 students. The results showed an average 9% improvement in 1-minute recovery heart rate following the program.

Identify ONE further research question that could be explored based on these findings and explain why this question would be valuable to investigate.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – or similar question and reasons with required detail

  • “Does the improvement in recovery heart rate correlate with improvements in endurance performance?” would directly build on the positive physiological finding by connecting it to functional outcomes.
    • This question is valuable because it would establish whether the measured physiological adaptation (improved recovery heart rate) translates to meaningful performance benefits that participants can experience in sports or daily activities.
    • Understanding this relationship would help coaches and physical education teachers better communicate the practical benefits of training adaptations to students, potentially improving motivation and program adherence.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – or similar question and reasons with required detail

  • “Does the improvement in recovery heart rate correlate with improvements in endurance performance?” would directly build on the positive physiological finding by connecting it to functional outcomes.
    • This question is valuable because it would establish whether the measured physiological adaptation (improved recovery heart rate) translates to meaningful performance benefits that participants can experience in sports or daily activities.
    • Understanding this relationship would help coaches and physical education teachers better communicate the practical benefits of training adaptations to students, potentially improving motivation and program adherence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 431

A student investigated the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on resting metabolic rate (RMR) in adolescents. The results showed that while RMR increased significantly for the group overall, there was considerable variation in individual responses.

Propose THREE further research questions that could be explored based on these findings and explain how each question would help understand physiological responses to aerobic training.   (12 marks)

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Sample Answer – At least 3 questions including similar detail

  • “Is there a relationship between changes in resting metabolic rate and changes in resting heart rate following aerobic training?” investigates connections between different physiological measurements.
    • This question would help understand whether multiple physiological systems respond similarly to aerobic training or if they change independently, improving our understanding of how the body responds as a whole.
  • “Do males and females show similar changes in resting metabolic rate following the same aerobic training program?” examines potential sex differences in physiological responses.
    • Understanding how biological factors influence physiological responses to the same training stimulus would help explain the variation observed and could inform how different groups might respond to aerobic exercise.
  • “How do changes in resting metabolic rate differ between participants who trained in the morning versus those who trained in the afternoon?” investigates the influence of timing on physiological responses.
    • This question explores whether the body’s natural circadian rhythms affect how it responds to exercise, potentially explaining some of the individual variation observed in the original study.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – At least 3 questions including similar detail

  • “Is there a relationship between changes in resting metabolic rate and changes in resting heart rate following aerobic training?” investigates connections between different physiological measurements.
    • This question would help understand whether multiple physiological systems respond similarly to aerobic training or if they change independently, improving our understanding of how the body responds as a whole.
  • “Do males and females show similar changes in resting metabolic rate following the same aerobic training program?” examines potential sex differences in physiological responses.
    • Understanding how biological factors influence physiological responses to the same training stimulus would help explain the variation observed and could inform how different groups might respond to aerobic exercise.
  • “How do changes in resting metabolic rate differ between participants who trained in the morning versus those who trained in the afternoon?” investigates the influence of timing on physiological responses.
    • This question explores whether the body’s natural circadian rhythms affect how it responds to exercise, potentially explaining some of the individual variation observed in the original study.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 430

A student investigated the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during a progressive aerobic exercise test. Results showed a strong correlation for most participants, but some individuals consistently reported lower perceived exertion despite similar heart rates to other participants.

Propose TWO further research questions based on these findings and explain how each question could enhance understanding of physiological responses to aerobic exercise.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How does previous exercise experience affect the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during aerobic exercise?” directly addresses why some participants might perceive exercise differently despite similar physiological responses.
    • This question would enhance understanding of physiological responses by exploring how familiarity with exercise sensations might influence how individuals interpret and report their body’s responses during aerobic activity.
  • “Would the same disconnect between perceived exertion and heart rate occur during different types of aerobic activities, such as cycling versus running?” examines whether the physiological response patterns are activity-specific.
    • This question would improve understanding of how different exercise modes might produce varying relationships between objective measures (heart rate) and subjective feelings (perceived exertion), helping to explain individual differences in physiological responses.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How does previous exercise experience affect the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during aerobic exercise?” directly addresses why some participants might perceive exercise differently despite similar physiological responses.
    • This question would enhance understanding of physiological responses by exploring how familiarity with exercise sensations might influence how individuals interpret and report their body’s responses during aerobic activity.
  • “Would the same disconnect between perceived exertion and heart rate occur during different types of aerobic activities, such as cycling versus running?” examines whether the physiological response patterns are activity-specific.
    • This question would improve understanding of how different exercise modes might produce varying relationships between objective measures (heart rate) and subjective feelings (perceived exertion), helping to explain individual differences in physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 429

A student conducted research on the effects of a 12-week aerobic training program on stroke volume and cardiac output in adolescents. The results showed significant improvements in both measures at rest and during submaximal exercise, but the degree of improvement was strongly influenced by participants' initial fitness levels.

Evaluate TWO potential further research questions that could be explored based on these findings, justifying the scientific merit and practical application of each.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How long do the improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output last after the cessation of the aerobic training program?” would investigate the duration of physiological adaptations when training stops.
    • This question has scientific merit as it explores whether these cardiovascular adaptations are temporary or more permanent, helping us understand how the body maintains training effects.
    • Practically, this could help determine how frequently training needs to occur to maintain cardiovascular benefits, which is useful for designing physical education programs that balance different activities throughout the school year.
  • “Do different types of aerobic training (swimming, running, cycling) produce similar improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output for adolescents with similar fitness levels?” examines the effect of training mode on physiological responses.
    • The scientific merit lies in understanding whether the cardiovascular system adapts similarly regardless of training type or if certain forms of exercise produce greater adaptations.
    • Practically, this could help identify the most effective types of aerobic activities to include in school-based fitness programs, especially for adolescents who might have preferences for certain activities.
  • “Is there a relationship between the improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output and changes in resting heart rate following the training program?” investigates connections between different physiological adaptations.
    • This question has scientific merit as it examines whether cardiovascular adaptations occur proportionally or independently, deepening our understanding of how the body responds to aerobic training.
    • The practical application includes potentially using simpler measurements (like resting heart rate) to track training adaptations when more complex measurements of stroke volume and cardiac output aren’t feasible in school settings.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How long do the improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output last after the cessation of the aerobic training program?” would investigate the duration of physiological adaptations when training stops.
    • This question has scientific merit as it explores whether these cardiovascular adaptations are temporary or more permanent, helping us understand how the body maintains training effects.
    • Practically, this could help determine how frequently training needs to occur to maintain cardiovascular benefits, which is useful for designing physical education programs that balance different activities throughout the school year.
  • “Do different types of aerobic training (swimming, running, cycling) produce similar improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output for adolescents with similar fitness levels?” examines the effect of training mode on physiological responses.
    • The scientific merit lies in understanding whether the cardiovascular system adapts similarly regardless of training type or if certain forms of exercise produce greater adaptations.
    • Practically, this could help identify the most effective types of aerobic activities to include in school-based fitness programs, especially for adolescents who might have preferences for certain activities.
  • “Is there a relationship between the improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output and changes in resting heart rate following the training program?” investigates connections between different physiological adaptations.
    • This question has scientific merit as it examines whether cardiovascular adaptations occur proportionally or independently, deepening our understanding of how the body responds to aerobic training.
    • The practical application includes potentially using simpler measurements (like resting heart rate) to track training adaptations when more complex measurements of stroke volume and cardiac output aren’t feasible in school settings.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 427

A student conducted research investigating the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation levels following a 12-minute Cooper test. The results showed a moderate correlation between faster heart rate recovery and higher oxygen saturation during exercise, but significant individual variation remained unexplained.

