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Aussie Maths & Science Teachers: Save your time with SmarterEd

STD1 Snapshot: S2 Fundamental Understanding

IMPORTANT FEATURES AND TIPS FROM EXAM HISTORY

  • S2 Relative Frequency and Probability has accounted for an average of 3.5% per Std1 exam since the new course was introduced in 2019. 
  • S2 Relative Frequency and Probability is split into the following two sub-topics for the purposes of this analysis: 1-Fundamental Understanding (0.2%), 2-Relative Frequency (0.6%) and 3-Single and Multi-stage Events (2.7%).
  • This analysis looks at the minor topic area of Fundamental Understanding.

ANALYSIS - What to Expect and Common pitfalls

  • Fundamental Understanding was examined for first time in the 2024 Std1 exam.
  • Students need to have a solid conceptual understanding of what ranges are possible for probability (in particular, they cannot > 1) and what probabilities represent likely or unlikely events.
  • A minor contributor where most of the database is taken from past Std2 HSC exams. 

ENGINEERING, TE Communication Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Telecommunications has contributed an average of 19.0% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Scope, Historical and Societal Influences (2.3%), 2-Materials (5.6%), 3-Electricity/Electronics (9.4%) and 4-Communication (1.7%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Communication.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Communication is a minor contributing topic within Telecommunications that has nonetheless appeared in longer response questions twice in the last 4 years (most recently in 2022).
  • Pictoral sketching given orthoganol drawings/views is the key skill of this topic area. Examined in both 2022 HSC 22d and 2020 HSC 27b in questions worth 3 and 6 marks respectively.

ENGINEERING, TE Electricity/Electronics Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Telecommunications has contributed an average of 19.0% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Scope, Historical and Societal Influences (2.3%), 2-Materials (5.6%), 3-Electricity/Electronics (9.4%) and 4-Communication (1.7%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Electricity/Electronics.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Electricity/Electronics is the largest contributing topic within the Telecommunications module, averaging over two longer response and two multiple-choice questions per year since 2018.
  • Radio transmission attracted significant mark allocations in the 2019-2020 period which included the important 9-mark 2019 HSC 26b.
  • Television/Telephony has been examined broadly (most recently in 2023). Students have been tested on their knowledge of increasing antennae strength, 5G vs 4G networks, benefits of digital transmission, low orbit satellite communications and placement of repeater transmitters on a mobile phone tower.
  • Logic Gates/Circuits have been examined every year since 2017 in questions worth anywhere from 1-5 marks that typically test in the band 4-5 difficulty range. An important area of revision well represented in the database.
  • Satellites have appeared in the last 4 HSC exams, including 2023 HSC 25c and 2021 HSC 24c that tested the basic principles of GPS positioning and low orbit telecommunication systems, producing sub-50% mean marks.
  • Circuits have been examined 6 times in the last 8 years, with an important theme the identification and function of various diodes.

ENGINEERING, TE Materials Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Telecommunications has contributed an average of 19.0% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Scope, Historical and Societal Influences (2.3%), 2-Materials (5.6%), 3-Electricity/Electronics (9.4%) and 4-Communication (1.7%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Scope, Historical and Societal Influences.
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Materials.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Materials have been examined in at least one longer response question in 5 out of the last 6 years (absent only in 2019) as well as a multiple-choice question every year over the same period.
  • Specialised testing questions in the last two years have looked at voltage (2021 HSC 24b) and insulation testing (2022 HSC 25a) with the latter surprisingly causing problems with a mean mark of 39%.
  • Insulation and Polymers have been examined in 4 of the last 5 exams in a mixture of mid-difficulty longer answer and multiple-choice. Justifying the use of a material through a deep knowledge of its properties is a consistent theme.
  • Copper and its alloys attracted longer response questions in 2020 and 2018 worth 3 and 2 marks respectively. Multiple-choice questions on this subtopic have proven very challenging with 2021 HSC 15 MC and 2018 HSC 19 MC both producing sub-50% mean marks.
  • Fibre optics have been examined 4 times in the last 5 years, causing problems on a majority of occasions. 2021 HSC 26d is a key revision question in this important area.
  • Semi-conductors were examined in 2017 HSC 23b in a poorly answered "must review" question.

ENGINEERING, TE Scope, Historical and Societal Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Telecommunications has contributed an average of 19.0% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Scope, Historical and Societal Influences (2.3%), 2-Materials (5.6%), 3-Electricity/Electronics (9.4%) and 4-Communication (1.7%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Scope, Historical and Societal Influences.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Scope, Historical and Societal Influences has been tested via longer answer questions in 3 of the last 4 years (absent in 2021) as well as multiple-choice in 2022 and 2020.
  • Professional Scope was last examined in 2023 and prior to that, twice in the 2020 exam. 2020 HSC 5 MC produced a mean mark of just 40% and deserves attention.
  • Innovation within the Telecommunications sector has been tested twice in the last 3 exams. 2022 HSC 22a looked at legal and ethical considerations in the development of the smart watch while 2020 HSC 21a was a softball that allowed students to choose and explain their own innovation in voice communications.
  • Historical Developments from morse code to bakelite phones to smart phones formed the basis of 2016 HSC 22a and should be reviewed.

ENGINEERING, PPT Communication Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Personal and Public Transport has contributed an average of 30.5% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (2.0%), 2-Mechanics (8.7%), 3-Materials (8.4%), 4-Electricity/Electronics (5.0%) and 5-Communication (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic, Communication.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Sectional views is easily the most examined content area within Communications, attracting a long response question in 7 of the last 8 exams (absent only in 2020), worth between 3-6 marks on each occasion. 
  • Orthogonal drawings are another commonly tested subtopic last examined in 2021-22, causing problems on both occasions. A key revision area.
  • AS 1100 standards, as well as being critical in both Sectional View sketching and Orthogonal Drawings, are also regularly tested in challenging multiple-choice questions. 2018 HSC 4 MC was poorly answered and deserves particular attention.
  • As previously noted, questions in this subtopic have a significant overlap with the Communication subtopic within other Engineering modules due to the often extremely broad nature of questions.

ENGINEERING, PPT Electricity/Electronics Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Personal and Public Transport has contributed an average of 30.5% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (2.0%), 2-Mechanics (8.7%), 3-Materials (8.4%), 4-Electricity/Electronics (5.0%) and 5-Communication (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic, Electricity/Electronics.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Power generation and electrical systems has been examined primarily by broad based questions that require students to describe the process of power generation through "prepared" examples (2016 HSC 22b) or within an applied context that is provided (2020 HSC 23c, 2019 HSC 26a).
  • We note that 2021 HSC 22c required actual calculations in this context and caused problems (mean mark 50%).
  • Circuit diagrams have been examined every year since 2018 via multiple-choice or 3-mark longer answer questions that regularly involve calculations. 2023 HSC 23a tested students' knowledge of circuit diagram symbols in a novel way and is important revision.
  • Electrical motors have significant overlap with many other categories in Electricity/Electronics. Generic questions can simply look at the benefits of electric motors (2018 HSC 21b) to more challenging ones that look at how the speed of the motor can be controlled (2020 HSC 26d, 2020 HSC 6 MC)
  • Control technology/Safety within self-driving cars was last examined in 2021 HSC 25a after attracting significant mark allocations in the 2018 exam. An important and topical area for revision attention.

ENGINEERING, PPT Materials Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Personal and Public Transport has contributed an average of 30.5% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (2.0%), 2-Mechanics (8.7%), 3-Materials (8.4%), 4-Electricity/Electronics (5.0%) and 5-Communication (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic, Materials.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Materials is a major contributor to the Personal and Public Transport module which has averaged 1.6 longer answer questions (or part thereof) per exam since 2019, as well as multiple-choice in 6 of the past 7 years, including a outlier of 4 multiple-choice in 2023!
  • Manufacturing processes for ferrous materials is commonly examined content which has been examined 5 times in the last 6 years, attracting 2-4 mark allocations each time. 
  • Students should not only be familiar with different manufacturing processes by name (2018 HSC 23a), but also be able to compare processes (2021 HSC 22b) and describe them in step-by-step detail (2020 HSC 24b).
  • Creating diagrams to illustrate changes in micro/macrostructure during manufacturing proved challenging in 2023 HSC 24b and 2022 HSC 23c and deserves attention.
  • Heat treatment of ferrous materials has been examined 3 times in longer response since 2019 (most recently in 2021) in questions allocated 2-4 marks each. Drawings of a ferrous material's micro/macrostructure during these processes is again important revision that consistently causes problems (see 2019 HSC 24b and 2020 HSC 18 MC).
  • Ceramics, laminated glass and polymers have been examined within the context of Personal and Public Transport 5 times in the last 8 years (most recently in 2023) and deserve revision attention.

