Band 4

HMS, TIP 2020 HSC 18 MC

The following table shows features of the strength training programs that Athlete $A$ and Athlete $B$ completed over an 8 -week period.

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline Athlete & Weight & Sets &Repetitions & Exercise Speed \\
\hline A & \text{Very heavy}\ & 5-6 & 2-5 & \text{Slow}\ \\
\hline B & \text{Light/medium}\ & 3-6 & 15-20 & \text{Moderate}\ \\
\hline
\end{array}

Which row in the table identifies what has most likely increased as a result of the training program for each athlete?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{c|c}
\text{ } \\
\text{ A. } \\
\text{ B. } \\
\text{ C. } \\
\text{ D. } \\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\ \ \ \ \ \ Athlete A & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Athlete B \\
\hline
\text{Absolute strength}\ & \text{Muscular endurance} \\
\hline
\text{Power}\ & \text{Lean body mass}\\
\hline
\text{Muscular endurance}\ & \text{Power} \\
\hline
\text{Lean body mass}\ & \text{Absolute strength} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Heavy weight/low reps develops absolute strength, light weight/high reps develops endurance.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Slow speed doesn’t develop power, light weight doesn’t optimise mass.
C is incorrect: Heavy weight/low reps develops strength not endurance.
D is incorrect: Light weight/high reps develops endurance not absolute strength.

HMS, TIP 2020 HSC 15 MC

Which group of physiological adaptations is likely to occur in athletes who have participated in an aerobic training program at sub-maximal levels for 8 weeks?

Increased cardiac output, decreased stroke volume, muscle atrophy
Increased cardiac output, increased lung capacity, muscle hypertrophy
Decreased resting heart rate, increased stroke volume, increased haemoglobin level
Decreased resting heart rate, increased oxygen uptake, decreased haemoglobin level

Show Answers Only

$C$

Show Worked Solution

C is correct: Aerobic training decreases resting heart rate, increases stroke volume and haemoglobin.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Stroke volume increases not decreases with aerobic training.
B is incorrect: Aerobic training causes muscle endurance not hypertrophy adaptations.
D is incorrect: Haemoglobin level increases not decreases with aerobic training.

HMS, HAG 2020 HSC 14 MC

Which of the following statements is correct in relation to General Practitioner medical services in Australia?

Medicare covers the entire cost for all General Practitioner consultations.
The number of General Practitioner consultations has increased steadily over the past 10 years.
People living in rural locations have greater access to a General Practitioner than those living in urban areas.
The number of people attending after-hours General Practitioner services has decreased over the past 10 years.

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

B is correct: GP consultation numbers have shown steady increase over decade.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Medicare covers schedule fee not total cost.
C is incorrect: Rural areas have less GP access than urban.
D is incorrect: After-hours GP services have increased not decreased.

HMS, TIP 2020 HSC 10 MC

Which row in the table identifies the training method and type of training that is most appropriate for improving the performance of an elite 50-metre swimmer?

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$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: 50m swimming requires high-intensity anaerobic power with interval training.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: 50m swimming is anaerobic not aerobic event.
C is incorrect: Cannot do continuous training at anaerobic intensity.
D is incorrect: 50m swimming requires anaerobic not aerobic training.

HMS, HAG 2020 HSC 9 MC

Which risk factor contributes to the leading cause of cancer death in males in Australia?

High-fat diet
Tobacco smoking
Physical inactivity
High blood pressure

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

B is correct: Tobacco smoking is the major risk factor for lung cancer.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: High-fat diet linked to bowel cancer not lung cancer.
C is incorrect: Physical inactivity increases various cancers but not leading cause.
D is incorrect: High blood pressure linked to cardiovascular disease not cancer.

HMS, TIP 2020 HSC 31ai

Outline how equipment advances have been used to improve performance. (3 marks)

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Equipment advances utilise improved materials and design to enhance athletic performance.
Swimming suits made from low-drag materials reduce water resistance, enabling faster times.
Athletic footwear incorporates lightweight materials and energy-return technology to improve running efficiency.
Sports equipment like tennis racquets use carbon fibre construction for increased power and control.
Golf clubs feature titanium heads with larger sweet spots for greater accuracy and distance.
These technological improvements allow athletes to perform closer to their physiological limits while maintaining safety and technique standards.

Show Worked Solution

Equipment advances utilise improved materials and design to enhance athletic performance.
Swimming suits made from low-drag materials reduce water resistance, enabling faster times.
Athletic footwear incorporates lightweight materials and energy-return technology to improve running efficiency.
Sports equipment like tennis racquets use carbon fibre construction for increased power and control.
Golf clubs feature titanium heads with larger sweet spots for greater accuracy and distance.
These technological improvements allow athletes to perform closer to their physiological limits while maintaining safety and technique standards.

HMS, TIP 2020 HSC 30ai

Outline how the indicators of readiness to return to play are used following an ankle injury. (3 marks)

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Return-to-play indicators ensure safe progression following ankle injury rehabilitation.
Athletes must demonstrate pain-free movement during sport-specific activities like running, jumping and directional changes.
Range of motion must equal or exceed pre-injury levels, assessed through ankle flexibility tests.
Functional strength testing compares injured ankle performance to the uninjured side.
Athletes complete balance and proprioception assessments to ensure joint stability during dynamic movements.
Medical clearance confirms tissue healing and structural integrity.
These indicators prevent re-injury and ensure athletes can perform at competitive levels without compromising long-term ankle health.

Show Worked Solution

Return-to-play indicators ensure safe progression following ankle injury rehabilitation.
Athletes must demonstrate pain-free movement during sport-specific activities like running, jumping and directional changes.
Range of motion must equal or exceed pre-injury levels, assessed through ankle flexibility tests.
Functional strength testing compares injured ankle performance to the uninjured side.
Athletes complete balance and proprioception assessments to ensure joint stability during dynamic movements.
Medical clearance confirms tissue healing and structural integrity.
These indicators prevent re-injury and ensure athletes can perform at competitive levels without compromising long-term ankle health.

HMS, HIC 2020 HSC 26

To what extent has health promotion based on building healthy public policy contributed to improving the health of Australians? Provide examples to support your answer. (8 marks)

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Judgment Statement:

Health promotion through building healthy public policy has significantly contributed to improving Australian health outcomes. Legislative measures, taxation policies and regulatory frameworks demonstrate substantial effectiveness in reducing mortality and morbidity rates across multiple health areas.

Strongest Evidence:

Tobacco control policies exemplify highly effective public health interventions.
Plain packaging legislation, graphic health warnings, and smoking bans in public spaces have dramatically reduced smoking rates from 1991 to current times.
These policies have directly resulted in decreased lung cancer mortality rates and cardiovascular disease deaths.
Tax increases making cigarettes less affordable have particularly impacted youth smoking initiation rates.
The comprehensive approach combining multiple policy instruments has produced measurable results in population health improvement, saving thousands of lives annually.

Secondary Evidence:

Road safety policies have substantially reduced transport-related mortality.
This has been achieved through graduated licensing systems, speed limit enforcement and mandatory safety equipment regulations.
Compulsory seatbelt laws and random breath testing have contributed to declining road fatalities.
However, policy effectiveness varies across different health issues.
Mental health policy development has shown slower progress compared to physical health interventions.
Thus indicating that some areas remain less responsive to traditional public policy approaches and require additional community-based strategies.

Reaffirmation:

The evidence strongly supports that building healthy public policy has contributed to a significant extent in improving Australian health.
The combination of legislative, monetary and regulatory measures has consistently delivered improved health outcomes across multiple disease areas, demonstrating substantial public health impact.

Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement:

Health promotion through building healthy public policy has significantly contributed to improving Australian health outcomes. Legislative measures, taxation policies and regulatory frameworks demonstrate substantial effectiveness in reducing mortality and morbidity rates across multiple health areas.

Strongest Evidence:

Tobacco control policies exemplify highly effective public health interventions.
Plain packaging legislation, graphic health warnings and smoking bans in public spaces have dramatically reduced smoking rates from 1991 to current times.
These policies have directly resulted in decreased lung cancer mortality rates and cardiovascular disease deaths.
Tax increases making cigarettes less affordable have particularly impacted youth smoking initiation rates.
The comprehensive approach combining multiple policy instruments has produced measurable results in population health improvement, saving thousands of lives annually.