Propose THREE further research questions that would logically build on these findings. Explain the purpose and potential value of each question.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Other answers are possible.

  • “How does respiratory efficiency affect the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation during aerobic exercise?” would explore physiological mechanisms that might explain the correlation found in the original study.
  • This question has value because understanding the underlying mechanisms would allow for more targeted training interventions that specifically enhance the physiological systems most responsible for the observed relationship.
  • “Do individuals with different aerobic training backgrounds (e.g., endurance athletes versus team sport athletes) show different relationships between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation?” would investigate how training specificity affects these physiological parameters.
  • This question would help coaches and athletes develop more sport-specific training programs that optimise both cardiovascular recovery and oxygen utilisation for their particular needs.
  • “How consistent is the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation across different exercise intensities and durations?” would examine whether the moderate correlation holds under various exercise conditions.
  • Understanding intensity-specific relationships would enable more precise training prescriptions for individuals with different fitness goals, from health improvement to competitive performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Other answers are possible.

  • “How does respiratory efficiency affect the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation during aerobic exercise?” would explore physiological mechanisms that might explain the correlation found in the original study.
  • This question has value because understanding the underlying mechanisms would allow for more targeted training interventions that specifically enhance the physiological systems most responsible for the observed relationship.
  • “Do individuals with different aerobic training backgrounds (e.g., endurance athletes versus team sport athletes) show different relationships between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation?” would investigate how training specificity affects these physiological parameters.
  • This question would help coaches and athletes develop more sport-specific training programs that optimise both cardiovascular recovery and oxygen utilisation for their particular needs.
  • “How consistent is the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation across different exercise intensities and durations?” would examine whether the moderate correlation holds under various exercise conditions.
  • Understanding intensity-specific relationships would enable more precise training prescriptions for individuals with different fitness goals, from health improvement to competitive performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 426

After investigating the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on respiratory rate during submaximal exercise, a student found that while recovery time improved for all participants, the magnitude of improvement varied considerably across the study group of 15 Year 11 students.

Propose TWO appropriate further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any TWO of the following or similar with adequate detail.

  • “How does the type of aerobic training (continuous vs. interval) affect respiratory recovery time improvements?” would investigate whether different training methods produce varying magnitudes of adaptation.
  • “Is there a relationship between respiratory recovery improvements and changes in other physiological measures such as heart rate recovery or VO₂ max?” would examine connections between different physiological adaptations to determine if they occur proportionally.
  • “How does initial fitness level affect the magnitude of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training?” would help identify whether pre-training fitness explains the variation in improvement between participants.
  • “Do respiratory adaptations continue at the same rate beyond 10 weeks of training, or does improvement plateau?” would determine the optimal duration for maximum benefits from the training program.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • “How does the type of aerobic training (continuous vs. interval) affect respiratory recovery time improvements?” would investigate whether different training methods produce varying magnitudes of adaptation.
  • “Is there a relationship between respiratory recovery improvements and changes in other physiological measures such as heart rate recovery or VO₂ max?” would examine connections between different physiological adaptations to determine if they occur proportionally.
  • “How does initial fitness level affect the magnitude of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training?” would help identify whether pre-training fitness explains the variation in improvement between participants.
  • “Do respiratory adaptations continue at the same rate beyond 10 weeks of training, or does improvement plateau?” would determine the optimal duration for maximum benefits from the training program.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 425

A student investigated how a 6-week aerobic training program affected resting heart rate in Year 11 students. Results showed an average decrease of 7 beats per minute, but some participants showed no change at all.

Identify ONE further research question that could be explored based on these findings and explain why this question would be valuable to investigate.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any ONE of the following or similar with same level of detail

Example 1

  • A valuable follow-up question would be “What factors influenced whether a participant experienced a reduction in resting heart rate?” as this directly addresses the variation in results identified in the original study.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify which participant characteristics (such as initial fitness level, adherence to the program, or genetic factors) determine training responsiveness.
  • Understanding these factors would allow future training programs to be modified or personalised to increase effectiveness for all participants, improving health outcomes for those who didn’t respond to the standard protocol.

Example 2

  • “Does the frequency of aerobic training sessions per week affect the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction?” would be a valuable follow-up question as it investigates whether training volume was a factor in the varied responses.
  • This question is valuable because it directly addresses program design, potentially identifying whether non-responders simply need more frequent training sessions to achieve similar benefits to those who showed improvements.
  • Results could help establish minimum effective training frequencies for resting heart rate adaptations in adolescents, improving the efficiency of school-based physical education programs.

Example 3

  • “Is there a correlation between baseline fitness levels and the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction following a 6-week aerobic training program?” would explore whether initial conditioning predicts responsiveness.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify whether the program was more effective for certain fitness profiles, allowing for better participant screening or customised program durations based on starting fitness.
  • Understanding this relationship would enable more personalised and efficient interventions by helping educators predict which students might need modified programs to achieve cardiovascular adaptations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any ONE of the following or similar with same level of detail

Example 1

  • A valuable follow-up question would be “What factors influenced whether a participant experienced a reduction in resting heart rate?” as this directly addresses the variation in results identified in the original study.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify which participant characteristics (such as initial fitness level, adherence to the program, or genetic factors) determine training responsiveness.
  • Understanding these factors would allow future training programs to be modified or personalised to increase effectiveness for all participants, improving health outcomes for those who didn’t respond to the standard protocol.

Example 2

  • “Does the frequency of aerobic training sessions per week affect the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction?” would be a valuable follow-up question as it investigates whether training volume was a factor in the varied responses.
  • This question is valuable because it directly addresses program design, potentially identifying whether non-responders simply need more frequent training sessions to achieve similar benefits to those who showed improvements.
  • Results could help establish minimum effective training frequencies for resting heart rate adaptations in adolescents, improving the efficiency of school-based physical education programs.

