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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 670

Based on understanding of practice methods, propose four research questions that would help coaches optimise the development of tennis serving technique.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer  OR 4 similar questions with appropriate focus 

  • How does the effectiveness of whole versus part practice methods change as learners progress through different stages of serving technique development?
  • What is the optimal balance between massed and distributed practice for developing consistent serving technique while preventing fatigue-related technique breakdown?
  • How does the introduction of variable practice conditions affect serving consistency and adaptability at different learning stages?
  • What specific progression from blocked to random practice maximises both technique consistency and match transfer in tennis serve development?
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Sample Answer  OR 4 similar questions with appropriate focus 

  • How does the effectiveness of whole versus part practice methods change as learners progress through different stages of serving technique development?
  • What is the optimal balance between massed and distributed practice for developing consistent serving technique while preventing fatigue-related technique breakdown?
  • How does the introduction of variable practice conditions affect serving consistency and adaptability at different learning stages?
  • What specific progression from blocked to random practice maximises both technique consistency and match transfer in tennis serve development?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 668

Research suggests that confidence plays an important role in skill acquisition. Analyse how researchers might further investigate the relationship between confidence and skill development in gymnastics, proposing four specific research questions and explaining why each would provide valuable insights.   (2 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • “How do different confidence-building interventions affect the rate of skill acquisition for complex gymnastics movements?”
    • This would provide valuable insight because it could identify specific strategies to enhance learning through targeted confidence development.
  • “How does the relationship between confidence and skill acquisition differ between mandatory school gymnastics programs and voluntary participation?”
    • This would be valuable because it examines how motivation context affects the confidence-performance relationship.
  • “What is the relationship between objective versus perceived competence in gymnastics, and how does this relationship change across learning stages?”
    • This would provide insight into how learners’ self-assessment accuracy develops alongside skill progression.
  • “How does fear of injury impact confidence and learning progression for different gymnastics skills, and what interventions most effectively address this barrier?”
    • This would be valuable because safety concerns in gymnastics present unique psychological challenges that may require specific confidence-building approaches.
  • This research area is particularly important because gymnastics involves potentially intimidating movements where psychological barriers can significantly impact physical performance capabilities.
  • Understanding confidence development would help create more effective, psychologically informed teaching progressions that address both physical and mental aspects of skill acquisition.
  • The research should employ mixed methods including both quantitative measures of confidence and performance alongside qualitative exploration of gymnastics learners’ experiences.
  • Findings could inform evidence-based guidelines for creating learning environments that simultaneously develop technique and psychological readiness.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • “How do different confidence-building interventions affect the rate of skill acquisition for complex gymnastics movements?”
    • This would provide valuable insight because it could identify specific strategies to enhance learning through targeted confidence development.
  • “How does the relationship between confidence and skill acquisition differ between mandatory school gymnastics programs and voluntary participation?”
    • This would be valuable because it examines how motivation context affects the confidence-performance relationship.
  • “What is the relationship between objective versus perceived competence in gymnastics, and how does this relationship change across learning stages?”
    • This would provide insight into how learners’ self-assessment accuracy develops alongside skill progression.
  • “How does fear of injury impact confidence and learning progression for different gymnastics skills, and what interventions most effectively address this barrier?”
    • This would be valuable because safety concerns in gymnastics present unique psychological challenges that may require specific confidence-building approaches.
  • This research area is particularly important because gymnastics involves potentially intimidating movements where psychological barriers can significantly impact physical performance capabilities.
  • Understanding confidence development would help create more effective, psychologically informed teaching progressions that address both physical and mental aspects of skill acquisition.
  • The research should employ mixed methods including both quantitative measures of confidence and performance alongside qualitative exploration of gymnastics learners’ experiences.
  • Findings could inform evidence-based guidelines for creating learning environments that simultaneously develop technique and psychological readiness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 667

