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Vectors, EXT2 V1 SM-Bank 2

  1. Find values of  `a`, `b`, `c`  and  `d`  such that  `underset~v = ((a),(b)) + 2((c),(d))`  is a vector equation of a line that passes through  `((3),(1))`  and  `((−3),(−3))`.  (2 marks)

  2. Determine whether  `underset~u = ((4),(6)) + lambda((−2),(3))`  is perpendicular to  `underset~v`.  (1 mark)

  3. Express  `underset~u`  in Cartessian form.  (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `a = 3, b = 1, c = −3, d = −2`, or

     

    `a = −3, b = −3, c = 3, d = 2`

  2. `text(See worked solutions)`
  3. `y = −3/2x + 12`
Show Worked Solution

i.   `text(Method 1)`

`overset(->)(OA) = underset~a = ((3),(1)),\ \ overset(->)(OB) = underset~b = ((−3),(−3))`

`overset(->)(AB)` `= overset(->)(OB) – overset(->)(OA)`
  `= ((−3),(−3)) – ((3),(1))`
  `= ((−6),(−4))`

 

`underset~v` `= underset~a + lambdaunderset~b`
  `= ((3),(1)) + lambda((−6),(−4))`
  `= ((3),(1)) + 2((−3),(−2))`

 
`:. a = 3, b = 1, c = −3, d = −2`

 

`text(Method 2)`

`overset(->)(BA)` `= overset(->)(OA) – overset(->)(OB)`
  `= ((3),(1)) – ((−3),(−3))`
  `= ((6),(4))`

 
`underset~v = ((−3),(−3)) + 2((3),(2))`
  

`:. a = −3, b = −3, c = 3, d = 2`
 

ii.   `underset~u = ((4),(6)) + lambda((−2),(3))`

`underset~v = ((3),(1)) + 2((−3),(−2))`

`((−2),(3)) · ((−3),(−2)) = 6 – 6 = 0`

`:. underset~u ⊥ underset~v`
 

iii.   `((x),(y))= ((4),(6)) + lambda((−2),(3))`

`x = 4 – 2lambda\ \ \ …\ (1)`

`y = 6 + 3lambda\ \ \ …\ (2)`

`text(Substitute)\ \ lambda = (4 – x)/2\ \ text{from (1) into (2):}`

`y` `= 6 + 3((4 – x)/2)`
`y` `= 6 + 6 – (3x)/2`
`y` `= −3/2x + 12`

Vectors, EXT2 V1 SM-Bank 1

Consider the vectors  `underset~u = a underset~i - b underset~j + c underset~k`  and  `underset~v = underset~i - 8underset~j + 4underset~k`.

Find all possible values of  `a, b`  and  `c`  if  `underset~u`  is parallel to  `underset~v`  and  has a magnitude of 3.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

`1/3 , 8/3 , 4/3`

`text(or)`

` -1/3 , – 8/3 , – 4/3`

Show Worked Solution
`|underset~v|` `= sqrt(1 + 64 + 16) = 9`
`underset~overset^v` `= underset~v /|underset~v| =  (1)/(9) underset~i – (8)/(9) underset~j + (4)/(9) underset~k \ \ text{(magnitude of 1)}`

 
`text(S) text(ince) \ underset~u  \ text(has a magnitude of 3:)`

`underset~u` `= ± 3 ((1)/(9) underset~i – (8)/(9) underset~j + (4)/(9) underset~k)`
  `= ± (1/3 underset~i – 8/3 underset~j + 4/3 underset~k)`

 

`:. \ a, b, c` `= 1/3 , – 8/3 , 4/3\ \ text{or}\ \ -1/3 , 8/3 , – 4/3`

Vectors, EXT2 V1 SM-Bank 10

  1. Determine the point of intersection of  `underset ~a`  and  `underset ~b`  given.

`qquad underset ~a = ((3), (5), (1)) + lambda ((1), (3), (text{−2})),`  and
 

`qquad underset ~b = ((text{−2}), (2), (text{−1})) + mu ((1), (text{−1}), (2))`  (2 marks)

 
  1. Determine if the point  `(2, text{−2}, 5)`  lies on  `underset ~b`.  (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `((1), (text{−1}), (5))`
  2. `text(See Worked Solutions)`
Show Worked Solution

i.     `text(At point of intersection:)`

`3 + lambda` `= -2 + mu\ \ text{… (1)}`
`5 + 3 lambda` `= 2 – mu\ \ text{… (2)}`
`1 – 2 lambda` `= -1 + 2 mu\ \ text{… (3)}`

 
`(1) + (2)`

`8 + 4 lambda` `= 0`
`lambda` `= -2,\ \ mu = 3`

 
`text{Intersection (using}\ lambda = –2 text{)}:`
 

`((x), (y), (z)) = ((3 – 2 xx 1), (5 – 2 xx 3), (1 – 2 xx text{−2})) = ((1), (text{−1}), (5))`

 

ii.   `text(If)\ \ (2, text{−2}, text{−10})\ \ text(lies on)\ underset ~b, ∃ mu\ \ text(that satisfies:)`

`-2 + mu` `= 2\ \ text{… (1)}\ => \ mu = 4`
`2 – mu` `= ­text{−2}\ \ text{… (2)}\ => \ mu = 4`
`-1 + 2 mu` `= 5\ \ text{… (3)}\ => \ mu = 3`

 
`=>\  text(No solution)`

`:. (2, text{−2}, 5)\ \ text(does not lie on)\ underset ~b.`

Vectors, EXT2 V1 SM-Bank 9

  1. Find the equation of line vector  `underset ~r`, given it passes through  `(1, 3, –2)`  and  `(2, –1, 2)`.   (2 marks)

  2. Determine if  `underset ~r`  passes through  `(4, –9, 10)`.   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `underset ~r = ((1), (3), (-2)) + lambda ((1), (-4), (4)) or`

       
      

    `underset ~r = ((2), (-1), (2)) + lambda ((-1), (4), (-4))`

  2. `text(See Worked Solutions)`
Show Worked Solution

i.     `text(Method 1)`

`text(Let)\ \ A(1, 3, –2) and B(2, –1, 2)`

`vec (AB)` `= ((2), (-1), (2))-((1), (3), (-2)) = ((1), (-4), (4))`
`underset ~r` `= ((1), (3), (-2)) + lambda ((1), (-4), (4))`

 

`text (Method 2)`

`vec (BA)` `= ((1), (3), (-2))-((2), (-1), (2)) = ((-1), (4), (-4))`
`underset ~r` `= ((2), (-1), (2)) + lambda ((-1), (4), (-4))`

 

ii.   `text(If)\ \ (4, –9, 10)\ \ text(lies on the vector line,)`

`∃ lambda\ \ text(that satisfies:)`

`1 + lambda` `= 4\ \ text{… (1)}`
`3-4 lambda` `= -9\ \ text{… (2)}`
`-2 + 4 lambda` `= 10\ \ text{… (3)}`

 

`lambda = 3\ \ text(satisfies all equations)`

`:. (4, –9, 10)\ \ text(lies on the line.)`

Functions, EXT1′ F1 2008 HSC 3a

The following diagram shows the graph of  `y = g(x)`.
 

 
Draw separate one-third page sketches of the graphs of the following:

  1.  `y = |g(x)|`  (1 mark)

  2.  `y = 1/(g(x))`  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  1.  
  2.  
Show Worked Solution
i.   

 

ii.   

Functions, 2ADV F1 SM-Bank 46

Find `a` and `b` such that  `a, b`  are real numbers and

`(8-sqrt27)/(2sqrt3) = a + bsqrt3`.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

`:. a =-3/2, \ b = 4/3`

Show Worked Solution
`(8-sqrt27)/(2sqrt3) xx (2sqrt3)/(2sqrt3)` `=(2sqrt3(8-3sqrt3))/(2sqrt3)^2`
  `= (16sqrt3-18)/12`
  `= -3/2 + 4/3sqrt3`

 
`:. a = -3/2, \ b = 4/3`

GRAPHS, FUR2 2019 VCAA 2

Each branch within the association pays an annual fee based on the number of members it has.

To encourage each branch to find new members, two new annual fee systems have been proposed.

Proposal 1 is shown in the graph below, where the proposed annual fee per member, in dollars, is displayed for branches with up to 25 members.
 


 

  1. What is the smallest number of members that a branch may have?  (1 mark)
  2. The incomplete inequality below shows the number of members required for an annual fee per member of $10.

      

    Complete the inequality by writing the appropriate symbol and number in the box provided.   (1 mark)
     

3 ≤ number of members  
 

 

Proposal 2 is modelled by the following equation.

annual fee per member = – 0.25 × number of members + 12.25

  1. Sketch this equation on the graph for Proposal 1, shown below.  (1 mark)

 

 

  1. Proposal 1 and Proposal 2 have the same annual fee per member for some values of the number of members.

      

    Write down all values of the number of members for which this is the case.  (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `3`
  2. `3 <= text(number of members) <= 10`
  3. `text(See Worked Solutions)`
  4. `9, 17, 25`
Show Worked Solution

a.  `3`
 

b.  `3 <= text(number of members) <= 10`
 

c.  

 

d.    `text(Same annual fee occurs when graphs intersect.)`

`text(Member numbers): 9, 17, 25`

GRAPHS, FUR2 2019 VCAA 1

The graph below shows the membership numbers of the Wombatong Rural Women’s Association each year for the years 2008–2018.
 


 

  1. How many members were there in 2009?  (1 mark)
    1. Show that the average rate of change of membership numbers from 2013 to 2018 was − 6 members per year.  (1 mark)
    2. If the change in membership numbers continues at this rate, how many members will there be in 2021?  (1 mark)
Show Answers Only
  1. `60`
    1. `text(Proof)\ \ text{(See Worked Solutions)}`
    2. `14`
Show Worked Solution

a.  `60`

 

b.i.   `text(Members in 2013)` `= 62`
  `text(Members in 2018)` `= 32`
  `text(Average ROC)` `= (32 – 62)/5`
    `= -6\ text(members per year.)`

 

b.ii.   `text(Members in 2021)` `= 32 – 3 xx 6`
    `= 14`

GEOMETRY, FUR2 2019 VCAA 3

The following diagram shows a crane that is used to transfer shipping containers between the port and the cargo ship.
 