Example 3

  • “Is there a correlation between baseline fitness levels and the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction following a 6-week aerobic training program?” would explore whether initial conditioning predicts responsiveness.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify whether the program was more effective for certain fitness profiles, allowing for better participant screening or customised program durations based on starting fitness.
  • Understanding this relationship would enable more personalised and efficient interventions by helping educators predict which students might need modified programs to achieve cardiovascular adaptations.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 423 MC

A student conducted research on the effects of aerobic training on blood pressure in Year 11 students. The results showed a significant decrease in resting blood pressure after 8 weeks of training for male participants, but minimal changes for female participants.

What would be the most appropriate follow-up research question?

  1. Do females require different types of aerobic training to achieve blood pressure reductions?
  2. Is aerobic training an effective intervention for reducing blood pressure?
  3. How long do blood pressure reductions last after the training program ends?
  4. What is the ideal exercise intensity for blood pressure reduction?
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Do females require different types of aerobic training to achieve blood pressure reductions?

  • This option directly addresses the gender difference observed in the results, seeking to understand why females responded differently to the same training protocol.
  • This builds directly on the findings and could help develop more effective, targeted interventions.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Asks a question that has already been partly answered by the original study (showing effectiveness for males).
  • C is incorrect: Focuses on the duration of effects rather than addressing the gender difference found in the results.
  • D is incorrect: Asks about optimisation without first addressing why the current protocol was ineffective for females.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 422 MC

A student conducted research on changes in lung capacity following an 8-week aerobic swimming program. The results showed significant improvements in vital capacity but no change in forced expiratory volume.

Which research question would most logically build upon these findings?

  1. How does swimming compare to cycling for developing respiratory fitness?
  2. Does vital capacity continue to improve beyond 8 weeks of swim training?
  3. Why does vital capacity improve while forced expiratory volume remains unchanged during swim training?
  4. What is the best way to measure lung capacity changes in adolescent swimmers?
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • This option directly addresses the unexpected discrepancy found in the results – that vital capacity improved but forced expiratory volume did not.
  • This question seeks to understand the physiological mechanisms behind this finding, which represents the most logical next step in building knowledge from the original investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Compares different types of training rather than building on the specific findings of this study.
  • B is incorrect: Only focuses on the duration of effects for one parameter without addressing the discrepancy.
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on measurement methodology rather than understanding the physiological response discovered.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 419

A school-based research project is investigating the physiological adaptations to a 10-week aerobic training program using both direct (laboratory) and indirect (field-based) measurements.

Critically analyse how the choice of data collection methods affects the validity, reliability, and credibility of findings in physiological investigations of aerobic training.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Laboratory tests like VO₂ max testing give more accurate results because they directly measure oxygen use, but field tests like the Beep Test better show how people perform in real sports situations.
  • Schools often can’t afford expensive lab equipment, so they use field tests which are easier to run but less precise, making researchers choose between perfect measurements and what’s actually possible.
  • Lab equipment is complicated to use correctly and requires training, so when inexperienced students or teachers handle it, the results might not be as consistent as they should be.
  • Field tests don’t always give the same results when repeated because they’re done in less controlled environments, but they might better motivate participants to try their hardest because they feel more like real competition.
  • Testing too often can give more detailed results about how fitness improves, but participants might get better at the tests just from practise, which can make it look like the training is more effective than it really is.
  • Using multiple types of measurements together (like heart rate, how hard the exercise feels, and performance scores) can give a better overall picture despite limitations of each individual measure.
  • Researchers might unconsciously influence results if they expect certain outcomes, so it’s important to have neutral people conduct the tests when possible.
  • School research needs to be honest about what the methods can and cannot show, rather than claiming the results are more accurate than they really are.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Laboratory tests like VO₂ max testing give more accurate results because they directly measure oxygen use, but field tests like the Beep Test better show how people perform in real sports situations.
  • Schools often can’t afford expensive lab equipment, so they use field tests which are easier to run but less precise, making researchers choose between perfect measurements and what’s actually possible.
  • Lab equipment is complicated to use correctly and requires training, so when inexperienced students or teachers handle it, the results might not be as consistent as they should be.
  • Field tests don’t always give the same results when repeated because they’re done in less controlled environments, but they might better motivate participants to try their hardest because they feel more like real competition.
  • Testing too often can give more detailed results about how fitness improves, but participants might get better at the tests just from practise, which can make it look like the training is more effective than it really is.
  • Using multiple types of measurements together (like heart rate, how hard the exercise feels, and performance scores) can give a better overall picture despite limitations of each individual measure.
  • Researchers might unconsciously influence results if they expect certain outcomes, so it’s important to have neutral people conduct the tests when possible.
  • School research needs to be honest about what the methods can and cannot show, rather than claiming the results are more accurate than they really are.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 417

A student is designing an investigation to measure changes in stroke volume following an 8-week high-intensity interval training program.

Evaluate the challenges in ensuring valid, reliable, and credible data collection when measuring complex physiological responses to aerobic training.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Measuring stroke volume accurately is difficult in a school setting because it requires special equipment that most schools don’t have, so students often use less accurate methods that might not show the true physiological changes.
  • Many factors like whether participants had food or water before testing, how much they exercised recently, or even if they’re nervous can affect heart measurements, making it hard to get reliable results unless these factors are strictly controlled.
  • Students might not try their hardest during testing if they know they’re being observed, which affects how valid the results are because the measurements won’t show their true maximum capacity.
  • Heart measurements like stroke volume naturally change from day to day in the same person, which makes it hard to tell if changes are from the training program or just normal variation.
  • Schools usually can’t access the best measurement tools (like heart imaging machines), so they have to use simpler methods that might not be as trusted by scientists.
  • To deal with these challenges, students should use multiple ways to measure the same thing, keep testing conditions as similar as possible each time, and be honest about the limitations of their methods.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Measuring stroke volume accurately is difficult in a school setting because it requires special equipment that most schools don’t have, so students often use less accurate methods that might not show the true physiological changes.
  • Many factors like whether participants had food or water before testing, how much they exercised recently, or even if they’re nervous can affect heart measurements, making it hard to get reliable results unless these factors are strictly controlled.
  • Students might not try their hardest during testing if they know they’re being observed, which affects how valid the results are because the measurements won’t show their true maximum capacity.
  • Heart measurements like stroke volume naturally change from day to day in the same person, which makes it hard to tell if changes are from the training program or just normal variation.
  • Schools usually can’t access the best measurement tools (like heart imaging machines), so they have to use simpler methods that might not be as trusted by scientists.
  • To deal with these challenges, students should use multiple ways to measure the same thing, keep testing conditions as similar as possible each time, and be honest about the limitations of their methods.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 415

In a school-based investigation on the effects of aerobic training on cardiovascular efficiency, researchers must carefully consider ethical implications alongside validity, reliability, and credibility.

