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HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 010

Describe what excess mortality data reveals about the impact of COVID-19 on Australia compared to other countries.   (3 marks)

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  • Australia experienced fewer deaths than expected in 2020, followed by increasing excess deaths in 2021-2023.
  • This increase occurs as the COVID-19 pandemic took hold and spread throughout the world.
  • When compared internationally, Australia had one of the lowest excess mortality rates among countries with available data, significantly lower than the United States and United Kingdom, although higher than Japan and New Zealand.
  • This international comparison suggests Australia’s pandemic response was relatively effective at minimising deaths compared to many other developed nations, though not as successful as some other Asian countries.
Show Worked Solution
  • Australia experienced fewer deaths than expected in 2020, followed by increasing excess deaths in 2021-2023.
  • This increase occurs as the COVID-19 pandemic took hold and spread throughout the world.
  • When compared internationally, Australia’s excess mortality rate was significantly lower than the United States and United Kingdom, although higher than Japan and New Zealand.
  • This international comparison suggests Australia’s pandemic response was relatively effective at minimising deaths compared to many other developed nations, though not as successful as some other Asian countries.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 009

Australia's Health 2024 report published findings that

    • 5-year relative survival rates for cancer have improved from 53% in 1990-1994 to 71% in 2015-2019.
    • This improvement is particularly notable in specific cancers such as prostate cancer, which saw survival rates rise from 66% to 96%, and breast cancer in females which increased from 78% to 92%

Suggest TWO reasons for these improved statistics and how they affect survival rates.   (4 marks)

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  • Earlier detection through enhanced screening programs like BreastScreen Australia and the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program could account for this improvement.
  • Early detection allows for intervention before cancers progress to advanced stages.
  • A second contributing factor is advancements in cancer treatments, including more targeted therapies, improved surgical techniques and more effective combination treatments.
  • These treatments can materially improve outcomes for cancer patients at all stages of their cancer, extending life expectancy and survival rates.
Show Worked Solution
  • Earlier detection through enhanced screening programs like BreastScreen Australia and the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program could account for this improvement.
  • Early detection allows for intervention before cancers progress to advanced stages.
  • A second contributing factor is advancements in cancer treatments, including more targeted therapies, improved surgical techniques and more effective combination treatments.
  • These treatments can materially improve outcomes for cancer patients at all stages of their cancer, extending life expectancy and survival rates.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 008

Explain how epidemiologists use both incidence and prevalence data when monitoring a chronic disease such as diabetes in Australia.   (3 marks)

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  • Incidence data allows epidemiologists to track the rate of new diabetes cases over a specific period, which helps identify if the disease is becoming more common and affecting new population groups.
  • Prevalence data shows the total number of people currently living with diabetes at a given time, providing insight into the overall burden of the disease on the healthcare system and society.
  • Together, these measures help health authorities understand both the spread and existing impact of diabetes.
  • This data allows authorities to allocate resources effectively and evaluate the success of prevention programs.
Show Worked Solution
  • Incidence data allows epidemiologists to track the rate of new diabetes cases over a specific period, which helps identify if the disease is becoming more common and affecting new population groups.
  • Prevalence data shows the total number of people currently living with diabetes at a given time, providing insight into the overall burden of the disease on the healthcare system and society.
  • Together, these measures help health authorities understand both the spread and existing impact of diabetes.
  • This data allows authorities to allocate resources effectively and evaluate the success of prevention programs.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 008 MC

When examining infant mortality as a health indicator, which of the following statements is most accurate?

  1. It measures deaths of all children under 18 years per 1,000 population.
  2. It measures deaths among children aged under one year per 1,000 live births.
  3. It only accounts for deaths occurring during birth, not those occurring after hospital discharge.
  4. It is typically calculated as a percentage of all deaths in a country.
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Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. Infant mortality measures deaths among children aged under one year per 1,000 live births.

Other options:

  • Option A is incorrect as it refers to all children under 18, not just infants.
  • Option C is incorrect as infant mortality includes all deaths under 1 year, not just those during birth.
  • Option D is incorrect as infant mortality is calculated per 1,000 live births, not as a percentage of all deaths.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 007 MC

A researcher wants to determine how many people are currently living with Type 2 diabetes in Australia. Which epidemiological measure would be most appropriate to use?

  1. Incidence
  2. Prevalence
  3. Morbidity
  4. Mortality
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Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct as prevalence measures the total number or proportion of cases in a population at a given time (the existing cases).

Other options:

  • A is incorrect because incidence measures new cases over a period, not current cases.
  • C is incorrect as morbidity is a broader term referring to the state of illness, not specifically the count.
  • D is incorrect. Mortality refers to death rates, not living cases.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 003

Explain why people from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health.

In your answer, discuss how cultural, socioeconomic and individual factors influence these different perspectives.   (5 marks)

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  • People from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health because health is a social construct rather than a universally agreed concept.
  • WHO’s comprehensive definition aims to encompass these diverse viewpoints.

