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A scientist has two unlabelled sources of radiation. Once source emits alpha particles and the other emits beta particles.
Outline TWO methods that could be used to determine which source is the alpha emitter, and which source is the beta emitter. (3 marks)
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Particles emitted from a radioactive source travel through a magnetic field, \(B_{\text {in }}\), directed into the page, as shown schematically in the diagram below.
Three particles, \(\text{K, L}\) and \(\text{M}\), follow the paths indicated by the arrows.
Which of the following correctly identifies the charges on particles \(\text{K, L}\) and \(\text{M}\)?
\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|}
\hline \rule{0pt}{1.5ex}\textbf{K} \rule[-0.5ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\textbf{L} & \textbf{M} \\
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{positive} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{no charge} & \text{negative} \\
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{positive} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{negative} & \text{negative} \\
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{negative} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{no charge} & \text{positive} \\
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{no charge} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{no charge} & \text{no charge} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}
The chart shows part of a nuclear decay series beginning with uranium.
Which option correctly identifies \(X\) and \(Y\) and the process by which each was produced?
\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\\
\textbf{}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\\
\textbf{}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\\
\textbf{}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\\
\textbf{}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\quad \quad \quad X\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\quad \quad \quad Y\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}{ }_{\ \ 90}^{234}\text{Th}&{ }_{\ \ 91}^{234}\text{Pa}\\
\text{alpha decay} \quad \quad \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{beta decay}\quad \quad \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}{ }_{\ \ 90}^{234}\text{Th}& { }_{\ \ 91}^{234}\text{Pa}\\
\text{alpha decay}\quad \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{alpha decay}\quad \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}{ }_{\ \ 91}^{234}\text{Pa}& { }_{\ \ 91}^{234}\text{Pa}\\
\text{beta decay}\quad \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{beta decay}\quad \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}{ }_{\ \ 91}^{234}\text{Pa}& { }_{\ \ 90}^{234}\text{Th} \\
\text{beta decay}\quad \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{alpha decay}\quad \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}
The graph shown plots isotopes in terms of their numbers of protons and neutrons. When an isotope undergoes nuclear decay, it will move to a different location on the graph. The movement can be represented with an arrow.
Which arrow would correctly describe beta negative `(beta^(-))` decay on the graph?
A radioisotope emits radiation which is deflected by an electric field, as shown.
What type of radiation is this?
A uranium isotope, \(U\), undergoes four successive decays to produce \(Q\).
Which row of the table correctly shows the decay process \(R\) and product \(Q\) ?
\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|c|c|}
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textit{Process R} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textit{Product Q} \\
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \alpha \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text {Pa-230 } \\
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \beta \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text {Pa-234 } \\
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \alpha \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text {Th-230 } \\
\hline \rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \beta \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text {Th-234 } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}
Rh-106 is a metallic, beta-emitting radioisotope with a half-life of 30 seconds.
A sample of Rh-106 and an electrode are placed inside an evacuated chamber. They are connected to a galvanometer and a variable DC power supply.
A student measures the current, `I`, when the power supply is set to zero. They then measure the stopping voltage, `V_s`. The stopping voltage is the minimum voltage needed to prevent current flowing.
A few minutes later, these measurements are repeated.
How do the TWO sets of measurements compare?