Secondary Evidence:

Road safety policies have substantially reduced transport-related mortality.
This has been achieved through graduated licensing systems, speed limit enforcement and mandatory safety equipment regulations.
Compulsory seatbelt laws and random breath testing have contributed to declining road fatalities.
However, policy effectiveness varies across different health issues.
Mental health policy development has shown slower progress compared to physical health interventions.
Thus indicating that some areas remain less responsive to traditional public policy approaches and require additional community-based strategies.

Reaffirmation:

The evidence strongly supports that building healthy public policy has contributed to a significant extent in improving Australian health.
The combination of legislative, monetary and regulatory measures has consistently delivered improved health outcomes across multiple disease areas, demonstrating substantial public health impact.

HMS, HAG 2020 HSC 25

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of having private health insurance for the individual. (5 marks)

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Advantages:

Private health insurance provides individuals with choice of specialist doctors and faster access to elective procedures.
Patients can select preferred hospitals and receive private accommodation during treatment if available.
Coverage can include ancillary services like physiotherapy, dental care and optical services not fully covered by Medicare.
Individuals avoid long public hospital waiting lists for non-urgent surgeries, enabling quicker treatment and recovery.
Insurance holders can schedule procedures at convenient times and maintain continuity of care with chosen healthcare providers.

Disadvantages:

High annual premiums create financial burden, particularly for low-income families.
Many policies include significant excess payments and gap fees that increase out-of-pocket costs.
Coverage limitations through exclusions and waiting periods restrict immediate access to certain treatments.
Complex policy structures make it difficult for individuals to understand their actual entitlements.
Some procedures may still require substantial personal payments despite insurance coverage.
Annual premium increases often exceed inflation rates, making insurance less affordable over time.

Show Worked Solution

Advantages:

Private health insurance provides individuals with choice of specialist doctors and faster access to elective procedures.
Patients can select preferred hospitals and receive private accommodation during treatment if available.
Coverage can include ancillary services like physiotherapy, dental care and optical services not fully covered by Medicare.
Individuals avoid long public hospital waiting lists for non-urgent surgeries, enabling quicker treatment and recovery.
Insurance holders can schedule procedures at convenient times and maintain continuity of care with chosen healthcare providers.

Disadvantages:

High annual premiums create financial burden, particularly for low-income families.
Many policies include significant excess payments and gap fees that increase out-of-pocket costs.
Coverage limitations through exclusions and waiting periods restrict immediate access to certain treatments.
Complex policy structures make it difficult for individuals to understand their actual entitlements.
Some procedures may still require substantial personal payments despite insurance coverage.
Annual premium increases often exceed inflation rates, making insurance less affordable over time.

HMS, BM 2020 HSC 23

An athlete ran in the 100-metre final at an Olympic Games.

In the table below, identify the predominant energy system used by the athlete,
and the features of that energy system. (3 marks)

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Predominant energy system used by this athlete

Source of fuel

Energy system duration

Cause of fatigue

Rate of recovery
Compare how anxiety and arousal may have affected the athlete’s performance
when competing in this 100-metre final. Provide examples to support your
answer. (4 marks)

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a.	Predominant energy system used by this athlete	ATP-PCr system (Alactacid system)
	Source of fuel	Creatine phosphate (CP)
	Energy system duration	6-12 seconds
	Cause of fatigue	Depletion of creatine phosphate stores
	Rate of recovery	2-3 minutes for complete recovery

b. Similarities:

Both anxiety and arousal can negatively impact the sprinter’s performance if levels become too high.
Both factors influence the athlete’s ability to execute optimal technique and can cause muscle tension that restricts smooth movement patterns during the race.

Differences:

Anxiety is a psychological state involving fear and worry about competitive outcome. High anxiety may cause the sprinter to overthink race strategy, leading to delayed reaction time from starting blocks and mental distraction affecting stride mechanics.
Arousal refers to physiological activation levels. Optimal arousal enhances alertness and muscle readiness for explosive starts. However, excessive arousal creates physical tension that reduces stride length and power output through restricted movement patterns.

Show Worked Solution

a.	Predominant energy system used by this athlete	ATP-PCr system (Alactacid system)
	Source of fuel	Creatine phosphate (CP)
	Energy system duration	6-12 seconds
	Cause of fatigue	Depletion of creatine phosphate stores
	Rate of recovery	2-3 minutes for complete recovery

b. Similarities:

Both anxiety and arousal can negatively impact the sprinter’s performance if levels become too high.
Both factors influence the athlete’s ability to execute optimal technique and can cause muscle tension that restricts smooth movement patterns during the race.

Differences:

Anxiety is a psychological state involving fear and worry about competitive outcome. High anxiety may cause the sprinter to overthink race strategy, leading to delayed reaction time from starting blocks and mental distraction affecting stride mechanics.
Arousal refers to physiological activation levels. Optimal arousal enhances alertness and muscle readiness for explosive starts. However, excessive arousal creates physical tension that reduces stride length and power output through restricted movement patterns.

♦♦ Mean mark 49%.

HMS, HAG 2020 HSC 21

Outline how a growing and ageing population can affect volunteer organisations. Provide an example to support your answer. (3 marks)

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A growing and ageing population increases demand for volunteer services. More elderly people require assistance with daily activities, transport, and social support.
Simultaneously, the traditional volunteer workforce is also ageing. Many current volunteers are reaching retirement age or developing health issues. This reduces the available volunteer pool when demand is highest.
For example, St Vincent de Paul Society faces increased demand for home visits and support services. However, many volunteers are elderly themselves and may no longer manage physical tasks or transport requirements.

Show Worked Solution

A growing and ageing population increases demand for volunteer services. More elderly people require assistance with daily activities, transport, and social support.
Simultaneously, the traditional volunteer workforce is also ageing. Many current volunteers are reaching retirement age or developing health issues. This reduces the available volunteer pool when demand is highest.
For example, St Vincent de Paul Society faces increased demand for home visits and support services. However, many volunteers are elderly themselves and may no longer manage physical tasks or transport requirements.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 14

Draw and clearly label the magnetic field lines for each of the following: (6 marks)

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Show Worked Solution

Bar magnet:

→ Magnetic field lines do not cross over.

→ Magnetic field lines enter and leave the magnet at right angles.

Straight current-carrying conductor:

→ The distance between magnetic field lines should increase as the distance from the wire increases, as the field strength decreases.

Solenoid

→ The magnetic field is uniform and travels from the south pole to the north pole inside of the solenoid.

HMS, TIP 2021 HSC 20 MC

Which row in the table provides the most effective post-performance dietary intake within 60 minutes of athletes competing in the identified events?

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$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Matches energy system demands and recovery needs for each sport.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Inadequate carbohydrate replacement for endurance and team sports.
C is incorrect: Poor fluid replacement and inappropriate macronutrient ratios.
D is incorrect: Shotput needs protein focus not high carbohydrate intake.

HMS, HAG 2021 HSC 18 MC

What are the likely benefits of health promotion that involves a partnership between the government sector, non-government agencies and local communities?

More effective and sustainable health outcomes as this collaboration has a greater focus on treatment and cure
Efficient use of resources and enhanced empowerment of individuals as education programs are replaced by broader government policies
More comprehensive and specifically tailored strategies are established with health issues addressed at a number of levels with effective use of resources
Common goals are established and cost-saving strategies are implemented as individuals should require fewer consultations with a general practitioner (GP)

Show Answers Only

$C$

Show Worked Solution

C is correct: Partnerships create comprehensive multilevel approaches with efficient resource use.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Health promotion focuses on prevention not treatment.
B is incorrect: Education programs complement rather than replace policies.
D is incorrect: Oversimplifies partnership benefits to just GP consultation reduction.

HMS, TIP 2021 HSC 17 MC

The table shows the features of training programs A and B. An untrained individual is considering participating in one of these programs for a period of 8 weeks.

Which of the following statements best compares a physiological adaptation the individual would most likely experience from these programs?

Program B will result in a greater increase to stroke volume than Program A.
Program A will result in a greater increase to stroke volume than Program B.
Program A will result in a more significant decrease to resting heart rate than Program B.
Program B will result in a more significant increase to resting heart rate than Program A.

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Higher intensity and volume in Program B creates greater adaptations.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Program A has lower intensity and frequency.
C is incorrect: Program B’s higher demands produce greater heart rate reduction.
D is incorrect: Training decreases not increases resting heart rate.

HMS, HAG 2021 HSC 16 MC

Which strategy is most likely to reduce the current impact of a growing ageing population on Australia's health system and services?