  1. Outline the concept of stages of learning (cognitive, associative, autonomous) in skill acquisition.   (2 marks)

  2. Propose four research questions that would advance understanding of how practice methods should be adapted across these learning stages for basketball shooting technique.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  1. The cognitive stage involves understanding what to do, with learners processing information about the skill and making frequent errors while establishing basic movement patterns.
  2. The associative stage involves refining movements through practice, with fewer errors and more consistent execution as learners develop greater coordination and rhythm.
  3. The autonomous stage involves highly consistent, largely automatic execution with minimal conscious attention required for basic technique elements.
  4. Similar questions are acceptable with equal detail
  5. How does the effectiveness of blocked versus random practice change as learners transition from cognitive to associative stages of basketball shooting development?
  6. What specific indicators can coaches use to accurately identify when a player has progressed from one learning stage to the next to guide practice method adjustments?
  7. How does the integration of decision-making elements at different learning stages affect shooting technique consistency and transfer to game situations?
  8. What is the optimal progression of environmental complexity across learning stages to maximise both technique development and transfer to competitive contexts?

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Sample Answer

  1. The cognitive stage involves understanding what to do, with learners processing information about the skill and making frequent errors while establishing basic movement patterns.
  2. The associative stage involves refining movements through practice, with fewer errors and more consistent execution as learners develop greater coordination and rhythm.
  3. The autonomous stage involves highly consistent, largely automatic execution with minimal conscious attention required for basic technique elements.
  4. Similar questions are acceptable with equal detail
  5. How does the effectiveness of blocked versus random practice change as learners transition from cognitive to associative stages of basketball shooting development?
  6. What specific indicators can coaches use to accurately identify when a player has progressed from one learning stage to the next to guide practice method adjustments?
  7. How does the integration of decision-making elements at different learning stages affect shooting technique consistency and transfer to game situations?
  8. What is the optimal progression of environmental complexity across learning stages to maximise both technique development and transfer to competitive contexts?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 662 MC

A researcher has studied the use of augmented feedback in tennis serve development. Which further research question would MOST effectively explore the integration of performance elements with technique development?

  1. How does the integration of tactical decision-making affect serve technique under match pressure?
  2. What is the optimal racquet weight for serving?
  3. How many serves should players practice daily?
  4. Do left-handed players have an advantage when serving?
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: This question explores how performance elements (decision-making) integrate with technique development in competitive contexts, addressing an advanced aspect of skill development.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: This focuses on equipment specifications rather than skill development processes.
  • C is incorrect: This addresses practice volume rather than the integration of performance elements with technique.
  • D is incorrect: This focuses on potential advantages rather than skill development processes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 659 MC

Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate further research question regarding the front-on tackle in rugby league?

  1. Does gender affect the rate at which the front-on tackle technique is acquired?
  2. What is the best way to tackle in rugby league?
  3. Why is rugby league more popular than rugby union?
  4. How many tackles are performed in an average rugby league game?
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: This question proposes meaningful research that extends understanding of skill development by exploring how learner characteristics (gender) might influence the rate of acquisition for this specific skill.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: This question is too broad and vague to guide specific research into skill development.
  • C is incorrect: This focuses on sport popularity rather than skill development.
  • D is incorrect: This focuses on game statistics rather than skill development processes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 655