Cultural factors significantly shape health definitions:

  • Indigenous cultures often view health holistically, emphasising connection to Country, community and spiritual wellbeing, rather than just physical absence of disease.
  • In contrast, Western cultures traditionally emphasise a biomedical view focused primarily on physical functioning.

Socioeconomic circumstances influence health priorities:

  • People with limited resources may define health functionally as the ability to work and provide for family, prioritising immediate functional capacity over long-term wellbeing.
  • Their definition centres on absence of illness that prevents work. Meanwhile, those with greater resources might define health more comprehensively to include optimal fitness and mental wellbeing.

Individual factors such as age also influence health definitions:

  • Younger people might emphasise physical performance aspects, while older individuals may focus on independence and mobility.
  • People who have experienced chronic illness often develop more nuanced definitions that accommodate living well despite health challenges.
Show Worked Solution
  • People from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health because health is a social construct rather than a universally agreed concept.
  • WHO’s comprehensive definition aims to encompass these diverse viewpoints.

Cultural factors significantly shape health definitions:

  • Indigenous cultures often view health holistically, emphasising connection to Country, community and spiritual wellbeing, rather than just physical absence of disease.
  • In contrast, Western cultures traditionally emphasise a biomedical view focused primarily on physical functioning.

Socioeconomic circumstances influence health priorities:

  • People with limited resources may define health functionally as the ability to work and provide for family, prioritising immediate functional capacity over long-term wellbeing.
  • Their definition centres on absence of illness that prevents work. Meanwhile, those with greater resources might define health more comprehensively to include optimal fitness and mental wellbeing.

Individual factors such as age also influence health definitions:

  • Younger people might emphasise physical performance aspects, while older individuals may focus on independence and mobility.
  • People who have experienced chronic illness often develop more nuanced definitions that accommodate living well despite health challenges.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 006

Analyse how an individual's circumstances might affect the dynamic interactions between different dimensions of health.   (4 marks)

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Socioeconomic circumstances:

  • Can directly affect all dimensions – low income may limit access to nutritious food (physical health), create financial stress (mental health), restrict participation in social activities (social health), and reduce sense of purpose (spiritual health).
  • These effects compound each other as poor mental health can lead to reduced physical activity, further diminishing physical health.

Geographic location:

  • Can similarly create cascading effects – living in a remote area may restrict access to healthcare services (affecting physical health), reduce employment opportunities (impacting mental wellbeing through financial stress), limit social connections (affecting social health), and potentially disconnect individuals from cultural practices (spiritual health).

Major life transitions:

  • Transitions like job loss demonstrate temporal aspects of health’s dynamic nature – the immediate impact might be financial and mental stress, which over time can lead to reduced self-care behaviours, potentially causing physical health decline, social withdrawal, and questioning of life purpose.
  • This illustrates how circumstances create complex, interconnected patterns of health effects rather than isolated impacts on single dimensions.
Show Worked Solution

Socioeconomic circumstances:

  • Can directly affect all dimensions – low income may limit access to nutritious food (physical health), create financial stress (mental health), restrict participation in social activities (social health), and reduce sense of purpose (spiritual health).
  • These effects compound each other as poor mental health can lead to reduced physical activity, further diminishing physical health.

Geographic location:

  • Can similarly create cascading effects – living in a remote area may restrict access to healthcare services (affecting physical health), reduce employment opportunities (impacting mental wellbeing through financial stress), limit social connections (affecting social health), and potentially disconnect individuals from cultural practices (spiritual health).

Major life transitions:

  • Transitions like job loss demonstrate temporal aspects of health’s dynamic nature – the immediate impact might be financial and mental stress, which over time can lead to reduced self-care behaviours, potentially causing physical health decline, social withdrawal, and questioning of life purpose.
  • This illustrates how circumstances create complex, interconnected patterns of health effects rather than isolated impacts on single dimensions.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 005

Examine how a young person's position on the health continuum might change over time.   (3 marks)

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  • A young person’s position on the health continuum fluctuates rather than remaining static.
  • For instance, during exam periods, a student may move toward the illness end due to stress, poor sleep, and reduced physical activity.
  • After exams, implementing positive health behaviours like regular exercise, adequate sleep, and healthy eating may shift them back toward the wellness end.
  • Additionally, significant life transitions, such as leaving home for university, can impact their position on the continuum as they adapt to new routines and social environments, demonstrating the dynamic nature of health throughout different life stages.
Show Worked Solution
  • A young person’s position on the health continuum fluctuates rather than remaining static.
  • For instance, during exam periods, a student may move toward the illness end due to stress, poor sleep, and reduced physical activity.
  • After exams, implementing positive health behaviours like regular exercise, adequate sleep, and healthy eating may shift them back toward the wellness end.
  • Additionally, significant life transitions, such as leaving home for university, can impact their position on the continuum as they adapt to new routines and social environments, demonstrating the dynamic nature of health throughout different life stages.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 004

Outline how the social and physical dimensions of health can interact to affect an individual's health status.   (2 marks)

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  • Social health can directly impact physical health when strong social connections motivate individuals to engage in physical activity, such as team sports or exercise with friends.
  • Conversely, physical limitations such as injury can restrict social interactions by preventing participation in group activities, demonstrating how these dimensions interact to affect overall health status.
Show Worked Solution
  • Social health can directly impact physical health when strong social connections motivate individuals to engage in physical activity, such as team sports or exercise with friends.
  • Conversely, physical limitations such as injury can restrict social interactions by preventing participation in group activities, demonstrating how these dimensions interact to affect overall health status.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 005 MC

The image shows Cam's health status over time.

