• [P] A key advantage of precision surgery is the improvement of patient outcomes through greater accuracy.
• [E] These technologies enhance surgical precision by reducing surgeon tremors and enabling smaller, controlled incisions.
• [Ev] For instance, the da Vinci robotic system allows surgeons to remove cancerous tissue with minimal damage to surrounding areas.
• [L] As a result, patients experience fewer complications, shorter recovery times, and increased confidence in surgical procedures.
   
• [P] Another strength is the contribution of precision surgery to overall healthcare efficiency.
• [E] Minimally invasive techniques reduce hospital stays, freeing up resources for other patients.
• [Ev] LASIK eye surgery demonstrates this efficiency, as patients often resume daily activities within days, lowering long-term care needs.
• [L] Therefore, precision surgery reduces demand on hospital beds and staff, helping the system operate more effectively.
   
• [P] However, this must be weighed against the significant costs and access limitations of precision surgery.
• [E] While these technologies create efficiencies, initial investment and maintenance costs remain substantial. Critics contend that access is limited to the wealthy.
• [Ev] Systems such as the NuVasive Pulse also require specialised training and ongoing education, creating resource burdens.
• [L] Nevertheless, long-term benefits such as reduced complications and shorter hospital stays indicate that these technologies still promote sustainability in healthcare delivery.

• Robotic assistance enhances accuracy – The da Vinci Robotic Surgical System eliminates surgeon hand tremors and fatigue, allowing more precise movements during complex surgeries.
• Minimally invasive techniques reduce recovery – LASIK laser eye surgery uses targeted lasers instead of traditional incisions, resulting in faster healing, minimal downtime, and reduced infection risk.
• Advanced imaging tools (3D scans, augmented reality guidance) provide detailed views of anatomy, improving accuracy in complex operations.
• Outcomes include smaller incisions (minimal scarring), shorter recovery times, fewer complications and greater patient confidence in results.

• D is correct. Minimally invasive precision surgery techniques typically result in less radiation exposure (when advanced imaging is used), reduced complication risk and faster recovery.

Other options:

• A is incorrect. Precision surgery does not always shorten surgery time. Robotic set-up can make procedures longer, even if outcomes are improved.
• B is incorrect. Recovery times are usually shorter, not longer, due to smaller incisions and reduced tissue damage.
• C is incorrect. Smaller incisions are correct, but precision surgery often increases surgical cost because of expensive robotic equipment.

• B is correct. Precision surgery improves health system efficiency primarily by reducing recovery times and hospital stays.

Other options:

• A is incorrect. Precision surgery does not reduce the role of human surgeons who remain essential to operate robotic systems and make clinical decisions.
• C is incorrect. Diagnosing diseases before symptoms occur is a function of early diagnostic imaging and screening, not surgical technology.
• D is incorrect. Precision surgery often has higher upfront costs due to specialised equipment. Long-term savings come indirectly from shorter hospital stays (as in option B), which is the more direct reason for improved efficiency.

• B is correct. Robotic-assisted systems are considered precision surgery because they enable minimally invasive procedures with highly accurate movements, leading to shorter recovery times.

Other options:

• A is incorrect. High-resolution imaging for diagnosis is linked to technologies like MRI or CT scans, not precision surgery.
• C is incorrect. Detecting metabolic activity is the role of PET scans, which are part of early diagnosis, not surgery.
• D is incorrect. 3D holographic imaging assists in diagnostic clarity and planning, but it is not a surgical intervention.

• D is correct. The da Vinci robotic system enables minimally invasive operations with high accuracy and reduced recovery times.

Other options:

• A is incorrect. A PET scan is used for early diagnosis, not surgery.
• C is incorrect. MRI provides detailed imaging for diagnosis but does not involve surgical intervention.
• D is incorrect. 3D holographic heart imaging assists with clarity of diagnosis and surgical planning, but it is not a surgical procedure itself.

• C is correct. Robotic-assisted surgery reduces the effect of a surgeon’s tremors and allows highly precise movements leading to safer and less invasive procedures with improved outcomes.

Other options:

• A is incorrect. Robots assist but do not replace surgeons.
• B is incorrect. Robotic surgery often increases costs due to expensive equipment.
• D is incorrect. Anaesthesia and recovery are still necessary.