Analyse how researchers might investigate the effectiveness of different practice methods (massed, distributed, whole, part, blocked, random) for learning complex gymnastics skills. Include specific research approaches in your answer.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Researchers would need to establish clear skill assessment criteria that break down the gymnastics skills into observable technique components that can be reliably measured
  • A comparative study could be designed with multiple groups each using a different practice method (e.g., one group using massed practice, another using distributed practice) while controlling other variables.
  • Video analysis would be essential for documenting technique development, allowing frame-by-frame assessment of movement patterns across different practice sessions.
  • Researchers would need to measure both short-term skill acquisition (immediate learning) and long-term retention (testing weeks later) to fully understand the effectiveness of each practice method.
  • The study would need to consider both quantitative measures (technical execution scores) and qualitative aspects (confidence, movement fluidity) to comprehensively evaluate each practice method’s effectiveness.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Researchers would need to establish clear skill assessment criteria that break down the gymnastics skills into observable technique components that can be reliably measured
  • A comparative study could be designed with multiple groups each using a different practice method (e.g., one group using massed practice, another using distributed practice) while controlling other variables.
  • Video analysis would be essential for documenting technique development, allowing frame-by-frame assessment of movement patterns across different practice sessions.
  • Researchers would need to measure both short-term skill acquisition (immediate learning) and long-term retention (testing weeks later) to fully understand the effectiveness of each practice method.
  • The study would need to consider both quantitative measures (technical execution scores) and qualitative aspects (confidence, movement fluidity) to comprehensively evaluate each practice method’s effectiveness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 646

Outline how you would study whether modified swimming environments help beginners learn better, and how swimming teachers could use what you discover.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The study would compare how quickly and well beginners learn to swim in regular pool conditions versus in modified environments with supportive equipment and shallower water.
  • Researchers would collect information about how long it takes students to achieve specific swimming skills and how confident or anxious they feel in each environment.
  • Video recordings would be used to show how swimming technique develops over several lessons in each environment.
  • Swimming teachers could use the findings to create step-by-step guidelines showing what pool modifications work best for beginners and when to progress to more challenging environments as students improve.
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Sample Answer 

  • The study would compare how quickly and well beginners learn to swim in regular pool conditions versus in modified environments with supportive equipment and shallower water.
  • Researchers would collect information about how long it takes students to achieve specific swimming skills and how confident or anxious they feel in each environment.
  • Video recordings would be used to show how swimming technique develops over several lessons in each environment.
  • Swimming teachers could use the findings to create step-by-step guidelines showing what pool modifications work best for beginners and when to progress to more challenging environments as students improve.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 645

Explain how someone might design a study to find out the best way to organise practice sessions for beginners learning to shoot in basketball.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The researcher would need to create a clear checklist of what good shooting technique looks like, including foot position, arm movement, and follow-through.
  • They could create three study groups: one practising for long periods without breaks, one practising with regular rest breaks, and a third group following their normal routine, with testing before and after to see which improved most.
  • The study would need to make sure other factors stayed the same across all groups, such as the age of players, the amount of total practice time, and the coaching style, so the results clearly show which practice method worked best.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The researcher would need to create a clear checklist of what good shooting technique looks like, including foot position, arm movement, and follow-through.
  • They could create three study groups: one practising for long periods without breaks, one practising with regular rest breaks, and a third group following their normal routine, with testing before and after to see which improved most.
  • The study would need to make sure other factors stayed the same across all groups, such as the age of players, the amount of total practice time, and the coaching style, so the results clearly show which practice method worked best.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 642

Research on tackling in rugby identifies specific learning principles for safe technique development. Analyse how a rugby coach would apply this research across different learning stages.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The coach would apply research on practice methods by using whole practice rather than part practice for tackling, as the movement parts are heavily interdependent.
  • Research on environmental modification would be applied through progressively using tackle bags, shields, and padded opponents before full-contact practice.
  • The coach would implement research on distributed practice by scheduling regular rest periods during tackling practice to prevent fatigue-related technique breakdown and injury
  • Research on feedback types would be applied by focusing initial feedback on knowledge of performance rather than knowledge of results to establish safe technique.
  • For associative stage players, the coach would apply research by gradually introducing more open skill environments with moving targets of increasing speed.
  • Research on performance elements would be applied by progressively incorporating decision-making scenarios where players must select appropriate tackling techniques based on the situation.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The coach would apply research on practice methods by using whole practice rather than part practice for tackling, as the movement parts are heavily interdependent.
  • Research on environmental modification would be applied through progressively using tackle bags, shields, and padded opponents before full-contact practice.
  • The coach would implement research on distributed practice by scheduling regular rest periods during tackling practice to prevent fatigue-related technique breakdown and injury
  • Research on feedback types would be applied by focusing initial feedback on knowledge of performance rather than knowledge of results to establish safe technique.
  • For associative stage players, the coach would apply research by gradually introducing more open skill environments with moving targets of increasing speed.
  • Research on performance elements would be applied by progressively incorporating decision-making scenarios where players must select appropriate tackling techniques based on the situation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 641

