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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 20 MC

The diagram below shows bones labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4, of the upper limb.

 

Which row correctly lists the bones for 1, 2, 3 and 4?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{1}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{2}& \textbf{3}& \textbf{4} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Scapula}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\ \ \text{Humerus}\ \ &\text{Ulna}&\text{Phalanges}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Clavicle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Ulna}&\quad \text{Radius}\quad &\text{Phalanges}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ \ \text{Humerus}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\ \ & \text{Radius} &\text{Ulna}&\text{Metacarpals} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Clavicle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Humerus}&\text{Ulna}&\text{Metacarpals} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

1. Clavicle

    • long bone that attaches the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column

2. Humerus

    • long bone in upper arm joining the elbow to the shoulder

3. Ulna

    • longest bone in the forearm on the little finger side

4. Metacarpals

    • long bones in hand between the carpals and phalanges

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 19

Evaluate how the structural differences between the hip joint and shoulder joint reflect their contrasting functional requirements in human movement.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • While both are ball and socket joints, their structural differences reflect their specialised roles.
  • The hip joint prioritises stability with a deeper socket (acetabulum) and strong ligamentous support to bear body weight and maintain upright posture.
  • In contrast, the shoulder’s shallower glenoid cavity and more flexible capsule enables greater mobility for reaching and manipulation tasks, though this comes at the cost of reduced stability.
  • These structural adaptations demonstrate how joint architecture is optimised for function, with the hip favoring stability for weight-bearing and the shoulder prioritising mobility for upper limb movements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • While both are ball and socket joints, their structural differences reflect their specialised roles.
  • The hip joint prioritises stability with a deeper socket (acetabulum) and strong ligamentous support to bear body weight and maintain upright posture.
  • In contrast, the shoulder’s shallower glenoid cavity and more flexible capsule enables greater mobility for reaching and manipulation tasks, though this comes at the cost of reduced stability.
  • These structural adaptations demonstrate how joint architecture is optimised for function, with the hip favoring stability for weight-bearing and the shoulder prioritising mobility for upper limb movements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 18

Using an example from the shoulder girdle, explain how the arrangement of bones and joints allows for effective throwing movements.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Shoulder girdle arrangement features:

  • Clavicle connects to sternum
  • Scapula connects to humerus

Movement capabilities:

  • Sternoclavicular joint enables:
    • Clavicle elevation
    • Clavicle rotation
  • Scapula moves freely on rib cage

Combined joint actions:

  • Glenohumeral (ball and socket) joint
  • Allows throwing movements through:
    • Arm elevation
    • Rotation
    • Follow-through
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Shoulder girdle arrangement features:

  • Clavicle connects to sternum
  • Scapula connects to humerus

Movement capabilities:

  • Sternoclavicular joint enables:
    • Clavicle elevation
    • Clavicle rotation
  • Scapula moves freely on rib cage

Combined joint actions:

  • Glenohumeral (ball and socket) joint
  • Allows throwing movements through:
    • Arm elevation
    • Rotation
    • Follow-through

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 17

Outline THREE types of synovial joints in the human body and provide an example of where each is located.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The hinge joint allows movement in one plane, like flexion and extension, and can be found at the elbow.
  • The ball and socket joint allows movement in all planes and is found at the shoulder.
  • The pivot joint allows rotational movement and is found at the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The hinge joint allows movement in one plane, like flexion and extension, and can be found at the elbow.
  • The ball and socket joint allows movement in all planes and is found at the shoulder.
  • The pivot joint allows rotational movement and is found at the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.