ENGINEERING, PPT Mechanics Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Personal and Public Transport has contributed an average of 30.5% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (2.0%), 2-Mechanics (8.7%), 3-Materials (8.4%), 4-Electricity/Electronics (5.0%) and 5-Communication (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic, Mechanics.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Mechanics has attracted at least one longer answer question every year since 2016 (with a 50% chance of 2+), as well as two multiple-choice questions most years (2020 an outlier with one).
  • Simple Machines look at mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency and have been examined in 6 of the last 7 years, primarily via multiple-choice.
  • This topic area consistently produces low mean marks and should be a revision focus. Although longer answer questions on this content are not common, 3-mark allocations did occur in 2022 and 2017, with 2017 HSC 21c (mean mark 48%) a "must review" question.
  • Friction is a commonly tested concept, appearing 5 times in the last 7 years (most recently in 2023). Within this area, students must be competent in dealing with normal forces, inclined planes, labelling diagrams with forces and real-life applications. An important area that regularly tests at the band 5-6 difficulty level (note 2023 HSC 25d produced a mean mark of 31%).
  • Work, Energy and Power calculations were tested 3 times in the last 5 years (most recently in 2021). Sub-50% mean marks on a majority of these occasions make this subtopic an important revision focus area.
  • Conservation of Energy is an important concept that was tested within Mechanics in 2023 (mean mark 48%) and each year between 2017-2019.

ENGINEERING, PPT Historical and Societal Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Personal and Public Transport has contributed an average of 30.5% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (2.0%), 2-Mechanics (8.7%), 3-Materials (8.4%), 4-Electricity/Electronics (5.0%) and 5-Communication (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the smallest subtopic, Historical and Societal Influences.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Historical and Societal Influences is easily the smallest contributor to this topic area, accounting for an average of 2.0% per exam.
  • Transport system development and innovation are very closely related and have been tested through the development of the bicycle (2020 and 2017) and roller-coaster (2023) . 
  • The environment and in particular, the CO2 emissions of various modes of transport are critical revision which has attracted 4 questions since 2016.
  • 2016 HSC 27b is a must review 7-mark question in this area that covers both emissions in multiple transport modes and the engineering innovation response.

ENGINEERING, AE Communication Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Aeronautical Engineering has contributed an average of 23.6% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Scope, Historical and Societal Influences (3.9%), 2-Mechanics and Hydraulics (7.4%), 3-Materials (7.0%) and 4-Communication (5.3%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Communication.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Communication within the Aeronautical Engineering module had a record 11-mark contribution to the 2023 HSC exam across a high-mark longer answer question and three multiple-choice.
  • Prior to 2023, it has appeared in the longer answer section each year in the period 2019-22 (in questions worth between 3-6 marks) as well as semi-regular multiple-choice.
  • Transition pieces have been examined in 4 of the last 7 HSC exams (most recently in 2023), including a significant 6-mark allocation in 2022 HSC 27b that produced a mean mark of 40% and is a "must review" question.
  • Orthogonal Drawings were tested in 2020 HSC 21c and caused problems.
  • It must be noted that questions in this subtopic have a significant overlap with Scope, Historical and Societal Influences within the Aeronautical module, as well as the Communication subtopic within other Engineering modules due the broad nature of questions in this area.

ENGINEERING, AE Materials Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Aeronautical Engineering has contributed an average of 23.6% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Scope, Historical and Societal Influences (3.9%), 2-Mechanics and Hydraulics (7.4%), 3-Materials (7.0%) and 4-Communication (5.3%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Materials.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Specialist testing of aircraft materials was last examined in a 2022 multiple-choice question and before that in a more substantial 4-mark question looking at landing gear testing (2020 HSC 22c).
  • Metal Alloys and the change in their properties under different treatments attracted significant mark allocations in the period 2017-2019 which represent important revision.
  • 2019 HSC 25b and 2019 HSC 24a both required comparisons between metal alloys and other composites such as carbon fibre and deserve revision attention.
  • Thermosetting polymers have been tested in 2023 and 2021, with 2023 HSC 21d a "must review" question that produced a state mean mark of just 36%.
  • Students must be able to efficiently summarise the manufacturing and in-service benefits of composites such as Kevlar, carbon fibre (2021 HSC 23d) and FML. Manufacturing descriptions have caused particular issues and 2017 HSC 22b and 2016 HSC 25aii are important revision examples.
  • Corrosion has been examined 5 times in the last 7 years (most recently 2022). Questions range from high difficulty multiple-choice (2017 HSC 17 MC) to 2-3 mark longer response (2022 HSC 24b, 2021 HSC 23a).

ENGINEERING, AE Mechanics and Hydraulics Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Aeronautical Engineering has contributed an average of 23.6% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Scope, Historical and Societal Influences (3.9%), 2-Mechanics and Hydraulics (7.4%), 3-Materials (7.0%) and 4-Communication (5.3%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Mechanics and Hydraulics.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Fundamental flight mechanics of lift, thrust and drag represent the most commonly tested content within Mechanics and Hydraulics, appearing in both the longer answer and multiple-choice sections in 4 of the last 5 years (absent only in 2020).
  • While a majority of this subject is examined within an aeroplane context, we note that drones (2016), hydrofoils (2019) and yachts (2019) have also featured and should be revised.
  • Bending Stress was last examined in a substantial 6-mark question in 2019 HSC 24c that caused problems and deserves attention.
  • Propulsion Systems were examined via multiple-choice each year in the period 2018-20, as well as a broad descriptive 3-mark question in 2018 HSC 25a. It has not been examined since 2020 and deserves revision attention.
  • Fluid Mechanics has been examined in 4 out of the last 5 years, including longer answer questions in the 2020 and 2017 exams. 2023 HSC 6 MC and 2020 HSC 22d both caused problems and are "must review" questions in this area.

ENGINEERING, AE Scope, Historical and Societal Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Aeronautical Engineering has contributed an average of 23.6% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Scope, Historical and Societal Influences (3.9%), 2-Mechanics and Hydraulics (7.4%), 3-Materials (7.0%) and 4-Communication (5.3%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic Scope, Historical and Societal Influences.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Innovation is easily the most examined content area, appearing in the longer response section in 4 out of the last 5 years.
  • Questions can be extremely broad and allow students to select their own pre-prepared examples of innovation (2020 HSC 22a) or refer to specific component design such as propellers (2022 HSC 24a).
  • Innovation within the context of yacht design was the subject of two 3-mark questions in 2019 that deserve revision attention.
  • Professional Scope has attracted a multiple-choice question in 3 of the last 5 years (most recently in 2021).
  • Historical Development has looked at the materials that are used to make aeroplane wings (2020) and a comparison of flight control systems (2016). The latter required a contrast of two given systems and we recommend students review the table format as an efficient and effective answer strategy.

ENGINEERING, CS Communication Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Civil Structures has contributed an average of 26.9% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (1.0%), 2-Mechanics (17.3%), 3-Materials (6.6%) and 4-Communication (2.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic, Communication.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • AS 1100 standards are the most examined content area within Communication, appearing 4 times in the last 7 years (most recently in 2022), predominantly in multiple-choice but including a 3-mark longer response in 2020.
  • Students should have an efficient summary of the general benefits of AS 1100 standards prepared (2016 HSC 23a) as well as an in-depth knowledge of specific drawing representations.
  • Orthogonal Drawings were tested in the multiple-choice section in 2020-21 as well as a 3-mark question in 2020 HSC 24d. It is worth noting that students struggled with 2020 HSC 17 MC (33% mean mark) which deserves revision attention.
  • Questions looking at Freehand Drawing and CAD can be broad enough to apply to the Communication subtopic of all Engineering Modules. 2021 HSC 27 is a classic example, attracting a huge 8-mark allocation. We recommend students again prepare efficient summaries of this topic area that they can quickly synthesise into specific questions.

ENGINEERING, CS Materials Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Civil Structures has contributed an average of 26.9% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (1.0%), 2-Mechanics (17.3%), 3-Materials (6.6%) and 4-Communication (2.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the subtopic, Materials.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Materials has contributed an average of two longer answer questions per exam since 2016 as well as at least one multiple-choice (two in 2021-22).
  • Concrete is the most commonly tested content area, appearing in the multiple-choice section in 2023 and 3-mark longer answer questions in 2020-2021. 2021 HSC 21c required a labelled diagram of reinforced concrete components and is a "must review" question as it produced a 42% mean mark.
  • Specialised Testing has been examined in challenging multiple-choice questions each year between 2018-2021, together with a 4-mark longer response question in 2019 HSC 21c that caused problems and deserves attention.
  • Laminates (including laminated timber) are a commonly tested composite, examined in longer response questions 4 times in the last 6 years, most recently in 2023 in a broad "provide suitable building materials" style question. 
  • Geotextiles were examined in a 2022 multiple-choice and more significantly, a 6-mark longer response in 2016 which is another "must review" question.
  • Corrosion was examined in both 2021 and 2020, the latter in a 3-mark broad based question that required both methods and examples of corrosion prevention.

