SmarterEd

Aussie Maths & Science Teachers: Save your time with SmarterEd

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 820

Explain how the structure of the pelvic girdle and hip joint contributes to its function in weight-bearing and movement.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The pelvic girdle consists of several fused bones that form a strong, stable base that effectively supports the weight of the upper body.
  • The hip joint is a deep ball-and-socket joint where the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the pelvis, providing stability while allowing movement in multiple directions.
  • Supporting ligaments in the pelvic region are short and strong compared to those in the shoulder, limiting mobility but enhancing stability for weight-bearing functions.
  • The depth of the acetabulum socket and strong ligamentous support allow the hip joint to bear significant loads while maintaining stability during activities like walking and running.
  • The design balances the need for stability in supporting body weight with sufficient mobility for locomotion, making it ideal for its dual role in weight bearing and movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The pelvic girdle consists of several fused bones that form a strong, stable base that effectively supports the weight of the upper body.
  • The hip joint is a deep ball-and-socket joint where the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the pelvis, providing stability while allowing movement in multiple directions.
  • Supporting ligaments in the pelvic region are short and strong compared to those in the shoulder, limiting mobility but enhancing stability for weight-bearing functions.
  • The depth of the acetabulum socket and strong ligamentous support allow the hip joint to bear significant loads while maintaining stability during activities like walking and running.
  • The design balances the need for stability in supporting body weight with sufficient mobility for locomotion, making it ideal for its dual role in weight bearing and movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 819

Compare the structure and movement capabilities of ball-and-socket joints and gliding joints.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Ball-and-socket joints (like the hip and shoulder) have a rounded head of one bone fitting into a cup-shaped socket of another, while gliding joints (like between carpals) have relatively flat surfaces that move against each other.
  • Ball-and-socket joints allow movement in multiple planes and rotation, providing the greatest range of motion of any joint type.
  • Gliding joints permit only sliding movements between bones on a single plane, resulting in limited motion compared to ball-and-socket joints.
  • Ball-and-socket joints typically have a more pronounced joint capsule and stronger supporting ligaments due to their greater mobility requiring more stabilisation.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Ball-and-socket joints (like the hip and shoulder) have a rounded head of one bone fitting into a cup-shaped socket of another, while gliding joints (like between carpals) have relatively flat surfaces that move against each other.
  • Ball-and-socket joints allow movement in multiple planes and rotation, providing the greatest range of motion of any joint type.
  • Gliding joints permit only sliding movements between bones on a single plane, resulting in limited motion compared to ball-and-socket joints.
  • Ball-and-socket joints typically have a more pronounced joint capsule and stronger supporting ligaments due to their greater mobility requiring more stabilisation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 818

Describe the structure and function of the hinge joint in the knee.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The knee is a hinge joint formed where the femur connects with the tibia, with the patella providing protection at the front of the joint.
  • As a hinge joint, it allows movement primarily in one plane, enabling flexion and extension of the leg.
  • The joint is stabilised by ligaments and supported by surrounding muscles, with articular cartilage covering the bone ends to reduce friction during movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The knee is a hinge joint formed where the femur connects with the tibia, with the patella providing protection at the front of the joint.
  • As a hinge joint, it allows movement primarily in one plane, enabling flexion and extension of the leg.
  • The joint is stabilised by ligaments and supported by surrounding muscles, with articular cartilage covering the bone ends to reduce friction during movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 817 MC

Which of the following correctly identifies the bones that form the elbow joint?

  1. Humerus, radius and ulna
  2. Radius, ulna and carpals
  3. Scapula, humerus and radius
  4. Humerus, radius and carpals
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: 

  • The elbow joint is formed by the humerus in the upper arm connecting with both the radius and ulna in the forearm.

Other Options:

  • B and D are incorrect: Carpals are wrist bones and do not form part of the elbow joint.
  • C is incorrect: Scapula is part of the shoulder joint, not the elbow joint.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 816 MC

A basketball player performs a jump shot. Which type of synovial joint in the shoulder allows for the full range of arm movement during this action?