Research demonstrates that different types of feedback are appropriate for different stages of learning. Critically evaluate how a tennis coach might apply this specific research to develop forehand technique across different skill levels.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • For cognitive stage learners, the coach would apply research by providing augmented feedback focused on critical technique elements like grip and stance rather than overwhelming with multiple corrections.
  • Research on feedback timing would be applied by delivering delayed rather than concurrent feedback, allowing cognitive stage players to complete attempts without distraction.
  • The coach would implement research by emphasising knowledge of performance feedback over knowledge of results during early learning stages to establish proper technique.
  • Research on augmented feedback would be applied through visual demonstrations and video analysis appropriate to the learner’s stage of development.
  • For associative stage players, the coach would apply research by gradually reducing augmented feedback frequency, encouraging development of task-intrinsic feedback through proprioception.
  • Research on feedback types would be applied by providing both knowledge of performance and knowledge of results as players progress through the associative stage.
  • For autonomous stage players, the coach would apply research by emphasising task-intrinsic feedback, as these players have developed the ability to detect errors through their proprioceptive awareness.
  • Research on elite performers would be applied by using selective augmented feedback focusing on refinement rather than fundamental technique which is already mastered.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • For cognitive stage learners, the coach would apply research by providing augmented feedback focused on critical technique elements like grip and stance rather than overwhelming with multiple corrections.
  • Research on feedback timing would be applied by delivering delayed rather than concurrent feedback, allowing cognitive stage players to complete attempts without distraction.
  • The coach would implement research by emphasising knowledge of performance feedback over knowledge of results during early learning stages to establish proper technique.
  • Research on augmented feedback would be applied through visual demonstrations and video analysis appropriate to the learner’s stage of development.
  • For associative stage players, the coach would apply research by gradually reducing augmented feedback frequency, encouraging development of task-intrinsic feedback through proprioception.
  • Research on feedback types would be applied by providing both knowledge of performance and knowledge of results as players progress through the associative stage.
  • For autonomous stage players, the coach would apply research by emphasising task-intrinsic feedback, as these players have developed the ability to detect errors through their proprioceptive awareness.
  • Research on elite performers would be applied by using selective augmented feedback focusing on refinement rather than fundamental technique which is already mastered.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 638

Research shows that practice scheduling affects motor learning effectiveness. Describe how a soccer coach would apply this research when teaching the instep drive technique to young players.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The coach would apply research on distributed practice by dividing instep drive training into multiple short periods separated by rest or other activities rather than using massed practice without breaks.
  • Research on practice methods would be applied by beginning with blocked practice of stationary balls, progressing to random practice where different kick types and situations vary unpredictably.
  • The coach would implement research on whole practice methods for the instep drive, ensuring players practice the complete kicking motion rather than breaking it into separate components.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The coach would apply research on distributed practice by dividing instep drive training into multiple short periods separated by rest or other activities rather than using massed practice without breaks.
  • Research on practice methods would be applied by beginning with blocked practice of stationary balls, progressing to random practice where different kick types and situations vary unpredictably.
  • The coach would implement research on whole practice methods for the instep drive, ensuring players practice the complete kicking motion rather than breaking it into separate components.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 636

Research has identified that environmental constraints shape movement pattern development. Explain how an athletics coach would apply this research when teaching discus throwing technique to novice throwers.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The coach would apply research on equipment scaling by providing lighter discuses that allow proper technique execution without excessive strength requirements that compromise form.
  • Research on spatial constraints would be applied by using throwing circles with directional markers to naturally guide proper foot positioning and rotation patterns without explicit instruction.
  • The coach would implement research on task constraints by initially removing the distance outcome focus, instead rewarding technical execution regardless of throwing distance.
  • Research on perceptual constraints would be applied through progressive introduction of environmental factors, beginning with consistent conditions before introducing variables like wind and competition pressure.
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Sample Answer 