Which statement best explains how this graph demonstrates the dynamic nature of health?

  1. Cam's physical health is the only dimension affected by life circumstances.
  2. Cam's health status shows a steady decline over time as expected with aging.
  3. Cam's health fluctuates as different dimensions of health interact with changing life circumstances.
  4. Cam's health can only be improved through medical intervention when it declines.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider option C:

  • C is correct as it recognises how Cam’s health fluctuates over time as different dimensions of health (physical, social, mental) interact with changing life circumstances.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect as it focuses only on physical health, ignoring the other dimensions shown in the scenario (social connections, mental wellbeing).
  • B is incorrect as the graph shows fluctuations, not a steady decline, contradicting the notion that health naturally declines with age.
  • D is incorrect as it suggests health can only be improved through medical intervention.

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 3

Two squares and , are drawn in the diagram below, with    and    where  .

Let    and 
 

  1. Using vector methods, show  .    (2 marks)

  2. Using vector methods, show that if and are collinear,  .    (3 marks)

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a.   

b.  

Show Worked Solution

a.   

  

 

b.    


 


 

 
.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 450

Explain how you could use physiological data collected during an aerobic training investigation to draw valid conclusions about the relationship between training intensity and improvement in aerobic capacity.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Calculate the percentage improvement in aerobic capacity measures (VO₂ max, lactate threshold) for participants training at different intensity zones (low, moderate, high) to determine which intensity produces optimal adaptations.
  • Analyse heart rate data during training sessions to verify that participants maintained their assigned training intensities, ensuring conclusions about intensity-related effects are based on actual training loads experienced.
  • Examine whether a dose-response relationship exists by plotting training intensity against improvements, determining if benefits increase linearly with intensity or if there’s an optimal range beyond which returns diminish.
  • Control for and account for confounding variables such as training volume and frequency when analysing the intensity relationship, ensuring conclusions specifically isolate the effect of intensity rather than other training factors.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Calculate the percentage improvement in aerobic capacity measures (VO₂ max, lactate threshold) for participants training at different intensity zones (low, moderate, high) to determine which intensity produces optimal adaptations.
  • Analyse heart rate data during training sessions to verify that participants maintained their assigned training intensities, ensuring conclusions about intensity-related effects are based on actual training loads experienced.
  • Examine whether a dose-response relationship exists by plotting training intensity against improvements, determining if benefits increase linearly with intensity or if there’s an optimal range beyond which returns diminish.
  • Control for and account for confounding variables such as training volume and frequency when analysing the intensity relationship, ensuring conclusions specifically isolate the effect of intensity rather than other training factors.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 447

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using tables versus graphs when presenting findings from an investigation on heart rate recovery after aerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Tables provide precise numerical data allowing for exact comparisons of heart rate values at specific time points, whereas graphs sacrifice some numerical precision for visual pattern recognition.
  • Graphs effectively demonstrate trends in heart rate recovery over time, making the rate and pattern of recovery immediately visible, while tables require mental processing to identify these patterns.
  • Tables can efficiently present multiple variables simultaneously (resting heart rate, maximum heart rate, recovery time) in an organised format, whereas multiple graphs might be needed to show the same range of data.
  • Graphs are generally more accessible to audiences without statistical expertise, facilitating broader understanding of findings, while detailed tables may require greater numerical literacy.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Tables provide precise numerical data allowing for exact comparisons of heart rate values at specific time points, whereas graphs sacrifice some numerical precision for visual pattern recognition.
  • Graphs effectively demonstrate trends in heart rate recovery over time, making the rate and pattern of recovery immediately visible, while tables require mental processing to identify these patterns.
  • Tables can efficiently present multiple variables simultaneously (resting heart rate, maximum heart rate, recovery time) in an organised format, whereas multiple graphs might be needed to show the same range of data.
  • Graphs are generally more accessible to audiences without statistical expertise, facilitating broader understanding of findings, while detailed tables may require greater numerical literacy.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 443

