Evaluation Statement

• Women-centred healthcare approaches demonstrate moderate effectiveness in addressing systemic health inequities.
• They show strong potential in specialised care delivery but limited impact on broader structural healthcare barriers.

Specialised Care Delivery

• Women-centred approaches strongly meet the criterion of addressing gender-specific health needs through integrated care models.
• Specialised women’s health clinics effectively provide comprehensive services for reproductive health, mental health and chronic conditions like endometriosis within single locations.
• Evidence supporting this includes improved diagnosis rates for conditions traditionally misunderstood in women, such as cardiovascular disease presentations.
• This approach demonstrates significant value in recognising biological and social differences that influence female health outcomes, particularly during life transitions like menopause and pregnancy.

Structural Healthcare Reform

• Healthcare system reform shows limited effectiveness in addressing unconscious bias and research gaps that contribute to female health inequities.
• While training programs aim to reduce diagnostic delays and inappropriate prescribing, systemic issues persist in medical education and research funding priorities.
• The approach partially fulfils comprehensive reform requirements, as individual clinic initiatives cannot address broader problems like inadequate representation in clinical trials.
• Evidence indicates that women continue experiencing delayed diagnoses and symptom dismissal despite localised improvements in women-centred services.

Final Evaluation

• Women-centred healthcare approaches achieve meaningful improvements in direct service delivery but prove insufficient for systemic reform.
• The effectiveness remains moderate because broader healthcare inequities require policy-level interventions beyond individual clinic models.

• Targeted healthcare interventions can reduce male health inequities because they address specific barriers that prevent men from accessing timely healthcare services.
• This works by implementing male-friendly clinics with flexible hours and drop-in services that eliminate cultural barriers to healthcare seeking, resulting in earlier detection and treatment of conditions.
• Regular health screening programs specifically designed for men can identify cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mental health disorders before they progress to serious stages, which prevents late diagnosis and treatment.
• Health promotion campaigns that target male audiences help improve health literacy and awareness about risk factors such as tobacco use, poor diet and physical inactivity, encouraging protective health behaviours.
• This approach works because it addresses the underlying causes of male health inequities by making healthcare more accessible and culturally appropriate for men’s needs and preferences.
• Therefore, targeted interventions can significantly reduce the premature mortality rates experienced by males compared to females by addressing both access barriers and behavioural risk factors.

• Males experience higher rates of premature death compared to females, with life expectancy differences of approximately four years at birth.
• The leading causes of death differ between genders, with coronary heart disease being the primary cause for males while dementia is the leading cause for females.
• Males are more likely to engage in risky health behaviours and delay seeking healthcare services. This contributes to late diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders.
• Females experience higher rates of mental health conditions, particularly anxiety disorders, and are more likely to live with chronic conditions for longer periods despite having greater life expectancy.
• Males face higher rates of fatal burden from injuries and suicide, while females experience more non-fatal burden from musculoskeletal and mental health conditions.
• Healthcare access patterns differ, with males often waiting longer than acceptable to make GP appointments, while females are more likely to seek timely medical care.