  • The coach would apply research on equipment scaling by providing lighter discuses that allow proper technique execution without excessive strength requirements that compromise form.
  • Research on spatial constraints would be applied by using throwing circles with directional markers to naturally guide proper foot positioning and rotation patterns without explicit instruction.
  • The coach would implement research on task constraints by initially removing the distance outcome focus, instead rewarding technical execution regardless of throwing distance.
  • Research on perceptual constraints would be applied through progressive introduction of environmental factors, beginning with consistent conditions before introducing variables like wind and competition pressure.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 624

Analyse what research tells us about how manipulating the environment affects the acquisition and development of tackling technique in rugby.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Research demonstrates initially modifying the environment to create closed conditions significantly improves technique acquisition and safety for novice tacklers.
  • Studies show progressive environmental complexity through incremental introduction of movement variables (speed, direction, size of ball carrier) enhances skill transfer.
  • Evidence indicates controlled collision progression using tackle bags before human contact reduces injury risk while establishing proper technique fundamentals.
  • Research reveals the psychological benefits of environmental manipulation include reduced anxiety and increased confidence through graduated challenge.
  • Studies demonstrate that environmental constraints can effectively shape technique by creating scenarios that naturally elicit desired movement patterns.
  • Research indicates elite tacklers require exposure to highly variable practice environments to develop the perceptual-motor coupling necessary for effective technique selection in competition.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research demonstrates initially modifying the environment to create closed conditions significantly improves technique acquisition and safety for novice tacklers.
  • Studies show progressive environmental complexity through incremental introduction of movement variables (speed, direction, size of ball carrier) enhances skill transfer.
  • Evidence indicates controlled collision progression using tackle bags before human contact reduces injury risk while establishing proper technique fundamentals.
  • Research reveals the psychological benefits of environmental manipulation include reduced anxiety and increased confidence through graduated challenge.
  • Studies demonstrate that environmental constraints can effectively shape technique by creating scenarios that naturally elicit desired movement patterns.
  • Research indicates elite tacklers require exposure to highly variable practice environments to develop the perceptual-motor coupling necessary for effective technique selection in competition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 623

Outline what research tells us about how the classification of a skill influences its acquisition in basketball shooting technique.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Research indicates basketball shooting’s classification as an externally paced skill means acquisition requires progressive adaptation to defensive pressure timing variations.
  • Studies show the discrete nature of basketball shooting allows for clear outcome assessment after each attempt, facilitating rapid technique modification.
  • Research demonstrates that basketball shooting’s classification as a predominantly gross motor skill means learners must coordinate whole-body movement sequencing before refining fine motor control of release point.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research indicates basketball shooting’s classification as an externally paced skill means acquisition requires progressive adaptation to defensive pressure timing variations.
  • Studies show the discrete nature of basketball shooting allows for clear outcome assessment after each attempt, facilitating rapid technique modification.
  • Research demonstrates that basketball shooting’s classification as a predominantly gross motor skill means learners must coordinate whole-body movement sequencing before refining fine motor control of release point.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 622

