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CHEMISTRY, M6 2023 HSC 35

  1. A 0.2000 mol L\(^{-1} \) solution of dichloroacetic acid \( \ce{(CHCl2COOH)} \) has a pH of 1.107. Dichloroacetic acid is monoprotic.
  2. Calculate the \( K_a \) for dichloroacetic acid.  (3 marks)
  1. The following data apply to the ionisation of acetic acid \( \ce{(CH3COOH)} \) and trichloroacetic acid \( \ce{(CCl3COOH)} \).  
  \( \ce{CH3 COOH }\) \( \ce{CCl3COOH} \)
\( p K_a \) \(4.76\) \(0.51\)
\( \Delta H° \text{(kJ mol}^{-1})\) \(-0.1\) \(+1.2\)
\(\Delta S° \text{(J K}^{-1} \text{ mol}^{-1})\) \(-91.6\) \(-5.8\)
\( -T \Delta S° \text{(kJ mol}^{-1}) \) \(+27.3\) \(+1.7\)
\( \Delta G° \text{(kJ mol}^{-1}) \) \(+27.2\) \(+2.9\)
  1.  
    Explain the relative strength of these acids with reference to the data. (3 marks)
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a.    \(K_a = 0.0501\)

b.    Relative strength of acids:

→ The \(pK_a\) of trichloroacetic acid is lower than the \(pK_a\) of acetic acid, so trichloroacetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.

→ The \(\Delta S°\) term for acetic acid is a significantly lower number than for the trichloroacetic acid (noting they are both negative).

→ In both cases, this value will contribute unfavourably to each acid’s \(\Delta G°\) value, with the effect much larger for acetic acid than for trichloroacetic acid.

→ It follows from this result that the ionisation of acetic acid is less favourable than it is for trichloroacetic acid, making the latter the stronger acid.

Show Worked Solution

a.   \(\ce{CHCl2COOH(aq) \rightleftharpoons H+(aq) + CHCl2COO-(aq)} \)

\(\ce{[H+] = 10^{-\text{pH}} = 10^{-1.107} = 0.0782\ \text{mol L}^{-1}} \)

♦ Mean mark (a) 54%.

\begin{array} {|l|c|c|c|}
\hline  & \ce{CHCl2COOH(aq)} & \ce{H+(aq)} & \ce{CHCl2COO^{-}(aq)} \\
\hline \text{Initial} & \ \ \ \ 0.2000 &  0 & 0 \\
\hline \text{Change} & -0.0782 & +0.0782 & \ \ \ +0.0782 \\
\hline \text{Equilibrium} & \ \ \ \ 0.1218 & \ \ \ \ 0.0782 & \ \ \ \ \ \ 0.0782 \\
\hline \end{array}

\(K_a\) \(= \dfrac{\ce{[H+][CHCl2COO-]}}{\ce{[CHCl2COOH]}} \)  
  \(= \dfrac{0.0782 \times 0.0782}{0.1218} \)  
  \(= 0.0501\)  

 
b.    Relative strength of acids:

→ The \(pK_a\) of trichloroacetic acid is lower than the \(pK_a\) of acetic acid, so trichloroacetic acid is a stronger acid than acetic acid.

→ The \(\Delta S°\) term for acetic acid is a significantly lower number than for the trichloroacetic acid (noting they are both negative).

→ In both cases, this value will contribute unfavourably to each acid’s \(\Delta G°\) value, with the effect much larger for acetic acid than for trichloroacetic acid.

→ It follows from this result that the ionisation of acetic acid is less favourable than it is for trichloroacetic acid, making the latter the stronger acid.

♦ Mean mark (b) 52%.

CHEMISTRY, M6 EQ-Bank 13 MC

The pKa of trichloroacetic acid is 0.70 and the pKa of acetic acid is 4.8.

Which of the following identifies the acid with the higher pH and explain why?