Increasing support services that enable older Australians to keep living in their own home
Providing education programs in secondary school to reduce the risk factors for preventable chronic disease
Introducing an application fee for individuals to register as volunteers with organisations that assist the elderly
Sending annual reminder emails to older Australians encouraging them to register for government support programs

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Home support reduces expensive institutional care demands.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Long-term benefit but doesn’t address current impact.
C is incorrect: Fees would reduce volunteer participation not increase.
D is incorrect: Emails don’t provide actual services or support.

HMS, HAG 2021 HSC 15 MC

Which row in the table shows the trend over the past 10 years for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in relation to the identified health measures?

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$B$

Show Worked Solution

B is correct: All three measures show positive improvements over decade.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Life expectancy has been increasing not decreasing.
C is incorrect: Infant mortality and cardiovascular mortality have decreased.
D is incorrect: Infant mortality has decreased and life expectancy increased.

HMS, TIP 2021 HSC 14 MC

The graphs show the relationship between the levels of arousal and the performance levels of athletes in two different sports, A and B.

Which row of the table identifies the sports that these graphs most likely represent?

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Archery requires low arousal, weightlifting tolerates higher arousal.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Both archery and shooting require similar low arousal.
C is incorrect: Boxing needs moderate not low arousal levels.
D is incorrect: Boxing requires higher arousal than shooting sports.

HMS, BM 2021 HSC 9 MC

An athlete consistently and accurately passes and controls the ball when under pressure during games. He communicates and interacts positively with his teammates.

Which two characteristics of the learner are being demonstrated by this athlete?

Ability and personality
Heredity and confidence
Ability and prior experience
Personality and prior experience

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Technical skill shows ability, teamwork shows personality traits.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Heredity not demonstrated through learned skills.
C is incorrect: Prior experience not evidenced in description.
D is incorrect: Technical consistency demonstrates ability not experience.

HMS, BM 2021 HSC 4 MC

What is the predominant energy system used by an athlete in a 400-metre running event?

Aerobic
ATP-PC
Phosphate
Lactic acid

Show Answers Only

$D$

Show Worked Solution

D is correct: 400m primarily uses lactic acid system for duration.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Too short for predominantly aerobic contribution.
B is incorrect: ATP-PC depleted after first 10-15 seconds.
C is incorrect: Phosphate system same as ATP-PC system.

HMS, HAG 2021 HSC 2 MC

What type of cancer currently has the highest mortality rate in Australia?

Breast
Lung
Prostate
Skin

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

B is correct: Lung cancer leads mortality rates across both sexes.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: High incidence but better survival rates.
C is incorrect: High incidence but lower mortality rates.
D is incorrect: Lower mortality despite high incidence rates.

HMS, TIP 2021 HSC 31a

Outline the dangers to an athlete of using performance enhancing drugs. (3 marks)

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It is proposed that drug testing be introduced at the Australian championships for athletes who compete in a final.

Discuss the introduction of drug testing at this level of the competition. (5 marks)

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i. Dangers of using performance enhancing drugs

Performance enhancing drugs pose serious physical health risks including liver damage, cardiovascular problems, and hormonal imbalances.
Anabolic steroids can cause heart enlargement, increasing heart attack risk, while also disrupting natural hormone production.
Athletes face legal consequences including competition bans, stripped titles and damaged reputations that affect sponsorship opportunities.
Social dangers include loss of respect from peers, family disappointment and negative role model impact on younger athletes who may follow similar dangerous practices.

ii. Benefits of Drug Testing

[P] Drug testing at Australian championships promotes fair competition and athlete safety.
[E] Testing ensures all finalists compete on equal terms without artificial performance enhancement.
[Ev] For example, athletes who train naturally deserve recognition without competing against those using banned substances.
[L] This approach creates integrity in national-level competition where selection for international teams often occurs.
[P] Drug testing educates athletes about banned substances and long-term health protection.
[E] Early detection prevents serious health complications from prolonged drug use.
[Ev] Testing programs include education about supplement contamination and prescription medication effects.
[L] Therefore, athletes develop better awareness of substances that could inadvertently cause positive results.

Challenges of Drug Testing

[P] Drug testing creates financial burden and logistical challenges for sporting organisations.
[E] Testing procedures require significant funding for equipment, trained personnel, and laboratory analysis.
[Ev] Smaller sports may struggle to afford comprehensive testing programs for championship events.
[L] These costs may consequently reduce resources available for athlete development and grassroots programs.
[P] Young athletes may face unfair consequences from accidental substance consumption.
[E] Many athletes lack awareness about banned substances in everyday products like cough medicines.
[Ev] Prescribed medications or contaminated supplements could result in positive tests despite no intentional cheating.
[L] This creates potential career damage for innocent athletes at crucial development stages.

Show Worked Solution

i. Dangers of using performance enhancing drugs

Performance enhancing drugs pose serious physical health risks including liver damage, cardiovascular problems, and hormonal imbalances.
Anabolic steroids can cause heart enlargement, increasing heart attack risk, while also disrupting natural hormone production.
Athletes face legal consequences including competition bans, stripped titles and damaged reputations that affect sponsorship opportunities.
Social dangers include loss of respect from peers, family disappointment and negative role model impact on younger athletes who may follow similar dangerous practices.

ii. Benefits of Drug Testing

[P] Drug testing at Australian championships promotes fair competition and athlete safety.
[E] Testing ensures all finalists compete on equal terms without artificial performance enhancement.
[Ev] For example, athletes who train naturally deserve recognition without competing against those using banned substances.
[L] This approach creates integrity in national-level competition where selection for international teams often occurs.
[P] Drug testing educates athletes about banned substances and long-term health protection.
[E] Early detection prevents serious health complications from prolonged drug use.
[Ev] Testing programs include education about supplement contamination and prescription medication effects.
[L] Therefore, athletes develop better awareness of substances that could inadvertently cause positive results.

Challenges of Drug Testing

[P] Drug testing creates financial burden and logistical challenges for sporting organisations.
[E] Testing procedures require significant funding for equipment, trained personnel, and laboratory analysis.
[Ev] Smaller sports may struggle to afford comprehensive testing programs for championship events.
[L] These costs may consequently reduce resources available for athlete development and grassroots programs.
[P] Young athletes may face unfair consequences from accidental substance consumption.
[E] Many athletes lack awareness about banned substances in everyday products like cough medicines.
[Ev] Prescribed medications or contaminated supplements could result in positive tests despite no intentional cheating.
[L] This creates potential career damage for innocent athletes at crucial development stages.

HMS, HIC 2021 HSC 28aii

In regard to the influence of technology, compare the lives of young people today to the lives of young people in previous generations. (5 marks)

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Similarities

Both current and previous generations of young people have used available technology to connect socially and access entertainment.
Earlier generations gathered around television sets and used landline phones to maintain friendships, while today’s young people use smartphones and social media for similar purposes.
Technology has consistently provided young people with new forms of recreation and social interaction throughout different eras.

Differences

Contemporary young people experience constant connectivity through smartphones and social media platforms, enabling instant global communication and unlimited information access. Previous generations relied on direct personal interactions and had limited, scheduled technology use like watching television at specific times.
Modern technology creates unique challenges including cyberbullying, social media pressure and digital addiction concerns that previous generations never faced. However, today’s young people benefit from enhanced learning opportunities through educational apps, online courses and virtual experiences unavailable to earlier generations. Previous generations spent more time in face-to-face interactions and outdoor activities without constant digital stimulation.

Show Worked Solution

Similarities

Both current and previous generations of young people have used available technology to connect socially and access entertainment.
Earlier generations gathered around television sets and used landline phones to maintain friendships, while today’s young people use smartphones and social media for similar purposes.
Technology has consistently provided young people with new forms of recreation and social interaction throughout different eras.

Differences

Contemporary young people experience constant connectivity through smartphones and social media platforms, enabling instant global communication and unlimited information access. Previous generations relied on direct personal interactions and had limited, scheduled technology use like watching television at specific times.
Modern technology creates unique challenges including cyberbullying, social media pressure and digital addiction concerns that previous generations never faced. However, today’s young people benefit from enhanced learning opportunities through educational apps, online courses and virtual experiences unavailable to earlier generations. Previous generations spent more time in face-to-face interactions and outdoor activities without constant digital stimulation.