 

The length of the boom, `BC`, is 25 m. The length of the hoist, `AB`, is 15 m.

    1. Write a calculation to show that the distance `AC` is 20 m.  (1 mark)
    2. Find the angle `ACB`.

        

      Round your answer to the nearest degree.  (1 mark)

  1. The diagram below shows a cargo ship next to a port. The base of a crane is shown at point `Q`.
     

      

      

    `qquad`
     

      

    The base of the crane (`Q`) is 20 m from a shipping container at point `R`. The shipping container will be moved to point `P`, 38 m from `Q`. The crane rotates 120° as it moves the shipping container anticlockwise from `R` to `P`.

      

    What is the distance `RP`, in metres?

      

    Round your answer to the nearest metre.  (1 mark)

  2. A shipping container is a rectangular prism.

      

    Four chains connect the shipping container to a hoist at point `M`, as shown in the diagram below.
     

      

    `qquad` 
     

      

    The shipping container has a height of 2.6 m, a width of 2.4 m and a length of 6 m.

     

    Each chain on the hoist is 4.4 m in length.

      

    What is the vertical distance, in metres, between point `M` and the top of the shipping container?

      

    Round your answer to the nearest metre.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
    1. `text(Proof)\ \ text{(See Worked Solutions)}`
    2. `37^@`
  1. `51\ text(m)`
  2. `3\ text(m)`
Show Worked Solution
a.i.   `AC` `= sqrt(BC^2 – AB^2)`
    `= sqrt(25^2 – 15^2)`
    `= sqrt 400`
    `= 20`

 

a.ii.   `tan\  /_ ACB` `= 15/20`
  `/_ ACB` `= tan^(-1) (3/4)`
    `= 36.86…`
    `~~ 37^@`

 

b.  `text(Using cosine rule:)`

`RP^2` `= 20^2 + 38^2 – 2 xx 20 xx 38 xx cos 120^@`
  `= 2604`
`:. RP` `= 51.029…`
  `~~ 51\ text(metres)`

 

c.  

`text(Find)\ h => text(need to find)\ x`

`text(Consider the top of the container)`
 


 

`x` `= sqrt(3^2 + 1.2^2)`
  `~~ 3.2311`

 

`:. h` `= sqrt(4.4^2 – 3.2311^2)`
  `= 2.98…`
  `~~ 3\ text(metres)`

GEOMETRY, FUR2 2019 VCAA 1

The following diagram shows a cargo ship viewed from above.
 

 
The shaded region illustrates the part of the deck on which shipping containers are stored.

  1. What is the area, in square metres, of the shaded region?  (1 mark)

Each shipping container is in the shape of a rectangular prism.

Each shipping container has a height of 2.6 m, a width of 2.4 m and a length of 6 m, as shown in the diagram below.
 

  1. What is the volume, in cubic metres, of one shipping container?  (1 mark)
  2. What is the total surface area, in square metres, of the outside of one shipping container?  (1 mark)
  3. One shipping container is used to carry barrels. Each barrel is in the shape of a cylinder.

      

    Each barrel is 1.25 m high and has a diameter of 0.73 m, as shown in the diagram below.

      

    Each barrel must remain upright in the shipping container
     
     

      

    `qquad qquad`
     
    What is the maximum number of barrels that can fit in one shipping container?  (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `6700\ text(m²)`
  2. `37.44\ text(m³)`
  3. `72.48\ text(m²)`
  4. `48`
Show Worked Solution
a.   `text(Area)` `= 160 xx 40 + 12 xx 25`
    `= 6700\ text(m²)`

 

b.   `text(Volume)` `= 6 xx 2.4 xx 2.6`
    `= 37.44\ text(m³)`

 

c.   `text(S.A.)` `= 2(6 xx 2.6) + 2 (6 xx 2.4) + 2(2.4 xx 2.6)`
    `= 72.48\ text(m²)`

 

d.   `6 ÷ 0.73 = 8.21` `=> \ text(8 barrels along length)`
  `2.4 ÷ 0.73 = 3.28` `=> \ text(3 barrels along width)`
  `2.6 ÷ 1.25 = 2.08` `=> \ text(2 vertical layers)`

 

`:.\ text(Maximum barrels)` `= 2 xx 8 xx 3`
  `= 48`

NETWORKS, FUR2 2019 VCAA 2

Fencedale High School offers students a choice of four sports, football, tennis, athletics and basketball.

The bipartite graph below illustrates the sports that each student can play.
  
 


  

Each student will be allocated to only one sport.

  1. Complete the table below by allocating the appropriate sport to each student.   (1 mark)

 

         Student                                 Sport                         
    Blake  
    Charli  
    Huan  
    Marco  

 

  1. The school medley relay team consists of four students, Anita, Imani, Jordan and Lola.

      

    The medley relay race is a combination of four different sprinting distances: 100 m, 200 m, 300 m and 400 m, run in that order.

      

    The following table shows the best time, in seconds, for each student for each sprinting distance.
     

      Best time for each sprinting distance (seconds)
         Student             100 m               200 m               300 m               400 m       
      Anita 13.3 29.6 61.8 87.1
      Imani 14.5 29.6 63.5 88.9
      Jordan 13.3 29.3 63.6 89.1
      Lola 15.2 29.2 61.6 87.9

      
     
    The school will allocate each student to one sprinting distance in order to minimise the total time taken to complete the race.

      

    To which distance should each student be allocated?

      

    Write your answers in the table below.  (2 marks)

     

           Student                                Sprinting distance (m)                         
      Anita  
      Imani  
      Jordan  
      Lola  
Show Answers Only
a.           Student                                 Sport                         
    Blake   Tennis
    Charli   Football
    Huan   Basketball
    Marco   Athletics

 

b.           Student                Sprinting distance (m)         
    Anita 400
    Imani 200
    Jordan 100
    Lola 300
Show Worked Solution

a.    `text(Charli must choose football)`

`=>\ text(Blake must choose tennis)`

`=>\ text(Huan must choose basketball etc…)`
 

         Student                                 Sport                         
    Blake   Tennis
    Charli   Football
    Huan   Basketball
    Marco   Athletics

 

b.    `text(Using the Hungarian Algorithm:)`

`text(After row and column reduction,)`
 

     Student        100 m         200 m         300 m         400 m    
    Anita 0 2.3 2.1 1.1
    Imani 0 1.1 2.6 1.7
    Jordan 0 2 3.9 3.1
    Lola 0 0 0 0

 

`text(Final table values:)`
 

     Student        100 m         200 m         300 m         400 m    
    Anita 0 1.2 1 0
    Imani 0 0 1.5 0.6
    Jordan 0 0.9 2.8 2
    Lola 1.1 0 0 0

 

         Student                Sprinting distance (m)         
    Anita 400
    Imani 200
    Jordan 100
    Lola 300

NETWORKS, FUR2 2019 VCAA 1

Fencedale High School has six buildings. The network below shows these buildings represented by vertices. The edges of the network represent the paths between the buildings.
 


 

  1. Which building in the school can be reached directly from all other buildings?   (1 mark)

  2. A school tour is to start and finish at the office, visiting each building only once.
     i.     What is the mathematical term for this route?   (1 mark)

  3. ii. Draw in a possible route for this school tour on the diagram below.   (1 mark)

 

Show Answers Only
  1. `text(Office)`
  2.  i.  `text(Hamiltonian cycle)`
    ii. `text(See Worked Solutions)` 
Show Worked Solution

a.  `text(Office)`
 

b.i.   `text(Hamiltonian cycle)`

`text{(note a Hamiltonian path does not start and finish}`

  `text{at the same vertex.)}`
 

b.ii.   `text(One of many solutions:)`
 

MATRICES, FUR2 2019 VCAA 2

The theme park has four locations, Air World `(A)`, Food World `(F)`, Ground World `(G)` and Water World `(W)`.

The number of visitors at each of the four locations is counted every hour.

By 10 am on Saturday the park had reached its capacity of 2000 visitors and could take no more visitors.

The park stayed at capacity until the end of the day

The state matrix, `S_0`, below, shows the number of visitors at each location at 10 am on Saturday.
 

`S_0 = [(600), (600), (400), (400)] {:(A),(F),(G),(W):}`
 

  1. What percentage of the park’s visitors were at Water World `(W)` at 10 am on Saturday?   (1 mark)

Let `S_n` be the state matrix that shows the number of visitors expected at each location `n` hours after 10 am on Saturday.

The number of visitors expected at each location `n` hours after 10 am on Saturday can be determined by the matrix recurrence relation below.
 

`{:(qquad qquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquad text(  this hour)),(qquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquadqquad qquad qquad quad A qquad quad F qquad \  G \ quad quad W),({:S_0 = [(600), (600), (400), (400)], qquad S_(n+1) = T xx S_n quad quad qquad text(where):}\ T = [(0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2),(0.3,0.4,0.6,0.3),(0.1,0.2,0.2,0.1),(0.5,0.2,0.1,0.4)]{:(A),(F),(G),(W):}\ text(next hour)):}`
 

  1. Complete the state matrix, `S_1`, below to show the number of visitors expected at each location at 11 am on Saturday.   (1 mark)

 
`S_1 = [(\ text{______}\ ), (\ text{______}\ ), (300),(\ text{______}\ )]{:(A),(F),(G),(W):}`
 

  1. Of the 300 visitors expected at Ground World `(G)` at 11 am, what percentage was at either Air World `(A)` or Food World `(F)` at 10 am?   (1 mark)

  2. The proportion of visitors moving from one location to another each hour on Sunday is different from Saturday.

     

    Matrix `V`, below, shows the proportion of visitors moving from one location to another each hour after 10 am on Sunday.

     

    `qquad qquad {:(qquadqquadqquadqquadqquadtext(this hour)),(qquad qquad qquad \ A qquad quad F qquad \  G \ quad quad W),(V = [(0.3,0.4,0.6,0.3),(0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2),(0.1,0.2,0.2,0.1),(0.5,0.2,0.1,0.4)]{:(A),(F),(G),(W):}\ text(next hour)):}`

     

     
    Matrix `V` is similar to matrix `T` but has the first two rows of matrix `T` interchanged.