  1. Acetic acid as it is less likely to lose a hydrogen ion
  2. Acetic acid as it is more likely to lose a hydrogen ion
  3. Trichloroacetic acid as it is less likely to lose a hydrogen ion
  4. Trichloroacetic acid as it is more likely to lose a hydrogen ion
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`A`

Show Worked Solution

→ Higher pH corresponds to a weaker acid.

→ Higher pKa corresponds to a weaker acid (i.e. a higher pH).

→ Acetic acid the weaker acid (higher pKa), meaning it is less likely to dissociate in solution and lose a hydrogen ion.

`=> A`

CHEMISTRY, M6 EQ-Bank 24

The pH of a 0.30 M aqueous propanoic acid solution was measured to be 2.7. The dissociation of propanoic acid is represented below.

\(\ce{CH3CH2COOH($aq$) + H2O($l$) \rightleftharpoons CH3CH2COO^-($aq$) + H3O^{+}($aq$)}\)

Calculate the `K_a` of the solution.   (3 marks)

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\(\ce{$K_{a}$ = 1.3 \times 10^{-5}}\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\ce{pH = -log_{10}[H3O^{+}] = 2.7} \)

\(\ce{[H3O^{+}] = 10^{-2.7} = 1.995 \times 10^{-3} mol L^{-1}}\)

\(\ce{[H3O^{+}] = [CH3CH2COO^{-}]} \)

\begin{aligned}
\ce{$K_{a}$} &= \dfrac{\ce{[H3O^{+}][CH3CH2COO^{-}]}}{\ce{[CH3CH2COOH]}}  \\
&= \dfrac{\ce{(1.995 \times 10^{-3})(1.995 \times 10^{-3})}}{\ce{(0.30 – 1.995 \times 10^{-3})}}   \\
&= \ce{1.3 \times 10^{-5}}
\end{aligned}

CHEMISTRY, M6 2021 HSC 36

The `p K_a` of sulfurous acid in the following reaction is 1.82.

\(\ce{H2SO3($aq$) + H2O($l$)\rightleftharpoons H3O^+($aq$) + HSO3^-($aq$)}\)

The `p K_(a)` of hydrogen sulfite in the following reaction is 7.17.

\(\ce{HSO3^-($aq$) + H2O($l$)\rightleftharpoons H3O^+($aq$) + SO3^2-($aq$)}\)

Calculate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction:    (5 marks)

\(\ce{H2SO3($aq$) + 2H2O($l$)\rightleftharpoons 2H3O^+($aq$) + SO3^2-($aq$)}\)

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`text{K}_(eq) = 1.02 xx 10^-9`

Show Worked Solution

`text{Ka}_1 = [[text{HSO}^(3-) ] [text{H}_3 text{O}^+ ]] / [[text{H}_2 text{SO}_3]]`

`text{Ka}_2 = [[text{SO}_3 ^(2-)] [text{H}_3 text{O}^+ ]] / [[text{HSO}_3 ^- ]]`

`text{K}_(eq) = [[text{SO}_3  ^(2-) ] [text{H}_3 text{O}^+ ]^2] / [[text{H}_2 text{SO}_3 ]]`

`text{K}_(eq}` can be derived by multiplying `text{Ka}_1` with `text{Ka}_2`

`text{Ka}` `= 10^-text{pK}`
`text{Ka}_1` `= 10^(-1.82)`
`text{Ka}_2` `= 10^(-7.17)`

 
Therefore `text{K}_(eq) = 10^(-1.82) xx 10^(-7.17)`

`text{K}_(eq) = 1.02 xx 10^-9`


♦ Mean mark 50%.

CHEMISTRY, M6 2019 HSC 27

The relationship between the acid dissociation constant, `K_a`, and the corresponding conjugate base dissociation constant, `K_b`, is given by:

`K_(a)xxK_(b)=K_(w)`

Assume that the temperature for part (a) and part (b) is 25°C.