HMS, HIC 2021 HSC 28ai

Outline how ONE global event has influenced the lives of young people. (3 marks)

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The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed young people’s educational experiences through widespread remote learning adoption.
School closures forced millions of students worldwide to adapt to online platforms and digital classrooms.
This shift enhanced young people’s technological skills while creating new challenges including social isolation and reduced face-to-face peer interaction.
Many young people developed greater independence in their learning approaches but also experienced increased mental health concerns due to disrupted social connections and uncertainty about their futures.

Show Worked Solution

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly transformed young people’s educational experiences through widespread remote learning adoption.
School closures forced millions of students worldwide to adapt to online platforms and digital classrooms.
This shift enhanced young people’s technological skills while creating new challenges including social isolation and reduced face-to-face peer interaction.
Many young people developed greater independence in their learning approaches but also experienced increased mental health concerns due to disrupted social connections and uncertainty about their futures.

HMS, TIP 2021 HSC 24

Describe how specificity and progressive overload can be applied to a strength training program in order to improve an athlete’s performance. Provide examples to support your answer. (5 marks)

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Specificity involves targeting muscle groups and movement patterns directly related to the athlete’s sport requirements. A rugby player would focus on compound exercises like squats and deadlifts to develop leg and core strength needed for scrummaging and tackling. Training movements should mirror the biomechanical demands of competition. For instance, a basketball player would incorporate explosive jump squats to replicate jumping motions required for rebounding and shot blocking. This principle ensures training adaptations transfer effectively to sport-specific performance demands.
Progressive overload requires systematically increasing training stimulus to promote continued strength gains. Athletes can increase resistance, repetitions, sets, or training frequency over time. For example, a weightlifter might progress from bench pressing 80kg for 8 repetitions to 85kg for the same repetitions the following week. Alternatively, they could maintain 80kg but increase from 3 sets to 4 sets. This gradual increase challenges muscles beyond their current capacity, stimulating hypertrophy and strength development essential for improved athletic performance across all sporting contexts.

Show Worked Solution

Specificity involves targeting muscle groups and movement patterns directly related to the athlete’s sport requirements. A rugby player would focus on compound exercises like squats and deadlifts to develop leg and core strength needed for scrummaging and tackling. Training movements should mirror the biomechanical demands of competition. For instance, a basketball player would incorporate explosive jump squats to replicate jumping motions required for rebounding and shot blocking. This principle ensures training adaptations transfer effectively to sport-specific performance demands.
Progressive overload requires systematically increasing training stimulus to promote continued strength gains. Athletes can increase resistance, repetitions, sets, or training frequency over time. For example, a weightlifter might progress from bench pressing 80kg for 8 repetitions to 85kg for the same repetitions the following week. Alternatively, they could maintain 80kg but increase from 3 sets to 4 sets. This gradual increase challenges muscles beyond their current capacity, stimulating hypertrophy and strength development essential for improved athletic performance across all sporting contexts.

HMS, BM 2021 HSC 23

Describe TWO ways in which extrinsic motivation can affect an athlete's performance. Provide examples to support your answer. (4 marks)

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Positive extrinsic motivation through rewards can enhance performance by increasing effort and focus. Athletes may train harder when pursuing tangible goals like prize money or selection for representative teams. For example, a swimmer aiming for Olympic selection might increase training intensity and technical refinement to achieve qualifying times.
However, excessive external pressure can create anxiety and reduce performance quality. When athletes become overly focused on external rewards, they may experience heightened stress levels during competition. For instance, a tennis player competing for a major sponsorship deal might become tense during crucial points, leading to increased unforced errors and poor decision-making under pressure.

Show Worked Solution

Positive extrinsic motivation through rewards can enhance performance by increasing effort and focus. Athletes may train harder when pursuing tangible goals like prize money or selection for representative teams. For example, a swimmer aiming for Olympic selection might increase training intensity and technical refinement to achieve qualifying times.
However, excessive external pressure can create anxiety and reduce performance quality. When athletes become overly focused on external rewards, they may experience heightened stress levels during competition. For instance, a tennis player competing for a major sponsorship deal might become tense during crucial points, leading to increased unforced errors and poor decision-making under pressure.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 8 MC

If the current in a long straight wire is doubled, what happens to the magnetic field at a fixed distance?

It stays the same.
It doubles.
It halves.
It quadruples.

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

→ The magnetic field strength of a current carrying wire is given by $B = \dfrac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi r}$

→ Since the magnetic field strength around a wire is directly proportional to the current, doubling the current doubles the magnetic field at any given distance.

$\Rightarrow B$

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 12

An electromagnet consists of a solenoid with an iron core. The solenoid has 1200 turns wound on a cylindrical former that is 18 cm long. A current of 2.5 A flows through the solenoid.

Calculate the magnetic field strength inside the solenoid (assuming air core). (1 marks)

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Explain why inserting an iron core significantly increases the magnetic field strength. (2 marks)

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A student suggests three ways to increase the magnetic field strength of this electromagnet:

→ Increase the current to 7.0 A

→ Add another 600 turns to the solenoid (keeping same length)

→ Compress the solenoid to half its length (keeping same number of turns)

Determine which modification produces the greatest increase in magnetic field strength. Show calculations to support your answer. (3 marks)

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a. $2.094 \times 10^{-2}\ \text{T}$

b. Iron is a ferromagnetic material, which means it contains magnetic domains that can align with an external magnetic field.

→ When an iron core is inserted into a coil, these domains align and reinforce the external field, significantly increasing the total magnetic field strength.

c. Increasing the current to 7 A will have the greatest increase the magnetic field strength.

Show Worked Solution

a. $B = \dfrac{\mu_0 NI}{L} = \dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 1200 \times 2.5}{0.18} = 2.094 \times 10^{-2}\ \text{T}$.

b. Iron is a ferromagnetic material, which means it contains magnetic domains that can align with an external magnetic field.

→ When an iron core is inserted into a coil, these domains align and reinforce the external field, significantly increasing the total magnetic field strength.

c. Increasing the current to 7 A: $\dfrac{7}{2.5} \times 2.094 \times 10^{-2} = 5.86 \times 10^{-2}\ \text{T}$.

Adding 600 turns: $\dfrac{1800}{1200} \times 2.094 \times 10^{-2} = 3.14 \times 10^{-2}\ \text{T}$.

Halving the length: $\dfrac{1}{0.5} \times 2.094 \times 10^{-2} = 4.19 \times 10^{-2}\ \text{T}$.

→ Increasing the current to 7 A will have the greatest increase the magnetic field strength.

HMS, TIP 2021 HSC 22

Why would an athlete competing in a long jump event consider using creatine supplementation to improve performance? (3 marks)

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Long jump requires explosive power during the approach run and takeoff phase.
Creatine supplementation increases phosphocreatine stores in muscles, which enhances ATP regeneration through the ATP-PCr energy system.
Since long jump relies heavily on this anaerobic energy system for maximum power output, increased creatine stores enable faster ATP resynthesis.
This allows athletes to generate greater force during the critical takeoff moment, potentially improving jump distance and overall performance.

Show Worked Solution

Long jump requires explosive power during the approach run and takeoff phase.
Creatine supplementation increases phosphocreatine stores in muscles, which enhances ATP regeneration through the ATP-PCr energy system.
Since long jump relies heavily on this anaerobic energy system for maximum power output, increased creatine stores enable faster ATP resynthesis.
This allows athletes to generate greater force during the critical takeoff moment, potentially improving jump distance and overall performance.

HMS, HAG 2021 HSC 21b

Explain how TWO protective factors can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. (4 marks)

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Protective factors: Regular physical activity and Healthy Diet

Regular physical activity strengthens the heart muscle and improves cardiovascular efficiency. Exercise works by increasing stroke volume and cardiac output while reducing resting heart rate. As a result, blood pressure decreases and circulation improves. Therefore, arterial walls experience reduced strain and blockage formation decreases.
Maintaining a healthy diet prevents the buildup of cholesterol in arteries. When people consume foods low in saturated fats and high in fibre, blood cholesterol levels consequently remain within healthy ranges. This creates reduced plaque formation in coronary arteries, which means blood flow to the heart muscle remains unobstructed.

Show Worked Solution

Protective factors: Regular physical activity and Healthy Diet

Regular physical activity strengthens the heart muscle and improves cardiovascular efficiency. Exercise works by increasing stroke volume and cardiac output while reducing resting heart rate. As a result, blood pressure decreases and circulation improves. Therefore, arterial walls experience reduced strain and blockage formation decreases.
Maintaining a healthy diet prevents the buildup of cholesterol in arteries. When people consume foods low in saturated fats and high in fibre, blood cholesterol levels consequently remain within healthy ranges. This creates reduced plaque formation in coronary arteries, which means blood flow to the heart muscle remains unobstructed.