     

  3. The matrix product that will generate matrix `V` from matrix `T` is
  4. `qquad qquad V = M xx T`
  5. where matrix `M` is a binary matrix.
  6. Write down matrix `M`.   (1 mark)
Show Answers Only
  1. `20%`
  2. `S_1 = [(300 ), (780), (300),(620)]{:(A),(F),(G),(W):}`
  3. `60%`
  4. `M = [(0,1,0,0), (1,0,0,0), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,0,1)]`
Show Worked Solution

a.   `text(Total visitors)\ =2000`

`text{Percentage}\  (W)` `= 400/2000= 20%`

 

b.   `S_1` `= TS_0`
    `= [(0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.2),(0.3,0.4,0.6,0.3),(0.1,0.2,0.2,0.1),(0.5,0.2,0.1,0.4)][(600),(600),(400),(400)]=[(300),(780),(300),(620)]`

 

c.  `text(Visitors from)\ A to G= 0.1 xx 600 = 60`

`text(Visitors from)\ F to G= 0.2 xx 600 = 120`

`:.\ text(Percentage of)\ G\ text(at 11 am)= (60 + 120)/300= 60%`
 

d.   `M = [(0,1,0,0), (1,0,0,0), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,0,1)]`
 

 
`text(Check:)`

`M xx T = [(0,1,0,0), (1,0,0,0), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,0,1)][(0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.2),(0.3,0.4,0.6,0.3),(0.1,0.2,0.2,0.1),(0.5,0.2,0.1,0.4)] = [(0.3,0.4,0.6,0.3),(0.1,0.2,0.1,0.2),(0.1,0.2,0.2,0.1),(0.5,0.2,0.1,0.4)]`

Calculus, EXT2 C1 2003 HSC 1b

Use integration by parts to find   `int x^3 log_e x  dx`   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

`(x^4 log_e x)/(4)-(x^4)/(16) + C`

Show Worked Solution
`u` `= log_e x,` `\ \ \ \ u^{′}` `= (1)/(x)`
`v^{′}` `= x^3,` `v` `= (x^4)/(4)`

 

`int x^3 log_e x  dx` `= uv-int u^{′}v \ dx`
  `= (x^4)/(4)  log_e x-int (1)/(x) ⋅ (x^4)/(4)  dx`
  `= (x^4 log_e x)/(4)-(1)/(4) int x^3 dx`
  `= (x^4 log_e x)/(4)-(x^4)/(16) + C`

Calculus, EXT2 C1 2004 HSC 1a

Use integration by parts to find  `int x e^(3x)  dx`.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

`(x e^(3x))/3-(1)/(9)  e^(3x) + C`

Show Worked Solution
`u` `= x` `\ \ \ \ u^{′}` `= 1`
`v^{′}` `= e^(3x)` `v` `= (1)/(3)  e^(3x)`

 

`int x e^(3x)  dx` `= uv-int u^{′} v \ dx`
  `= (xe^(3x))/(3)-(1)/(3) int e ^(3x)  dx`
  `= (x e^(3x))/3-(1)/(9)  e^(3x) + C`

Proof, EXT2 P1 SM-Bank 13

If  `(n - 3)^2`  is an even integer, prove by contrapositive that  `n`  is odd.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

`text{Proof (See Worked Solutions)}`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Statement)`

`text(If) \ \ (n – 3)^2 \ \ text(is even) => n \ text(is odd)`

`text(Contrapositive)`

`text(If) \ \ n \ not \ text(odd) => (n – 3)^2 \ not \ text(even)`

`text{(i.e.)}\ \  \ n \ text(even) => (n – 3)^2 \ text(is odd)`
 

`text(If)\ \ n \ \ text(even), \ ∃ \ k, \ k ∈ Ζ \ \ text(where)\ \ n = 2k`

`(n – 3)^2` `= (2k – 3)^2`
  `= 4k^2 – 12k + 9`
  `= 4(k^2 – 12k + 2) + 1`

 
`=> (n – 3)^2 \ \ text(is odd)`
 
`:. \ text(If) \ \ n\  \ text(is even), (n – 3)^2 \ \ text(is odd)`

`:. \ text(By contrapositive, statement is true.)`

Combinatorics, EXT1 A1 SM-Bank 6

  1. In how many ways can the numbers 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 be arranged around a circle?   (1 mark)

  2. How many of these arrangements have at least two odd numbers together?    (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  1. `120`
  2. `108`
Show Worked Solution

i.    `text{Fix 9 (or any odd number) on the circle}.`

`text(Arrangements) \ = 5 ! = \ 120`
  

ii.     `text(Fix) \ 9 \ text(on circle).`

  `text(Consider arrangements with no odd numbers together):`
 


 

`text{Combinations (clockwise from top)}`

`= 1 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 1 × 1`

`= 12`
 

`:. \ text(Arrangements with at least 2 odds together)`

`= 120 – 12`

`= 108`

MATRICES, FUR2 2019 VCAA 1

The car park at a theme park has three areas, `A, B` and `C`.

The number of empty `(E)` and full `(F)` parking spaces in each of the three areas at 1 pm on Friday are shown in matrix `Q`  below.
 

`{:(qquad qquad qquad \ E qquad F),(Q = [(70, 50),(30, 20),(40, 40)]{:(A),(B),(C):}quad text(area)):}`
 

  1. What is the order of matrix `Q`?   (1 mark)

  2. Write down a calculation to show that 110 parking spaces are full at 1 pm.   (1 mark)

Drivers must pay a parking fee for each hour of parking.

Matrix `P`, below, shows the hourly fee, in dollars, for a car parked in each of the three areas.
 

`{:(qquad qquad qquad qquad qquad text{area}), (qquad qquad qquad A qquad quad quad B qquad qquad C), (P = [(1.30, 3.50, 1.80)]):}`
 

  1. The total parking fee, in dollars, collected from these 110 parked cars if they were parked for one hour is calculated as follows.  

     

     

    `qquad qquad qquad P xx L = [207.00]`

     

    where matrix  `L`  is a  `3 xx 1`  matrix.

     

    Write down matrix  `L`.   (1 mark)

The number of whole hours that each of the 110 cars had been parked was recorded at 1 pm. Matrix `R`, below, shows the number of cars parked for one, two, three or four hours in each of the areas `A, B` and `C`.

`{:(qquadqquadqquadqquadquadtext(area)),(quad qquadqquadquad \ A qquad B qquad C),(R = [(3, 1, 1),(6, 10, 3),(22, 7,10),(19, 2, 26)]{:(1),(2),(3),(4):}\ text(hours)):}`
 

  1. Matrix  `R^T`  is the transpose of matrix  `R`.

      

    Complete the matrix  `R^T`  below.   (1 mark)

      

    `qquad R^T = [( , , , , , , , , ), ( , , , , , , , , ), ( , , , , , , , , ), ( , , , , , , , , ), ( , , , , , , , , )]`
     

  2. Explain what the element in row 3, column 2 of matrix  `R^T`  represents.   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `3 xx 2`
  2. `50 + 20 + 40 = 110`
  3. `L = [(50), (20), (40)]`
  4. `R^T = [(3 ,6 , 22, 19), (1, 10, 7, 2), (1, 3, 10, 26)]`
  5. `text(Number of cars parked in area)\ C\ text(for 2 hours).`
Show Worked Solution

a.  `text(Order) : 3 xx 2`
 

b.  `text(Add 2nd column): \ 50 + 20 + 40 = 110`
 

c.  `L = [(50), (20), (40)]`
 

d.  `R^T = [(3 ,6 , 22, 19), (1, 10, 7, 2), (1, 3, 10, 26)]`
 

e.   `e_32\ text(in)\ R^T =>` `text(number of cars parked in area)\ C`
    `text(for 2 hours.)`

Proof, EXT2 P1 SM-Bank 10

Prove that  `sqrt11 - sqrt5 < sqrt2`  by contradiction.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

`text{Proof (See Worked Solutions)}`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Proof by contradiction:)`

`text(Assume that)\ \ sqrt11 – sqrt5 >= sqrt2`

`( sqrt11 – sqrt5)^2` `>=  2`
`11  –  2 sqrt55  +  5` `>= 2`
`2 sqrt55` `<= 14`
`sqrt55` `<= 7`
`55` `<= 49 \ \ text{(which is incorrect)}`

 
`:.\ text(By contradiction,) \ sqrt11 – sqrt5 < sqrt2`

Financial Maths, GEN2 2019 NHT 8

Phil invests $200 000 in an annuity from which he receives a regular monthly payment.

The balance of the annuity, in dollars, after `n` months, `A_n`, can be modelled by the recurrence relation

`A_0 = 200\ 000, qquad A_(n + 1) = 1.0035\ A_n - 3700`

  1. What monthly payment does Phil receive?   (1 mark)

  2. Show that the annual percentage compound interest rate for this annuity is 4.2%.   (1 mark)

At some point in the future, the annuity will have a balance that is lower than the monthly payment amount.

  1. What is the balance of the annuity when it first falls below the monthly payment amount?

     

    Round your answer to the nearest cent.   (1 mark)

  2. If the payment received each month by Phil had been a different amount, the investment would act as a simple perpetuity.

     

    What monthly payment could Phil have received from this perpetuity?   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `$3700`
  2. `text(Proof)\ text{(See Worked Solutions)}`
  3. `$92.15`
  4. `$700`
Show Worked Solution

a.  `$3700`

b.   `text(Monthly rate)` `= 0.0035 = 0.35%`
  `text(Annual rate)` `= 12 xx 0.35 = 4.2%`

  
c.  `text(Find)\ N\ text(when)\ FV = 0\ \ text{(by TVM solver)}:`

`N` `= ?`
`I(%)` `= 4.2`
`PV` `= 200\ 000`
`PMT` `= 3700`
`FV` `= 0`
`text(P/Y)` `= 12`
`text(C/Y)` `= 12`

 
`=> N = 60.024951`

 
`text(Find)\ \ FV\ \ text(when)\ \ N = 60.024951\ \ text{(by TVM solver):}`

`=>FV = $92.15`  

d.  `text(Perpetuity) => text(monthly payment) = text(monthly interest)`

`:.\ text(Perpetuity payment)` `= 200\ 000 xx 4.2/(12 xx 100)`
  `= $700`

Financial Maths, 2ADV M1 SM-Bank 15

Phil is a builder who has purchased a large set of tools.

The value of Phil’s tools is depreciated using the reducing balance method.

The value of the tools, in dollars, after `n` years, `V_n` , can be modelled by the recurrence relation shown below.
 