Analyse how ethical considerations in data collection might impact the validity, reliability, and credibility of the investigation's findings.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Informed consent requirements may limit data collection methods to non-invasive procedures, potentially reducing validity if the most valid measures (such as blood lactate sampling) are excluded in favor of less invasive but less direct measurements.
  • Participant comfort and safety concerns may necessitate modifications to testing protocols, such as submaximal rather than maximal testing, which creates a reliability trade-off between participant welfare and obtaining the most consistent physiological responses.
  • The need to accommodate varying fitness levels ethically requires individualised protocols or early termination criteria, introducing methodological variability that may compromise the standardisation required for high reliability.
  • Privacy and confidentiality obligations might restrict the collection of potentially relevant health information or demographic data, limiting the ability to identify confounding variables that could impact validity.
  • Ethical requirements for voluntary participation acknowledge participants’ right to withdraw, potentially creating self-selection bias or incomplete data sets that affect the credibility of findings.
  • Despite these challenges, adhering to ethical standards ultimately enhances credibility as it demonstrates scientific integrity and responsible research practices, even if methodological compromises are made.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Informed consent requirements may limit data collection methods to non-invasive procedures, potentially reducing validity if the most valid measures (such as blood lactate sampling) are excluded in favor of less invasive but less direct measurements.
  • Participant comfort and safety concerns may necessitate modifications to testing protocols, such as submaximal rather than maximal testing, which creates a reliability trade-off between participant welfare and obtaining the most consistent physiological responses.
  • The need to accommodate varying fitness levels ethically requires individualised protocols or early termination criteria, introducing methodological variability that may compromise the standardisation required for high reliability.
  • Privacy and confidentiality obligations might restrict the collection of potentially relevant health information or demographic data, limiting the ability to identify confounding variables that could impact validity.
  • Ethical requirements for voluntary participation acknowledge participants’ right to withdraw, potentially creating self-selection bias or incomplete data sets that affect the credibility of findings.
  • Despite these challenges, adhering to ethical standards ultimately enhances credibility as it demonstrates scientific integrity and responsible research practices, even if methodological compromises are made.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 412

A Year 11 student is investigating the effects of a 6-week aerobic training program on lactic acid threshold in recreational runners.

Explain how the student could enhance the reliability of their data collection.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Standardise testing protocols by conducting all threshold tests at the same time of day to minimise variation from circadian rhythms that affect physiological responses.
  • Ensure consistent testing conditions including temperature, humidity and surface type for all pre and post-training assessments.
  • Use the same calibrated equipment throughout the entire investigation to eliminate measurement discrepancies from different devices.
  • Provide clear, detailed instructions to participants regarding pre-test preparations (such as sleep, nutrition, and prior exercise) to control extraneous variables that could impact results.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Standardise testing protocols by conducting all threshold tests at the same time of day to minimise variation from circadian rhythms that affect physiological responses.
  • Ensure consistent testing conditions including temperature, humidity and surface type for all pre and post-training assessments.
  • Use the same calibrated equipment throughout the entire investigation to eliminate measurement discrepancies from different devices.
  • Provide clear, detailed instructions to participants regarding pre-test preparations (such as sleep, nutrition, and prior exercise) to control extraneous variables that could impact results.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 411

When investigating physiological responses to aerobic training, a researcher must consider the validity of their data collection methods.

Outline TWO factors that could impact the validity of heart rate measurements during an aerobic training investigation.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can affect heart rate responses, potentially invalidating results if not controlled for, as they may influence the physiological variable being measured rather than the training itself.
  • Psychological factors including anxiety or nervousness around testing equipment can artificially elevate heart rate measurements, reducing validity as the numbers reflect stress responses rather than true training adaptations.
  • Measurement technique or equipment issues, such as incorrect placement of heart rate monitors, use of different monitoring devices between tests, or equipment malfunction/calibration errors, can result in inaccurate readings that don’t reflect true physiological responses.
  • Prior activity and lifestyle factors including recent food intake, caffeine consumption, medication use, or physical activity before testing can artificially alter heart rate responses, reducing the validity of measurements as indicators of training adaptations.
  • Subject-specific physiological variables like hydration status, illness, fatigue levels, or hormonal fluctuations (particularly in female participants) can significantly affect heart rate measurements, compromising validity if not controlled or accounted for.
  • Testing protocol inconsistencies including variations in warm-up procedures, exercise intensity, duration of measurement periods, or recovery intervals between testing components can invalidate comparisons between pre- and post-training measurements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can affect heart rate responses, potentially invalidating results if not controlled for, as they may influence the physiological variable being measured rather than the training itself.
  • Psychological factors including anxiety or nervousness around testing equipment can artificially elevate heart rate measurements, reducing validity as the numbers reflect stress responses rather than true training adaptations.
  • Measurement technique or equipment issues, such as incorrect placement of heart rate monitors, use of different monitoring devices between tests, or equipment malfunction/calibration errors, can result in inaccurate readings that don’t reflect true physiological responses.
  • Prior activity and lifestyle factors including recent food intake, caffeine consumption, medication use, or physical activity before testing can artificially alter heart rate responses, reducing the validity of measurements as indicators of training adaptations.
  • Subject-specific physiological variables like hydration status, illness, fatigue levels, or hormonal fluctuations (particularly in female participants) can significantly affect heart rate measurements, compromising validity if not controlled or accounted for.
  • Testing protocol inconsistencies including variations in warm-up procedures, exercise intensity, duration of measurement periods, or recovery intervals between testing components can invalidate comparisons between pre- and post-training measurements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 410 MC

A fitness instructor wants to investigate the effect of different aerobic training intensities on resting heart rate. Which data collection method would yield the most credible results?

  1. Having participants self-report their resting heart rates each morning.
  2. Using a standardised laboratory protocol with calibrated heart rate monitors.
  3. Conducting manual pulse readings by different staff members throughout the week.
  4. Measuring heart rates immediately after participants arrive at the fitness center.
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Using a standardised laboratory protocol with calibrated equipment provides the most credible results because it controls for variables and ensures measurements are taken under consistent conditions with accurate, scientifically validated equipment.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Lacks credibility due to potential inconsistencies in self-reporting methods and participant error.
  • C is incorrect: Introduces variability from different staff members’ measuring techniques, reducing reliability.
  • D is incorrect: Problematic because measurements taken immediately upon arrival can be influenced by recent activity (walking, driving, etc.), not truly reflecting resting heart rate.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 406

Explain the ethical considerations when using video recording to analyse breathing patterns during an aerobic training investigation.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Specific consent for video recording must be obtained separately from general participation consent, clearly explaining how the footage will be used, stored, and eventually destroyed.
  • Participant privacy must be protected by recording in an appropriate setting away from uninvolved observers and ensuring the camera angle focuses only on relevant areas (chest/torso) for breathing analysis.
  • Access to video recordings should be strictly limited to those directly involved in the analysis process to maintain confidentiality.
  • Participants should be given the option to review their own footage and request deletion if they feel uncomfortable with the recording, respecting their ongoing right to control their personal data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Specific consent for video recording must be obtained separately from general participation consent, clearly explaining how the footage will be used, stored, and eventually destroyed.
  • Participant privacy must be protected by recording in an appropriate setting away from uninvolved observers and ensuring the camera angle focuses only on relevant areas (chest/torso) for breathing analysis.
  • Access to video recordings should be strictly limited to those directly involved in the analysis process to maintain confidentiality.
  • Participants should be given the option to review their own footage and request deletion if they feel uncomfortable with the recording, respecting their ongoing right to control their personal data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 404

