Individual, organisational and community advocacy

HMS, HIC 2016 HSC 27b

Evaluate government strategies or actions that target major health issues affecting young people. (12 marks)

--- 28 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

Evaluation Statement

Government strategies targeting youth health issues prove moderately effective in addressing mental health and substance abuse concerns.
Effectiveness varies significantly based on accessibility, implementation consistency and community engagement levels across different regions.

Mental Health Strategy Effectiveness

Youth mental health funding achieves substantial health improvements through Headspace centres providing accessible counselling and psychiatric services for young people aged 12-25 years. These government-funded facilities offer free support with reduced waiting times compared to traditional mental health services.
Evidence supporting health impact includes measurable reductions in youth suicide rates and decreased mental health-related emergency department presentations in areas with Headspace coverage. The program demonstrates strong health outcomes through almost three-quarters of clients showing improved mental wellbeing scores and reduced psychological distress following treatment interventions.
However, significant health disparities persist in rural and remote areas where youth suicide rates remain elevated due to inadequate service coverage. Geographic inequities create substantial mental health outcome differences between metropolitan and regional young people.
School-based programs like KidsMatter show inconsistent health impacts with variable depression and anxiety reduction rates across different educational systems.

Substance Abuse Prevention Effectiveness

Drug education programs produce limited health impact with traditional approaches failing to achieve substantial reductions in youth substance use rates. Government initiatives show minimal influence on binge drinking behaviours and cannabis experimentation among target age groups.
Conversely, harm reduction strategies demonstrate better health outcomes through reduced drug-related hospitalisations and decreased overdose incidents among program participants.
Road safety campaigns prove highly effective for health improvement through graduated licensing systems reducing youth road fatalities by 40% since implementation. These legislative measures significantly decrease serious injury rates and trauma-related disabilities among young drivers through evidence-based policy interventions.

Final Evaluation

Overall assessment reveals moderate effectiveness with strongest outcomes in legislative approaches.
Weakest results occur in education-based interventions requiring sustained community engagement and consistent implementation.

Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

Government strategies targeting youth health issues prove moderately effective in addressing mental health and substance abuse concerns.
Effectiveness varies significantly based on accessibility, implementation consistency and community engagement levels across different regions.

Mental Health Strategy Effectiveness

Youth mental health funding achieves substantial health improvements through Headspace centres providing accessible counselling and psychiatric services for young people aged 12-25 years. These government-funded facilities offer free support with reduced waiting times compared to traditional mental health services.
Evidence supporting health impact includes measurable reductions in youth suicide rates and decreased mental health-related emergency department presentations in areas with Headspace coverage. The program demonstrates strong health outcomes through almost three-quarters of clients showing improved mental wellbeing scores and reduced psychological distress following treatment interventions.
However, significant health disparities persist in rural and remote areas where youth suicide rates remain elevated due to inadequate service coverage. Geographic inequities create substantial mental health outcome differences between metropolitan and regional young people.
School-based programs like KidsMatter show inconsistent health impacts with variable depression and anxiety reduction rates across different educational systems.

Substance Abuse Prevention Effectiveness

Drug education programs produce limited health impact with traditional approaches failing to achieve substantial reductions in youth substance use rates. Government initiatives show minimal influence on binge drinking behaviours and cannabis experimentation among target age groups.
Conversely, harm reduction strategies demonstrate better health outcomes through reduced drug-related hospitalisations and decreased overdose incidents among program participants.
Road safety campaigns prove highly effective for health improvement through graduated licensing systems reducing youth road fatalities by 40% since implementation. These legislative measures significantly decrease serious injury rates and trauma-related disabilities among young drivers through evidence-based policy interventions.

Final Evaluation

Overall assessment reveals moderate effectiveness with strongest outcomes in legislative approaches.
Weakest results occur in education-based interventions requiring sustained community engagement and consistent implementation.

♦♦ Mean mark 49%.