`V_0 = 60\ 000, qquad qquad  V_(n + 1) = 0.9 V_n`
 

  1. Use recursion to show that the value of the tools after two years.   (1 mark)

  2. Phil plans to replace these tools when their value first falls below $20 000.

     

    After how many years will Phil replace these tools?  (1 mark)

  3. Phil has another option for depreciation. He depreciates the value of the tools by a flat rate of 8% of the purchase price per annum.

     

    Let `V_n` be the value of the tools after `n` years, in dollars.

     

    Write down a recurrence relation, in terms of `V_0, V_(n + 1)` and `V_n`, that could be used to model the value of the tools using this flat rate depreciation.  (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `$48\ 600`
  2. `11\ text(years)`
  3. `V_(n + 1) = V_n – 0.08 V_0`
Show Worked Solution
a.   `V_0` `= 60\ 000`
  `V_1` `= 0.9 xx 60\ 000 = 54\ 000`
  `V_2` `= 0.9 xx 54\ 000 = $48\ 600`

 

b.  `text(Find)\ \ n\ \ text(such that:)`

COMMENT: Dividing by  `log_e 0.9`  is dividing by a negative number!

`60\ 000 xx 0.9^n` `< 20\ 000`  
`log_e 0.9^n` `<log_e (1/3)`  
`n` `> log_e (1/3) / log_e 0.9`  
  `> 10.427`  

 
`:.\ text(Phil will replace in the 11th year.)`

 

c.  `text(Annual depreciation) = 0.08 xx V_0`

`:. V_(n + 1) = V_n – 0.08V_0`

CORE, FUR2 2019 VCAA 7

Phil is a builder who has purchased a large set of tools.

The value of Phil’s tools is depreciated using the reducing balance method.

The value of the tools, in dollars, after `n` years, `V_n` , can be modelled by the recurrence relation shown below.

`V_0 = 60\ 000, qquad V_(n + 1) = 0.9 V_n` 

  1. Use recursion to show that the value of the tools after two years, `V_2` , is $48 600.   (1 mark)

  2. What is the annual percentage rate of depreciation used by Phil?   (1 mark)

  3. Phil plans to replace these tools when their value first falls below $20 000.

     

    After how many years will Phil replace these tools?   (1 mark)

  4. Phil has another option for depreciation. He depreciates the value of the tools by a flat rate of 8% of the purchase price per annum.

     

    Let `V_n` be the value of the tools after `n` years, in dollars.

     

    Write down a recurrence relation, in terms of `V_0, V_(n + 1)` and `V_n`, that could be used to model the value of the tools using this flat rate depreciation.   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `text(Proof)\ text{(See Worked Solutions)}`
  2. `text(10%)`
  3. `11\ text(years)`
  4. `V_0=60\ 000,\ \ \ V_(n + 1) = V_n-4800`
Show Worked Solution
a.   `V_0` `= 60\ 000`
  `V_1` `= 0.9 xx 60\ 000 = 54\ 000`
  `V_2` `= 0.9 xx 54\ 000 = $48\ 600`

  
b.  `text(Depreciation rate) = 0.1 = 10%`

 
c.  `text(Find)\ \ n\ \ text(such that)`

`60\ 000 xx 0.9^n = 20\ 000`

`=> n = 10.427\ \ \ text{(by CAS)}`

`:.\ text(Phil will replace in the 11th year.)`

 
d.  `text(Annual depreciation) = 0.08 xx V_0 = 4800`

`:.\ text(Recurrence relation is:)`

`V_0=60\ 000,\ \ \ V_(n + 1) = V_n-4800`

CORE, FUR2 2019 VCAA 5

The scatterplot below shows the atmospheric pressure, in hectopascals (hPa), at 3 pm (pressure 3 pm) plotted against the atmospheric pressure, in hectopascals, at 9 am (pressure 9 am) for 23 days in November 2017 at a particular weather station.
 

A least squares line has been fitted to the scatterplot as shown.

The equation of this line is

pressure 3 pm = 111.4 + 0.8894 × pressure 9 am

  1. Interpret the slope of this least squares line in terms of the atmospheric pressure at this weather station at 9 am and at 3 pm.   (1 mark)

  2. Use the equation of the least squares line to predict the atmospheric pressure at 3 pm when the atmospheric pressure at 9 am is 1025 hPa.
  3. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.   (1 mark)

  4. Is the prediction made in part b. an example of extrapolation or interpolation?   (1 mark)

  5. Determine the residual when the atmospheric pressure at 9 am is 1013 hPa.
  6. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.   (1 mark)

  7. The mean and the standard deviation of pressure 9 am and pressure 3 pm for these 23 days are shown in Table 4 below.

    1. Use the equation of the least squares line and the information in Table 4 to show that the correlation coefficient for this data, rounded to three decimal places, is  `r` = 0.966   (1 mark)

    2. What percentage of the variation in pressure 3 pm is explained by the variation in pressure 9 am?
    3. Round your answer to one decimal place.   (1 mark)

  1. The residual plot associated with the least squares line is shown below.
     

    1. The residual plot above can be used to test one of the assumptions about the nature of the association between the atmospheric pressure at 3 pm and the atmospheric pressure at 9 am.
    2. What is this assumption?   (1 mark)

    3. The residual plot above does not support this assumption.
    4. Explain why.   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `text(An increase in 1hPa of pressure at 9 am is associated)`
    `text(with an increase of 0.8894 hPa of pressure at 3 pm.)`
  2. `1023\ text(hPa)`
  3. `text(Interpolation)`
  4. `3\ text(hPa)`
    1. `0.966`
    2. `93.3%`
    1. `text(The assumption is that a linear relationship)`
      `text(exists between the pressure at 9 am and the)`
      `text(pressure at 3 pm.)`
    2. `text(The residual plot does not appear to be random.)`
Show Worked Solution

a.    `text(An increase in 1hPa of pressure at 9 am is associated)`

`text(with an increase of 0.8894 hPa of pressure at 3 pm.)`

 

b.   `text(pressure 3 pm)` `= 111.4 + 0.8894 xx 1025`
    `= 1023\ text(hPa)`

 

c.  `text{Interpolation (1025 is within the given data range)}`

 

d.   `text(Residual)` `= text(actual) – text(predicted)`
    `= 1015 – (111.4 + 0.8894 xx 1013)`
    `= 1015 – 1012.36`
    `= 2.63…`
    `~~ 3\ text(hPa)`

 

e.i.   `r= b (s_x)/(s_y)`

    `= 0.8894 xx 4.5477/4.1884`
    `= 0.96569…`
    `= 0.966`

 

e.ii.   `r` `= 0.966`
  `r^2` `= 0.9331`
    `= 93.3%`

 

f.i.   `text(The assumption is that a linear relationship)`
 

`text(exists between the pressure at 9 am and the)`

`text(pressure at 3 pm.)`

 

f.ii.  `text(The residual plot does not appear to be random.)`

CORE, FUR2 2019 VCAA 4

The relative humidity (%) at 9 am and 3 pm on 14 days in November 2017 is shown in Table 3 below.

A least squares line is to be fitted to the data with the aim of predicting the relative humidity at 3 pm (humidity 3 pm) from the relative humidity at 9 am (humidity 9 am).

  1. Name the explanatory variable.   (1 mark)

  2. Determine the values of the intercept and the slope of this least squares line.
  3. Round both values to three significant figures and write them in the appropriate boxes provided.   (1 mark)

humidity 3 pm = 
 
   +  
 
   × humidity 9 am  (1 mark)
  1. Determine the value of the correlation coefficient for this data set.
  2. Round your answer to three decimal places.   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `text(humidity 9 am)`
  2. `text(humidity 3 pm) = -1.26 + 0.765 xx text(humidity 9 am)`
  3. `r = 0.871`
Show Worked Solution

a.  `text(humidity 9 am)`
 

b.  `text(Input all data points into CAS:)`

`text(humidity 3 pm) = -1.26 + 0.765 xx text(humidity 9 am)`
 

c.    `r = 0.871\ \ text{(3 d.p.)}`

Calculus, EXT2 C1 2005 HSC 1a

Find  `int(cos theta)/(sin^5 theta)  d theta`   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

`(-1)/(4sin^4 theta ) + C`

Show Worked Solution
`text(Let) \ u` `= sin theta `
`(du)/(d theta)` `=cos theta =>  d u = cos theta \ d theta`

 

`int(cos theta)/(sin^5 theta)  d theta` `= int u^-5 d u`
  `=(-1)/(4) u ^-4 + C`
  `=(-1)/(4sin^4 theta ) + C`

Proof, EXT2 P1 SM-Bank 1 MC

Consider the following statement.

"If you have no treasure, I have no kingdom."

Which of the following is logically equivalent to this statement?

  1.  If I have no kingdom then you have no treasure.
  2.  If you have treasure then I have a kingdom.
  3.  If you have no kingdom then I have no treasure.
  4.  If I have a kingdom then you have treasure.
Show Answers Only

`D`

Show Worked Solution

`text(The statement is conditional.)`

`text(If)\ X\ text(then)\ Y\ \ text(or)\  \ X=>Y`

`text(The contrapositive statement is logically equivalent.)`

`text{(i.e.)}\ \ ¬Y => ¬X`

`text(If I have a kingdom then you have treasure.)`

`=>  D`

Proof, EXT2 P1 SM-Bank 3

Prove that  `1/sqrt2`  is irrational.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

`text{Proof (See Worked Solutions)}`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Proof by contradiction:)`

`text(Assume that)\ \ 1/sqrt2\ \ text(is rational.)`

`:. 1/sqrt2 = p/q\ \ \ text(where)\ \ p,q in ZZ\ \ text(with no common factor except 1)`

`1/2` `=p^2/q^2`  
`q^2` `=2p^2\ …\ (1)`  

 
`q^2\ \ text(is even) \ =>\ q\ text(is even)`

`text{(i.e.)}\ \ ∃ k,\ \ k in ZZ\ \ text(such that)\ \ q=2k`
 

`text{Substitute}\ \ q=2k\ \ text{into (1)}`

`(2k)^2` `=2p^2`  
`2k^2` `=p^2`  

 

`p^2\ \ text(is even) \ =>\ p\ text(is even)`

`:. p and q\ \ text(have a common factor of 2)`

`=> \ text(Contradiction)`

`:.\ 1/sqrt2\ \ \ text(is irrational.)`

CORE, FUR2 2019 VCAA 2

 

The parallel boxplots below show the maximum daily temperature and minimum daily temperature, in degrees Celsius, for 30 days in November 2017.
 