A student wants to investigate how different body types respond to the same aerobic training protocol by measuring heart rate, ventilation rate, and perceived exertion. Analyse the ethical considerations related to body type classification and data presentation in this investigation.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Classification of participants by body type must use objective, scientifically-based criteria rather than subjective judgments to avoid stigmatisation or reinforcement of negative body stereotypes.
  • The language used in all aspects of the investigation (recruitment, protocols, and reporting) must be neutral and respectful, avoiding terms that could cause embarrassment or perpetuate weight bias.
  • Informed consent must clearly explain how body type will be determined and how this information will be used in the investigation to ensure participants understand what they are agreeing to.
  • Data presentation should focus on physiological responses rather than emphasising body type differences in ways that might reinforce stereotypes or cause participant discomfort when results are shared.
  • Group data should be used wherever possible to minimise identification of individuals, particularly for sensitive measures or when small numbers of participants represent specific body types.
  • Privacy during physical measurements related to body type determination (height, weight, circumference) must be strictly maintained to respect participant dignity.
  • Researchers should anticipate and mitigate potential psychological impacts of body type classification by emphasising the diversity of healthy body compositions and focusing on functional physiological responses rather than appearance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Classification of participants by body type must use objective, scientifically-based criteria rather than subjective judgments to avoid stigmatisation or reinforcement of negative body stereotypes.
  • The language used in all aspects of the investigation (recruitment, protocols, and reporting) must be neutral and respectful, avoiding terms that could cause embarrassment or perpetuate weight bias.
  • Informed consent must clearly explain how body type will be determined and how this information will be used in the investigation to ensure participants understand what they are agreeing to.
  • Data presentation should focus on physiological responses rather than emphasising body type differences in ways that might reinforce stereotypes or cause participant discomfort when results are shared.
  • Group data should be used wherever possible to minimise identification of individuals, particularly for sensitive measures or when small numbers of participants represent specific body types.
  • Privacy during physical measurements related to body type determination (height, weight, circumference) must be strictly maintained to respect participant dignity.
  • Researchers should anticipate and mitigate potential psychological impacts of body type classification by emphasising the diversity of healthy body compositions and focusing on functional physiological responses rather than appearance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 403

Explain the importance of debriefing participants after they complete an investigation into physiological responses to aerobic training.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Debriefing fulfills the ethical obligation to educate participants by explaining the purpose, methods, and findings of the investigation in accessible language.
  • Sharing individual results privately with each participant respects their right to access their own physiological data and understand what it means for their health.
  • Debriefing provides an opportunity to identify and address any negative experiences, discomforts, or misconceptions participants may have had during the investigation.
  • Explaining how participants’ data contributed to the overall findings acknowledges their valuable contribution and demonstrates respect for their involvement.
  • Proper debriefing enhances the educational value of the investigation for participants, turning their participation into a meaningful learning experience about their own physiology.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Debriefing fulfills the ethical obligation to educate participants by explaining the purpose, methods, and findings of the investigation in accessible language.
  • Sharing individual results privately with each participant respects their right to access their own physiological data and understand what it means for their health.
  • Debriefing provides an opportunity to identify and address any negative experiences, discomforts, or misconceptions participants may have had during the investigation.
  • Explaining how participants’ data contributed to the overall findings acknowledges their valuable contribution and demonstrates respect for their involvement.
  • Proper debriefing enhances the educational value of the investigation for participants, turning their participation into a meaningful learning experience about their own physiology.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 400

Explain ethical considerations when using a control group in an investigation of how aerobic training affects recovery heart rate.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The control group should not be disadvantaged by participation, which means they should receive an alternative appropriate activity rather than simply sitting idle.
  • All participants (both experimental and control groups) must receive full information about the group they are in and what their participation involves before giving consent.
  • If the aerobic training shows clear benefits during the investigation, there may be an ethical obligation to offer the control group similar training opportunities after the investigation concludes.
  • Random assignment to groups rather than selective placement ensures fairness and scientific validity while reducing potential bias.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The control group should not be disadvantaged by participation, which means they should receive an alternative appropriate activity rather than simply sitting idle.
  • All participants (both experimental and control groups) must receive full information about the group they are in and what their participation involves before giving consent.
  • If the aerobic training shows clear benefits during the investigation, there may be an ethical obligation to offer the control group similar training opportunities after the investigation concludes.
  • Random assignment to groups rather than selective placement ensures fairness and scientific validity while reducing potential bias.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 399

Discuss the ethical considerations related to screening participants before their involvement in an investigation of physiological responses to moderate-intensity aerobic training.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Pre-participation health screening questionnaires are ethically essential to identify individuals with health conditions that might put them at risk during aerobic exercise.
  • Screening protocols must balance thoroughness with respect for privacy, asking only relevant health questions necessary to determine safe participation.
  • Exclusion of individuals based on screening results must be handled sensitively to avoid stigmatisation while prioritising participant safety.
  • Researchers have an ethical duty of care to ensure participants are physically capable of completing the aerobic training protocol without undue risk of adverse events.
  • Screening results must be kept confidential and stored securely with access limited to only those directly involved in participant safety decisions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Pre-participation health screening questionnaires are ethically essential to identify individuals with health conditions that might put them at risk during aerobic exercise.
  • Screening protocols must balance thoroughness with respect for privacy, asking only relevant health questions necessary to determine safe participation.
  • Exclusion of individuals based on screening results must be handled sensitively to avoid stigmatisation while prioritising participant safety.
  • Researchers have an ethical duty of care to ensure participants are physically capable of completing the aerobic training protocol without undue risk of adverse events.
  • Screening results must be kept confidential and stored securely with access limited to only those directly involved in participant safety decisions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 395 MC

Which of the following would NOT typically be included in an informed consent form for an investigation into physiological responses to aerobic training?

  1. Disclosure of potential risks and discomforts
  2. Description of data collection procedures
  3. Guarantee of superior fitness results from participation
  4. Information about confidentiality of collected data
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Promising specific fitness benefits would be misleading and unethical, as investigations cannot guarantee results to participants.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Risk disclosure is an essential component of ethical informed consent.
  • B is incorrect: Procedure descriptions are necessary for participants to make informed decisions.
  • D is incorrect: Confidentiality information is a critical ethical component of informed consent.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 393 MC

When investigating heart rate responses to aerobic training in classmates, which of the following is the most important ethical consideration?