HMS, HAG 2021 HSC 21a

Outline TWO types of cardiovascular disease in Australia. (3 marks)

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Coronary heart disease occurs when arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked. This blockage restricts oxygen flow to the heart, potentially causing chest pain or heart attacks.
Stroke represents another major cardiovascular disease affecting blood vessels supplying the brain. When these vessels become blocked by clots or burst due to high pressure, brain tissue loses oxygen supply. This damage can result in permanent disability or death.

Show Worked Solution

Coronary heart disease occurs when arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked. This blockage restricts oxygen flow to the heart, potentially causing chest pain or heart attacks.
Stroke represents another major cardiovascular disease affecting blood vessels supplying the brain. When these vessels become blocked by clots or burst due to high pressure, brain tissue loses oxygen supply. This damage can result in permanent disability or death.

HMS, HIC 2022 HSC 27a

Describe the nature of ONE major health issue affecting young people in Australia. (3 marks)

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Explain the impact of TWO strategies that have been implemented to target a major health issue affecting young people. (5 marks)

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i. Health issue selected: Mental health problems and illnesses

Mental health problems among young people involve conditions that affect emotional, psychological and social wellbeing. These conditions include anxiety disorders, depression, and stress-related disorders that significantly impact daily functioning during critical developmental periods.
The nature of mental health problems involves biological, psychological and social factors. These conditions manifest through symptoms like persistent worry, mood changes, social withdrawal and difficulty concentrating. Mental health issues frequently occur together with substance use and academic difficulties.

ii. Strategy 1: headspace Youth Mental Health Services

headspace provides early intervention mental health services for young people aged 12-25. These services establish accessible, youth-friendly environments where young people can receive counselling and support. Improved help-seeking behaviours follow as young people feel comfortable accessing services designed specifically for them. headspace reduces barriers to mental health care by offering free services in local communities. This leads to earlier identification of mental health problems and prevents escalation to more serious conditions requiring intensive treatment.

Strategy 2: Mental Health Education in Schools

School-based mental health education programs like ‘R U OK?’ teach young people to recognise warning signs and support peers. Program delivery generates awareness about mental health issues and dimishes stigma surrounding help-seeking. Enhanced mental health literacy emerges among students who can identify symptoms and access appropriate support. Peer support networks develop where young people feel comfortable discussing mental health challenges and seeking help when needed.

Show Worked Solution

i. Health issue selected: Mental health problems and illnesses

Mental health problems among young people involve conditions that affect emotional, psychological and social wellbeing. These conditions include anxiety disorders, depression, and stress-related disorders that significantly impact daily functioning during critical developmental periods.
The nature of mental health problems involves biological, psychological and social factors. These conditions manifest through symptoms like persistent worry, mood changes, social withdrawal and difficulty concentrating. Mental health issues frequently occur together with substance use and academic difficulties.

ii. Strategy 1: headspace Youth Mental Health Services

headspace provides early intervention mental health services for young people aged 12-25. These services establish accessible, youth-friendly environments where young people can receive counselling and support. Improved help-seeking behaviours follow as young people feel comfortable accessing services designed specifically for them. headspace reduces barriers to mental health care by offering free services in local communities. This leads to earlier identification of mental health problems and prevents escalation to more serious conditions requiring intensive treatment.

Strategy 2: Mental Health Education in Schools

School-based mental health education programs like ‘R U OK?’ teach young people to recognise warning signs and support peers. Program delivery generates awareness about mental health issues and dimishes stigma surrounding help-seeking. Enhanced mental health literacy emerges among students who can identify symptoms and access appropriate support. Peer support networks develop where young people feel comfortable discussing mental health challenges and seeking help when needed.

♦♦ Mean mark (ii) 27%.

v1 Measurement, STD2 M1 2008 HSC 23b

The mass of a food packet is measured as 620 grams, correct to the nearest 20 grams.

What is the percentage error for this measurement? (1 mark)

Show Answers Only

`text(1.6%)`

Show Worked Solution

`text{Absolute error} = 1/2 xx 20 = 10\ \text{g}`

`:.\ \text{% error}`	`= 10 / 620 xx 100`
	`= \text{1.6129…} ≈ 1.6%`

v1 Measurement, STD2 M1 2012 HSC 26g

A new weed killer bottle contains 18 litres of solution.

It is used to spray the lawn twice a week. The instructions state:

Use 1.5 litres on the first application of the week
Use 1 litre on the second application of the week

How many full weeks will this bottle last? (2 marks)

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`text(7 full weeks.)`

Show Worked Solution

`text{Total weekly usage}`	`= 1.5 + 1 = 2.5\ \text{litres}`
`text{Total amount available}`	`= 18\ \text{litres}`

MARKER’S COMMENT: Most students handled the decimal calculation well but some forgot to round down to full weeks.

`text{Weeks it will last}`

`= 18 / 2.5 = 7.2`

`:.` The bottle will last 7 full weeks.

HMS, HAG 2022 HSC 24

Select ONE of the following conditions to answer BOTH parts (a) and (b) of this question.

Diabetes
Respiratory disease
Injury
Mental health problems and illnesses

Outline the extent of this condition in Australia. (3 marks)

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Explain how sociocultural determinants affect ONE group at risk of this condition. (4 marks)

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a. Condition selected – Mental health problems and illnesses

Mental health conditions affect approximately one in five Australians, making them highly prevalent. Young people aged 16-24 experience the highest rates, with significantly higher prevalence than older age groups. Anxiety disorders are the most common type.
The prevalence has increased significantly among young people, particularly females, over the past decade. Mental health conditions represent one of the leading causes of disease burden in Australia, demonstrating a major public health challenge.

b. Group at risk: Young people aged 16-24

Sociocultural determinants significantly influence mental health outcomes for young people. Social media and peer pressure create unrealistic expectations and comparison culture, leading to anxiety and depression. This occurs because young people are particularly vulnerable to social validation.
Family dynamics and socioeconomic status affect access to support systems and professional help. Low-income families often cannot afford private mental health services, resulting in delayed treatment. Social isolation and stigma prevent young people from seeking help.
Educational pressures and career uncertainty contribute to stress and anxiety. These factors interact to compound mental health risks, particularly for disadvantaged young people who face multiple sociocultural barriers.

Show Worked Solution

a. Condition selected – Mental health problems and illnesses

Mental health conditions affect approximately one in five Australians, making them highly prevalent. Young people aged 16-24 experience the highest rates, with significantly higher prevalence than older age groups. Anxiety disorders are the most common type.
The prevalence has increased significantly among young people, particularly females, over the past decade. Mental health conditions represent one of the leading causes of disease burden in Australia, demonstrating a major public health challenge.

b. Group at risk: Young people aged 16-24

Sociocultural determinants significantly influence mental health outcomes for young people. Social media and peer pressure create unrealistic expectations and comparison culture, leading to anxiety and depression. This occurs because young people are particularly vulnerable to social validation.
Family dynamics and socioeconomic status affect access to support systems and professional help. Low-income families often cannot afford private mental health services, resulting in delayed treatment. Social isolation and stigma prevent young people from seeking help.
Educational pressures and career uncertainty contribute to stress and anxiety. These factors interact to compound mental health risks, particularly for disadvantaged young people who face multiple sociocultural barriers.

♦ Mean mark (b) 55%.

HMS, TIP 2022 HSC 21a

Outline ONE anaerobic training method that is appropriate for an athlete who is competing in a high intensity, short duration event. Provide an example to support your answer. (3 marks)

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Anaerobic interval training uses repeated high-intensity efforts with incomplete recovery periods. Athletes perform multiple sets at maximum effort with short rest intervals between each repetition.
For example, a 100-metre sprinter could perform 8 × 50-metre sprints at maximum effort, leaving every 90 seconds. The athlete runs as fast as possible for each repetition. The incomplete recovery forces the body to work under fatigue conditions, improving power maintenance during competition.

Show Worked Solution

Anaerobic interval training uses repeated high-intensity efforts with incomplete recovery periods. Athletes perform multiple sets at maximum effort with short rest intervals between each repetition.
For example, a 100-metre sprinter could perform 8 × 50-metre sprints at maximum effort, leaving every 90 seconds. The athlete runs as fast as possible for each repetition. The incomplete recovery forces the body to work under fatigue conditions, improving power maintenance during competition.