  1. Use the information in the boxplots to complete the following sentences.
  2. For November 2017
  3.    i. the interquartile range for the minimum daily temperature was _____ °C   (1 mark)

  4.  ii. the median value for maximum daily temperature was _____ °C higher than the median value for minimum daily temperature   (1 mark)

  5. iii. the number of days on which the maximum daily temperature was less than the median value for minimum daily temperature was _____    (1 mark)

  1. The temperature difference between the minimum daily temperature and the maximum daily temperature in November 2017 at this location is approximately normally distributed with a mean of 9.4 °C and a standard deviation of 3.2 °C.
  2. Determine the number of days in November 2017 for which this temperature difference is expected to be greater than 9.4 °C.  (1 mark)

Show Answers Only

    1. `5text(°C)`
    2. `10text(°C)`
    3. `1\ text(day)`
  2. `15\ text(days)`

Show Worked Solution

a.i.  `text(IQR)\ = 17-12= 5text(°C)`
 

a.ii.    `text{Median (maximum temperature)}` `= 25`
  `text{Median (minimum temperature)}` `= 15`

 
`:.\ text(Maximum is 10°C higher)`
 

a.iii.  `text{Median (minimum temperature)} = 15text(°C)`

   `text(1 day) => text(maximum temperature is below)\ 15text(°C)`
 

b.    `text(Number of days)` `= 0.50 xx 30`
    `= 15\ text(days)`

CORE, FUR2 2019 VCAA 1

Table 1 shows the day number and the minimum temperature, in degrees Celsius, for 15 consecutive days in May 2017.
 

  1. Which of the two variables in this data set is an ordinal variable?   (1 mark)

The incomplete ordered stem plot below has been constructed using the data values for days 1 to 10.

  1. Complete the stem plot above by adding the data values for days 11 to 15.   (1 mark)

  2. The ordered stem plot below shows the maximum temperature, in degrees Celsius, for the same 15 days.

     

     

    Use this stem plot to determine

  3.  i. the value of the first quartile `(Q_1)`   (1 mark)

  4. ii. the percentage of days with a maximum temperature higher than 15.3 °C.   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `text(Day number)`
  2. `text(See Worked Solutions)`
    1. `12.2`
    2. `text(20%)`
Show Worked Solution

a.   `text(Day number)`

b.  

 
c.i.   `15\ text(data points)`

 `Q_1 = 12.2\ text{(4th data point)}`
 

c.ii.    `text(% Days)` `= 3/15 xx 100`
    `= 20%`

GRAPHS, FUR1 2019 VCAA 2 MC

The cost, `$C`, of using `K` kilowatt hours of electricity can be calculated using the equation below.
 

`C = 52.00 + 0.15 xx K`
 

From this equation, it can be concluded that there is

  1. no fixed charge and the electricity used is charged at $0.15 per kilowatt hour.
  2. no fixed charge and the electricity used is charged at $52.00 per kilowatt hour.
  3. a fixed charge of $0.15 and the electricity used is charged at $52.00 per kilowatt hour.
  4. a fixed charge of $52.00 and the electricity used is charged at $0.15 per kilowatt hour.
  5. a fixed charge of $52.00 and the electricity used is charged at $15.00 per kilowatt hour.
Show Answers Only

`D`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Fixed charged) = $52.00`

`text(Electricity used) = $0.15\ text(per kilowatt hour)` 

`=>  D`

Calculus, EXT2 C1 2003 HSC 1d

  1.  Find the real numbers  `a`  and  `b`  such that
     
    `qquad (5x^2-3x+13)/((x-1)(x^2+4)) ≡ a/(x-1) + (bx-1)/(x^2+4)`   (2 marks)

  2.  Hence find  `int (5x^2-3x+13)/((x-1)(x^2+4)) \ dx`   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  1. `a = 3, b = 2`
  2. `3 log_e|x-1| + log_e |x^2+4|-1/2 tan^(-1)(x/2) +C`
Show Worked Solution

i.   `(5x^2-3x+13)/((x-1)(x^2+4)) ≡ (a(x^2+4) + (bx-1)(x-1))/((x-1)(x^2+4))`

 
`text(Equating numerators:)`

`5x^2-3x+13` `=ax^2+4a+bx^2-bx-x+1`  
  `=(a+b)x^2+(-b-1)x+4a+1`  

 

`-b-1` `=-3\ \ =>\ \ b=2`  
`a` `=3`  

 

ii.    `int (5x^2-3x+13)/((x-1)(x^2+4)) \ dx` `=int 3/(x-1)\ dx-int (2x)/(x^2+4)\ dx-int 1/(4+x^2)\ dx`
    `=3 log_e|x-1|-log_e |x^2+4|-1/2 tan^(-1)(x/2)+C`

GEOMETRY, FUR1 2019 VCAA 3 MC

An ice cream dessert is in the shape of a hemisphere. The dessert has a radius of 5 cm.
 

The top and the base of the dessert are covered in chocolate.

The total surface area, in square centimetres, that is covered in chocolate is closest to

  1.   52
  2. 157
  3. 236
  4. 314
  5. 942
Show Answers Only

`C`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Total surface area covered)`

`= text(base) + text(dome)`

`=pir^2 + 1/2 xx 4pi r^2`

`= pi xx 5^2 + 1/2 xx 4 pi xx 5^2`

`~~ 236\ text(cm²)`

`=>  C`

Calculus, EXT2 C1 2004 HSC 1d

  1. Find real numbers  `a`  and  `b`  such that
     
    `qquad (x^2-7x+4)/((x+1)(x-1)^2) ≡ a/(x+1) + b/(x-1) - 1/(x-1)^2`   (2 marks)
     
  2. Hence find  `int (x^2-7x+4)/((x+1)(x-1)^2)\ dx`   (2 marks)

 

Show Answers Only
  1. `a = 3, b = -2`
  2. `3 log_e|x+1| – 2log_e |x-1| + 1/(x-1)+C`
Show Worked Solution

i.   `(x^2-7x+4)/((x+1)(x-1)^2) ≡ (a(x-1)^2 +b(x^2-1) -(x+1))/((x+1)(x-1)^2)`

`text(Equating numerators:)`

`x^2-7x+4` `=ax^2-2ax+a+bx^2-b-x-1`  
  `=(a+b)x^2 + (-2a-1)x +a-b-1`  

 

`a+b` `=1\ \ …\ (1)`  
`a-b-1` `=4`  
`a-b` `=5\ \ …\ (2)`  

 
`(1) + (2)`

`2a` `=6`
`a` `= 3`
`b` `=-2`

 

ii.    `int (x^2-7x+4)/((x+1)(x-1)^2)\ dx` `=int 3/(x+1)\ dx – int 2/(x-1)\ dx – int 1/(x-1)^2\ dx`
    `=3 log_e|x+1| – 2log_e |x-1| + 1/(x-1)+C`

Calculus, EXT2 C1 2005 HSC 1b

  1. Find real numbers  `a`  and  `b`  such that
     
    `qquad (5x)/(x^2-x-6) ≡ a/(x-3) + b/(x+2)`   (2 marks)

  2. Hence find  `int (5x)/(x^2-x-6)\ dx`   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1. `a = 3, b = 2`
  2. `3 log_e | x-3 | + 2 log_e | x+2 |+C`
Show Worked Solution

i.   `(5x)/(x^2-x-6) ≡ (a(x+2) +b(x-3))/((x-3)(x+2))`

`text(Equating numerators:)`

`5x` `=ax+2a+bx-3b`  
`5x` `=(a+b)x+2a-3b`  

 

`a+b` `=5\ \ …\ (1)`  
`2a-3b` `=0\ …\ (2)`  

 
`(1) xx 2 – (2)`

`5b` `=10`
`b` `= 2`
`a` `=3`

 

ii.    `int (5x)/(x^2-x-6)\ dx` `=int 3/(x-3)\ dx + int 2/(x+2)\ dx`
    `=3 log_e | x-3 | + 2 log_e | x+2 |+C`

MATRICES, FUR1 2019 VCAA 2 MC

There are two rides called The Big Dipper and The Terror Train at a carnival.

The cost, in dollars, for a child to ride on each ride is shown in the table below.
 

  Ride       Cost ($)      
       The Big Dipper    7
       The Terror Train    8

   
Six children ride once only on The Big Dipper and once only on The Terror Train.

The total cost of the rides, in dollars, for these six children can be determined by which one of the following calculations?

A.   `[6] xx [(7, 8)]` B.   `[6] xx [(7), (8)]`
C.   `[(6, 6)] xx [(7, 8)]` D.   `[(6, 6)] xx [(7), (8)]`
E.   `[(6), (6)] xx [(7, 8)]`    
Show Answers Only

`D`

Show Worked Solution
`text(Total Cost)` `= 6 xx 7 + 6 xx 8`
  `= [(6, 6)] xx [(7), (8)]`

 
`=>  D`

CORE, FUR1 2019 VCAA 17 MC

Consider the recurrence relation shown below.