ENGINEERING, CS Mechanics Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Civil Structures has contributed an average of 26.9% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (1.0%), 2-Mechanics (17.3%), 3-Materials (6.6%) and 4-Communication (2.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the largest subtopic, Mechanics.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Mechanics within the Civil Structures Module is the Silverback of the Engineering rainforest that beats its chest every year! It is comfortably the largest contributing subtopic within any module, accounting for a huge 17.3% of the exam since 2017.
  • Truss Analysis has been examined with significant mark allocations every year between 2019-2023. Question difficulty is typically at the band 5-6 level making this a critical revision area.
  • Bending Stress induced by point loads is another commonly tested content area (last examined in 2023). Students must be confident in drawing both shear force and bending moment diagrams which have both been required in the same question in 4 of the last 6 exams (most recently in 2023).
  • Shear and Compressive Stress has been examined in longer answer questions worth 2-3 marks in 4 of the last 6 exams (most recently in 2023 after a 2 year absence). Historically, this content has proven challenging and deserves revision attention.
  • Stress-strain analysis, calculations and diagrams represent another important subtopic which has also consistently produced low mean marks and should be a revision focus.

ENGINEERING, CS History and Society Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • Civil Structures has contributed an average of 26.9% per HSC Engineering exam since 2017.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Historical and Societal Influences (1.0%), 2-Mechanics (17.3%), 3-Materials (6.6%) and 4-Communication (2.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the smallest subtopic, Historical and Societal Influences.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Historical and Societal Influences is a minor contributor to Civil Structures that has been examined almost exclusively via multiple-choice with the exception of 2021 where it was tested in a 2-mark low difficulty question.
  • The most common content area examined looks at different types of bridges, their characteristics and associated structural advantages (most recently examined in 2023).
  • The chronology of the use of building materials such as stone, timber, iron, cast steel and stainless steel was tested twice in 2019 multiple-choice and deserves revision attention.

STD1 Snapshot: F3 Credit Cards

IMPORTANT FEATURES AND TIPS FROM EXAM HISTORY

  • F3 Depreciation and Loans has accounted for a substantial average of 7.7% per Std1 exam since it was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic requires an in depth knowledge of a number of loan types, credit card borrowing and declining balance depreciation.
  • We have split this area into its three subtopics for analysis purposes: 1-Loans (2.1%), 2-Credit Cards (2.9%) and 3-Declining Balance Depreciation (2.7%).
  • This analysis looks at the topic Credit Cards.

ANALYSIS - What to Expect and Common pitfalls

  • Credit cards were last examined in 2023 Std1 5 MC and appeared in the longer answer section of the 2024, 2022, 2020 and 2019 Std1 exams.
  • Each longer answer question involved a combination of high mark allocations and (very) low mean marks, making it a very important topic area for revision.
  • Calculating daily interest rates is a core competency that is required in every credit card question.
  • Applying the correct number of days for compounding formula has proven very challenging for the majority of students and represents another key revision area.
  • 2021 Std1 30 and 2019 Std1 32 required students to calculate a credit card's minimum payment. Revision attention required here.

EXT2 N2 Snapshot: Geometrical Implications

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • N2 Using Complex Numbers has contributed a substantial 16.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into two categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Solving Equations With Complex Numbers (10.0%) and 2-Geometrical Implications of Complex Numbers (6.0%).
  • This analysis looks at Geometrical Implications of Complex Numbers.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Geometrical Implications of Complex Numbers (6.0%) surprised to the upside in 2023 with two longer answer questions and a multiple choice contributing 10 marks to the exam, well above its previous average allocation of around 4 marks.
  • An important take home in looking at this topic area is the high level of difficulty of the associated questions, with sub-25% mean marks produced by 2023 Ext2 16a, 2022 Ext2 16a and 2021 Ext2 16c.
  • Sketching regions has been examined three times in new syllabus exams with 2022 Ext2 1 MC demonstrating the band 3 difficulty level while 2023 Ext2 8 MC and 2021 Ext2 16c tested students at the much higher band 5–6 level.
  • Exponential form and the geometrical rotation of associated complex numbers featured in 2023 Ext2 16a and 2020 Ext2 14a. These questions proved very challenging to most students and should appear in any revision set.
  • We note this topic area now has to compete with the new syllabus content within Vectors for mark allocations, and expect its contributions to be reduced due to this (notwithstanding 2023).
  • 2021 Ext2 10 MC combined both vectors and complex numbers in a high difficulty question deserving attention.

EXT2 N2 Snapshot: Solving Equations With Complex Numbers

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • N2 Using Complex Numbers has contributed a substantial 16.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into two categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Solving Equations With Complex Numbers (10.0%) and 2-Geometrical Implications of Complex Numbers (6.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the largest subtopic, Solving Equations With Complex Numbers.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Solving Equations With Complex Numbers (10.0%) is a hugely important subtopic within Ext2, appearing in three longer answer questions each year between 2021–23 (two in 2020), as well as a multiple choice question in 3 out of 4 years.
  • Finding quadratic roots is the most common question type, tested every new syllabus exam. A revision focus area which should include the more difficult 2022 Ext2 13c(ii).
  • Cubic roots and greater have also been prominent, appearing each year in the period 2021–2023. 2022 Ext2 16d was an extremely challenging 3-mark question in this area, producing a mean mark of 12% and deserving attention.
  • Exponential form has been explicitly required within questions in this topic area every year. A review of 2023 Ext2 12d, 2022 Ext2 12e and 2021 Ext2 14c is recommended to practice this key skill.
  • Exponential form can also be a choice that simplifies calculations in many instances and we recommend a review of the 2022 Ext2 16d solution as a good example.
  • Key concepts to keep front of mind: conjugate roots (examined in 2023, 2021 and 2020), De Moivre (examined in 2020 and 2021).

EXT2 Snapshot: N1 Arithmetic of Complex Numbers

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • N1 Introduction to Complex Numbers has contributed 7.5% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into three categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Arithmetic of Complex Numbers (3.3%), 2-Argand Diagrams and Mod/Arg Form (0.5%) and 3-Exponential Form (3.7%).
  • This analysis looks at Arithmetic of Complex Numbers.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Arithmetic of Complex Numbers (3.3%) is the closest thing that can be described as low hanging fruit in the Extension 2 course. It has been examined in the longer answer section of each new syllabus exam (twice in 2021).
  • This topic requires core competency in calculations involving complex numbers and basic operators, as well as factorisation and dealing with conjugates.
  • 2023 Ext2 14a(i) required the conversion from exponential form to cartesian form and proof of an identity (as part of a larger cross topic question) and deserves revision attention.
  • Calculating the modulus of a complex number in form  `z=a+ib` is another core skill last tested in 2020.
  • The most challenging area in this topic is calculating the square roots of a complex number in form  `z=a+ib`  and 2021 Ext2 11d is one of numerous examples covering this.

EXT2 Snapshot: V1 Vectors and Vector Equations of Lines

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • V1 Working With Vectors has contributed an impressive 15.5% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into three categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Basic Concepts and Arithmetic (3.3%), 2-Vectors and Geometry (8.0%) and 3-Vectors and Vector Equations of Lines (4.2%).
  • This analysis looks at Vectors and Vector Equations of Lines.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Vectors and Vector Equations of Lines (4.2%) has appeared in the longer answer section of every new syllabus exam so far, as well as further multiple choice questions in 2023, 2021 (twice) and 2020.
  • Competency in calculations relating to parallel vectors (2023, 2022), perpendicular vectors (2021) and vector intersection (2020) is required. While most are low difficulty examiner gifts worth 2–3 marks, 2023 Ext2 5 MC was poorly answered and deserves attention.
  • Finding the equation of a line between 2 points appeared in 2023 Ext2 11c and 2021 Ext2 3 MC. A core skill that must be revised.
  • Converting from vector to Cartesian form (and less often vice versa) is an important skill that has already been required in 2 separate questions (2020 Ext2 3 MC and 2022 Ext2 11e).
  • Identifying the position vector of a curve was a challenging multiple choice in 2021 Ext2 7 MC and deserves revision attention.
  • A deep understanding of this concept can also be applied to more difficult Vectors and Geometry questions of which 2022 Ext2 14a is case in point.