Describe TWO methods for presenting findings from a physiological investigation that would effectively communicate the relationship between training intensity and oxygen consumption.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • A scatter plot with a line of best fit would effectively present the relationship between training intensity (x-axis) and oxygen consumption (y-axis), visually demonstrating the correlation and allowing for identification of the aerobic threshold where oxygen consumption increases disproportionately to intensity.
  • Tables organising data by intensity zones (low, moderate, high) with corresponding average oxygen consumption values would allow for clear numerical comparison across intensity levels and could include standard deviations to show variability within each intensity zone.
  • Line graphs showing oxygen consumption over time at different intensity levels could effectively display how oxygen uptake kinetics change based on exercise intensity, particularly highlighting differences in steady-state achievement and oxygen deficit at different intensities.
  • Heat maps could represent individual participant responses across various intensity levels, effectively visualising both group trends and individual variations in oxygen consumption responses to increasing training loads.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • A scatter plot with a line of best fit would effectively present the relationship between training intensity (x-axis) and oxygen consumption (y-axis), visually demonstrating the correlation and allowing for identification of the aerobic threshold where oxygen consumption increases disproportionately to intensity.
  • Tables organising data by intensity zones (low, moderate, high) with corresponding average oxygen consumption values would allow for clear numerical comparison across intensity levels and could include standard deviations to show variability within each intensity zone.
  • Line graphs showing oxygen consumption over time at different intensity levels could effectively display how oxygen uptake kinetics change based on exercise intensity, particularly highlighting differences in steady-state achievement and oxygen deficit at different intensities.
  • Heat maps could represent individual participant responses across various intensity levels, effectively visualising both group trends and individual variations in oxygen consumption responses to increasing training loads.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 441 MC

When presenting findings from an investigation on the physiological responses to aerobic training, which of the following would be considered a limitation of the study?

  1. Using a control group who did not participate in the training program
  2. Testing participants' aerobic capacity before and after the training program
  3. Recording heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived exertion during exercise
  4. Having a small sample size of only 5 participants
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Having a small sample size of only 5 participants

  • A small sample size is a valid limitation that restricts the generalisability of findings and statistical power.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Using a control group is a strength, not a limitation, of an experimental design.
  • B is incorrect: Testing before and after the program is appropriate methodology, not a limitation.
  • C is incorrect: Recording multiple physiological measures provides more comprehensive data, making it a strength rather than a limitation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 440 MC

A student investigating the effect of aerobic training on VO₂ max collected data from 10 participants before and after an 8-week training program. When drawing conclusions, which of the following would be most important to consider?

  1. Comparing the data with the general population's average VO₂ max
  2. The brand of equipment used to measure VO₂ max
  3. Statistical significance of the observed changes
  4. The participants' previous exercise experience
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Statistical significance of the observed changes

  • Statistical significance determines whether the observed changes are likely due to the training program rather than random chance, which is crucial for valid conclusions.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Comparing to population averages doesn’t directly address the investigation question about the effect of the specific training program.
  • B is incorrect: While equipment quality matters for data collection, it’s not the most important factor when drawing conclusions from already collected data.
  • D is incorrect: While previous exercise experience might be relevant as a variable to control, it’s not the most important factor when determining if the changes observed were meaningful.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 434 MC

A student wants to investigate the relationship between aerobic training and perceived energy levels throughout the day in Year 11 students. Which data collection method would be most appropriate for this investigation?

  1. Observation of students during their regular classes
  2. Blood tests measuring ATP levels before and after training
  3. Survey with Likert scale questions about energy levels at different times of day
  4. Interview with teachers about students' classroom participation
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  Survey with Likert scale questions about energy levels at different times of day

  • Survey with Likert scale questions is most appropriate because perceived energy levels are subjective experiences that are best measured through self-reporting.
  • A structured survey using a Likert scale (e.g., rating energy from 1-5) allows for quantifiable data collection about participants’ internal experiences throughout the day, which cannot be directly observed or measured through physiological tests.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Inappropriate because energy levels are subjective internal states that cannot be reliably observed externally.
  • B is incorrect: Measures a physiological marker (ATP) rather than perceived energy levels, which is not what the research question is investigating.
  • D is incorrect: Relies on secondhand perceptions rather than direct reports from the participants experiencing the energy levels.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 433

After conducting an investigation into how a 12-week aerobic training program affected blood pressure responses to submaximal exercise, a student found that while resting blood pressure decreased for most participants, the blood pressure response during exercise showed minimal change.

Propose TWO further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer – or similar questions and reasons with required detail

  • “Is there a relationship between age and the blood pressure response to aerobic training at rest versus during exercise?” would investigate whether demographic factors influence how different aspects of blood pressure regulation adapt to training.
    • This question is valuable because it could help explain why resting blood pressure improved while exercise blood pressure didn’t, by examining whether age-related factors influence different physiological responses.
  • “How do the blood pressure responses at rest and during exercise compare between participants who reported high versus low enjoyment of the training program?” examines psychological influences on physiological responses.
    • This question explores the mind-body connection in exercise responses, potentially revealing whether engagement and enjoyment of the training program influences physiological adaptations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – or similar questions and reasons with required detail

  • “Is there a relationship between age and the blood pressure response to aerobic training at rest versus during exercise?” would investigate whether demographic factors influence how different aspects of blood pressure regulation adapt to training.
    • This question is valuable because it could help explain why resting blood pressure improved while exercise blood pressure didn’t, by examining whether age-related factors influence different physiological responses.
  • “How do the blood pressure responses at rest and during exercise compare between participants who reported high versus low enjoyment of the training program?” examines psychological influences on physiological responses.
    • This question explores the mind-body connection in exercise responses, potentially revealing whether engagement and enjoyment of the training program influences physiological adaptations.