  1. Getting permission from the school principal
  2. Obtaining informed consent from participants
  3. Using the latest heart rate monitoring technology
  4. Publishing the results in a school newsletter
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Obtaining informed consent ensures participants understand the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw from the investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: While administrative approval may be required, participant consent is the primary ethical consideration.
  • C is incorrect: Technology choice is a methodological decision, not a primary ethical consideration.
  • D is incorrect: Publication decisions come after data collection and are secondary to participant consent.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 390

A group of students is designing an investigation into how different energy systems respond during a 45-minute aerobic training session that gradually increases in intensity. Evaluate various methods they could use to collect data on these physiological responses.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • Blood lactate sampling provides direct measurement of lactate accumulation indicating anaerobic glycolytic system contribution but requires specialised equipment and is invasive, limiting sampling frequency.
  • Heart rate monitoring offers continuous data on cardiovascular demand throughout the session and can be correlated to energy system usage when combined with known individual maximum heart rate.
  • Respiratory gas analysis measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production would provide the most comprehensive data on aerobic energy system contribution but requires expensive equipment not typically available to students.
  • Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) offers subjective feedback on exercise intensity that correlates with energy system transitions but lacks the precision of physiological measurements.
  • A combination approach using heart rate monitoring continuously with periodic RPE ratings and strategically timed lactate samples (if available) would provide multi-dimensional data on energy system transitions during increasing exercise intensity.
  • Data collection should occur at rest, during defined intensity transition points, and during recovery to capture the full spectrum of physiological responses across energy systems.
  • Standardisation of exercise protocol is essential when collecting data on energy system responses, with clearly defined intensity increments at set time intervals.
  • The practical limitations of invasive methods must be weighed against the value of direct physiological measurements when selecting appropriate data collection methods for student investigations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Blood lactate sampling provides direct measurement of lactate accumulation indicating anaerobic glycolytic system contribution but requires specialised equipment and is invasive, limiting sampling frequency.
  • Heart rate monitoring offers continuous data on cardiovascular demand throughout the session and can be correlated to energy system usage when combined with known individual maximum heart rate.
  • Respiratory gas analysis measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production would provide the most comprehensive data on aerobic energy system contribution but requires expensive equipment not typically available to students.
  • Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) offers subjective feedback on exercise intensity that correlates with energy system transitions but lacks the precision of physiological measurements.
  • A combination approach using heart rate monitoring continuously with periodic RPE ratings and strategically timed lactate samples (if available) would provide multi-dimensional data on energy system transitions during increasing exercise intensity.
  • Data collection should occur at rest, during defined intensity transition points, and during recovery to capture the full spectrum of physiological responses across energy systems.
  • Standardisation of exercise protocol is essential when collecting data on energy system responses, with clearly defined intensity increments at set time intervals.
  • The practical limitations of invasive methods must be weighed against the value of direct physiological measurements when selecting appropriate data collection methods for student investigations.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 386

A student has access to a respiratory rate monitor with a chest strap sensor to investigate ventilation responses during aerobic training. Describe how this equipment should be used to collect ventilation rate data during a 20-minute aerobic exercise session.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • The chest strap sensor should be calibrated and securely fastened around the participant’s chest before beginning the exercise session to ensure accurate measurement.
  • The device should be set to record breath frequency continuously throughout the 20-minute session with data stored automatically at preset intervals (every 30 seconds).
  • The participant’s baseline ventilation rate should be recorded during a 2-minute rest period before commencing exercise to establish individual reference values.
  • After completing the aerobic session, ventilation rate should continue to be monitored for a 5-minute recovery period to observe how quickly breathing returns to baseline levels.
  • All collected data should be transferred to a spreadsheet for analysis, allowing calculation of average rates, maximum rates, and recovery patterns.
  • Consistent placement of the chest strap sensor between participants and testing sessions is essential to ensure reliable and comparable data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The chest strap sensor should be calibrated and securely fastened around the participant’s chest before beginning the exercise session to ensure accurate measurement.
  • The device should be set to record breath frequency continuously throughout the 20-minute session with data stored automatically at preset intervals (every 30 seconds).
  • The participant’s baseline ventilation rate should be recorded during a 2-minute rest period before commencing exercise to establish individual reference values.
  • After completing the aerobic session, ventilation rate should continue to be monitored for a 5-minute recovery period to observe how quickly breathing returns to baseline levels.
  • All collected data should be transferred to a spreadsheet for analysis, allowing calculation of average rates, maximum rates, and recovery patterns.
  • Consistent placement of the chest strap sensor between participants and testing sessions is essential to ensure reliable and comparable data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 385

Outline TWO methods that could be used to measure heart rate responses during aerobic training.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Heart rate monitor with chest strap provides continuous, accurate recordings throughout the aerobic activity without requiring the participant to stop exercising.
  • Manual pulse palpation at the wrist (radial artery) or neck (carotid artery) for 15 seconds multiplied by 4 gives a heart rate reading, though requires momentary pause in activity.
  • Smartphone applications using the phone’s camera and flash to detect pulse through fingertip blood flow changes can provide heart rate measurements between exercise periods.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Heart rate monitor with chest strap provides continuous, accurate recordings throughout the aerobic activity without requiring the participant to stop exercising.
  • Manual pulse palpation at the wrist (radial artery) or neck (carotid artery) for 15 seconds multiplied by 4 gives a heart rate reading, though requires momentary pause in activity.
  • Smartphone applications using the phone’s camera and flash to detect pulse through fingertip blood flow changes can provide heart rate measurements between exercise periods.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 383 MC

A student is collecting data about how lactate levels change during a 30-minute aerobic training session. Which data collection timeline would provide the most useful information?

  1. Measurement at 5-minute intervals during exercise and once during recovery
  2. Measurement before exercise and 30 minutes after completion
  3. Measurement only at the point of maximum perceived exertion
  4. Measurement once before exercise and once immediately after completion
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Taking measurements at regular intervals during exercise and recovery provides data on how lactate changes throughout the session and into recovery.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Misses all changes during exercise and most of recovery.
  • C is incorrect: Single measurement provides minimal data about lactate changes over time.
  • D is incorrect: Only captures beginning and endpoint, missing lactate dynamics during exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 382 MC

A student is collecting data on respiratory responses to aerobic training. Which combination of methods would provide the most comprehensive data?