EXT2 Snapshot: V1 Vectors and Geometry

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • V1 Working With Vectors has contributed an impressive 15.5% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into three categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Basic Concepts and Arithmetic (3.3%), 2-Vectors and Geometry (8.0%) and 3-Vectors and Vector Equations of Lines (4.2%).
  • This analysis looks at Vectors and Geometry.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Vectors and Geometry (8.0%) is the new 600-pound Silverback in the Ext2 rainforest that beat its chest big time in 2023 with three longer answer questions for a total 9-mark allocation!
  • The topic area has seen consistently low mean marks produced in new syllabus exams. Its importance in differentiating the best exam papers cannot be overstated.
  • While the scope of questions examiners can ask is extremely broad, we have categorised them into 2D and 3D shapes which is a good starting point for structured revision in our view.
  • The most common question type has looked at pyramids, both square (2021) and triangular (2023, 2022). A key revision focus area.
  • 2D quadrilaterals and triangles were the subject of 2023 Ext2 11d and 2020 Ext2 15b and deserve attention.
  • 2023 Ext2 15c and 2021 Ext2 16a looked at spheres and both caused major issues.

EXT2 Snapshot: V1 Basic Concepts and Arithmetic

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • V1 Working With Vectors has contributed an impressive 15.5% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into three categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Basic Concepts and Arithmetic (3.3%), 2-Vectors and Geometry (8.0%) and 3-Vectors and Vector Equations of Lines (4.2%).
  • This analysis looks at Basic Concepts and Arithmetic.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Basic Concepts and Arithmetic (3.3%) has been examined in longer answer questions in every new syllabus Ext2 exam to date, including an additional multiple choice question in 2020.
  • All questions on this topic area have been examiner softballs in the band 2–3 difficulty range, with each longer answer question worth a solid 3-marks. 
  • Angles between vectors has been the most commonly examined topic, examined and well answered in each year 2020-2023, including perpendicular vectors in 2020.
  • Dedicated questions on the more difficult vector projection concept are yet to appear in new syllabus exams with the exception of 2021 Ext2 10 MC which combined complex numbers with this concept and caused problems (mean mark 30%).

EXT2 Snapshot: C1 Recurrence Relations

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • C1 Integration has contributed a highly significant 18.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into five categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Trig Integration (4.0%), 2-Substitution and Harder Integration (3.0%), 3-Partial Fractions (2.7%), 4-Integration by Parts (1.0%) and 5-Recurrence Relations (7.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Recurrence Relations.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Recurrence Relations (7.3%) is easily the largest subtopic within C1 Calculus and has received significant mark allocations in 9 out of the last 10 Ext2 exams, absent only in 2015.
  • In new syllabus exams, Recurrence Relations have appeared in large cross topic questions that have incorporated Induction (2022), Solids of Revolution (2021) and numerous challenging proofs (2020) in questions worth 8, 6 and 11 marks respectively (note these are total marks, not marks allocated solely to Recurrence).
  • The most common underlying equations have been log and exponentials (2023, 2022 and 2021). Although generally well answered, 2023 Ext2 15a is the exception and deserves specific revision attention.
  • Trig underlying equations are much less common but deserve attention as they have proved very challenging when asked (see 2020 Ext2 16b).
  • Due to the high mark allocations and relative difficulty of this topic, it is a key revision focus area where students can outperform.

EXT2 Snapshot: C1 Integration By Parts

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • C1 Integration has contributed a highly significant 18.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into five categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Trig Integration (4.0%), 2-Substitution and Harder Integration (3.0%), 3-Partial Fractions (2.7%), 4-Integration by Parts (1.0%) and 5-Recurrence Relations (7.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Integration by Parts.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Integration by Parts (1.0%) has been examined in new syllabus exams via a multiple choice in 2021 and a 3-mark longer answer question in 2020.
  • This modest contribution belies its importance as it is tested virtually every year within the much larger Recurrence Relation topic which is covered in a separate analysis.
  • This topic area is typically examined at the band 3-4 difficulty level. One exception is 2014 Ext2 16c which combines substitution with integration by parts and represents the upper most level of difficulty students will encounter.

EXT2 Snapshot: C1 Partial Fractions

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • C1 Integration has contributed a highly significant 18.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into five categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Trig Integration (4.0%), 2-Substitution and Harder Integration (3.0%), 3-Partial Fractions (2.7%), 4-Integration by Parts (1.0%) and 5-Recurrence Relations (7.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Partial Fractions.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Partial Fractions (2.7%) has been examined in each exam between 2023-2021 in band 3 difficulty questions worth 3–4 marks each (absent in 2020).
  • In both new syllabus exams, no indication of the structure of the partial fraction was provided although historically this guidance is given half the time.
  • This question type is typically examined around the band 3–4 level of difficulty and represents Extension 2's version of low lying fruit. We note that the difficulty level is sometimes ratcheted up. 2011 Ext2 7b is case in point which produced a 36% mean mark and deserves attention.
  • The database provides questions where the denominator is a quadratic as well as the slightly more difficult cubic/degree 4 denominators. Any revision should cover multiple examples of both types.

EXT2 Snapshot: C1 Substitution and Harder Integration

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • C1 Integration has contributed a highly significant 18.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into five categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Trig Integration (4.0%), 2-Substitution and Harder Integration (3.0%), 3-Partial Fractions (2.7%), 4-Integration by Parts (1.0%) and 5-Recurrence Relations (7.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Substitution and Harder Integration.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Substitution and Harder Integration (3.0%) has been tested via longer answer questions in 2023, 2022 and 2020 as well as multiple choice questions in two of those years.
  • Substitutions may be explicit (2022 Ext2 15c) or students will need to identify an appropriate substitution themselves (2023 Ext2 13a and 2021 Ext2 13b). The database includes numerous examples of both.
  • Exposure to a wide array of underlying functions and the strategies required to manipulate them into identifiable integrals is key to success in this area. This process will test student knowledge of trig identities as well as manipulation of challenging logs and exponential expressions.
  • 2022 Ext2 5 MC and 2020 Ext2 10 MC provide novel challenges for students in this topic area and deserve particular attention.

EXT2 Snapshot: C1 Trig Integration

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • C1 Integration has contributed a highly significant 18.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into five categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Trig Integration (4.0%), 2-Substitution and Harder Integration (3.0%), 3-Partial Fractions (2.7%), 4-Integration by Parts (1.0%) and 5-Recurrence Relations (7.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Trig Integration.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Trig Integration (4.0%) has been examined with dedicated questions every new syllabus exam, including twice in 2022 and 2021.
  • The most common question type looks at integrations involving arctan which have appeared via multiple choice (2022 and 2020) and a 2-mark low difficulty question in 2020.
  • 2021 Ext2 14a required the use of  `t = tan\ theta/2` (which was not specified) and challenging fraction manipulation to solve. Revision attention recommended.
  • Identifying opportunities to complete the square within equations is a critical skill in this topic area. The database includes numerous questions looking at arctan and arcsin/arccos in this key area (see 2020 Ext2 6 MC and 2004 Ext2 1c).

EXT2 Snapshot: M1 Projectile Motion

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M1 Mechanics has contributed a massive 23.8% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into four categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Simple Harmonic Motion (4.3%), 2-Motion Without Resistance (3.0%), 3-Resisted Motion (13.2%) and 4-Projectile Motion (3.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Projectile Motion.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Projectile Motion (3.3%) was examined in longer answer questions in 2020 and 2021 (notably absent in 2022-23) with significant allocations of 8 and 5 marks respectively.
  • Projectile motion questions in this section do not include any resistance factors which are covered within the earlier topic of Resisted Motion.
  • The examination of this topic within the new Ext2 syllabus has the following important features: 1-students must be comfortable with the vector expressions of the motion, and 2-challenging proofs requiring a deep understanding of discriminants have appeared on both occasions this area has been examined.
  • 2021 Ext2 16b deserves particular attention as it provided little scaffolding (i.e. it had no question parts) and caused major problems, producing a mean mark of 31%. We recommend exposure and attention to this unscaffolded question style which departs from the old syllabus examinations.
  • Notwithstanding the vector equation differences above, the database which primarily consists questions from the old Ext1 course remains excellent revision in our view. These examples can be identified by having EXT2* in their title.