HMS, HAG 2022 HSC 20 MC

The table shows the incidence rate and mortality rate for two types of cancer $(X, Y)$ with the highest mortality rate for females in Australia in 2017.

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textit{Type of cancer}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textit{Incidence rate} & \textit{Mortality rate} \\ & \textit{per 100 000} & \textit{per 100 000}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} X \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 36.2 & 21.8 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} Y \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 124.8 & 19.2 \\
\hline
\end{array}

Which statement best explains why cancer Y has a lower mortality rate than cancer X ?

Government funding has increased for research into treatment options for cancer Y.
Health services have been reoriented so that cancer Y is detected and treated earlier.
Individuals have enhanced their personal skills to effectively address the modifiable risk factors for cancer Y.
An increased number of out-patient health services for cancer Y has improved access for the priority population group.

Show Answers Only

$ B $

Show Worked Solution

B is correct: Earlier detection and treatment improves survival rates despite higher incidence.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Research funding doesn’t directly explain current mortality differences.
C is incorrect: Personal skills affect incidence, not mortality-to-incidence ratio.
D is incorrect: Outpatient services don’t explain lower mortality with higher incidence.

HMS, TIP 2022 HSC 17 MC

The table shows the physiological adaptations an athlete has experienced as a result of an 8 -week training program.

\begin{array} {|l||l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{Physiological adaptation}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \textbf{Effect} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Stroke volume}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Increased}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Cardiac output}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Increased}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Resting heart rate}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Decreased}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Fast twitch muscle fibre size}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{Increased}\\
\hline
\end{array}

Which of the following identifies the principles of training most likely to have been applied in the training program to produce these adaptations?

Specificity, progressive overload, variety
Variety, reversibility, warm up and cool down
Specificity, progressive overload, training thresholds
Warm up and cool down, progressive overload, training thresholds

Show Answers Only

$ C $

Show Worked Solution

C is correct: Cardiovascular and strength adaptations require specific, progressive training at appropriate thresholds.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Variety wouldn’t produce such specific targeted adaptations.
B is incorrect: Reversibility explains fitness loss, not gains shown.
D is incorrect: Warm-up/cool-down don’t drive physiological adaptations.

HMS, TIP 2022 HSC 16 MC

Why would an athlete in a weight lifting competition consider using a caffeine supplement 30 minutes prior to the event?

The availability of fat stores will be stimulated so that they can be used as a source of fuel.
The athlete will retain fluid levels, improve their glycogen stores and feel less fatigued.
The central nervous system will be stimulated, increasing trait anxiety and improving concentration.
The central nervous system will be stimulated, increasing the release of adrenaline and enhancing muscular contractions.

Show Answers Only

$ D $

Show Worked Solution

D is correct: Caffeine stimulates CNS, increases adrenaline release and enhances muscle contraction force.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Fat stores not primary fuel for weightlifting performance.
B is incorrect: Caffeine is diuretic; doesn’t improve glycogen or retain fluids.
C is incorrect: Increased anxiety would impair weightlifting performance.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 11

An electrical technician is installing a vertical power cable that will carry 60 A of current upward. For safety reasons, the magnetic field strength must not exceed 2.0 $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ T at any point accessible to the public.

Calculate the minimum horizontal distance from the cable at which members of the public should be allowed. (2 marks)

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The technician decides to install a second identical cable 4.0 m away from the first, also carrying 60 A upward. Determine whether this installation meets the safety requirements at the midpoint between the cables. (3 marks)

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a. $0.6\ \text{m}$

b. The magnetic field around a current-carrying wire circulates according to the right-hand rule.

→ At the midpoint between the wires, both points are equally distant (2.0 m from each wire).

→ Since the currents are equal in magnitude and direction (both upward), the magnetic fields they produce at the midpoint are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

→ Because the magnetic fields are equal and opposite, they completely cancel each other out at the midpoint and will be below the safety requirements of $2 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{T}$.

Show Worked Solution

a. The magnetic field strength around a wire is given by \(B = \dfrac{\mu_0I}{2\pi r}.

$\therefore r = \dfrac{\mu_0 I}{2\pi B} = \dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 60}{2\pi \times 2 \times 10^{-5}} = 0.6\ \text{m}$.

b. The magnetic field around a current-carrying wire circulates according to the right-hand rule.

→ At the midpoint between the wires, both points are equally distant (2.0 m from each wire).

→ Since the currents are equal in magnitude and direction (both upward), the magnetic fields they produce at the midpoint are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

→ Because the magnetic fields are equal and opposite, they completely cancel each other out at the midpoint and will be below the safety requirements of $2 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{T}$.

HMS, HIC 2022 HSC 8 MC

Which of the following is an example of an environmental determinant being changed to effectively target groups most at risk of cardiovascular disease?

Implementing a healthy school canteen policy in all primary schools
Increasing the number of cycleways and walking paths in all local government areas
Providing Australians with a $50 voucher to access sporting facilities within their community
Developing legislation that stops the sale of tobacco products to people under 21 years of age

Show Answers Only

$ B $

Show Worked Solution

B is correct: Infrastructure changes create environments supporting physical activity for cardiovascular health.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Targets children generally, not CVD high-risk groups.
C is incorrect: Individual incentive, not environmental change.
D is incorrect: Targets smoking behavior, not environmental modification.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 10

A solenoid is a coil of wire that generates a magnetic field when an electric current passes through it. State three methods for increasing the magnetic field strength produced by the solenoid.

For each method, explain your reasoning by referring to a relevant equation. (3 marks)

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→ The formula for the magnetic field strength of a solenoid is given by $B= \dfrac{\mu_0 NI}{L}$.

→ $B \propto N$, therefore by increasing the number of coils around the solenoid will increase magnetic field strength with a constant $L$ and $I$.

→ $B \propto I$, therefore by increasing the current through the solenoid will increase magnetic field strength with a constant $N$ and $L$.

→ $B \propto \dfrac{1}{L}$, therefore by decreasing the length of the solenoid, the magnetic field strength will increase with a constant $I$ and $N$.

Show Worked Solution

→ The formula for the magnetic field strength of a solenoid is given by $B= \dfrac{\mu_0 NI}{L}$.

→ $B \propto N$, therefore by increasing the number of coils around the solenoid will increase magnetic field strength with a constant $L$ and $I$.

→ $B \propto I$, therefore by increasing the current through the solenoid will increase magnetic field strength with a constant $N$ and $L$.

→ $B \propto \dfrac{1}{L}$, therefore by decreasing the length of the solenoid, the magnetic field strength will increase with a constant $I$ and $N$.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 9

Determine the strength of the magnetic field within the solenoid illustrated below if the current through the circuit is 4 A. (2 marks)

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$3.8 \times 10^{-4}\ \text{T}$

Show Worked Solution

$B = \dfrac{\mu_0 NI}{L} = \dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 9 \times 4}{0.12} = 3.8\times 10^{-4}\ \text{T}$.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 7

A cross-sectional diagram of a solenoid is shown below. The solenoid consists of 7 loops of wire stretched over a length of 15 cm, with a steady current of 2.8 A flowing through it. The direction of the current is shown along the loops.

Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field at point $Q$ inside the solenoid. (2 marks)

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On the diagram, sketch the magnetic field lines produced inside and around the solenoid due to the current and label the north pole of the solenoid with 'N'. (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

a. $1.6 \times 10^{-4}\ \text{T}$

Show Worked Solution

a.	$B$	$=\dfrac{\mu_0 NI}{L}$
		$=\dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 7 \times 2.8}{0.15}$
		$=1.6 \times 10^{-4}\ \text{T}$ (2 sig.fig)

→ Magnetic field lines should be solid, not cross over, form loops around the solenoid and be near uniform when inside of the solenoid.

→ Use of the Right hand rule to determine the direction of the field lines and north pole of the solenoid.

v1 Measurement, STD2 M1 2006 HSC 11 MC

Sarah jogs at a speed of 18 km/h.

What is this speed in m/s?

`3.6`
`5`
`72`
`324`

Show Answers Only

`B`

Show Worked Solution

`text(18 km/h)`	`= 18\ 000\ text(metres per hour)`
	`= (18\ 000)/60\ text(metres per minute)`
	`= (18\ 000)/(60 xx 60)\ text(metres per second)`
	`=5\ text(m/s)`

`=> B`

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 2 MC

Which of the arrows correctly illustrates the magnetic field direction at the given position around the magnet?