  1. Hinge joint
  2. Pivot joint
  3. Ball-and-socket joint
  4. Condyloid joint
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • The shoulder contains a ball-and-socket joint that allows movement in multiple planes and rotation, enabling the full range of arm movement needed for a jump shot.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Hinge joints (like the elbow) only allow movement in one plane, which would restrict the complex arm movements needed.
  • B is incorrect: Pivot joints allow rotation around a single axis, which is insufficient for the full range of shoulder movement.
  • D is incorrect: Condyloid joints (like the wrist) allow circular motion but not the same degree of rotation as ball-and-socket joints.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 815 MC

Which of the following joints allows for rotation of the head?

  1. Hinge joint
  2. Pivot joint
  3. Gliding joint
  4. Saddle joint
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • Pivot joints, like the one at the top of the spine, specifically allow for rotational movement, enabling the rotation of the head.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Hinge joints allow movement in one plane only (flexion and extension), not rotation.
  • C is incorrect: Gliding joints allow for sliding movements between bone surfaces but are not specifically responsible for head rotation.
  • D is incorrect: Saddle joints allow for flexion, extension, and other movements but not rotation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 20 MC

The diagram below shows bones labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4, of the upper limb.

 

Which row correctly lists the bones for 1, 2, 3 and 4?

Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

1. Clavicle

    • long bone that attaches the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column

2. Humerus

    • long bone in upper arm joining the elbow to the shoulder

3. Ulna

    • longest bone in the forearm on the little finger side

4. Metacarpals

    • long bones in hand between the carpals and phalanges

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 19

Evaluate how the structural differences between the hip joint and shoulder joint reflect their contrasting functional requirements in human movement.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • While both are ball and socket joints, their structural differences reflect their specialised roles.
  • The hip joint prioritises stability with a deeper socket (acetabulum) and strong ligamentous support to bear body weight and maintain upright posture.
  • In contrast, the shoulder’s shallower glenoid cavity and more flexible capsule enables greater mobility for reaching and manipulation tasks, though this comes at the cost of reduced stability.
  • These structural adaptations demonstrate how joint architecture is optimised for function, with the hip favoring stability for weight-bearing and the shoulder prioritising mobility for upper limb movements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • While both are ball and socket joints, their structural differences reflect their specialised roles.
  • The hip joint prioritises stability with a deeper socket (acetabulum) and strong ligamentous support to bear body weight and maintain upright posture.
  • In contrast, the shoulder’s shallower glenoid cavity and more flexible capsule enables greater mobility for reaching and manipulation tasks, though this comes at the cost of reduced stability.
  • These structural adaptations demonstrate how joint architecture is optimised for function, with the hip favoring stability for weight-bearing and the shoulder prioritising mobility for upper limb movements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 18

Using an example from the shoulder girdle, explain how the arrangement of bones and joints allows for effective throwing movements.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Shoulder girdle arrangement features:

  • Clavicle connects to sternum
  • Scapula connects to humerus

Movement capabilities:

  • Sternoclavicular joint enables:
    • Clavicle elevation
    • Clavicle rotation
  • Scapula moves freely on rib cage

Combined joint actions:

  • Glenohumeral (ball and socket) joint
  • Allows throwing movements through:
    • Arm elevation
    • Rotation
    • Follow-through
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Shoulder girdle arrangement features:

  • Clavicle connects to sternum
  • Scapula connects to humerus

Movement capabilities:

  • Sternoclavicular joint enables:
    • Clavicle elevation
    • Clavicle rotation
  • Scapula moves freely on rib cage

Combined joint actions:

  • Glenohumeral (ball and socket) joint
  • Allows throwing movements through:
    • Arm elevation
    • Rotation
    • Follow-through

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 17

Outline THREE types of synovial joints in the human body and provide an example of where each is located.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The hinge joint allows movement in one plane, like flexion and extension, and can be found at the elbow.
  • The ball and socket joint allows movement in all planes and is found at the shoulder.
  • The pivot joint allows rotational movement and is found at the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The hinge joint allows movement in one plane, like flexion and extension, and can be found at the elbow.
  • The ball and socket joint allows movement in all planes and is found at the shoulder.
  • The pivot joint allows rotational movement and is found at the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.