smc-3652-45-Deletions

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. A person with cystic fibrosis will have two faulty recessive alleles for the cystic fibrosis gene (CFTR) on chromosome 7.

Two healthy parents, heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, have a child that does not have cystic fibrosis. They are planning to have a second child.

Using a Punnett square, determine the probability of their second child being born with the condition. Use \(R\) for the normal CFTR allele, and \(r\) for the faulty CFTR allele. (3 marks)

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The defect that creates the faulty CFTR allele is often caused by the deletion of three nucleotides. The following diagram illustrates a small section of the CFTR gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence of the CFTR protein.

The following codon chart displays all the codons and the corresponding amino acids. The chart translates mRNA sequences into amino acids.

Explain how the deletion of nucleotides in the CFTR gene removes only one amino acid. Include reference to the nucleotides that code for isoleucine and phenylalanine amino acids. (4 marks)

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a. Punnett square:

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \boldsymbol{R} & \boldsymbol{r} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \boldsymbol{R} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{RR} & \textit{Rr} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \boldsymbol{r}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{Rr} & \textit{rr} \\
\hline
\end{array}

Probability of 2nd child having cystic fibrosis = 25%.

b. Deletion of nucleotides in CFTR gene:

Three mRNA nucleotides (a codon) spell out instructions for one amino acid. The deletion here stretches across two codons that normally code for isoleucine and phenylalanine.
At first glance, you’d expect losing nucleotides from both codons would mess up both amino acids.
In isoleucine however, multiple different triplet codes can signal for its production. Its original code was AUC and after the deletion it became AUU – which still makes isoleucine.
Only phenylalanine gets knocked out of the protein sequence, while isoleucine stays put thanks to its flexible coding options.

Show Worked Solution

a. Punnett square:

Probability of 2nd child having cystic fibrosis = 25%.

b. Deletion of nucleotides in CFTR gene:

Three mRNA nucleotides (a codon) spell out instructions for one amino acid. The deletion here stretches across two codons that normally code for isoleucine and phenylalanine.
At first glance, you’d expect losing nucleotides from both codons would mess up both amino acids.
In isoleucine however, multiple different triplet codes can signal for its production. Its original code was AUC and after the deletion it became AUU – which still makes isoleucine.
Only phenylalanine gets knocked out of the protein sequence, while isoleucine stays put thanks to its flexible coding options.

♦ Mean mark (b) 56%.