EXT2 Snapshot: M1 Resisted Motion

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M1 Mechanics has contributed a massive 23.8% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into four categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Simple Harmonic Motion (4.3%), 2-Motion Without Resistance (3.0%), 3-Resisted Motion (13.2%) and 4-Projectile Motion (3.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Resisted Motion.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Resisted Motion (13.2%) is the blue whale in the Extension 2 ecosystem. It is easily the most examined topic area within M1 Mechanics, appearing in at least two longer answer questions each year, including three in 2022 and 2020!
  • Projectile Motion is the most common question type within Resisted Motion and looks at objects moving with vertical motion against gravity and other factors such as air resistance. The topic represents critical revision and worth noting that 2023 included two separate questions on this subtopic.
  • Terminal velocity gets a specific syllabus mention and should be covered in this context.
  • Horizontal motion along a flat or inclined plane (or axis) has been tested in 3 of the last 4 years and represents an important revision area where most students score highly.
  • Pulleys were examined in 2020 Ext2 16a in a 5-mark question that caused problems producing a 37% mean mark in part (a) - a "must review" question.
  • The application of Newton's laws of motion is common. Students were required to apply this knowledge in both the 2022 (twice) and 2020 exams. 
  • The database includes numerous examples where resistance is proportional to velocity (~v), ~ v², and ~constant. Effective revision should include examples of each type.

EXT2 Snapshot: M1 Motion Without Resistance

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M1 Mechanics has contributed a massive 23.8% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into four categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Simple Harmonic Motion (4.3%), 2-Motion Without Resistance (3.0%), 3-Resisted Motion (13.2%) and 4-Projectile Motion (3.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Motion Without Resistance.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Motion Without Resistance (3.0%) has appeared in each new syllabus Ext2 exam, with the 2023 paper including both a 4-mark longer answer question and multiple choice.
  • 2023 Ext2 12c involved an inclined plane in this topic for the first time and proved challenging. An important revision question.
  • Otherwise, this topic is as easy as Mechanics will get and presents a great opportunity for students to score high marks.
  • Examiners have tested students in 3-mark longer answer questions in 2022 and 2020 at the band 3 difficulty level, with a slightly higher band 4 multiple choice question in 2021.
  • 2020 Ext2 8 MC involved motion along a curve described with velocity and acceleration vectors. Revision attention recommended.

EXT2 Snapshot: M1 Simple Harmonic Motion

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M1 Mechanics has contributed a massive 23.8% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • We have split this topic into four categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Simple Harmonic Motion (4.3%), 2-Motion Without Resistance (3.0%), 3-Resisted Motion (13.2%) and 4-Projectile Motion (3.3%).
  • This analysis looks at Simple Harmonic Motion.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Simple Harmonic Motion (4.3%) had a peak contribution to new syllabus exams in 2023, with two longer answer questions and a multiple choice producing a substantial 6-mark total allocation.
  • Prior to 2023, it has appeared in the longer answer section of each new syllabus exam, with an additional multiple choice question included in the 2020 paper.
  • New syllabus questions have ranged between band 3 difficulty (2023 Ext2 11e) and band 5–6 (2021 Ext2 13d).
  • 2022 Ext2 15b involved a novel real world example of pistons, looking at resultant force. With a mean mark of 50% it deserves revision attention.
  • 2023 Ext2 14b and 2021 Ext2 13d are good examples of the higher difficulty level that students will experience in Ext2 SHM questions vs historical Ext1 questions, producing sub-50% mean marks across the board.
  • The database contains many questions from old syllabus Ext1 exams which can be identified by having EXT2* in their title (note that the band levels and mean marks are taken from Ext1 results).
  • Notwithstanding the above, this database of questions remains relevant and essential to revision in this topic area, in our view.

P2 Induction, EXT2 Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • P2 Induction has contributed an average of 4.3% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Induction (4.3%) is a super consistent topic area that has been tested in a longer answer question in each of the last 8 Ext2 exams .
  • Inequality induction proofs are most common and appeared in the 2023, 2022 and 2020 exams in mid-range difficulty questions worth 3–4 marks.
  • Recurrence relations featured in both 2022 questions in this topic area and proved challenging. 2022 Ext2 14b(iv) (cross topic calculus question) and 2022 Ext1 13b had mean marks of 50% and 58% respectively and deserve revision attention.
  • Other induction proofs that NESA guidance recommends involve geometry and calculus (see EQ-Bank questions) as well as traditional themes of divisibility and trigonometry.
  • Proficiency at handling sigma notation is a key competence in this area and a sub-category has been created in the database to interrogate this specific skill.
  • Historically, Ext2 induction questions have ranged from band 4 level difficulty to extremely challenging. With an expectation of this topic appearing consistently, a revision focus is highly likely to be rewarded.

P1 Converse, Contradiction, EXT2 Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • P1 Nature of Proof has contributed a surprising average of 15.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • This topic has been split into two categories for analysis purposes: 1-Proof and Inequalities (8.6%) and 2-Converse, Contradiction and Contrapositive Proof (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at Converse, Contradiction and Contrapositive Proof.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Converse, Contradiction and Contrapositive Proof (6.4%) has been examined at least once in the longer answer section of every new syllabus Ext2 exam to date (including twice in 2020), as well as contributing at least two multiple choice questions to each exam.
  • Contrapositive Proof has easily been the most common question type (notably absent in 2023), appearing in two questions of each exam between 2020–22. While most were low-mid band and well handled, 2020 Ext2 15a and 2021 Ext2 9 MC both produced sub-50% mean marks and deserve revision attention.
  • Converse Proofs have also appeared in each new syllabus exam and caused problems in 2022 Ext2 7 MC and 2020 Ext2 15a (note this example combined converse and contrapositive proofs).
  • Contradiction can have broad applications for proof (see 2020 Ext2 7 MC and 2021 Ext2 5 MC), with its most important being for proof of irrationality, examined in 2023 Ext2 12a and 2020 Ext2 14d. 

P1 Inequalities, EXT2 Snapshot

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • P1 Nature of Proof has contributed a surprising average of 15.0% per new syllabus Ext2 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • This topic has been split into two categories for analysis purposes: 1-Proof and Inequalities (8.6%) and 2-Converse, Contradiction and Contrapositive Proof (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at Proof and Inequalities.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Proof and Inequalities (8.6%) is one of the silverbacks in the Extension 2 jungle that again beat its chest in 2023.
  • For the third year in a row, this topic area attracted a multiple choice and 2 longer answer questions. The new syllabus mark allocations to this topic area have surprised to the upside and look set to continue, in our view.
  • Question difficulty has been across the whole spectrum, ranging from band 2 to band 6 in just the new syllabus era.
  • A common question type requires students to use the property that squares of real numbers are non-negative, asked in moderate (2023 Ext2 12b) to low difficulty examples (2022 Ext2 12a and 2020 Ext2 13c) in the last four years.
  • Proofs using a given equation appeared in substantial 4-mark questions in 2023 Ext2 16b, 2022 Ext2 16c and 2021 Ext2 15a. Students found each question very challenging and revision attention is highly recommended.
  • Triangle inequality proofs were required in 2022 Ext2 15d and 2021 within a cross-topic vector themed example.
  • The database contains a rich history of past Ext2 inequality proof questions that cover many proofs utilising  `a > b`  and  arithmetic/geometric mean properties on top of the above examples highlighted. 

EXT1 C3 Snapshot: Applications of Differential Equations

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • C3 Application of Calculus has contributed a highly significant average 15.3% per new syllabus Ext1 exam since it was introduced in 2020.
  • This topic has been split into two sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Further Areas and Solids of Revolution (6.4%) and 2-Differential Equations (8.9%).
  • This analysis looks at a sub-topic of Differential Equations - Applications (4.2%).

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Applications of Differential Equations (4.2%) has appeared in longer answer questions in 3 out of 4 new syllabus exams (absent only in 2022).
  • 2023 Ext1 13a tested students in a flow in/flow out scenario that caused serious problems. Revision attention is a must here!
  • 2021 Ext1 14b looked at population growth in a 4-mark question that proved challenging (45% mean mark). Revision attention required here.
  • The NESA Ext1 C3 Topic Guidance includes "mixing problems" within its exemplar questions section (p.10) and numerous database examples cover this question type.
  • This is a key revision focus area which has the potential to combine significant mark allocations with high difficulty. 

CHEMISTRY M8 Snapshot: Chemical Synthesis and Design

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M8 Applying Chemical Ideas has contributed an average of 24.2% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into three sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Inorganic Substances (10.5%), 2-Organic Substances (11.1%) and 3-Chemical Synthesis and Design (2.6%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Chemical Synthesis and Design.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Chemical Synthesis and Design is not a large contributor to new syllabus HSC exams, but nonetheless has appeared in three exams since 2019 (most recently in 2023).
  • Designing a Chemical Synthesis Process is the main concept examined, appearing three times in the longer response section of the paper and attracting meaningful mark allocations on each occasion.
  • Particular attention should be given to 2022 HSC 33, an extended response question that specifically requires student to address factors that cover most syllabus dot points in this area. A mean mark of 52% and huge allocation of 8 marks make this a particularly important revision example.