`A_0 = 3, qquad  A_(n + 1) = 2A_n + 4`

The value of `A_3` in the sequence generated by this recurrence relation is given by

  1. `2 xx 3 + 4`
  2. `2 xx 4 + 4`
  3. `2 xx 10 + 4`
  4. `2 xx 24 + 4`
  5. `2 xx 52 + 4`
Show Answers Only

`D`

Show Worked Solution

`A_1 = 2A_0 + 4 = 2 xx 3 + 4 = 10`

`A_2 = 2 xx 10 + 4 = 24`

`A_3 = 2 xx 24 + 4`

`=>  D`

CORE, FUR1 2019 VCAA 9-10 MC

A least squares line is used to model the relationship between the monthly average temperature and latitude recorded at seven different weather stations. The equation of the least squares line is found to be
 

`quad text(average temperature) = 42.9842 - 0.877447 xx text(latitude)`

 
Part 1

When the numbers in this equation are correctly rounded to three significant figures, the equation will be

  1. `text(average temperature) = 42.984 - 0.877 xx text(latitude)`
  2. `text(average temperature) = 42.984 - 0.878 xx text(latitude)`
  3. `text(average temperature) = 43.0 - 0.878 xx text(latitude)`
  4. `text(average temperature) = 42.9 - 0.878 xx text(latitude)`
  5. `text(average temperature) = 43.0 - 0.877 xx text(latitude)`

 
Part 2

The coefficient of determination was calculated to be 0.893743

The value of the correlation coefficient, rounded to three decimal places, is

  1. − 0.945
  2. − 0.898
  3.  0.806
  4.  0.898
  5.  0.945
Show Answers Only

`text(Part 1:)\ E`

`text(Part 2:)\ A`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Part 1)`

`42.9842 \ => \ 43.0\ text{(3 sig)}`

`0.877447 \ => \ 0.877\ text{(3 sig)}`

`=>  E`
 

`text(Part 2)`

`text(Correlation coefficient)`

`= -sqrt(0.893743)`

`= -0.945`

`=>  A`

CORE, FUR1 2019 VCAA 4-5 MC

The stem plot below shows the distribution of mathematics test scores for a class of 23 students.
 


 

Part 1

For this class, the range of test scores is

  1. 22
  2. 40
  3. 45
  4. 49
  5. 89

 
Part 2

For this class, the interquartile range (IQR) of test scores is

  1. 14.5
  2. 17.5
  3. 18
  4. 24
  5. 49
Show Answers Only

`text(Part 1:)\ D`

`text(Part 2:)\ C`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Part 1)`

`text(Range)` `= 89 – 40`
  `= 49`

`=> D`

 
`text(Part 2)`

`text(23 data points)`

`Q_1 =\ text(6th data point) =57`

`Q_3 =\ text(18th data point) = 75`

`text(IQR)` `= 75 – 57`
  `= 18`

 
`=>  C`

CORE, FUR1 2019 VCAA 1-3 MC

The histogram below shows the distribution of the population size of 48 countries in 2018.

Part 1

The number of these countries with a population size between 5 million and 20 million people is

  1.  11
  2.  17
  3.  23
  4.  34
  5.  35

 
Part 2

The shape of this histogram is best described as

  1. positively skewed with no outliers. 
  2. positively skewed with outliers.
  3. approximately symmetric.
  4. negatively skewed with no outliers.
  5. negatively skewed with outliers.

 
Part 3

The histogram below shows the population size for these 48 countries plotted on a `log_10` scale.

Based on this histogram, the number of countries with a population size that is less than `100\ 000` people is

  1. 1
  2. 5
  3. 7
  4. 8
  5. 48
Show Answers Only

`text(Part 1:)\ B`

`text(Part 2:)\ B`

`text(Part 3:)\ D`

Show Worked Solution

Part 1

`text{Countries (5 – 20 million)}`

`= 11 + 4 + 2`

`= 17`

`=> B`
 

Part 2

`text(Histogram is positively skewed with outliers.)`

`=> B`
 

Part 3

`log_10 100\ 000 = 5`

`text{Countries (population < 100 000)}`

`= 1 + 7`

`= 8`

`=> D`

Functions, EXT1 F2 SM-Bank 2

The polynomial  `P(x) = x^3 - 2x^2 + kx + 24`  has roots  `alpha, beta, gamma`.

  1. Find the value of  `alpha + beta + gamma`.  (1 mark)

  2. Find the value of  `alphabetagamma`.  (1 mark)

  3. It is known that two of the roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

     

    Find the third root and hence find the value of `k`.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  1. `2`
  2. `−24`
  3. `−12`
Show Worked Solution

i.   `alpha + beta + gamma = −b/a = 2`

 

ii.   `alphabetagamma = −d/a = −24`

 

iii.   `text(Let roots be)\ \ alpha, −alpha, \ beta:`

`alpha – alpha + beta` `= 2`
`beta` `= 2`

 
`text(Substitute)\ \ beta = 2\ \ text(into equation:)`

`2^3 – 2 ·2^2 + 2k + 24` `= 0`
`2k` `= −24`
`k` `= −12`

Functions, 2ADV F1 SM-Bank 43

 Solve  `|\ 3x -1\ | = 2`   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

 ` x= -1/3 or 1`

Show Worked Solution
 MARKER’S COMMENT: Note that both conditions must be satisfied! Dealing with negative signs and division for inequalities produced many errors.

`|\ 3x -1\ | = 2`

`3x -1` `=2`  `\ \ \ \ \-(3x -1)` `= 2`
`3x`  `=3` `-3x + 1` `= 2`
`x` `= 1`  `3x` `= -1`
    `x` `= -1/3`

`:. x= -1/3 or 1`

Functions, 2ADV F1 SM-Bank 42

Find the values of  `x`  for which  `|\ x − 3\ | = 1`.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

`x=2 or 4`

Show Worked Solution

`|\ x − 3\ | = 1`

`text(Method 1)`

`(x − 3)^2 = 1`

`x^2 − 6x + 9 = 1`

`x^2 − 6x +8 = 0`

`(x − 4)(x − 2) = 0`

`:. x=2 or 4`
 

`text(Method 2)`

`(x − 3)` `=1` `–(x − 3)` ` = 1`
`x` `=4` `–x +3` `=1`
    `x` `=−2`

Trigonometry, EXT1 T3 SM-Bank 10

Given that  `cot(2x) + 1/2 tan(x) = a cot(x)`, calculate  `a`.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

`a = 1/2`

Show Worked Solution

`1/(tan(2x)) + (tan(x))/2 = a/(tan(x)),\ \ tan(x) != 0`

`(1 – tan^2(x))/(2 tan(x)) + (tan(x))/2 = a/(tan(x))`

 
`text(If)\ \ tan(x) != 0 :`

`(1 – tan^2(x)+tan^2(x))/(2tan(x))` `=a/(tan(x))`
`1` `=2a`
`:. a` `=1/2`

Trigonometry, EXT1 T2 SM-Bank 9 MC

If  `sin(theta + phi) = a`  and  `sin(theta - phi) = b`, then  `sin(theta) cos(phi)`  is equal to

A.   `sqrt(a^2 + b^2)`

B.   `sqrt (ab)`

C.   `sqrt(a^2 - b^2)`

D.   `(a + b)/2`

Show Answers Only

`D`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Solution 1)`

`sintheta cos phi` `=1/2[(sin(theta+phi)+sin(theta – phi)]`   
  `=1/2(a+b)`  

`=>D`

 

`text(Solution 2)`

`sin(theta + phi) = a`

`sin theta cos phi + sin phi cos theta` `= a\ \ …\ (1)`
`sin(theta – phi) = b`  
`sin theta cos phi – sin phi cos theta` `= b\ \ …\ (2)`

 
`(1) + (2):`

`2 sin theta cos phi` `= a + b`
`:. sin theta cos phi` `= (a + b)/2`

 

Mechanics, SPEC2 2019 VCAA 5

A mass of  `m_1`  kilograms is initially held at rest near the bottom of a smooth plane inclined at `theta` degrees to the horizontal. It is connected to a mass of  `m_2`  kilograms by a light inextensible string parallel to the plane, which passes over a smooth pulley at the end of the plane. The mass  `m_2`  is 2 m above the horizontal floor.

The situation is shown in the diagram below.
 


 

  1. After the mass  `m_1`  is released, the following forces, measured in newtons, act on the system:

     

    • weight forces  `W_1`  and  `W_2`
    •  the normal reaction force  `N`
    •  the tension in the string  `T`

     

    On the diagram above, show and clearly label the forces acting on each of the masses.  (1 mark) 

  2. If the system remains in equilibrium after the mass  `m_1`  is released, show that  `sin(theta) = (m_2)/(m_1)`.  (1 mark)
  3. After the mass  `m_1`  is released, the mass  `m_2`  falls to the floor.

     

    1. For what values of  `theta`  will this occur? Express your answer as an inequality in terms of  `m_1`  and  `m_2`.  (1 mark)
    2. Find the magnitude of acceleration, in ms−2, of the system after the mass  `m_1`  is released and before the mass  `m_2`  hits the floor. Express your answer in terms of  `m_1, \ m_2`  and  `theta`.  (2 marks)
  4. After the mass  `m_1`  is released, it moves up the plane.
    Find the maximum distance, in metres, that the mass  `m_1`  will move up the plane if  `m_1 = 2m_2`  and  `sin(theta) = 1/4`.  (5 marks)
Show Answers Only
  1.   
  2. `text(See Worked Solutions)`
    1. `theta < sin^(−1)\ ((m_2)/(m_1)), theta ∈ (0, pi/2)`
    2. `a = (g(m_2 – m_1 · sin(theta)))/(m_1 + m_2)`
  3. `10/3 \ text(m)`
Show Worked Solution
a.   

 

b.   `T = m_2g\ \ … \ (1)`

`T = m_1sin(theta)\ \ … \ (2)`

`text{Solve:  (1) = (2)}`

`m_1g sin(theta)` `= m_2g`
`sin(theta)` `= (m_2)/(m_1)`

 

c.i.   `m_2g > m_1gsin(theta)`

`sin(theta) < (m_2)/(m_1)`

`theta < sin^(−1)\ ((m_2)/(m_1)), \ \ theta ∈ (0, pi/2)`

 

c.ii.   `text(Net force)\ (F) = m_2g – m_1gsin(theta)`

`(m_1 + m_2) · a` `= g(m_2 – m_1 sin(theta))`
`:. a` `= (g(m_2 – m_1 sin(theta)))/(m_1 + m_2)`

 

d.   `text(Motion:)\ m_1\ text(will accelerate up the plane for 2 m.)`

 `m_1\ text(will then decelerate up plane until)\ v = 0.`

`text(Find)\ v_(m_1)\ \ text(given)\ \ s_(m_1) = 2, \ u = 0, \ m_1=2m_2`

`a = (g(m_2 – m_1  sintheta))/(m_1 + m_2) = (g(m_2 – 2m_2 · 1/4))/(2m_2 + m_2) = g/6`
 

`text(Using)\ \ v^2 = u^2 + 2as,`

`v_(m_1)^2 = 0 + 2 · g/6 · 2 = (2g)/3`

`text(Find distance)\ (s_2)\ text(for)\ m_1\ text(to decelerate until)\ v = 0:`

`a = −gsintheta = −g/4, \ u = sqrt((2g)/3)`

`0` `= (2g)/3 – 2 · g/4 · s_2`
`s_2` `= (2g)/3 xx 2/g`
  `= 4/3`

 

`:.\ text(Maximum distance)` `= 2 + 4/3`
  `= 10/3\ text(m)`

Vectors, SPEC2 2019 VCAA 4

The base of a pyramid is the parallelogram  `ABCD`  with vertices at points  `A(2,−1,3),  B(4,−2,1),  C(a,b,c)`  and  `D(4,3,−1)`. The apex (top) of the pyramid is located at  `P(4,−4,9)`.