Show Answers Only

$D$

Show Worked Solution

→ Magnetic field lines are determined by the direction that a north pole will travel.

→ Hence the field lines run from the north pole to the south pole as seen in the diagram below:

$\Rightarrow D$

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 6

Consider the diagram below:

A straight, vertical wire carries a steady current. Explain how you would determine the direction of the magnetic field around the wire and state the direction. (2 marks)

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The distance from the wire to point P is 80 mm, and the current flowing through the wire is 8 A. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field at point P. (2 marks)

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Describe how ferromagnetic materials can become strongly magnetised and explain the underlying reason for this behaviour. (3 marks)

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a. Using the right-hand rule:

→ Thumb goes in the direction of the current (out of the page)

→ Fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic field.

→ Hence the direction of the field is anticlockwise.

b. $2.0 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{T}$

c. Ferromagnetic materials (like iron, cobalt, nickel) contain magnetic domains.

→ These domains are regions where atomic magnetic moments are aligned.

→ When placed in a magnetic field, the individual domains align with the field and no longer cancel each other out, causing strong magnetisation.

→ Even after the external field is removed, alignment may persist, making them useful for permanent magnets.

Show Worked Solution

a. Using the right-hand rule:

→ Thumb goes in the direction of the current (out of the page)

→ Fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic field.

→ Hence the direction of the field is anticlockwise.

b.	$B$	$=\dfrac{\mu_0I}{2\pi r}$
		$=\dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 8}{2 \pi \times 80 \times 10^{-3}} =2.0 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{T}$

c. Ferromagnetic materials (like iron, cobalt, nickel) contain magnetic domains.

→ These domains are regions where atomic magnetic moments are aligned.

→ When placed in a magnetic field, the individual domains align with the field and no longer cancel each other out, causing strong magnetisation.

→ Even after the external field is removed, alignment may persist, making them useful for permanent magnets.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 2

A solenoid with a length of 25 cm has 100 coils of wire wrapped around it. If the magnetic field strength through the centre of the wire is $1.2 \times 10^{-3}\ \text{T}$, determine the magnitude of the current running through the solenoid. (3 marks)

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Show Answers Only

$2.39\ \text{A}$

Show Worked Solution

$B=\dfrac{\mu_0 N I}{L}$ → $I=\dfrac{BL}{\mu_0 N}$

$I$	$=\dfrac{BL}{\mu_0 N}$
	$=\dfrac{1.2 \times 10^{-3} \times 0.25}{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 100}$
	$=2.39\ \text{A}$

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 10

A camping lantern consists of four smaller light bulbs, each of which can be modelled as an ohmic resistor. The lantern is powered by a 9 V battery, as shown in the circuit diagram.

Calculate the current measured by the ammeter in the circuit. (3 marks)

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Determine the amount of electrical energy used by the lantern over a period of 2 hours. (2 marks)

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Show Answers Only

a. $3.6\ \text{A}$

b. $233280\ \text{J}$

Show Worked Solution

a. Combining the resistors in series:

$R_{\text{series}} = 5 + 5 = 10\ \Omega$.

Combing the resistors in parallel:

$\dfrac{1}{R_T}$	$=\dfrac{1}{10} + \dfrac{1}{10} + \dfrac{1}{5} = \dfrac{2}{5}$
$R_T$	$=2.5\ \Omega$

→ The current through circuit can be calculated through Ohm’s law:

$I_{\text{circuit}} = \dfrac{V_{\text{circuit}}}{R_T} = \dfrac{9}{2.5} = 3.6\ \text{A}$.

b. $P = IV = 3.6 \times 9 = 32.4\ \text{W}$

$E = P\Delta t = 32.4 \times (2 \times 60 \times 60) = 233280\ \text{J}$

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 9

Jordan is investigating how the resistance of an ohmic resistance wire changes with its length. They have set up a circuit and have access to a voltmeter, ammeter, and a ruler.

Explain how Jordan should collect the necessary data for this experiment. (5 marks)

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→ To begin the investigation, Jordan should use a ruler to accurately measure different lengths of the resistance wire. For each selected length, they should connect the wire into the circuit and ensure the power supply remains at a constant voltage.

→ Jordan should then use an ammeter in series to record the current flowing through the circuit and place a voltmeter in parallel across the length of wire being tested to measure the potential difference.

→ Using the formula $R=\dfrac{V}{I}$, they can calculate the resistance for each length tested. This process should be repeated for several different lengths of wire.

→ To analyse the results, Jordan should plot a graph of resistance versus length. The shape and trend of the graph will show how resistance depends on the length of the wire.

→ Throughout the experiment, Jordan should ensure that other variables such as the wire’s material, thickness (cross-sectional area), and temperature remain constant to maintain a fair test.

Show Worked Solution

→ Using the formula $R=\dfrac{V}{I}$, they can calculate the resistance for each length tested. This process should be repeated for several different lengths of wire.

→ To analyse the results, Jordan should plot a graph of resistance versus length. The shape and trend of the graph will show how resistance depends on the length of the wire.

→ Throughout the experiment, Jordan should ensure that other variables such as the wire’s material, thickness (cross-sectional area), and temperature remain constant to maintain a fair test.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 10 MC

Determine the current flowing through the 2 $\Omega$ resistor in the following circuit.

3 A
6 A
9 A
12 A

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

$\dfrac{1}{R_{\text{parallel}}}$	$=\dfrac{1}{1} + \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{3}{2}$
$R_{\text{parallel}}$	$= \dfrac{2}{3}\ \Omega$
$R_T$	$= \dfrac{2}{3} +2 = 2.67\ \Omega$

→ The current through the circuit is:

$I_{\text{circuit}} = \dfrac{V}{R_T} = \dfrac{24}{2.67} = 9\ \text{A}$

→ The voltage drop across the $2\ \Omega$ resistor in series is:

$V = I_{\text{circuit}} \times R = 9 \times 2 = 18\ \text{V}$.

→ Therefore each resistor in parallel has a $6\ \text{V}$ drop across it.

→ The current through the $2\ \Omega$ resistor $=\dfrac{V}{R} = \dfrac{6}{2} = 3\ \text{A}$

$\Rightarrow A$

v1 Measurement, STD2 M1 2004 HSC 13 MC

During a study break, Sam is walking while Alex is sitting.

Sam breathes in air at a rate of 30 litres per minute while walking. Alex breathes in air at a rate of 8 litres per minute while sitting.

During a 20-minute break, how much more air would Sam breathe than Alex?

220 Litres
440 Litres
460 Litres
600 Litres

Show Answers Only

`=>\ B`

Show Worked Solution

`text{Sam’s total}`	`= 30 × 20 = 600\ \text{L}`
`text{Alex’s total}`	`= 8 × 20 = 160\ \text{L}`
`text{Difference}`	`= 600 − 160 = 440\ \text{L}`

`=>\ B`

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 6

Explain how Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law demonstrates the principle of energy conservation in an electric circuit. (3 marks)

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→ Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of all voltages around a closed loop in a circuit is zero.

→ This law relates directly to the conservation of energy because it reflects the idea that energy supplied by sources (like batteries) is completely used up by the components (like resistors, lamps, etc.) in the circuit. As charge moves around a loop, it gains electrical energy from sources and loses that same amount of energy across circuit elements.

→ In other words, the total energy gained = total energy lost, so there is no net gain or loss of energy in the loop – exactly what the conservation of energy principle states.

Show Worked Solution

→ Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of all voltages around a closed loop in a circuit is zero.

→ In other words, the total energy gained = total energy lost, so there is no net gain or loss of energy in the loop – exactly what the conservation of energy principle states.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 5

A circuit contains two switches, S$_1$ and S$_2$. The configuration of the circuit changes depending on which of the switches are open.

S$_1$ is closed and S$_2$ is open. What current would the ammeter display, assuming ideal conditions? (2 marks)

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The switch S$_1$ is open, and S$_2$ is closed. What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit in this configuration? (2 marks)

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Both S$_1$ and S$_2$ are now closed. Calculate the power dissipated by the 2 $\Omega$ resistor under this condition. (2 marks)

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a. $2.4\ \text{A}$

b. $9.43\ \Omega$

c. $288\ \text{W}$

Show Worked Solution

a. When S$_1$ is open and S$_2$ is closed:

→ The circuit becomes a parallel circuit where the bottom branch contains both the $2\ \Omega$ and $8\ \Omega$ resistor.