CHEMISTRY M8 Snapshot: Organic Substances

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M8 Applying Chemical Ideas has contributed an average of 24.2% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into three sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Inorganic Substances (10.5%), 2-Organic Substances (11.1%) and 3-Chemical Synthesis and Design (2.6%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Organic Substances.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Organic Substances has been thoroughly tested via two longer answer questions in each new syllabus exam since 2019, as well as averaging 2.5 multiple-choice questions per paper over the same period.
  • Combining (Spectroscopic) Techniques is easily the most important question type, given significant 5–9 mark allocations every year of the new syllabus.
  • Students are required to deduce the identity of an organic compound given some or all of its spectra. This area has proven very challenging to a majority of students and represents critical revision (see 2023 HSC 36, 2022 HSC 30, 2021 HSC 29 and 2020 HSC 30).
  • Single spectroscopic techniques are regularly examined through multiple choice questions with C NMR, H NMR and Mass Spectrometry the most common. It is worth noting that Mass Spectrometry was also examined within a longer answer question in 2023 HSC 28b (mean mark 53%) which is a must review question.
  • A minor part of this topic involves chemical testing for the Carbon-Carbon Double Bond, Hydroxyl Group and Carboxylic Acid Group. 2021 HSC 21 and 2019 HSC 19 caused real problems in this area and warrant attention.

CHEMISTRY M8 Snapshot: Inorganic Substances

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M8 Applying Chemical Ideas has contributed an average of 24.2% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into three sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Inorganic Substances (10.5%), 2-Organic Substances (11.1%) and 3-Chemical Synthesis and Design (2.6%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Inorganic Substances.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Inorganic Substances has been tested in at least one longer answer question every year and an average of two multiple choice questions per paper (we note a high of 4 appeared in the 2022 exam!).
  • Tests for Ions in Solution is a commonly assessed concept which requires students to deduce the identity of a specific ion, or analyse a method used to identity a specific ion using their knowledge of solubility rules and flame tests. 
  • Tests for Ions in Solution attracted significant 5-mark allocations in 2022 HSC 22 and 2021 HSC 30, producing sub-50% mean marks on both occasions.
  • Gravimetric Analysis is another common question-type where students are required to mathematically analyse a solution given the mass of a final dried, weighed sample. Healthy mark allocations of 5 and 4 in 2022 and 2021 respectively make this an important revision area.
  • Colourimetry, UV-Vis and AAS are regularly examined through multiple choice questions with the exception of 2019 HSC 29 where 2-marks were allocated within a larger cross-topic question.  Attention here is highly recommended with consistent sub-50% mean marks produced (including 32% in 2019 HSC 29b).
  • Precipitation Titrations were examined in the longer answer section in 2023 and 2020, producing low mean marks on both occasions. 

CHEMISTRY M7 Snapshot: Polymers

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M7 Organic Chemistry has contributed an average of 25.3% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Nomenclature (4.0%), 2-Hydrocarbons and Associated Reactions (2.9%), 3-Alcohols (11.3%), 4-Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases (6.1%) and Bases and 5-Polymers (1.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the smallest sub-topic, Polymers.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Polymers has only contributed 1.0% to new syllabus exams to date which is below its historical average and belies its importance, in our view.
  • Revision attention is warranted due to the topic's potential for long response questions, examples of which are included in the database.
  • Addition Polymers and Condensation Polymers have made up the entirety of long response questions on this topic for the past 8 years (all appearing pre-2020), as well as appearing in the multiple-choice section of every new syllabus exam between 2019-22.
  • A common question style involves requiring students to deduce the monomer(s) that a given polymer is made up from.
  • We recommend careful attention be paid to 2022 HSC 18 which assessed Condensation Polymers and exposed a knowledge gap resulting in a state mean mark of just 23%.

CHEMISTRY M7 Snapshot: Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M7 Organic Chemistry has contributed an average of 25.3% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Nomenclature (4.0%), 2-Hydrocarbons and Associated Reactions (2.9%), 3-Alcohols (11.3%), 4-Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases (6.1%) and Bases and 5-Polymers (1.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Esters is easily the most commonly assessed concept within this sub-topic (notably absent in the 2023 exam). Questions deal mainly with the chemical reaction used to form an ester as well as the reflux process for esterification.
  • Reaction Pathways which lead up to an ester synthesis have already been tested twice in new syllabus exams (absent in 2022-23). This area deserves particular revision attention due to high mark allocations and low mean marks (see 2021 HSC 26 and 2019 HSC 34).
  • In particular, students should look at reasons for using the reflux technique which have caused major problems (see 2021 HSC 26b and 2016 HSC 22c).
  • Soaps and Detergents has only been assessed using a multiple choice question on one occasion since 2019. We see scope for a longer answer examination of this topic area and believe it warrants attention.
  • A review of 2019 HSC 21 is recommended as it proved challenging for a majority of students and is a reminder that reactions of ketones and aldehydes are explored in this sub-topic. 

CHEMISTRY M7 Snapshot: Alcohols

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M7 Organic Chemistry has contributed an average of 25.3% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Nomenclature (4.0%), 2-Hydrocarbons and Associated Reactions (2.9%), 3-Alcohols (11.3%), 4-Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases (6.1%) and Bases and 5-Polymers (1.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the largest sub-topic, Alcohols.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Alcohols is a blue whale in the M7 Organic Chemistry ocean, being responsible for almost half of the allocated exam marks for this module. A key revision focus area!
  • Reactions of Alcohols is the largest sub-category, having attracted high-mark longer answer questions in each new syllabus exam between 2019-2022, as well as multiple choice in 2022 and 2021.
  • In this area, the database includes numerous 7 to 9 mark extended response questions, often incorporating other cross-topics in module 7.
  • Students are often required to predict and draw the structural formulae of a given reactions (see 2019 HSC Q34 and 2022 HSC Q33, both of which caused problems).
  • Combustion is a very common question type with chunky mark allocations in all new syllabus exams with the exception of 2021. 
  • Oxidation of Alcohols was examined in numerous questions in 2022 and 2021. Questions typically assess the difference in products formed when primary and secondary alcohols are oxidised.
  • Production of Alcohol was last examined in 2023 HSC 27 with a 4-mark allocation. This subtopic deserves attention as mark allocations are high and it typically produces low mean marks. 

CHEMISTRY M7 Snapshot: Hydrocarbons and Associated Reactions

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M7 Organic Chemistry has contributed an average of 25.3% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Nomenclature (4.0%), 2-Hydrocarbons and Associated Reactions (2.9%), 3-Alcohols (11.3%), 4-Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases (6.1%) and Bases and 5-Polymers (1.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Hydrocarbons and Associated Reactions.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Hydrocarbons and Associated Reactions has been examined within the multiple choice section every year in new syllabus exams, including twice each year between 2021-2023.
  • Longer answer questions looking at this topic area are often within cross-topic contexts rather than dedicated examples, a number of which are included in the database. 
  • Questions looking at Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons represent the largest contributing sub-topic in this area, with longer answer questions appearing in both the 2021 and 2022 exams.
  • Solubility and Boiling Points have been examined in 4 of the last 5 exams (absent only 2020) and deserve revision attention.
  • Formulae and molecular shape are often presented in a multiple-choice format. Last examined in 2022, they represent fundamental concepts which have been poorly answered in the past.

CHEMISTRY M7 Snapshot: Nomenclature

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M7 Organic Chemistry has contributed an average of 25.3% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Nomenclature (4.0%), 2-Hydrocarbons and Associated Reactions (2.9%), 3-Alcohols (11.3%), 4-Reactions of Organic Acids and Bases (6.1%) and Bases and 5-Polymers (1.0%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Nomenclature.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Nomenclature is a healthy contributor to the Chemistry exam at 4.0% but the gateway knowledge it provides for other topics within M7 Organic Chemistry increase its importance.
  • Isomers is the most common concept assessed within this sub-topic, appearing every year of the new syllabus and producing low mean marks on most occasions.
  • Isomers have been regularly assessed in the long response section, where students were required to draw all isomers of a given chemical compound or formula in 2022, 2021 and 2019. A key skill that deserves revision attention.
  • Naming Halogenated Organic Compounds is another commonly assessed concept, typically appearing in the multiple choice section. We recommend revising 2022 HSC Q7, 2020 HSC Q6 and 2016 HSC Q11 which caused significant difficulty.