  1. Find the values of  `a, b`  and  `c`.  (2 marks)

  2. Find the cosine of the angle between the vectors  `overset(->)(AB)`  and  `overset(->)(AD)`.  (2 marks)

  3. Find the area of the base of the pyramid.  (2 marks)

  4. Show that  `6underset~i + 2underset~j + 5underset~k`  is perpendicular to both  `overset(->)(AB)`  and  `overset(->)(AD)`, and hence find a unit vector that is perpendicular to the base of the pyramid.  (3 marks)

  5. Find the volume of the pyramid.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

  1. `a = 6, b = 2, c = −3`
  2. `4/9`
  3. `2sqrt65 u^2`
  4. `text(See Worked Solutions)`
  5. `24\ text(u³)`

Show Worked Solution

a.    `overset(->)(AB)` `= (4-2)underset~i + (−2 + 1)underset~j + (1-3)underset~k`
    `= 2underset~i-underset~j-2underset~k`

 
`text(S)text(ince)\ ABCD\ text(is a parallelogram)\ => \ overset(->)(AB)= overset(->)(DC)`

`overset(->)(DC) = (a-4)underset~i + (b-3)underset~j + (c + 1)underset~k`

`a-4 = 2 \ => \ a = 6`

`b-3 = −1 \ => \ b = 2`

`c + 1 = −2 \ => \ c = −3`

 

b.   `overset(->)(AB) = 2underset~i-underset~j-2underset~k`

`overset(->)(AD) = 2underset~i + 4underset~j-4underset~k`

`cos angleBAD` `= (overset(->)(AB) · overset(->)(AD))/(|overset(->)(AB)| · |overset(->)(AD)|)`
  `= (4-4 + 8)/(sqrt(4 + 1 + 4) · sqrt(4 + 16 + 16))`
  `= 4/9`

 

c.    `1/2 xx text(Area)_(ABCD)` `= 1/2 ab sin c`
  `text(Area)_(ABCD)` `= |overset(->)(AB)| · |overset(->)(AD)| *sin(cos^(−1)\ 4/9)`

 


 

`:. text(Area)_(ABCD)` `= 3 · 6 · sqrt65/9`
  `= 2sqrt65\ text(u²)`

 

d.   `text(Let)\ \ underset~r = 6underset~i + 2underset~j + 5underset~k`

`underset~r · overset(->)(AB)` `= 6 xx 2 + 2 xx −1 + 5 xx −2 = 0`
`underset~r · overset(->)(AD)` `= 6 xx 2 + 2 xx 4 + 5 xx −2 = 0`

 
`:. underset~r\ \ text(is ⊥ to)\ \ overset(->)(AB)\ \ text(and)\ \ overset(->)(AD)`

`text(Let)\ \ hatr\ = text(unit vector ⊥ to pyramid base)`

`underset~overset^r = 1/sqrt(6^2 + 2^2 + 5^2) *underset~r = 1/sqrt65(6underset~i + 2underset~j + 5underset~k)`

 

e.   `text(Find height)\ (h)\ text(of pyramid:)`

`overset(->)(AP)` `= (4-2)underset~i + (−4 + 1)underset~j + (9-3)underset~k`
  `= 2underset~i-3underset~j + 6underset~k`

 

`h` `= overset(->)(AP) · underset~overset^r`
  `= (2 xx 6/sqrt65)-(3 xx 2/sqrt65) + (6 xx 5/sqrt65)`
  `= 36/sqrt65`

 

`:. V` `= 1/3 b xx h`
  `= 1/3 xx 2sqrt65 xx 36/sqrt65`
  `= 24\ text(u³)`

Complex Numbers, SPEC2 2019 VCAA 2

  1. Show that the solutions of  `2z^2 + 4z + 5 = 0`, where  `z ∈ C`, are  `z = −1 ± sqrt6/2 i`.   (1 mark)

  2. Plot the solutions of  `2z^2 + 4z + 5 = 0`  on the Argand diagram below.   (1 mark)

     

     

Let  `|z + m| = n`, where  `m, n ∈ R`, represent the circle of minimum radius that passes through the solutions of  `2z^2 + 4z + 5 = 0`.

    1. Find  `m`  and  `n`.   (2 marks)

    2. Find the cartesian equation of the circle  `|z + m| = n`.   (1 mark)

    3. Sketch the circle on the Argand diagram in part a.ii. Intercepts with the coordinate axes do not need to be calculated or labelled.   (1 mark)

  2. Find all values of  `d`, where  `d ∈ R`, for which the solutions of  `2z^2 + 4z + d = 0`  satisfy the relation  `|z + m| <= n`.   (2 marks)

  3. All complex solutions of  `az^2 + bz + c = 0`  have non-zero real and imaginary parts.

     

    Let  `|z + p| = q`  represent the circle of minimum radius in the complex plane that passes through these solutions, where  `a, b, c, p, q ∈ R`.

     

    Find  `p`  and  `q`  in terms of  `a, b`  and  `c`.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  1. `text(See Worked Solutions)`
  2.   
  3. `m = 1, n = sqrt6/2`
  4. `(x + 1)^2 + y^2 = 3/2`
  5. `−1 <= d <= 5\ \ (text(by CAS))`
  6. `p = b/(2a), \ q = |sqrt(b^2-4ac)/(2a)|`
Show Worked Solution
a.i.    `z` `= (−b ± sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a)`
    `= (−4 ± sqrt(16-4 · 2 · 5))/(4)`
    `= (−4 ± 2sqrt6 i)/(4)`
    `= −1 ± sqrt6/2 i\ \ …\ text(as required)`

 

a.ii.   

 

b.i.   `text(Radius of circle = )sqrt6/2`

 `text(Centre) = (0, −1)`

`:. m = 1, \ n = sqrt6/2`

 

b.ii.    `|z + 1|` `= sqrt6/2`
  `|x + iy + 1|` `= sqrt6/2`
  `(x + 1)^2 + y^2` `= 3/2`

 

b.iii.   

 

c.   `text(Solve:)\ 2z^2 + 4z + d = 0`

`z = −1 ± sqrt(4-2d)/2 = −1 ± sqrt((2-d)/2)`

`z + 1 = ± sqrt((2-d)/2)`
 

`text(Solve for)\ d\ text(such that:)`

`|sqrt((2-d)/2)| <= sqrt6/2`

`−1 <= d <= 5\ \ (text(by CAS))`

 

d.   `z = (−b ± sqrt(b^2-4ac))/(2a) = (−b)/(2a) ± sqrt(b^2-4ac)/(2a)`

`z + b/(2a)` `= ± sqrt(b^2-4ac)/(2a)`
`|z + b/(2a)|` `= |sqrt(b^2-4ac)/(2a)|`

 
`:. p = b/(2a), \ q = |sqrt(b^2-4ac)/(2a)|`

Calculus, SPEC2 2019 VCAA 1

A curve is defined parametrically by  `x = sec(t) + 1, \ y = tan(t)`, where  `t ∈ [0, pi/2)`.

  1. Show that the curve can be represent in cartesian form by the rule  `y = sqrt(x^2-2x)`.   (2 marks)

  2. State the domain and range of the relation given by  `y = sqrt(x^2-2x)`.  (2 marks)

  3.  i. Express  `(dy)/(dx)`  in terms of  `sin(t)`.   (2 marks)

  4. ii. State the limiting value of  `(dy)/(dx)`  as  `t`  approaches  `pi/2`.   (1 mark)

  1. Sketch the curve  `y = sqrt(x^2-2x)`  on the axes below for  `x ∈ [2, 4]`, labelling the endpoints with their coordinates.   (2 marks)

     

     

  2. The portion of the curve given by  `y = sqrt(x^2-2x)`  for  `x ∈ [2, 4]`  is rotated about the `y`-axis to form a solid of revolution.
  3. Write down, but do not evaluate, a definite integral in terms of  `t`  that gives the volume of the solid formed.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  1. `text(See Worked Solutions)`
  2. `text(Domain:)\ x ∈ [2, ∞)`

     

    `text(Range:)\ y ∈ [0, ∞)`

    1. `(dy)/(dx) = ((dy)/(dt))/((dt)/(dx)) = (sec^2(t))/(sin(t)sec^2(t)) = 1/(sin(t))`
    2. `(dy)/(dx) -> 1`
  4.  
  5. ` V = pi int_0^(tan^(−1)(2sqrt2)) (sec(t) + 1)^2sec^2(t)dt`
Show Worked Solution

a.   `x = sec(t) + 1 \ => \ sec(t) = x-1`

`y = tan(t)`

`text(Using)\ \ tan^2(t) + 1 = sec^2(t):`

`y^2 + 1` `= (x-1)^2`
`y^2 + 1` `= x^2-2x + 1`
`y^2` `= x^2-2x`
`y` `= sqrt(x^2-2x), \ y >= 0\ \ text(as)\ \ t ∈ [0, pi/2)`

 

b.   `text(Sketch:)\ \ x = sec(t) + 1, \ y = tan(t)\ \ text(for)\ \ t ∈ [0, pi/2)`

`text(Domain:)\ \ x ∈ [2, ∞)`

`text(Range:)\ \ y ∈ [0, ∞)`

 

c.i.   `(dy)/(dt) = sec^2(t), \ (dx)/(dt) = sin(t)sec^2(t)\ \ \ (text(by CAS))`

`(dy)/(dx) = ((dy)/(dt))/((dx)/(dt)) = (sec^2(t))/(sin(t)sec^2(t)) = 1/(sin(t))`

 

c.ii.   `text(As)\ \ t -> pi/2:`

`(dy)/(dx) -> 1`

 

d.   