→ The voltage through each arm of the parallel circuit is equal to the total voltage which is equal to $24\ \text{V}$.

→ Therefore, the reading on the ammeter $I = \dfrac{V}{R} = \dfrac{24}{10} = 2.4\ \text{A}$

b. When the switch S$_1$ is open, and S$_2$ is closed:

→ The resistance in the parallel part of the circuit (5 $\Omega$ and 2 $\Omega$) resistors is calculated by:

$\dfrac{1}{R}$	$=\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{7}{10}$
$R$	$=\dfrac{10}{7}\ \Omega$

→ Hence, the total resistance through the circuit will be $\dfrac{10}{7} + 8 = 9.43\ \Omega$.

c. When both S$_1$ and S$_2$ are closed:

→ The system acts as a parallel circuit through the 5 $\Omega$ and 2 $\Omega$ resistors and then all current will pass through the switch as it has no resistance and no current will pass through the 8 $\Omega$ resistor.

→ Therefore the voltage drop over the 2 $\Omega$ resistor will be $24\ \text{V}$

→ By combing $P= IV$ and $V=IR$, we get the equation:

$P = \dfrac{V^2}{R} = \dfrac{24^2}{2} = 288\ \text{W}$.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 8 MC

In the circuit shown, the currents $I_T$, $I_1$ and $I_2$ are all positive and flow in the directions indicated. The voltage drops across each resistor are labelled $V_1$, $V_2$, $V_3$ and $V_4$, and the total voltage from the battery is $V_T$.

Which of the following equations is correct?

$V_T = V_1 + V_2 + V_3 + V_4$
$V_1 = V_3$
$V_1 = V_2$

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$A$

Show Worked Solution

→ In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each branch is the same and equal to the source voltage.

→ Hence $V_1+V_2 = V_T = V_3 + V_4$.

$\Rightarrow A$

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 4

A student investigates the relationship between the current through a resistor and the potential difference across it.

They collect the following data:

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline \text{Voltage (V)} & \text{Current (A)} \\
\hline 0.0 & 0.00 \\
\hline 1.0 & 0.19 \\
\hline 2.0& 0.41 \\
\hline 3.0 & 0.61 \\
\hline 4.0 & 0.82 \\
\hline 5.0& 0.98 \\
\hline \end{array}

Plot a graph of Voltage (V) on the y-axis against Current (A) on the x-axis using the data above.
Label your axes clearly and draw the best-fit straight line. (3 marks)

Use your graph to calculate the resistance of the resistor. Show your working and include the correct units. (2 marks)

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b. $5\ \Omega$

Show Worked Solution

→ By choosing two points on the graph we can find the gradient by calculating the rise over the run.

$m = \dfrac{\Delta V}{\Delta I} = \dfrac{4-1}{0.8-0.2} = 5$.

→ By rearranging $V = IR$ to $R = \dfrac{V}{I}$, we can see the the gradient of the graph is equal to the value of the resistor.

→ The value of the resistor $=5\ \Omega$.

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 3

Three resistors, $C$, $H$ and $G$ are connected to a 4.0 V battery.

The current flowing through the ammeter is 4.0 A and the resistance of $C$ and $G$ are 2.0 $\Omega$ and 1.5 $\Omega$ respectively. The resistance of $H$ is unknown.

Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. (1 mark)

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Calculate the resistance of resistor $H$. (2 marks)

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a. $1\ \Omega$

b. $1\ \Omega$

Show Worked Solution

a. $R= \dfrac{V}{I} =\dfrac{4.0}{4.0} =1\ \Omega$.

b. The total resistance $R_1$ across $C$ and $H$ is $2 + R_H\ \Omega$.

The total resistance in the parallel circuit is:

$\dfrac{1}{R_T}$	$=\dfrac{1}{R_1} + \dfrac{1}{G}$
$\dfrac{1}{1}$	$=\dfrac{1}{2+R_H} + \dfrac{1}{1.5}$
$\dfrac{1}{2+R_H}$	$=\dfrac{1}{3}$
$R_H$	$=1\ \Omega$

PHYSICS, M4 EQ-Bank 2

The circuit shown below contains three identical light bulbs: $\text{X}$, $\text{Y}$, and $\text{Z}$, connected to a DC power supply and a switch $\text{S}$.

When switch $\text{S}$ is open, compare the brightness of bulbs $\text{X}$, $\text{Y}$, and $\text{Z}$. (2 marks)

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When switch $\text{S}$ is closed, compare the brightness of bulbs $\text{X}$, $\text{Y}$, and $\text{Z}$. Be quantitative in your reasoning. (3 marks)

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a. When the switch is open:

→ $\text{X}$ and $\text{Y}$ are in series, have equal resistance and the current through each is the same.

→ Using $P= I^2R$, the power dissipated in each light bulb is the same. Therefore, $\text{X}$ and $\text{Y}$ have the same brightness.

→ $\text{Z}$ is not in the circuit (as the switch $\text{S}$ is open), so there is no current through $\text{Z}$. Therefore, light bulb $\text{Z}$ will not light up.

b. When the switch is closed:

→ Since $\text{Y}$ and $\text{Z}$ are in parallel, they each get the same voltage. Given they have equal resistance, the current through each is equal and they will have equal brightness.

→ The voltage drop across bulb $\text{X}$ will be the same as the voltage drop across $\text{Y}$ and $\text{Z}$ combined. Since $\text{Y}$ and $\text{Z}$ are connected in parallel, the voltage drop across each individual bulb will be half of the voltage drop across $\text{X}$.

→ Using $P= \dfrac{V^2}{R}$, the power dissipated in $\text{X}$ will be four times larger than the power dissipated in either $\text{Y}$ or $\text{Z}$.

→ Therefore the brightness in $\text{X}$ will be four times that of $\text{Y}$ or $\text{Z}$.

Show Worked Solution

a. When the switch is open:

→ $\text{X}$ and $\text{Y}$ are in series, have equal resistance and the current through each is the same.

→ Using $P= I^2R$, the power dissipated in each light bulb is the same. Therefore, $\text{X}$ and $\text{Y}$ have the same brightness.

→ $\text{Z}$ is not in the circuit (as the switch $\text{S}$ is open), so there is no current through $\text{Z}$. Therefore, light bulb $\text{Z}$ will not light up.

b. When the switch is closed:

→ Since $\text{Y}$ and $\text{Z}$ are in parallel, they each get the same voltage. Given they have equal resistance, the current through each is equal and they will have equal brightness.

→ Using $P= \dfrac{V^2}{R}$, the power dissipated in $\text{X}$ will be four times larger than the power dissipated in either $\text{Y}$ or $\text{Z}$.

→ Therefore the brightness in $\text{X}$ will be four times that of $\text{Y}$ or $\text{Z}$.

a.	\(B\)	\(=\dfrac{\mu_0 NI}{L}\)
		\(=\dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 7 \times 2.8}{0.15}\)
		\(=1.6 \times 10^{-4}\ \text{T}\) (2 sig.fig)

b.	\(B\)	\(=\dfrac{\mu_0I}{2\pi r}\)
		\(=\dfrac{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 8}{2 \pi \times 80 \times 10^{-3}} =2.0 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{T}\)

\(I\)	\(=\dfrac{BL}{\mu_0 N}\)
	\(=\dfrac{1.2 \times 10^{-3} \times 0.25}{4\pi \times 10^{-7} \times 100}\)
	\(=2.39\ \text{A}\)

\(\dfrac{1}{R_T}\)	\(=\dfrac{1}{10} + \dfrac{1}{10} + \dfrac{1}{5} = \dfrac{2}{5}\)
\(R_T\)	\(=2.5\ \Omega\)

\(\dfrac{1}{R_{\text{parallel}}}\)	\(=\dfrac{1}{1} + \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{3}{2}\)
\(R_{\text{parallel}}\)	\(= \dfrac{2}{3}\ \Omega\)
\(R_T\)	\(= \dfrac{2}{3} +2 = 2.67\ \Omega\)

\(\dfrac{1}{R}\)	\(=\dfrac{1}{5} + \dfrac{1}{2} = \dfrac{7}{10}\)
\(R\)	\(=\dfrac{10}{7}\ \Omega\)

\(\dfrac{1}{R_T}\)	\(=\dfrac{1}{R_1} + \dfrac{1}{G}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{1}\)	\(=\dfrac{1}{2+R_H} + \dfrac{1}{1.5}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{2+R_H}\)	\(=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
\(R_H\)	\(=1\ \Omega\)