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 7

Points and form a triangle in the Cartesian Plane.

  1. Find the vectors and .    (1 mark)

  2. Find the angle  ,  giving your answer to the nearest degree.     (2 marks)

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a.     
           

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.      
         


 

b.   

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 430

A student investigated the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during a progressive aerobic exercise test. Results showed a strong correlation for most participants, but some individuals consistently reported lower perceived exertion despite similar heart rates to other participants.

Propose TWO further research questions based on these findings and explain how each question could enhance understanding of physiological responses to aerobic exercise.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How does previous exercise experience affect the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during aerobic exercise?” directly addresses why some participants might perceive exercise differently despite similar physiological responses.
    • This question would enhance understanding of physiological responses by exploring how familiarity with exercise sensations might influence how individuals interpret and report their body’s responses during aerobic activity.
  • “Would the same disconnect between perceived exertion and heart rate occur during different types of aerobic activities, such as cycling versus running?” examines whether the physiological response patterns are activity-specific.
    • This question would improve understanding of how different exercise modes might produce varying relationships between objective measures (heart rate) and subjective feelings (perceived exertion), helping to explain individual differences in physiological responses.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How does previous exercise experience affect the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during aerobic exercise?” directly addresses why some participants might perceive exercise differently despite similar physiological responses.
    • This question would enhance understanding of physiological responses by exploring how familiarity with exercise sensations might influence how individuals interpret and report their body’s responses during aerobic activity.
  • “Would the same disconnect between perceived exertion and heart rate occur during different types of aerobic activities, such as cycling versus running?” examines whether the physiological response patterns are activity-specific.
    • This question would improve understanding of how different exercise modes might produce varying relationships between objective measures (heart rate) and subjective feelings (perceived exertion), helping to explain individual differences in physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 428

A student investigated changes in lactate threshold following an 8-week high-intensity interval training program in recreational runners. The results showed an average 9% improvement in the speed at lactate threshold, but no significant change in maximum heart rate.

Identify TWO further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “Would a longer duration training program (e.g., 12 or 16 weeks) continue to improve lactate threshold at the same rate?” directly builds on the findings by exploring the duration aspect of the training program.
  • “How do these improvements in lactate threshold relate to changes in submaximal exercise performance?” connects the physiological measurement to practical outcomes that are observable in Year 11 investigations.
  • “Would different types of high-intensity interval training (varying work-to-rest ratios) produce different improvements in lactate threshold?” examines how modifying the exercise protocol might influence the physiological responses observed.
  • “Is there a correlation between initial fitness levels and the magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold following the training program?” explores individual differences in physiological responses to the same training stimulus.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “Would a longer duration training program (e.g., 12 or 16 weeks) continue to improve lactate threshold at the same rate?” directly builds on the findings by exploring the duration aspect of the training program.
  • “How do these improvements in lactate threshold relate to changes in submaximal exercise performance?” connects the physiological measurement to practical outcomes that are observable in Year 11 investigations.
  • “Would different types of high-intensity interval training (varying work-to-rest ratios) produce different improvements in lactate threshold?” examines how modifying the exercise protocol might influence the physiological responses observed.
  • “Is there a correlation between initial fitness levels and the magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold following the training program?” explores individual differences in physiological responses to the same training stimulus.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 7

With reference to the diagram provided, determine the angle of inclination at which the system remains in static equilibrium.   (2 marks)

(Assume the inclined plane is frictionless)

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Show Worked Solution

→ For the system to be in static equilibrium, the force of the 500 g block, , down the slope must be equal to the weight force of the 250 g block, .

 
 
 

 

→ The angle of inclination needs to be .

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 6

A worker is using a pulley system to lift and lower a container at a construction site. The empty container has a mass of 5.0 kg, and when loaded with bricks, its mass increases to 18 kg.

The container is lowered vertically with a constant acceleration of 3.2 m/s. Later, it is lifted back up at a constant speed of 2.8 m/s.

  1. Calculate the tension in the rope while the container is being lowered.   (2 marks)
  1. Calculate the tension in the rope while the container is being raised.   (1 mark)
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a.   

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    → Force due to gravity acts in the opposite direction to the tension force in the rope.

→ Total force on the system

 
 
   
   

 

b.    → When the container is being raised, it is being raised at a constant speed.

→ Total force on the system is . 