Critically evaluate what research tells us about how task-intrinsic and augmented feedback mechanisms contribute differently to movement skill development across the stages of learning in swimming stroke technique.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Research demonstrates novice swimmers initially rely almost exclusively on augmented feedback as they lack the proprioceptive framework to interpret internal sensations related to technique.
  • Studies show effective augmented feedback for cognitive stage swimmers focuses on single critical elements rather than comprehensive technique analysis.
  • Evidence indicates associative stage represents a critical transition period where swimmers begin developing meaningful connections between augmented feedback and internal sensations.
  • Research reveals delayed augmented feedback is more effective than concurrent feedback for cognitive learners as it prevents information overload during execution.
  • Studies demonstrate elite swimmers develop sophisticated proprioceptive awareness allowing detection of minute technique deviations through task-intrinsic feedback.
  • Research shows augmented feedback frequency should progressively decrease as swimmers advance toward autonomous stage to prevent dependency.
  • Evidence indicates video analysis combined with coach guidance creates optimal knowledge of performance feedback for the associative stage.
  • Studies consistently show elite swimmers integrate both feedback systems, using task-intrinsic feedback for real-time adjustments and augmented feedback for periodic technique refinement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research demonstrates novice swimmers initially rely almost exclusively on augmented feedback as they lack the proprioceptive framework to interpret internal sensations related to technique.
  • Studies show effective augmented feedback for cognitive stage swimmers focuses on single critical elements rather than comprehensive technique analysis.
  • Evidence indicates associative stage represents a critical transition period where swimmers begin developing meaningful connections between augmented feedback and internal sensations.
  • Research reveals delayed augmented feedback is more effective than concurrent feedback for cognitive learners as it prevents information overload during execution.
  • Studies demonstrate elite swimmers develop sophisticated proprioceptive awareness allowing detection of minute technique deviations through task-intrinsic feedback.
  • Research shows augmented feedback frequency should progressively decrease as swimmers advance toward autonomous stage to prevent dependency.
  • Evidence indicates video analysis combined with coach guidance creates optimal knowledge of performance feedback for the associative stage.
  • Studies consistently show elite swimmers integrate both feedback systems, using task-intrinsic feedback for real-time adjustments and augmented feedback for periodic technique refinement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 620

Analyse what research tells us about the relationship between confidence development and movement skill acquisition in gymnastics floor routines, explaining how this affects progression through the stages of learning.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Research indicates confidence acts as both an outcome and a facilitator of skill acquisition in complex gymnastics movements.
  • Studies demonstrate that successful early experiences with simplified versions of gymnastics skills create positive confidence-performance spirals that accelerate learning.
  • Research shows fear responses during cognitive stage inhibit proper technique execution by creating muscle tension and hesitation.
  • Evidence indicates associative stage progression is particularly dependent on confidence as learners must attempt increasingly difficult movement variations.
  • At autonomous stage, research demonstrates confident gymnasts display greater movement creativity and expressiveness in floor routines.
  • Studies consistently show confidence mediates the relationship between physical capability and actual performance achievement across all stages of learning.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research indicates confidence acts as both an outcome and a facilitator of skill acquisition in complex gymnastics movements.
  • Studies demonstrate that successful early experiences with simplified versions of gymnastics skills create positive confidence-performance spirals that accelerate learning.
  • Research shows fear responses during cognitive stage inhibit proper technique execution by creating muscle tension and hesitation.
  • Evidence indicates associative stage progression is particularly dependent on confidence as learners must attempt increasingly difficult movement variations.
  • At autonomous stage, research demonstrates confident gymnasts display greater movement creativity and expressiveness in floor routines.
  • Studies consistently show confidence mediates the relationship between physical capability and actual performance achievement across all stages of learning.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 618 MC

Research on acquiring soccer dribbling skills indicates that learners with prior experience in similar invasion games progress more quickly because of:

  1. Higher levels of baseline fitness
  2. Greater tactical understanding of team sports
  3. Positive transfer of learning from similar movement patterns
  4. More effective communication with coaches
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • Research demonstrates that positive transfer of learning occurs when similar movement patterns and perceptual elements exist between previously acquired skills and new ones, allowing faster progression.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: While fitness is beneficial, research shows skill acquisition is primarily accelerated by movement pattern similarities rather than baseline fitness.
  • B is incorrect: Tactical understanding may help game play but doesn’t significantly accelerate the physical technique acquisition process.
  • D is incorrect: Coach communication quality is not directly linked to the accelerated learning that comes from positive skill transfer.

\(\Rightarrow C\)