  1. The `K_a` of hypochlorous acid `text{(HOCl)}` is  `3.0 xx10^(-8)`.
  2. Show that the `K_b` of the hypochlorite ion, `text{OCl}^-`, is  `3.3 xx10^(-7)`.   (1 mark)

  3. The conjugate base dissociation constant, `K_b`, is the equilibrium constant for the following equation:
  4.      `text{OCl}^(-)(aq)+ text{H}_(2) text{O}(l) ⇌ text{HOCl}(aq)+ text{OH}^(-)(aq)`
  5. Calculate the pH of a 0.20 mol L¯1 solution of sodium hypochlorite `(text{NaOCl})`.   (4 mark)

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  1. `K_b=3.3 xx 10^{-7}`
  2. \(\ce{pH = 14-3.59 = 10.41}\)
Show Worked Solution

a.   `K_(a)xxK_(b)=K_(w)\ \ =>\ \ K_b=(K_(w))/(K_(a))`

`K_b` `=(1.0 xx 10^{-14})/(3.0 xx 10^{-8}`  
  `=3.3 xx 10^{-7}`  

 

b.   \(\ce{OCl-(aq) + H2O(l) \rightleftharpoons HOCl(aq) + OH-(aq)}\)
 

\begin{array} {|l|c|c|c|}
\hline  & \ce{OCl-} & \ce{HOCl} & \ce{OH–} \\
\hline \text{Initial} & 0.20 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline \text{Change} & -x & +x & +x \\
\hline \text{Equilibrium} & 0.20-x & x & x \\
\hline \end{array}

 
\[ K_b = \ce{\frac{[HOCl][OH– ]}{[OCl-]}} = \frac{x^2}{(0.20-x)} \]

Assume  `0.20-x~~0.20`  because `x` is negligible:

`3.3 xx 10^(-7)` `= x^2 / (0.20-x)`  
`x` `=sqrt(3.3 xx 10^(−7) xx 0.20)`  
  `= 2.5690 xx 10^{-4}\ text{mol L}^(–1)`  

 
\(\ce{[OH-] = 2.5690 \times 10^{-4} mol L^{-1}}\)

\(\ce{pOH = -log10[OH-] = -log10(2.5690 \times 10^{-4}) = 3.59}\)

\(\therefore \ce{pH = 14-3.59 = 10.41}\)


♦ Mean mark (b) 45%.

CHEMISTRY, M6 2022 HSC 20 MC

Cyanidin is a plant pigment that may be used as a pH indicator. It has four levels of protonation, each with a different colour, represented by these equilibria:
 

The following graph shows the relative amount of each species present at different pH values.
 

What colour would the indicator be if added to a 0.75 mol L\(^{-1}\) solution of hypoiodous acid, \(\text{HIO}\ \left(p K_a=10.64\right)\)?

  1. Red
  2. Colourless
  3. Purple
  4. Blue
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\ce{HIO(aq) + H2O(l) \leftrightharpoons IO^– (aq) + H3O^+ (aq)}\)

\begin{array} {|l|c|c|c|}
\hline  & \text{HIO} & \ \ \text{IO}^– \ \  & \ \  \text{H}_3 \text{O}^+\ \  \\
\hline \text{Initial} & 0.75 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline \text{Change} & -x & +x & +x \\
\hline \text{Equilibrium} & 0.75 − x & x & x \\
\hline \end{array}

 
\(\text{K}_a=\dfrac{\left[ IO ^{-}\right]\left[ H _3 O ^{+}\right]}{[ HIO ]}=\dfrac{x^2}{(0.75-x)}\)

\(\text{K}_a \ \text{is small} \Rightarrow 0.75-x \approx 0.75\)

\(\begin{aligned}
K _a & =\dfrac{x^2}{0.75} \\
10^{-10.64} & =\dfrac{x^2}{0.75} \\
x^2 & =10^{-10.64} \times 0.75 \\
x & =\sqrt{10^{-10.64} \times 0.75} \\
& =4.1 \times 10^{-6} \ \text{mol L}^{-1} \\
\therefore\left[ H _3 O ^{+}\right] & =4.1 \times 10^{-6} \ \text{mol L}^{-1}
\end{aligned}\)

\(\text{pH}=-\log _{10}\left[4.1 \times 10^{-6}\right]=5.38\)

\(\text{The major species at pH (see graph) = 5.38 is purple.}\)

\(\Rightarrow C\)


♦ Mean mark 46%.