 

e.   `V = pi int_0^(2sqrt2) x^2\ dy`

`x^2 = (sec(t) + 1)^2`

`(dy)/(dt) = sec^2(t) \ => \ dy = sec^2(t)\ dt`

`text(When)\ y = 0, t = 0`

`text(When)\ y = 2sqrt2, t = tan^(−1)(2sqrt2)`
 

`:. V = pi int_0^(tan^(−1)(2sqrt2)) (sec(t) + 1)^2sec^2(t)\ dt`

Vectors, SPEC2 2019 VCAA 11 MC

Let point `M` have coordinates  `(a, 1,-2)`  and let point `N` have coordinates  `(-3, b,-1)`.

If the coordinates of the midpoint of  `bar(MN)`  are  `(-5, 3/2, c)`  and `a, b` and `c` are real constants, the the values of `a, b` and `c` are respectively

  1. `−13, 2 and −1/2`
  2. `−2, 1/2 and −3`
  3. `−7, −2 and −3/2`
  4. `−2, −1/2 and −3`
  5. `−7, 2 and −3/2`
Show Answers Only

`E`

Show Worked Solution

`M = 1/2 ([(a),(1),(−2)] + [(−3),(b),(−1)]) = 1/2 [(a-3),(1 + b),(−3)]`

`1/2(a-3)` `= −5`
`a-3` `= −10`
`a` `= −7`
`1/2(1 + b)` `= 3/2`
`1 + b` `= 3`
`b` `= 2`
`c` `= −3/2`

 
`=>E`

Statistics, MET2 2019 VCAA 4

The Lorenz birdwing is the largest butterfly in Town A.

The probability density function that describes its life span, `X`, in weeks, is given by
 

`f(x) = {(4/625 (5x^3-x^4), quad 0 <= x <= 5),(0, quad text(elsewhere)):}`
 

  1. Find the mean life span of the Lorenz birdwing butterfly.  (2 marks)

  2. In a sample of 80 Lorenz birdwing butterflies, how many butterflies are expected to live longer than two weeks, correct to the nearest integer?  (2 marks)

  3. What is the probability that a Lorenz birdwing butterfly lives for at least four weeks, given that it lives for at least two weeks, correct to four decimal places?  (2 marks)

The wingspans of Lorenz birdwing butterflies in Town A are normally distributed with a mean of 14.1 cm and a standard deviation of 2.1 cm.

  1. Find the probability that a randomly selected Lorenz birdwing butterfly in Town A has a wingspan between 16 cm and 18 cm, correct to four decimal places.  (1 mark)

  2. A Lorenz birdwing butterfly is considered to be very small if its wingspan is in the smallest 5% of all the Lorenz birdwing butterflies in Town A.

     

    Find the greatest possible wingspan, in centimetres, for a very small Lorenz birdwing butterfly in Town A, correct to one decimal place.  (1 mark)

Each year, a detailed study is conducted on a random sample of 36 Lorenz birdwing butterflies in Town A.

A Lorenz birdwing butterfly is considered to be very large if its wingspan is greater than 17.5 cm. The probability that the wingspan of any Lorenz birdwing butterfly in Town A is greater than 17.5 cm is 0.0527, correct to four decimal places.

    1. Find the probability that three or more of the butterflies, in a random sample of 36 Lorenz birdwing butterflies from Town A, are very large, correct to four decimal places.  (1 mark)

    2. The probability that `n` or more butterflies, in a random sample of 36 Lorenz birdwing butterflies from Town A, are very large is less than 1%.

       

      Find the smallest value of `n`, where `n` is an integer.  (2 marks)

    3. For random samples of 36 Lorenz birdwing butterflies in Town A, `hat p` is the random variable that represents the proportion of butterflies that are very large.
    4. Find the expected value and the standard deviation of `hat p`, correct to four decimal places.  (2 marks)

    5. What is the probability that a sample proportion of butterflies that are very large lies within one standard deviation of 0.0527, correct to four decimal places? Do not use a normal approximation.  (2 marks)

  2. The Lorenz birdwing butterfly also lives in Town B.

     

    In a particular sample of Lorenz birdwing butterflies from Town B, an approximate 95% confidence interval for the proportion of butterflies that are very large was calculated to be (0.0234, 0.0866), correct to four decimal places.

     

    Determine the sample size used in the calculation of this confidence interval.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

  1. `10/3`
  2. `73`
  3. `0.2878`
  4. `0.1512`
  5. `10.6\ text(cm)`
    1. `0.2947`
    2. `7`
    3. `0.0372`
    4. `0.7380`
  7. `200`

Show Worked Solution

a.    `mu` `= 4/625 int_0^5 x(5x^3-x^4)\ dx`
    `= 4/625[x^5-1/6 x^6]_0^5`
    `= 10/3\ \ \ text{(by CAS)}`

 

b.    `text(Pr)(X > 2)` `= 4/625 int_2^5 5x^3-x^4\ dx`
    `= 4/625[5/4x^4-x^5/5]_2^5`
    `= 0.9129…`

 

`:.\ text(Expected number)` `= 80 xx 0.9129…`
  `~~ 73.03`
  `~~ 73`

 

c.    `text(Pr)(X = 4|X> 2)` `= (text(Pr)(X >= 4))/(text(Pr)(X >= 2))`
    `= 0.26272/0.91296`
    `= 0.2878`

 

d.   `W\ ~\ N (14.1, 2.1^2)`

`text(Pr)(16 < W < 18) = 0.1512\ \ \ text{(by CAS)}`

 

e.   `text(Solution 1:)`

`text(Pr)(W < w) = 0.05`

`text(Pr)(Z < z) = 0.05\ \ =>\ \ z = -1.6449\ \ text{(by CAS)}`

`(w-14.1)/2.1` `= -1.6449`
`w` `= 10.6\ text(cm)`

 
`text(Solution 2:)`

`text(invNorm)`

`text(Tail setting: left)`

`text(prob: 0.05)`

`sigma: 2.1`

`mu: 14.1`

`=> 10.6\ \ \ text{cm (by CAS)}`

 

f.i.   `L\ ~\ text(Bi)(n, p)\ ~\ text(Bi) (36, 0.0527)`

`text(Pr)(L >= 3) ~~ 0.2947`

 

f.ii.    `text(Pr)(L >= n) < 0.01`
 

`text(CAS: binomialCdf) (x, 36, 36, 0.0527)`

`text(Pr)(L >= 0) = 0.011 > 0.01`

`text(Pr)(L >= 7) = 0.002 < 0.01`

`:.\ text(Smallest)\ n = 7`

 

f.iii.    `E(hat p)` `= p = 0.0527`
  `sigma(hat p)` `= sqrt((p(1-p))/n) = sqrt((0.0527(1-0.0527))/36) ~~ 0.0372`

 

f.iv.        `hat p +- 1 sigma: (0.0527-0.0372, 0.0527 + 0.0372) = (0.0155, 0.0899)`

`text(Pr)(0.0155 < hat p < 0.0899)`

`= text(Pr)(36 xx 0.0155 < L < 36 xx 0.0899)`

`= text(Pr)(0.56 < L < 3.24)`

`= text(Pr)(1 <= L <= 3)`

`~~ 0.7380`

 

g.   `0.0234 = hat p-1.96 sqrt((hat p(1-hat p))/n) qquad text{… (1)}`

`0.0866 = hat p + 1.96 sqrt((hat p(1-hat p))/n) qquad text{… (2)}`

`text(Solve simultaneous equations:)`

`hat p ~~ 0.055, quad n ~~ 199.96`

`:.\ text(Sample size) = 200`

Calculus, MET2 2019 VCAA 3

During a telephone call, a phone uses a dual-tone frequency electrical signal to communicate with the telephone exchange.

The strength, `f`, of a simple dual-tone frequency signal is given by the function  `f(t) = sin((pi t)/3) + sin ((pi t)/6)`, where  `t`  is a measure of time and  `t >= 0`.

Part of the graph of `y = f(t)`  is shown below

  1. State the period of the function.   (1 mark)

  2. Find the values of  `t`  where  `f(t) = 0`  for the interval  `t in [0, 6]`.   (1 mark)

  3. Find the maximum strength of the dual-tone frequency signal, correct to two decimal places.   (1 mark)

  4. Find the area between the graph of  `f`  and the horizontal axis for  `t in [0, 6]`.   (2 marks)

Let  `g`  be the function obtained by applying the transformation  `T`  to the function  `f`, where
 

`T([(x), (y)]) = [(a, 0), (0, b)] [(x), (y)] + [(c), (d)]`
 

and `a, b, c` and `d` are real numbers.

  1. Find the values of `a, b, c` and `d` given that  `int_2^0 g(t)\ dt + int_2^6 g(t)\ dt`  has the same area calculated in part d.   (2 marks)

  2. The rectangle bounded by the line  `y = k, \ k in R^+`, the horizontal axis, and the lines  `x = 0`  and  `x = 12`  has the same area as the area between the graph of  `f`  and the horizontal axis for one period of the dual-tone frequency signal.

     

    Find the value of  `k`.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  1. `12`
  2. `0, 4, 6`
  3. `1.760`
  4. `15/pi\ text(u²)`
  5. `a = 1,\ b =-1,\ c =-6,\ d = 0`
  6. `5/(2pi)`
Show Worked Solution

a.   `text(Period) = 12`
  

b.   `t = 0, 4, 6`
  

c.   `f(t) = sin ((pi t)/3) + sin ((pi t)/6)`

`f(t)_max ~~ 1.76\ \ text{(by CAS)}`

 

d.    `text(Area)` `= int_0^4 sin((pi t)/3) + sin ((pi t)/6) dt-int_4^6 sin ((pi t)/3) + sin ((pi t)/6) dt`
    `= 15/pi\ text(u²)`

 

e.   `text(Same area) => f(t)\ text(is reflected in the)\ x text(-axis and)`

`text(translated 6 units to the left.)`

`x′=ax+c`

`y′=by+d`

`text(Reflection in)\ xtext(-axis) \ => \ b=-1, \ d=0`

`text(Translate 6 units to the left) \ => \ a=1, \ c=-6`

`:. a = 1,\ b = -1,\ c = -6,\ d = 0`
  

f.    `text(Area of rectangle)` `= 2 xx text(Area between)\ f(t) and x text(-axis)\ \ t in [0, 6]`
  `12k` `= 2 xx 15/pi`
  `:. k` `=5/(2pi)`