.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 18

A helicopter is cruising with an airspeed, , of 220 km/h. The pilot wishes for its ground track to be directly due south. However, a crosswind, , of 60 km/h is blowing from the west.

Using a vector diagram, in which direction should the pilot steer the helicopter to achieve a due south course?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

SW

Show Worked Solution

→ Using the diagram above:

 
 

 

→ The pilot must steer the helicopter SW.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 003 MC

The following sources present different meanings of health:

  • Source 1: "Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism."
  • Source 2: "Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living."
  • Source 3: "Health is a dynamic state of wellbeing characterised by physical, mental, and social potential."

Which of the following statements MOST accurately analyses how these sources reflect different meanings of health?

  1. Sources 1, 2, and 3 all reflect that health is primarily about physical functioning.
  2. Source 2 reflects a sociocultural model while Sources 1 and 3 reflect biomedical models.
  3. Source 1 reflects a biomedical view while Sources 2 and 3 reflect holistic approaches.
  4. Sources 1, 2, and 3 all reflect that health is a fixed state rather than dynamic.
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct because Source 1 presents a biomedical view (functional/metabolic efficiency), while Sources 2 and 3 reflect more holistic approaches (resource for life, dynamic state including multiple dimensions)

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Only Source 1 focuses primarily on physical functioning.
  • B is incorrect: Source 3 also reflects a holistic approach, not a biomedical model.
  • D is incorrect: Source 3 explicitly states health is “dynamic” and Source 2 implies a changing resource, not a fixed state.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 002 MC

The World Health Organisation defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

How does this definition BEST reflect current understandings of health in Australia?

  1. It prioritises the absence of disease over the need for physical and mental wellbeing.
  2. It recognises the multidimensional nature of health beyond just physical considerations.
  3. It places greater emphasis on mental health compared to physical and social wellbeing.
  4. It focuses primarily on preventing disease rather than promoting overall wellbeing.
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct because the definition acknowledges the multidimensional nature of health (physical, mental, and social).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The WHO definition explicitly states health is “not merely the absence of disease”
  • C is incorrect: The definition gives equal weight to physical, mental, and social aspects of health
  • D is incorrect: The definition emphasizes wellbeing across multiple dimensions rather than just disease prevention

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 426

After investigating the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on respiratory rate during submaximal exercise, a student found that while recovery time improved for all participants, the magnitude of improvement varied considerably across the study group of 15 Year 11 students.

Propose TWO appropriate further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any TWO of the following or similar with adequate detail.

  • “How does the type of aerobic training (continuous vs. interval) affect respiratory recovery time improvements?” would investigate whether different training methods produce varying magnitudes of adaptation.
  • “Is there a relationship between respiratory recovery improvements and changes in other physiological measures such as heart rate recovery or VO₂ max?” would examine connections between different physiological adaptations to determine if they occur proportionally.
  • “How does initial fitness level affect the magnitude of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training?” would help identify whether pre-training fitness explains the variation in improvement between participants.
  • “Do respiratory adaptations continue at the same rate beyond 10 weeks of training, or does improvement plateau?” would determine the optimal duration for maximum benefits from the training program.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • “How does the type of aerobic training (continuous vs. interval) affect respiratory recovery time improvements?” would investigate whether different training methods produce varying magnitudes of adaptation.
  • “Is there a relationship between respiratory recovery improvements and changes in other physiological measures such as heart rate recovery or VO₂ max?” would examine connections between different physiological adaptations to determine if they occur proportionally.
  • “How does initial fitness level affect the magnitude of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training?” would help identify whether pre-training fitness explains the variation in improvement between participants.
  • “Do respiratory adaptations continue at the same rate beyond 10 weeks of training, or does improvement plateau?” would determine the optimal duration for maximum benefits from the training program.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 5

Consider the system below:
 

Two blocks are connected by a light, inextensible string that passes over a frictionless pulley, as shown in the diagram.

The 3.0 kg block rests on a smooth, horizontal surface, while the other 6.0 kg block hangs vertically off the edge of the table.

  1.  Calculate the acceleration of the entire system.   (3 marks)
  1. Hence, determine the magnitude of the tension, , in the string at point .   (1 mark)
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a.    

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.   

   
 

→ Substitute the first equation into the second equation:

 
 
 
 
   

 

b.   

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 4

A 2 kg crate is being pushed up a rough incline that is angled at 30 to the horizontal. The frictional force acting between the crate and the surface is 10 N.

  1. On the diagram provided, draw and label all the forces acting on the crate as it is pushed up the incline.   (3 marks)
       

  1. Calculate the magnitude of the applied force required to accelerate the crate up the incline at 0.8 ms   (2 marks)
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a.    
     

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    
       

→ The frictional force acts down the slope in this scenario because frictional forces oppose the direction of motion.
 

b.    Weight force acting down slope

→ Total force down the slope    (weight force down slope + frictional force)

 
 
   

 
→ The force, , acting up slope needs to be .

