Which physiological adaptations occur in athletes when regularly training at submaximal levels to improve their aerobic performance?

1. Increased cardiac output, decreased stroke volume and muscle atrophy
2. Increased cardiac output, increased lung capacity and muscle hypertrophy
3. Decreased resting heart rate, decreased haemoglobin levels and increased oxygen uptake
4. Decreased resting heart rate, increased stroke volume and increased haemoglobin levels

Describe the effect of stroke volume and cardiac output on aerobic performance.   (3 marks)

What is cardiac output?

1. The volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute
2. The volume of blood sent to the lungs for oxygenation
3. The volume of deoxygenated blood returning to the heart
4. The volume of blood sent by the left ventricle of the heart during each contraction

Which of the following graphs is most likely to represent an athlete's haemoglobin concentration while training at different altitudes for up to four weeks?
 

Which of the following adaptations is increased by long-term aerobic training?

1. Fat metabolism
2. ATP resynthesis
3. Protein metabolism
4. Fast-twitch fibre recruitment

Compared to an untrained person, a trained endurance athlete is likely to have a

1. lower resting heart rate.
2. higher resting heart rate.
3. increased fast-twitch fibre concentration.
4. decreased fast-twitch fibre concentration.

An athlete participated in an 8-week training program.

The table shows the physiological adaptations for the athlete at the completion of the training program.

\begin{array} {|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ \ \ \ \textit{Physiological adaptation}\ \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \ \ \ \textit{Results for the athlete}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Resting heart rate}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Decreased}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Stroke volume}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Substantially increased}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Cardiac output}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Increased}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Muscle hypertrophy}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{No significant change}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Fast/slow twitch muscle fibres }\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Increased number of capillaries}\\
\ & \text{in slow twitch muscle fibres}\\
\hline
\end{array}

Which of the following shows the most likely features of the training program?

1. Anaerobic interval training for 30 minutes, 3 sessions per week, gradually increasing the work-rest ratio each week
2. Aerobic continuous training for 60 minutes, at an intensity of 80% maximum heart rate, progressively increasing the number of sessions each week
3. Aerobic circuit training for 30 minutes, at an intensity of 90% maximum heart rate, progressively decreasing the number of sessions each week
4. Aerobic interval training for 60 minutes, 4 sessions per week, at an intensity of 60% maximum heart rate, progressively increasing the work-rest ratio within each session

The table shows the features of training programs A and B. An untrained individual is considering participating in one of these programs for a period of 8 weeks.

Which of the following statements best compares a physiological adaptation the individual would most likely experience from these programs?

1. Program B will result in a greater increase to stroke volume than Program A.
2. Program A will result in a greater increase to stroke volume than Program B.
3. Program A will result in a more significant decrease to resting heart rate than Program B.
4. Program B will result in a more significant increase to resting heart rate than Program A.

Analyse the relationship between ONE physiological adaptation and improved performance. Provide examples to support your answer.   (8 marks)

The following graph represents aerobic and anaerobic threshold training zones.

Which letter on the graph represents the minimum intensity for an athlete to train to produce a physiological improvement in performance?

1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z

A 12 -minute run can be used as a test to measure oxygen uptake.

To achieve the most valid and reliable results, the test should be performed

1. multiple times on different running surfaces.
2. at the same time of day using hand-held stopwatches.
3. under varied levels of fatigue on a synthetic athletic track.
4. on a synthetic athletic track using electronic timing equipment.