smc-4304-60-Hierarchy

BIOLOGY, M2 EQ-Bank 11

A table has been created to examine the roles of the human circulatory system, along with examples of the organs and tissues involved.

Fill in the table by providing two examples for each. (3 marks)

\begin{array} {|l|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Role} & \text{1. ___________________________________________} \\
\text{(2 examples)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{2. ___________________________________________} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Organs} &\text{1. ___________________________________________} \\
\text{(2 examples)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{2. ___________________________________________} \\
\hline
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Tissues} & \text{1. ___________________________________________} \\
\text{(2 examples)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{2. ___________________________________________} \\
\hline
\end{array}

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\begin{array} {|l|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Role} & \quad\text {Transports food, waste material and} \quad\\
\text{(2 examples)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text {oxygen around the body (choose 2)} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Organs} & \text {Heart, blood vessels}\\
\text{(2 examples)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \\
\hline
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{Tissues} & \text {Capillaries, blood, epithelial tissue}\\
\text{(2 examples)}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{(choose 2)}\\
\hline
\end{array}

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BIOLOGY, M2 EQ-Bank 7

Describe the relationship between cells and tissues in multicellular organisms, using a specific example to illustrate your answer. (3 marks)

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Cells are the fundamental units of life, capable of performing all basic life processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Tissues, by comparison, represent the next level of organisation in multicellular organisms, consisting of groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
For example, in epithelial tissue, closely packed cells form sheets that line body surfaces and cavities. While individual epithelial cells can perform basic cellular functions, it’s their collective arrangement and specialised features that allow the tissue to act as a protective barrier and regulate the passage of materials.
This relationship between cells and tissues demonstrates how the organisation of basic living units into more complex structures enables organisms to develop specialised functions and adapt to diverse environments.

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Cells are the fundamental units of life, capable of performing all basic life processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
Tissues, by comparison, represent the next level of organisation in multicellular organisms, consisting of groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
For example, in epithelial tissue, closely packed cells form sheets that line body surfaces and cavities. While individual epithelial cells can perform basic cellular functions, it’s their collective arrangement and specialised features that allow the tissue to act as a protective barrier and regulate the passage of materials.
This relationship between cells and tissues demonstrates how the organisation of basic living units into more complex structures enables organisms to develop specialised functions and adapt to diverse environments.

BIOLOGY, M2 EQ-Bank 6

Describe the role of tissues in an organ, using a specific example to illustrate your answer. (3 marks)

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Exemplar answer 1 (using the circulatory system):

Tissues play a crucial role in organs by providing specialised structures that work together to perform the organ’s function.
In the heart, cardiac muscle tissue forms the bulk of the organ and is responsible for its pumping action. Connective tissue provides support and protection, while epithelial tissue lines the inner chambers of the heart to provide a smooth surface for blood flow.
The coordinated action of these different tissues allows the heart to function effectively as a pump, demonstrating how the organisation of tissues contributes to an organ’s overall function in the circulatory system.

Exemplar answer 2 (using the digestive system):

In the stomach, epithelial tissue forms the inner lining that secretes gastric juices and protects the organ from the acidic environment.
Smooth muscle tissue in the stomach wall enables the churning and mixing of food, while connective tissue provides structure and support.
Additionally, nervous tissue allows for the regulation of digestive processes through nerve signals.
The coordinated action of these different tissues enables the stomach to break down food, mix it with digestive enzymes and move it along the digestive tract. This illustrates how the organisation of tissues contributes to an organ’s overall function in the digestive system.

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Exemplar answer 1 (using the circulatory system):

Tissues play a crucial role in organs by providing specialised structures that work together to perform the organ’s function.
In the heart, cardiac muscle tissue forms the bulk of the organ and is responsible for its pumping action. Connective tissue provides support and protection, while epithelial tissue lines the inner chambers of the heart to provide a smooth surface for blood flow.
The coordinated action of these different tissues allows the heart to function effectively as a pump, demonstrating how the organisation of tissues contributes to an organ’s overall function in the circulatory system.

Exemplar answer 2 (using the digestive system):

In the stomach, epithelial tissue forms the inner lining that secretes gastric juices and protects the organ from the acidic environment.
Smooth muscle tissue in the stomach wall enables the churning and mixing of food, while connective tissue provides structure and support.
Additionally, nervous tissue allows for the regulation of digestive processes through nerve signals.
The coordinated action of these different tissues enables the stomach to break down food, mix it with digestive enzymes and move it along the digestive tract. This illustrates how the organisation of tissues contributes to an organ’s overall function in the digestive system.

BIOLOGY, M2 EQ-Bank 8 MC

Consider the following statements about the hierarchical organisation in multicellular organisms:

\(\text{I.}\)	All cells in an organ perform the same function.
\(\text{II.}\)	Tissues are composed of similar types of cells working together.
\(\text{III.}\)	Organ systems always contain only one type of organ.
\(\text{IV.}\)	The function of an organ is dependent on the collective action of its tissues.

Which combination of statements is correct?

\(\text{I}\) and \(\text{II}\) only
\(\text{II}\) and \(\text{IV}\) only
\(\text{I}\), \(\text{II}\), and \(\text{III}\) only
\(\text{II}\), \(\text{III}\), and \(\text{IV}\) only

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\(B\)

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Consider each statement:

\(\text{I}\): Incorrect. While cells in an organ often have related functions, not all cells in an organ perform exactly the same function.
\(\text{II}\): Correct. Tissues are indeed composed of similar types of cells working together to perform a specific function.
\(\text{III}\): Incorrect. Organ systems usually contain multiple types of organs that work together. For example, the digestive system includes the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
\(\text{IV}\): Correct. The function of an organ does depend on the collective action of its constituent tissues. Each tissue contributes its specific role to the overall function of the organ.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

BIOLOGY, M2 EQ-Bank 6 MC

Which of the following correctly orders the levels of organisation in a multicellular organism from smallest to largest?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
Tissue, cell, organ, organ system, organism
Cell, organelle, tissue, organ, organism

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\(B\)

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The correct hierarchical order is: organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

BIOLOGY, M2 EQ-Bank 1

"Multicellular organisms exhibit different levels of cell complexity, from simple cells to highly specialised ones."

Justify this statement, providing examples to support your answer. (4 marks)

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Multicellular organisms show different levels of cell complexity, starting with simple cells that perform basic functions, like skin cells, to highly specialised cells, such as neurons, which have unique structures for transmitting signals.
Cell groups within multicellular organisms cannot survive without other cell types performing their role.
A hierarchy arises, organising cells into tissues, organs and other systems, each with distinct functions that work together to support life.
For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which contracts to allow movement, while red blood cells transport oxygen through the circulatory system but cannot reproduce.
The specialisation of cells allows multicellular organisms to perform complex tasks more efficiently, contributing to the organism’s overall survival and adaptability.
This organisation enhances both the functionality and efficiency of biological processes

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Multicellular organisms show different levels of cell complexity, starting with simple cells that perform basic functions, like skin cells, to highly specialised cells, such as neurons, which have unique structures for transmitting signals.
Cell groups within multicellular organisms cannot survive without other cell types performing their role.
A hierarchy arises, organising cells into tissues, organs and other systems, each with distinct functions that work together to support life.
For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which contracts to allow movement, while red blood cells transport oxygen through the circulatory system but cannot reproduce.
The specialisation of cells allows multicellular organisms to perform complex tasks more efficiently, contributing to the organism’s overall survival and adaptability.
This organisation enhances both the functionality and efficiency of biological processes