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 2 MC

A 25 kg object is hanging from a string and is being pulled sideways by a force , so that the string makes an angle of 40° with the vertical, as shown in the diagram.

Assuming the object remains stationary, determine the magnitude of the force pulling the object?
 

  1. 115 N
  2. 157 N
  3. 191 N
  4. 206 N
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Show Worked Solution

 
 
   
   

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 422 MC

A student conducted research on changes in lung capacity following an 8-week aerobic swimming program. The results showed significant improvements in vital capacity but no change in forced expiratory volume.

Which research question would most logically build upon these findings?

  1. How does swimming compare to cycling for developing respiratory fitness?
  2. Does vital capacity continue to improve beyond 8 weeks of swim training?
  3. Why does vital capacity improve while forced expiratory volume remains unchanged during swim training?
  4. What is the best way to measure lung capacity changes in adolescent swimmers?
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Why does vital capacity improve while forced expiratory volume remains unchanged during swim training?

  • This option directly addresses the unexpected discrepancy found in the results – that vital capacity improved but forced expiratory volume did not.
  • This question seeks to understand the physiological mechanisms behind this finding, which represents the most logical next step in building knowledge from the original investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Compares different types of training rather than building on the specific findings of this study.
  • B is incorrect: Only focuses on the duration of effects for one parameter without addressing the discrepancy.
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on measurement methodology rather than understanding the physiological response discovered.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 416

A research team is investigating the relationship between aerobic training and blood pressure responses.

Discuss the importance of using valid and reliable data collection methods when investigating physiological responses to aerobic training.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Valid data collection methods ensure that the physiological variables being measured (such as blood pressure) genuinely reflect the aerobic training adaptations being studied, rather than confounding factors like measurement timing or technique.
  • Reliable methods allow researchers to attribute observed changes to the training intervention rather than to inconsistencies in measurement technique, equipment performance, or environmental conditions.
  • The combination of validity and reliability enables accurate quantification of training effects, which is crucial for determining optimal training prescriptions for specific health outcomes like blood pressure reduction.
  • Invalid or unreliable methods may lead to incorrect conclusions about the effectiveness of aerobic training interventions, potentially resulting in inappropriate exercise recommendations that could impact health outcomes.
  • Scientifically sound data collection methods enhance the credibility of findings among the scientific community, facilitating knowledge translation from research to practical applications in fitness and health settings.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Valid data collection methods ensure that the physiological variables being measured (such as blood pressure) genuinely reflect the aerobic training adaptations being studied, rather than confounding factors like measurement timing or technique.
  • Reliable methods allow researchers to attribute observed changes to the training intervention rather than to inconsistencies in measurement technique, equipment performance, or environmental conditions.
  • The combination of validity and reliability enables accurate quantification of training effects, which is crucial for determining optimal training prescriptions for specific health outcomes like blood pressure reduction.
  • Invalid or unreliable methods may lead to incorrect conclusions about the effectiveness of aerobic training interventions, potentially resulting in inappropriate exercise recommendations that could impact health outcomes.
  • Scientifically sound data collection methods enhance the credibility of findings among the scientific community, facilitating knowledge translation from research to practical applications in fitness and health settings.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 414

A student is investigating changes in respiratory rate during submaximal exercise following an 8-week aerobic training program.

Compare the validity and reliability in the context of this physiological investigation.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Validity in this investigation refers to whether respiratory rate measurements accurately reflect the physiological adaptations to aerobic training.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements across multiple testing sessions.
  • High validity would be achieved by ensuring the exercise protocol adequately challenges the respiratory system at appropriate intensities to demonstrate training effects.
  • High reliability would be achieved through consistent counting methods and standardised breathing pattern instructions.
  • Validity might be compromised if respiratory rate is measured during inappropriate exercise intensities that don’t reflect aerobic adaptations.
  • Reliability might be compromised if different counting methods are used pre- and post-training.
  • Both validity and reliability are essential yet distinct qualities;
    • Valid but unreliable measurements would accurately reflect respiratory adaptations but produce inconsistent results
    • While reliable but invalid measurements would yield consistent results that don’t actually represent the training adaptations being studied.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Validity in this investigation refers to whether respiratory rate measurements accurately reflect the physiological adaptations to aerobic training.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements across multiple testing sessions.
  • High validity would be achieved by ensuring the exercise protocol adequately challenges the respiratory system at appropriate intensities to demonstrate training effects.
  • High reliability would be achieved through consistent counting methods and standardised breathing pattern instructions.
  • Validity might be compromised if respiratory rate is measured during inappropriate exercise intensities that don’t reflect aerobic adaptations.
  • Reliability might be compromised if different counting methods are used pre- and post-training.
  • Both validity and reliability are essential yet distinct qualities;
    • Valid but unreliable measurements would accurately reflect respiratory adaptations but produce inconsistent results
    • While reliable but invalid measurements would yield consistent results that don’t actually represent the training adaptations being studied.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 412

A Year 11 student is investigating the effects of a 6-week aerobic training program on lactic acid threshold in recreational runners.