  1. Heart rate monitor and blood pressure cuff
  2. Questionnaire about breathing difficulty and perceived exertion
  3. Oxygen saturation monitor and facial observation
  4. Spirometer and counting breaths per minute
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: A spirometer measures volume of air moved while counting breaths measures frequency, providing both quantitative aspects of respiratory response.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: These methods measure cardiovascular, not respiratory responses.
  • B is incorrect: Provides subjective data only, lacking objective respiratory measurements.
  • C is incorrect: Oxygen saturation doesn’t directly measure respiratory function and facial observation is subjective.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 380

A group of students observed different rates of recovery after their physical education class. Develop a research question to investigate this observation, and explain how you could ensure this question addresses the physiological responses to aerobic training.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A suitable research question would be: “How does recovery heart rate over a 5-minute period following a standardised 15-minute aerobic circuit differ between students who participate in regular sport and those who don’t?”
  • This question specifies the physiological response being measured (recovery heart rate) over a defined time period (5 minutes).
  • The aerobic stimulus is clearly identified (15-minute standardized circuit) to ensure consistency across all participants.
  • The question establishes comparative groups (regular sport participants vs. non-participants) to investigate potential differences in physiological responses.
  • To ensure the question addresses physiological responses to aerobic training, heart rate measurements would be taken at consistent intervals during recovery (e.g., immediately after exercise, then at 1, 3, and 5 minutes).
  • The question is designed to be measurable using accessible equipment such as heart rate monitors or manual pulse measurement techniques.
  • Results would provide insight into cardiovascular recovery efficiency, which is a key physiological adaptation to regular aerobic training.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A suitable research question would be: “How does recovery heart rate over a 5-minute period following a standardised 15-minute aerobic circuit differ between students who participate in regular sport and those who don’t?”
  • This question specifies the physiological response being measured (recovery heart rate) over a defined time period (5 minutes).
  • The aerobic stimulus is clearly identified (15-minute standardized circuit) to ensure consistency across all participants.
  • The question establishes comparative groups (regular sport participants vs. non-participants) to investigate potential differences in physiological responses.
  • To ensure the question addresses physiological responses to aerobic training, heart rate measurements would be taken at consistent intervals during recovery (e.g., immediately after exercise, then at 1, 3, and 5 minutes).
  • The question is designed to be measurable using accessible equipment such as heart rate monitors or manual pulse measurement techniques.
  • Results would provide insight into cardiovascular recovery efficiency, which is a key physiological adaptation to regular aerobic training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 379

A student is studying physiological responses to aerobic training. Outline the steps they should take to develop a focused research question on this topic.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Identify a specific physiological response of interest (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, body temperature) that can be reliably measured.
  • Determine the exact aerobic training activity or protocol to be studied, including details of duration and intensity.
  • Consider the particular aspect of the response to investigate (immediate changes, recovery patterns, or adaptations over time).
  • Formulate a question that establishes a clear relationship between the training and the physiological response, using precise language and avoiding ambiguity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Identify a specific physiological response of interest (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, body temperature) that can be reliably measured.
  • Determine the exact aerobic training activity or protocol to be studied, including details of duration and intensity.
  • Consider the particular aspect of the response to investigate (immediate changes, recovery patterns, or adaptations over time).
  • Formulate a question that establishes a clear relationship between the training and the physiological response, using precise language and avoiding ambiguity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 377

The FITT principle (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) is commonly used to design aerobic training programs. Develop a research question that investigates how one component of the FITT principle affects a physiological response. Justify your choice of question and explain how you would ensure it is suitable for scientific investigation.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A suitable research question would be: “How does varying exercise intensity (50%, 70%, and 90% of maximum heart rate) affect blood lactate levels during a 15-minute continuous cycling session?”
  • This question isolates one specific FITT component (intensity) while controlling others (frequency, time, and type) to establish clear cause-effect relationships.
  • Blood lactate is a measurable physiological response that directly reflects metabolic processes during aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
  • The question includes specific, quantifiable intensity levels creating distinct independent variable conditions for comparison.
  • The time frame (15 minutes) is sufficient to observe physiological responses while remaining practical for research participants to complete.
  • The question allows for collection of objective numerical data suitable for statistical analysis.
  • The investigation could be conducted using a repeated measures design where each participant completes all three intensity levels, minimizing individual variation.
  • Results would have practical applications for training prescription and understanding thresholds where metabolic pathways shift from primarily aerobic to increased anaerobic contribution.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A suitable research question would be: “How does varying exercise intensity (50%, 70%, and 90% of maximum heart rate) affect blood lactate levels during a 15-minute continuous cycling session?”
  • This question isolates one specific FITT component (intensity) while controlling others (frequency, time, and type) to establish clear cause-effect relationships.
  • Blood lactate is a measurable physiological response that directly reflects metabolic processes during aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
  • The question includes specific, quantifiable intensity levels creating distinct independent variable conditions for comparison.
  • The time frame (15 minutes) is sufficient to observe physiological responses while remaining practical for research participants to complete.
  • The question allows for collection of objective numerical data suitable for statistical analysis.
  • The investigation could be conducted using a repeated measures design where each participant completes all three intensity levels, minimizing individual variation.
  • Results would have practical applications for training prescription and understanding thresholds where metabolic pathways shift from primarily aerobic to increased anaerobic contribution.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 375

A group of students has observed that their classmates appear to have different ventilation responses during aerobic training. Create a research question to investigate this observation and evaluate why this question would be suitable for scientific investigation of physiological responses to aerobic training.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • An appropriate research question would be: “How do ventilation rates differ between trained and untrained individuals during a 20-minute aerobic exercise session at 70% of maximum heart rate?”
  • This question identifies a specific physiological response (ventilation rate) that can be objectively measured using breathing frequency or spirometry.
  • The question establishes a clear comparative framework between defined groups (trained versus untrained) allowing for analysis of differences.
  • Exercise parameters are precisely defined (20 minutes, 70% MHR) ensuring standardisation across participants.
  • The question is testable using equipment likely available in a school setting (heart rate monitors and manual counting of breathing rate).
  • The investigation would generate quantitative data suitable for statistical analysis to determine significance of any observed differences.
  • Results could contribute to understanding of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training and potentially inform training recommendations.
  • The question avoids unnecessary complexity while still allowing for meaningful investigation of an observed physiological phenomenon.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • An appropriate research question would be: “How do ventilation rates differ between trained and untrained individuals during a 20-minute aerobic exercise session at 70% of maximum heart rate?”
  • This question identifies a specific physiological response (ventilation rate) that can be objectively measured using breathing frequency or spirometry.
  • The question establishes a clear comparative framework between defined groups (trained versus untrained) allowing for analysis of differences.
  • Exercise parameters are precisely defined (20 minutes, 70% MHR) ensuring standardisation across participants.
  • The question is testable using equipment likely available in a school setting (heart rate monitors and manual counting of breathing rate).
  • The investigation would generate quantitative data suitable for statistical analysis to determine significance of any observed differences.
  • Results could contribute to understanding of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training and potentially inform training recommendations.
  • The question avoids unnecessary complexity while still allowing for meaningful investigation of an observed physiological phenomenon.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 374

A student is interested in comparing different aerobic activities and their effects on oxygen consumption. Analyse how they should formulate their research question to ensure it is appropriate for scientific investigation.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • The research question should specify exactly which aerobic activities will be compared (e.g., running, cycling, swimming) to maintain a focused scope.
  • The question must clearly define oxygen consumption measurement (VO₂, L/min or ml/kg/min) and whether peak or average values will be analysed.
  • Exercise intensity parameters must be standardised across activities (e.g., same percentage of maximum heart rate or perceived exertion) to enable valid comparisons.
  • Duration of each activity should be consistent and specified in the question to control for differences in energy expenditure.
  • The question should avoid directional bias or assumptions about which activity might produce higher oxygen consumption.
  • A well-formulated question might be: “How does oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min) compare between 20-minute sessions of running, cycling, and rowing when performed at 65-70% of maximum heart rate?”
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The research question should specify exactly which aerobic activities will be compared (e.g., running, cycling, swimming) to maintain a focused scope.
  • The question must clearly define oxygen consumption measurement (VO₂, L/min or ml/kg/min) and whether peak or average values will be analysed.
  • Exercise intensity parameters must be standardised across activities (e.g., same percentage of maximum heart rate or perceived exertion) to enable valid comparisons.
  • Duration of each activity should be consistent and specified in the question to control for differences in energy expenditure.
  • The question should avoid directional bias or assumptions about which activity might produce higher oxygen consumption.
  • A well-formulated question might be: “How does oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min) compare between 20-minute sessions of running, cycling, and rowing when performed at 65-70% of maximum heart rate?”