CHEMISTRY M6 Snapshot: Quantitative Analysis

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M6 Properties of Acids and Bases has contributed an average of 26.9% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into three sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Properties of Acids and Bases (5.9%), 2-Bronsted-Lowry Theory (6.9%) and 3-Quantitative Analysis (14.1%).
  • This analysis looks at the largest sub-topic, Quantitative Analysis.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Quantitative Analysis is the 500-pound Silverback in the Chemistry rainforest, attracting the largest average mark allocation per exam of any sub-topic in any module. Its revision importance cannot be overstated.
  • Titration is an important question type, being assessed in difficult 3–8 mark longer answer questions every year of the new syllabus. Mean marks below 50% are common (some well below) and specific revision attention is required here (see 2022 Q32 and 2021 Q35).
  • Titration Curves and Conductivity Graphs have featured in the multiple choice section every year of the new syllabus as well as part of a long response in 2019. Low state mean marks dictate that this area should be well covered in any revision.
  • Difficult calculation and analysis questions involving `K_a` and `K_b` occur frequently, appearing in the long response section in 2023, 2021 and 2019, and in the multiple choice in 2022 and 2021. A critical revision area.
  • Buffers is a sneaky contributor to the new syllabus Chemistry exams, appearing in longer answer questions in 2021 and 2019, and a multiple choice in 2020.  2021 HSC Q34 proved challenging to a majority of students (mean mark 48%) and revision attention is warranted.

CHEMISTRY M6 Snapshot: Bronsted-Lowry Theory

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M6 Properties of Acids and Bases has contributed an average of 26.9% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into three sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Properties of Acids and Bases (5.9%), 2-Bronsted-Lowry Theory (6.9%) and 3-Quantitative Analysis (14.1%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Bronsted-Lowry Theory.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Bronsted-Lowry Theory has been a frequently examined content area in new syllabus exams, contributing on average to 3 longer answer questions (we note that multiple were broad cross-topic examples) and 2 multiple choice questions per year.
  • Calculations Involving pH is a frequently assessed concept within Bronsted-Lowry Theory. It has appeared in three exams in the long response section (most recently in 2022), as well as in the multiple choice section every year.
  • Questions commonly require calculation using `K_a` to determine hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentration, from which pH or pOH can be calculated.
  • Dissociation of Acids and Bases in Water is an important topic area, examined in longer answer questions in 2021 and 2020 (notably absent in 2022).
  • Questions often assess the reaction between a strong or weak acid with water and the properties of ions formed. 2020 HSC Q27 and Q18 are challenging examples that deserve specific revision attention.
  • pH of Mixed Solutions was last examined in the 3-mark 2023 HSC 23. Within this topic area, attention is recommended for questions that require actual pH calculations, an area that has historically produced sub-50% mean marks (2021 HSC 15 MC).

CHEMISTRY M6 Snapshot: Properties of Acids and Bases

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M6 Properties of Acids and Bases has contributed an average of 26.9% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into three sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Properties of Acids and Bases (5.9%), 2-Bronsted-Lowry Theory (6.9%) and 3-Quantitative Analysis (14.1%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Properties of Acids and Bases.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Properties of Acids and Bases has attracted an average of two longer answer questions and one multiple choice each year since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry is an important concept within this topic area which has been tested in the longer answer section in 4 out of 5 new syllabus exams (absent only in 2021).
  • Typically, questions involve evaluating the usefulness and/or limitations of both models, or writing a chemical equation with reference to the Bronsted-Lowry model. We note 2019 HSC Q28 involved a somewhat simple model explanation but was poorly answered and deserves attention.
  • Enthalpy of Neutralisation has attracted significant mark allocations each year in the 2020-22 period and is critical revision. Students should be well versed in this calculation heavy question style which regularly produces sub-50% mean marks (see 2020 HSC Q25 and Q36, 2021 HSC Q32).
  • Other concepts in Properties of Acids and Bases have not been regularly examined with dedicated questions in new syllabus exams to date, although this area is important gateway knowledge needed in later topics such as Quantitative Analysis.

CHEMISTRY M5 Snapshot: Solution Equilibria

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M5 Equilibrium and Acid Reactions has contributed an average of 23.4% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Static and Dynamic Equilibrium (4.4%), 2-Factors that Affect Equilibrium (5.8%), 3-Equilibrium Constant (6.8%) and 4-Solution Equilibria (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Solution Equilibria.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Solution Equilibria has been examined in the longer response sections every year in the new syllabus, and two multiple choice questions in 4 of the 5 years.
  • Mixed ionic solutions has been the most commonly tested question type, primarily in the longer answer section of the paper. This topic area produces sub-50% mean marks more often than not and must be a revision focus.
  • Questions involving `K_(sp)` calculations are another examiner favourite. This area has received significant mark allocations in 2023, 2022 and 2021 and students must be ready for these calculation-heavy and challenging questions. A critical revision area regularly producing sub-50% mean marks.
  • A less commonly examined area of the topic are questions involving concentration graphs, and students should not neglect this area of the syllabus.

CHEMISTRY M5 Snapshot: Equilibrium Constant

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M5 Equilibrium and Acid Reactions has contributed an average of 23.4% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Static and Dynamic Equilibrium (4.4%), 2-Factors that Affect Equilibrium (5.8%), 3-Equilibrium Constant (6.8%) and 4-Solution Equilibria (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Equilibrium Constant.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Equilibrium Constant has been examined in longer response questions in 4 out 5 new syllabus exams (including twice in 2023), as well as at least one multiple choice question each year (including two in 2023, 2022 and 2019).
  • Calculation heavy questions dominate, with students required to either find `K_(eq)` or perform related calculations given `K_(eq)`. This area is critical revision as it combines a high likelihood of significant mark allocations with low expected mean marks.
  • Determining the formation of a precipitate is another key application of Keq. Close attention should be paid to 2019 HSC 17 and 2021 HSC 19 multiple-choice questions as they were poorly answered and we see the potential for this content to be tested in longer response.
  • In most questions where relevant, examiners provide the chemical equation. The database provides many typical examples for revision.
  • Students should be prepared to deduce the chemical equation involved and use this for all further calculations. This was required each year from 2019-2021 and produced sub-50% mean marks on each occasion. Attention warranted here.
  • Equilibrium expressions of acid/base reactions and related pH calculations are regularly examined, including 3 separate questions in the 2020 exam. 2020 HSC Q33 proved particularly difficult (mean mark 20%) and needs careful revision.

CHEMISTRY M5 Snapshot: Factors that Affect Equilibrium

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M5 Equilibrium and Acid Reactions has contributed an average of 23.4% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Static and Dynamic Equilibrium (4.4%), 2-Factors that Affect Equilibrium (5.8%), 3-Equilibrium Constant (6.8%) and 4-Solution Equilibria (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Factors that Affect Equilibrium.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Factors that Affect Equilibrium has been allocated a longer answer question every year in the new syllabus, as well as two multiple choice questions in 4 of the 5 years.
  • Collision theory has been tested in longer answer questions in three new syllabus exams to date (most recently in 2022). Critical revision requires students to be able to explain this theory in multiple contexts, in a concise way.
  • A deep understanding of equilibrium shifts due to changes in temperature, pressure, volume and concentrations is required. An interplay of these changes is common and the dataset provides many examples for revision.
  • Concentration diagrams through equilibrium have proven challenging in the past. Last examined in 2023, a revision focus is warranted here.
  • We note 2021 HSC Q11  had a particularly low mean mark of 19% and is a "must review" question.

CHEMISTRY M5 Snapshot: Static and Dynamic Equilibrium

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M5 Equilibrium and Acid Reactions has contributed an average of 23.4% per HSC Chemistry exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into four sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Static and Dynamic Equilibrium (4.4%), 2-Factors that Affect Equilibrium (5.8%), 3-Equilibrium Constant (6.8%) and 4-Solution Equilibria (6.4%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Static and Dynamic Equilibrium.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Static and Dynamic Equilibrium has been examined in the long response section of every new syllabus exam, as well as the multiple-choice section in 3 of the 5 years (absent in 2023). We note the significant allocations of 5 and 7 marks to this topic area in 2022 and 2021 respectively.
  • Enthalpy and entropy are easily the most tested concepts, appearing in longer answer questions every year between 2019-2022. A revision focus is highly recommended here.
  • We note that within this topic area, combustion reactions, with its own syllabus dot point, deserves specific attention (see 2018 HSC 30).
  • Although less examined, students should have a clear understanding of the differences between open and closed systems (last examined in 2022 HSC 36 with a 49% mean mark).
  • Special attention should be paid to 2019 HSC 30, which required students to compare and contrast the effects of enthalpy and entropy on the solubility of salts (mean mark 34%).