CHEMISTRY, M6 2021 HSC 20 MC

The trimethylammonium ion, \(\ce{[({CH_3)_3NH}]^+}\), is a weak acid. The acid dissociation equation is shown.
 

\(\ce{[(CH3)3NH]+($aq$)+H2O($l$)\rightleftharpoons  H3O+($aq$)+(CH3)3N($aq$)} \quad K_a = 1.55 \times 10^{-10}\)
 

At 20°C, a saturated solution of trimethylammonium chloride, \(\ce{[(CH_3)_3NH]Cl}\), has a pH of 4.46.

What is the \(K_{sp}\) of trimethylammonium chloride?

  1. \(1.26 \times 10^{-9}\)
  2. \(7.76\)
  3. \(60.2\)
  4. \(5.01 \times 10^{10}\)
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\ce{\left[\left(CH3\right)_3 NH \right]^{+}(aq)+ H2O(l) \leftrightharpoons H3O ^{+}(aq)+\left(CH3\right)_3 N(aq)}\)

\(K_a=\dfrac{\left[\left(\text{CH}_3\right)_3 \text{N}\right]\left[ \text{H}_3 \text{O} ^{+}\right]}{\left[\left( \text{CH} _3\right)_3 \text{NH} \right]^{+}}\)
 

\(\text{To calculate \(K_{sp}\) equation:}\)

\(\ce{\left[\left(CH _3\right)_3 NH \right] Cl (s) \leftrightharpoons\left[\left( CH _3\right)_3 NH \right]^{+}(aq)+ Cl ^{-}(aq)}\)

\(K_{sp}=\ce{[(CH3)_3NH)^+] [Cl^-]}\)

 

\(\text{pH} = \ce{4.46 \rightarrow \left[H3O^+\right] = 10^{-4.46}}\)
  

\(\text{Using stoichiometry;}\)

 
\(\ce{[(CH3)_3N)^+]=[H3O^+] = 10^{-4.46}}\)

   
\(\text{Using}\ K_{a}:\)

\(1.55 \times 10^{-10}=\dfrac{\left(10^{-4.46} \times 10^{-4.46}\right)}{\ce{\left(CH3\right)3NH^{+}}}\)

\(\ce{\left[\left(\left(CH3\right)_3NH \right)^{+}\right]}=\dfrac{\left(10^{-4.46} \times 10^{-4.46}\right)}{1.55 \times 10^{-10}}=7.7565 \ldots  \text{mol L}^{-1}\)
 

\(\ce{\left[Cl^{-}\right]=\left[\left(\left( CH3\right)_3NH\right)^{+}\right]}=7.7565 \ldots \text{mol L}^{-1}\)

\(\therefore K_{sp}=\ce{\left[\left(\left(CH3\right)_3NH\right)^{+}\right]\times\left[Cl^{-}\right]=7.7565 \ldots \times 7.7565 \ldots=60.2}\)

\(\Rightarrow C\)


♦♦♦ Mean mark 19%.

CHEMISTRY, M6 2021 HSC 6 MC

Which row of the table describes what happens when a solution of a weak acid is diluted? (Assume constant temperature.)
 

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`C`

Show Worked Solution

A weak acid has the following equilibrium:

`text{HA} (aq) + text{H}_2 text{O} (l) ⇋ text{A}^(-) (aq) + text{H}_3 text{O}^(+) (aq)`
 

`text{K}_a =  [[text{A}^(-)][text{H}_3text{O}^(+)] ]/[[text{HA}]]`

→ The value of  `text{K}_a` is only affected by temperature, and thus the value of `text{K}_a` will remain the same.

→ When the solution is diluted, water is added. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, the equilibrium will shift to the right to counteract the change.

→ Thus, the equilibrium will shift to the right and increase the extent of ionisation.

`=>C`


♦♦♦ Mean mark 25%.