Mixtures of hydrocarbons can be obtained from crude oil by the process of fractional distillation. Examples include petrol, diesel and natural gas.
- Outline an environmental implication for a use of a named hydrocarbon mixture that is obtained from crude oil. (2 marks)
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- Ethene is a simple hydrocarbon obtained from crude oil.
- Using structural formulae, write the chemical equation for the conversion of ethene to ethanol, including any other necessary reagents. (3 marks)
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- When ethanol is reacted with ethanoic acid, ethyl ethanoate is formed, as shown by the equation.
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- \(\text{ethanol} \ + \ \text{ethanoic acid } \ \rightleftharpoons \ \text{ethyl ethanoate} \ +\ \text{water}\)
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- The graph below shows the concentration of ethanol from the start of the reaction, \(t_0\), up to a time \(t_1\).
- At time \(t_1\), an additional amount of ethanol is added to the system.
- Sketch on the graph the changes that occur in the concentration of ethanol between time \(t_1\), and when the system reaches a new equilibrium before time \(t_2\). (3 marks)
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a. Environmental implication:
- The combustion of petrol, a hydrocarbon mixture obtained from crude oil, leads to the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide.
- Increased \(\ce{CO2}\) levels intensify the enhanced greenhouse effect, contributing to global warming, climate change, and associated environmental impacts such as rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns.
- A typical component of petrol, octane, burns according to:
- \(\ce{2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) -> 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)}\)
b.
c.
Show Worked Solution
a. Environmental implication:
- The combustion of petrol, a hydrocarbon mixture obtained from crude oil, leads to the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide.
- Increased \(\ce{CO2}\) levels intensify the enhanced greenhouse effect, contributing to global warming, climate change, and associated environmental impacts such as rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns.
- A typical component of petrol, octane, burns according to:
- \(\ce{2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) -> 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)}\)
b.
c.
- There will be a sudden increase at \(t_1\) and then the concentration of ethanol will decrease smoothly until a new equlibrium concentration (greater than the original equilibrium concentration) is reached.