BIOLOGY M8 Snapshot: Technologies and Disorders

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M8 Non-Infectious Disease/Disorders has contributed an average of 26.8% per HSC Biology exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Homeostasis (7.5%), 2-Causes and Effects (4.1%), 3-Epidemiology (7.4%), Prevention (2.6%) and 5-Technologies and Disorders (5.2%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Technologies and Disorders.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Technologies and Disorders was tested in longer answer questions in three new syllabus exams to date, as well as four multiple-choice questions since 2020.
  • This topic requires a deep understanding of the function and structure of numerous organs/body parts as well as the mechanisms by which technology can assist their function.
  • Kidneys were examined in 2020 and 2022 and have traditionally attracted the most consistent and highest mark allocations. The workings of this organ and the process of dialysis must be a revision focus (see 2022 HSC 20 and 2020 HSC 24).
  • Eyes were last tested in 2023 HSC 24 (worth 6 marks) and 2022 via multiple choice. These two questions, along with 2018 HSC 31 represent crucial revision in this area.
  • Questions concerning spectacles have been answered poorly and require revision. We also note that LASIK surgery is explicitly mentioned in the new syllabus but not tested.
  • Ears have been tested in 2023 and 2019 via multiple choice and in 2021 via a longer answer question.
  • Bone conduction implants (2021 HSC 25) and Cochlear implant technology (2019 HSC 6 MC) have both caused problems and deserve attention.

BIOLOGY M8 Snapshot: Prevention

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M8 Non-Infectious Disease/Disorders has contributed an average of 26.8% per HSC Biology exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Homeostasis (7.5%), 2-Causes and Effects (4.1%), 3-Epidemiology (7.4%), Prevention (2.6%) and 5-Technologies and Disorders (5.2%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Prevention.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • This is a small topic which has been tested in 3 of the last 5 years in the extended response section (most recently in 2022), albeit as a contributing topic within a broader question on two of these occasions.
  • Educational Programs were the aspect of prevention examined in 2022 and 2019 and deserve revision attention.
  • Genetic Engineering featured in 2020 HSC 30 which had a significant allocation of 7 marks and was poorly answered (mean mark 44%). This is a "must review" question for any revision of this topic.

BIOLOGY M8 Snapshot: Epidemiology

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M8 Non-Infectious Disease/Disorders has contributed an average of 26.8% per HSC Biology exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Homeostasis (7.5%), 2-Causes and Effects (4.1%), 3-Epidemiology (7.4%), Prevention (2.6%) and 5-Technologies and Disorders (5.2%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Epidemiology.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Epidemiology has attracted longer answer questions with significant mark allocations in every new syllabus exam to date, as well as multiple choice questions in 2023 and 2020-21.
  • Analysing Results requires students to analyse and interpret both graphical and tabulated results taken from epidemiological studies. Questions regularly require cross topic knowledge and the extrapolation and interpolation of results.
  • This topic regularly produces sub-50% mean marks and 2019 HSC 33b and 2023 HSC 16 MC are important revision. 
  • Evaluating the Method of epidemiological studies has been examined in longer answer questions in each of the last 3 exams. High mark allocations and low mean marks make 2023 HSC 27, 2022 HSC 31a and 2021 HSC 31 critical revision.
  • Treatment/Management of non-infectious diseases has been examined via multiple choice in 2020 and 2021.

BIOLOGY M8 Snapshot: Causes and Effects

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M8 Non-Infectious Disease/Disorders has contributed an average of 26.8% per HSC Biology exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Homeostasis (7.5%), 2-Causes and Effects (4.1%), 3-Epidemiology (7.4%), Prevention (2.6%) and 5-Technologies and Disorders (5.2%).
  • This analysis looks at the smallest sub-topic, Causes and Effects.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Causes and Effects has been examined in longer answer questions three times in new syllabus exams (most recently in 2023) as well as multiple choice questions in 2023 and 2021.
  • Environmental & Nutritional diseases are likely to be tested through a stimulus style question (2020 HSC 27) and have been typically well answered.
  • Genetic Disease/Cancer is a question category that has significant content overlap with modules 5 and 6.
  • 2023 HSC 25c looked at the genetic causes associated with the onset of Huntington's Disease while 2019 HSC 33d looked at factors contributing to Alzheimer's disease. Both represent important revision for this topic area.
  • The unusual "double" multiple choice questions in 2019 HSC 19-20 MC both produced sub-50% mean marks and deserve attention.

BIOLOGY M8 Snapshot: Homeostasis

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M8 Non-Infectious Disease/Disorders has contributed an average of 26.8% per HSC Biology exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into five sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Homeostasis (7.5%), 2-Causes and Effects (4.1%), 3-Epidemiology (7.4%), Prevention (2.6%) and 5-Technologies and Disorders (5.2%).
  • This analysis looks at the sub-topic, Homeostasis.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Homeostasis has attracted longer answer questions each year of the new syllabus with the exception of 2022, and averaged two multiple choice questions per exam.
  • Negative Feedback Loops is the overarching theme of this topic, examined with meaningful mark allocations each year in the period 2019-21. Themes within this context include temperature, adaptations, blood glucose responses and water balance in plants which are all well covered in the database.
  • Important skills required by this question type include the analysis of graphs and diagrams of such loops. 2021 HSC 32 is a high quality "must review" example.
  • Temperature & BGL/Diabetes have been tested 3 times the past 5 years, in both longer answer and multiple choice sections. 2020 HSC 31 is a challenging high-mark example that represents important revision.
  • Water Balance in Plants has been examined three times in new syllabus exams (most recently in 2023). 2019 HSC 29 was a 3-mark question that caused major problems and warrants specific attention.
  • The Nervous System was last examined in 2018 although it appeared in 3 HSC papers between 2014-2018 and revision is recommended.

BIOLOGY M7 Snapshot: Prevention, Control and Treatment

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M7 Infectious Diseases has contributed an average of 24.1% per HSC Biology exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into three sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Causes of Infectious Diseases (8.2%), 2-Immunity (4.3%) and 3-Prevention, Treatment and Control (11.6%).
  • This analysis looks at the largest sub-topic, Prevention, Treatment and Control.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Prevention, Treatment and Control has been extensively tested in all new syllabus exams, averaging two longer answer and two multiple choice questions each year.
  • Passive and Active Vaccines attracted high-mark allocations in 2023, 2021 and 2020 and must be a revision focus area.
  • We note an obvious overlap between Vaccines and the Immunity sub-topic. Students should be efficient in discussing antibody mediated responses within this context. 2021 HSC 28b and 2020 HSC 32c produced mean marks of 43% and 41% respectively and are core revision questions here.
  • Pharmaceuticals is another commonly tested content area. Students should be able to justify, analyse and evaluate the use/overuse of antibiotics and how this can cause antibiotic resistant bacteria (see 2014 HSC 11 & 2020 HSC 22).
  • Procedures to Prevent Spread such as hygiene, quarantine and public health campaigns have been examined in longer answer questions each year between 2020-22 as well as via multiple choice in a majority of new syllabus exams.
  • Interpreting Data relating the incidence of infectious disease was a feature of high-mark questions in 2021 HSC 30 and 2019 HSC 32 and deserves revision attention.
  • An indigenous context within this topic was tested in 2022 HSC 26. We note protecting Indigenous intellectual property such as bush medicine is yet to be examined.

BIOLOGY M7 Snapshot: Immunity

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION

  • M7 Infectious Diseases has contributed an average of 24.1% per HSC Biology exam since the new syllabus was introduced in 2019.
  • This topic has been split into three sub-categories for analysis purposes which are: 1-Causes of Infectious Diseases (8.2%), 2-Immunity (4.3%) and 3-Prevention, Treatment and Control (11.6%).
  • This analysis looks at the smallest sub-topic, Immunity.

HSC ANALYSIS - What to expect and common pitfalls

  • Immunity is the smallest subtopic within M7 Infectious Diseases which has been tested in longer answer questions (or part thereof) three times in new syllabus exams (most recently in 2023) as well as multiple choice in the last two exams.
  • Although specific mark allocations to this topic are modest, its importance remains high in our view, as it provides the framework to understand Vaccines (covered in the later topic M7 Prevention, Treatment and Control).
  • Antibodies/Antibodies mediated represent the most common question type in this topic area, primarily in multiple choice format.
  • The Cell Mediated response was examined in a vaccine cross-topic question in 2023 after not being tested in previous years. 2017 HSC 11 MC and 2018 HSC 16 MC both caused problems in this area and deserve revision attention.
  • The Innate Response (2nd line of defence) has also been regularly tested by multiple choice questions. 2018 HSC 3 MC and 2019 HSC 5 MC had mean marks of 45% and 48% respectively and should be reviewed.