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 373

Explain how you would develop an appropriate research question to investigate the relationship between aerobic training and recovery heart rate.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Begin by identifying the specific aspect of recovery heart rate to be examined (rate of decline, time to return to baseline, or percentage recovery at set time points).
  • Define the aerobic training stimulus precisely, including intensity (e.g., percentage of maximum heart rate) and duration of the exercise.
  • Consider the timeframe for measuring recovery (immediate post-exercise and at what intervals thereafter).
  • Ensure the question is measurable using available equipment such as heart rate monitors or pulse palpation techniques.
  • Refine the question to be specific, clear, and focused on a single relationship rather than multiple variables, such as “How does a 15-minute run at 70% maximum heart rate affect the time taken for heart rate to return to within 10% of resting values?”
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Begin by identifying the specific aspect of recovery heart rate to be examined (rate of decline, time to return to baseline, or percentage recovery at set time points).
  • Define the aerobic training stimulus precisely, including intensity (e.g., percentage of maximum heart rate) and duration of the exercise.
  • Consider the timeframe for measuring recovery (immediate post-exercise and at what intervals thereafter).
  • Ensure the question is measurable using available equipment such as heart rate monitors or pulse palpation techniques.
  • Refine the question to be specific, clear, and focused on a single relationship rather than multiple variables, such as “How does a 15-minute run at 70% maximum heart rate affect the time taken for heart rate to return to within 10% of resting values?”

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 371 MC

A student wants to create a research question about aerobic training and its effects on the body. Which of the following elements is MOST essential to include in their research question?

  1. The time of day when training occurs
  2. The specific physiological parameter being measured
  3. The gender of the participants
  4. The location where the research will be conducted
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: A well-formed research question about physiological responses must specify which physiological parameter (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, blood lactate) is being investigated.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Time of day may be a controlled variable but isn’t essential in the research question itself.
  • C is incorrect: Gender may be a demographic factor to consider but isn’t essential in forming the basic research question.
  • D is incorrect: Location is a methodological detail but not essential to the core research question formation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 370 MC

Which of the following research questions would best allow investigation of a physiological response to aerobic training?

  1. "How many students participate in school aerobic activities?"
  2. "What is the most popular aerobic activity among teenagers?"
  3. "Why do some people prefer swimming to running?"
  4. "How does a 20-minute cycling session affect cardiac output?"
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Specifically identifies both the aerobic training stimulus (20-minute cycling) and the physiological response being measured (cardiac output).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Measures participation rates, not physiological responses.
  • B is incorrect: Examines popularity of activities, not physiological responses.
  • C is incorrect: Investigates psychological preferences, not physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 368 MC

A student wants to investigate the relationship between exercise intensity and ventilation rate during aerobic training. Which of the following ethical considerations is LEAST relevant to this investigation?

  1. Obtaining informed consent from participants
  2. Ensuring participant confidentiality
  3. Receiving intellectual property rights for the research
  4. Screening participants for pre-existing respiratory conditions
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Intellectual property rights are not a primary ethical concern in a student investigation of physiological responses, while other options are critical ethical considerations.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Informed consent is essential for ethical research involving human participants.
  • B is incorrect: Maintaining participant confidentiality is a fundamental ethical requirement.
  • D is incorrect: Screening for pre-existing conditions is crucial for participant safety.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 366

A student has been asked to design a research question investigating the physiological responses to aerobic training in school students. Evaluate what ethical considerations should be addressed and how the student might ensure validity and reliability in their data collection.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Obtain informed consent from participants and parents/guardians for minors, clearly explaining procedures and potential discomforts
  • Screen participants for pre-existing conditions that might affect results or pose health risks during testing
  • Ensure privacy and confidentiality of physiological data collected from participants
  • Control variables such as time of day, prior food intake, and recent activity to ensure reliable results
  • Use standardised protocols for measuring heart rate, ventilation rate and other physiological responses
  • Employ calibrated equipment such as heart rate monitors and respiratory measurement devices to ensure accuracy
  • Include appropriate sample size and demographic representation to allow for meaningful conclusions
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Obtain informed consent from participants and parents/guardians for minors, clearly explaining procedures and potential discomforts
  • Screen participants for pre-existing conditions that might affect results or pose health risks during testing
  • Ensure privacy and confidentiality of physiological data collected from participants
  • Control variables such as time of day, prior food intake, and recent activity to ensure reliable results
  • Use standardised protocols for measuring heart rate, ventilation rate and other physiological responses
  • Employ calibrated equipment such as heart rate monitors and respiratory measurement devices to ensure accuracy
  • Include appropriate sample size and demographic representation to allow for meaningful conclusions

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 359 MC

During research on aerobic training responses, a student collected the following data:

\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \textbf{Time} & \textbf{Heart Rate} & \textbf{Cardiac Output} & \textbf{Stroke Volume} \\
 \textbf{(minutes)} & \textbf{(bpm)} & \textbf{(L/min)} & \textbf{(mL)} \\
\hline 0 \text{ (at rest)} & 70 & 5.6 & 80 \\
\hline 5 & 120 & 12.0 & 100 \\
\hline 10 & 140 & 16.8 & \textbf{?} \\
\hline \end{array}

What is the stroke volume at 10 minutes?

  1. 95 mL
  2. 112 mL
  3. 120 mL
  4. 140 mL
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  120 mL

\(\text{Cardiac Output}\) \(=\text{Heart Rate}\times\text{Stroke Volume}\)
\(\text{Stroke Volume}\) \(\ =\text{ Cardiac Output ÷ Heart Rate}\)
  \(=16.8\ \text{L/min ÷}\ 140\ \text{bpm}\)
  \(=0.12\ \text{L}\ =120\ \text{mL}\)

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: This value is incorrect based on the cardiac output formula.
  • B is incorrect: This value is incorrect based on the cardiac output formula.
  • D is incorrect: This equals the heart rate, not the stroke volume.

\(\Rightarrow C\)