Explain how the student could enhance the reliability of their data collection.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Standardise testing protocols by conducting all threshold tests at the same time of day to minimise variation from circadian rhythms that affect physiological responses.
  • Ensure consistent testing conditions including temperature, humidity and surface type for all pre and post-training assessments.
  • Use the same calibrated equipment throughout the entire investigation to eliminate measurement discrepancies from different devices.
  • Provide clear, detailed instructions to participants regarding pre-test preparations (such as sleep, nutrition, and prior exercise) to control extraneous variables that could impact results.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Standardise testing protocols by conducting all threshold tests at the same time of day to minimise variation from circadian rhythms that affect physiological responses.
  • Ensure consistent testing conditions including temperature, humidity and surface type for all pre and post-training assessments.
  • Use the same calibrated equipment throughout the entire investigation to eliminate measurement discrepancies from different devices.
  • Provide clear, detailed instructions to participants regarding pre-test preparations (such as sleep, nutrition, and prior exercise) to control extraneous variables that could impact results.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 410 MC

A fitness instructor wants to investigate the effect of different aerobic training intensities on resting heart rate. Which data collection method would yield the most credible results?

  1. Having participants self-report their resting heart rates each morning.
  2. Using a standardised laboratory protocol with calibrated heart rate monitors.
  3. Conducting manual pulse readings by different staff members throughout the week.
  4. Measuring heart rates immediately after participants arrive at the fitness center.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • Using a standardised laboratory protocol with calibrated equipment provides the most credible results because it controls for variables and ensures measurements are taken under consistent conditions with accurate, scientifically validated equipment.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Lacks credibility due to potential inconsistencies in self-reporting methods and participant error.
  • C is incorrect: Introduces variability from different staff members’ measuring techniques, reducing reliability.
  • D is incorrect: Problematic because measurements taken immediately upon arrival can be influenced by recent activity (walking, driving, etc.), not truly reflecting resting heart rate.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 16

A small plane is flying due south at 80 m/s. It makes a smooth 90° turn over 20 seconds and ends up flying due east at 60 m/s.

  1. Draw a vector diagram showing the change in velocity vector of the small plane.   (2 marks) 
  1. Calculate the average acceleration (magnitude and direction) during the turn.   (2 marks) 
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a.    
             

b.    .

Show Worked Solution

a.   
 

b.    
   
   

 

 
 

 
The average acceleration of the plane is .

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 408 MC

A researcher is investigating the impact of aerobic training on VO₂ max over an 8-week period. Which of the following data collection approaches would most significantly improve the validity of the research?

  1. Testing participants using the same equipment at the same time of day for each measurement.
  2. Using a control group of participants who do not participate in the aerobic training program.
  3. Recruiting a large sample of 1,000 participants from diverse fitness backgrounds.
  4. Publishing the research findings in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • Using a control group improves validity because it allows researchers to determine whether changes in VO₂ max are due to the aerobic training intervention rather than other factors (like maturation or external variables).
  • This helps establish causality and strengthens the internal validity of the investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Improves reliability (consistency of measurements) but doesn’t primarily address validity.
  • C is incorrect: May improve generalisability (external validity) but doesn’t specifically address whether the test accurately measures the impact of aerobic training.
  • D is incorrect: Relates to credibility through peer review but occurs after data collection and doesn’t impact the validity of the original data collection method.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 15

A drone is flying east at 18 m/s and begins a smooth turn that lasts 8 seconds. After completing the turn, it is flying north at 10 m/s.

  1. Represent the drone’s change in velocity using a labelled vector diagram.   (2 marks)
  1. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the drone’s change in velocity.   (2 marks)
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a.    
         

b.    Change in velocity = 20.59 m/s, N60.9W.  

Show Worked Solution

a.    

         
 

b.    Using Pythagoras’s theorem:

 
 
   

 
Change in velocity = 20.59 m/s, N60.9W.  

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 14

A boat is trying to cross a river that is 200 meters wide. The boat’s speed in still water is 5 m/s. The river flows eastward with a current of 3 m/s.

  1. If the boat heads straight north (perpendicular to the current), using a vector diagram. determine the magnitude and direction of its velocity relative to the ground?   (3 marks)

  1. How far downstream (east) will the boat have drifted by the time it reaches the opposite bank?   (1 mark)

  1. At what angle should the boat be aimed (relative to north) so that it reaches directly across from its starting point?   (2 marks)

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a.    The velocity of the boat relative to the ground is 5.83 m/s N31E.

b.   

c.    The boat should head N36.9W.

Show Worked Solution

a.    Using the vector diagrams below

  The velocity of the boat relative to the ground is 5.83 m/s N31E.
 

b.    
         

 
 
   

 
c.    
         

  The boat should head N36.9W.