HMS, HIC 2017 HSC 31a

Explain how enabling, mediating and advocating actions can make sustainable improvements for disadvantaged groups. (8 marks)

--- 24 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

Enabling actions directly empower disadvantaged groups to take control over factors affecting their health outcomes. These approaches work by building community capacity and addressing equity principles of participation and access. Empowerment becomes essential because disadvantaged groups often lack decision-making power in traditional healthcare models. For instance, when Aboriginal health workers deliver culturally appropriate health education within their communities, participation rates increase significantly. This demonstrates why community-led initiatives create sustainable change by ensuring equal access to health information and respecting cultural rights.
Mediating actions create collaborative partnerships that address power imbalances between different sectors. The process involves bringing together government agencies, healthcare providers, and community organisations to ensure disadvantaged voices are heard in decision-making. Empowerment occurs through shared responsibility and resource allocation. Evidence of this includes the Close the Gap campaign which provides Indigenous communities with equal participation in policy development. Such collaboration leads to more effective resource allocation because disadvantaged groups help identify their specific needs and priorities.
Advocating actions generate systemic policy changes that challenge structural inequities and redistribute power. Advocacy works by amplifying disadvantaged voices to demand equal rights and access to healthcare services. Empowerment becomes sustainable when advocacy creates lasting policy frameworks that protect vulnerable populations. A clear example is disability advocacy organisations successfully campaigning for legislative changes in healthcare accessibility. These efforts result in permanent improvements to equity because they address root causes of disadvantage rather than temporary symptom management.

Show Worked Solution

Enabling actions directly empower disadvantaged groups to take control over factors affecting their health outcomes. These approaches work by building community capacity and addressing equity principles of participation and access. Empowerment becomes essential because disadvantaged groups often lack decision-making power in traditional healthcare models. For instance, when Aboriginal health workers deliver culturally appropriate health education within their communities, participation rates increase significantly. This demonstrates why community-led initiatives create sustainable change by ensuring equal access to health information and respecting cultural rights.
Mediating actions create collaborative partnerships that address power imbalances between different sectors. The process involves bringing together government agencies, healthcare providers, and community organisations to ensure disadvantaged voices are heard in decision-making. Empowerment occurs through shared responsibility and resource allocation. Evidence of this includes the Close the Gap campaign which provides Indigenous communities with equal participation in policy development. Such collaboration leads to more effective resource allocation because disadvantaged groups help identify their specific needs and priorities.
Advocating actions generate systemic policy changes that challenge structural inequities and redistribute power. Advocacy works by amplifying disadvantaged voices to demand equal rights and access to healthcare services. Empowerment becomes sustainable when advocacy creates lasting policy frameworks that protect vulnerable populations. A clear example is disability advocacy organisations successfully campaigning for legislative changes in healthcare accessibility. These efforts result in permanent improvements to equity because they address root causes of disadvantage rather than temporary symptom management.

♦♦ Mean mark 50%.

HMS, HIC 2017 HSC 27b

To what extent have government and non-government strategies targeting young people been effective in addressing major health issues? (12 marks)

--- 28 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

Judgment Statement

Government and non-government strategies have achieved moderate effectiveness in addressing major youth health issues. Success varies significantly across different health areas, with stronger outcomes in road safety than mental health and substance abuse.

Mental Health Strategy Effectiveness

Government Headspace centres demonstrate substantial success in providing accessible mental health services for young Australians aged 12-25. These federally-funded centres offer free counselling and psychiatric services with over 150 centres nationwide. However, limitations include long waiting lists and inadequate rural coverage creating geographical inequities.
Non-government R U OK? Day campaigns effectively raise awareness about mental health conversations and suicide prevention. This initiative successfully normalises mental health discussions across schools and communities. Yet sustainability challenges arise from volunteer dependency and inconsistent funding streams.

Road Safety Strategy Effectiveness

Government P-plate restrictions prove highly effective in reducing youth road fatalities through passenger limits, speed restrictions and zero BAC requirements. These legislative measures have significantly decreased young driver death rates since implementation. Additional government initiatives like Plan B campaigns provide clear messaging about drink-driving consequences.
Non-government programs like RYDA demonstrate strong effectiveness in rural areas where road fatalities are highest. These Rotary-funded programs increase education about issues including fatigue and risk-taking behaviours. Community-based approaches also successfully target local issues with culturally relevant messaging.

Substance Abuse Strategy Effectiveness

Government school-based drug education shows mixed results due to inconsistent implementation across different educational settings. On the other hand, non-government community-based education programs often achieve better youth engagement through peer-to-peer approaches and locally relevant messaging.

Reaffirmation

Overall assessment reveals moderate effectiveness with government strategies stronger in legislative areas like road safety, while non-government initiatives excel in community engagement and awareness-raising across multiple health issues.

Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

Government and non-government strategies have achieved moderate effectiveness in addressing major youth health issues. Success varies significantly across different health areas, with stronger outcomes in road safety than mental health and substance abuse.

Mental Health Strategy Effectiveness

Government Headspace centres demonstrate substantial success in providing accessible mental health services for young Australians aged 12-25. These federally-funded centres offer free counselling and psychiatric services with over 150 centres nationwide. However, limitations include long waiting lists and inadequate rural coverage creating geographical inequities.
Non-government R U OK? Day campaigns effectively raise awareness about mental health conversations and suicide prevention. This initiative successfully normalises mental health discussions across schools and communities. Yet sustainability challenges arise from volunteer dependency and inconsistent funding streams.

Road Safety Strategy Effectiveness

Government P-plate restrictions prove highly effective in reducing youth road fatalities through passenger limits, speed restrictions and zero BAC requirements. These legislative measures have significantly decreased young driver death rates since implementation. Additional government initiatives like Plan B campaigns provide clear messaging about drink-driving consequences.
Non-government programs like RYDA demonstrate strong effectiveness in rural areas where road fatalities are highest. These Rotary-funded programs increase education about issues including fatigue and risk-taking behaviours. Community-based approaches also successfully target local issues with culturally relevant messaging.

Substance Abuse Strategy Effectiveness

Government school-based drug education shows mixed results due to inconsistent implementation across different educational settings. On the other hand, non-government community-based education programs often achieve better youth engagement through peer-to-peer approaches and locally relevant messaging.

Reaffirmation

Overall assessment reveals moderate effectiveness with government strategies stronger in legislative areas like road safety, while non-government initiatives excel in community engagement and awareness-raising across multiple health issues.

♦♦ Mean mark 50%.

HMS, HIC 2019 HSC 32a

Why are health promotion strategies more effective when they focus on skills, education and prevention? (4 marks)

--- 12 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
Explain how intersectoral collaboration has increased the potential for success of ONE health promotion strategy for a population group experiencing inequity. (4 marks)

--- 12 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

i. Sample Answer

Skills development enables individuals to make informed health decisions throughout their lives. This occurs because teaching practical skills like reading food labels empowers people to choose healthier options independently. For example, cooking skills help young people prepare nutritious meals rather than relying on processed foods.
Education increases health literacy and understanding of risk factors affecting wellbeing. This leads to better decision-making about lifestyle choices. Health education programs in schools teach students about the effects of substance use, enabling them to make informed choices about alcohol, smoking and drugs.
Prevention strategies are more cost-effective than treating diseases after they develop. This happens because preventing chronic conditions like diabetes costs less than ongoing medical treatment. Prevention programs focus on addressing risk factors early, reducing the burden on healthcare systems and improving quality of life.

ii. Sample Answer

The National Tobacco Strategy demonstrates effective intersectoral collaboration for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Commonwealth, state and territory governments work together with Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations to reduce smoking rates.
Government legislation creates supportive policy environments through plain packaging laws and increased tobacco taxation. This combines with community-based smoking cessation programs delivered by Aboriginal health workers in local communities using culturally appropriate approachess.
This collaboration increases success potential because it addresses multiple levels simultaneously. Policy changes reduce tobacco appeal while community programs provide culturally safe support and education. The combined approach leads to greater smoking reduction than individual strategies working alone.

Show Worked Solution

i. Sample Answer

Skills development enables individuals to make informed health decisions throughout their lives. This occurs because teaching practical skills like reading food labels empowers people to choose healthier options independently. For example, cooking skills help young people prepare nutritious meals rather than relying on processed foods.
Education increases health literacy and understanding of risk factors affecting wellbeing. This leads to better decision-making about lifestyle choices. Health education programs in schools teach students about the effects of substance use, enabling them to make informed choices about alcohol, smoking and drugs.
Prevention strategies are more cost-effective than treating diseases after they develop. This happens because preventing chronic conditions like diabetes costs less than ongoing medical treatment. Prevention programs focus on addressing risk factors early, reducing the burden on healthcare systems and improving quality of life.

ii. Sample Answer

The National Tobacco Strategy demonstrates effective intersectoral collaboration for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Commonwealth, state and territory governments work together with Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations to reduce smoking rates.
Government legislation creates supportive policy environments through plain packaging laws and increased tobacco taxation. This combines with community-based smoking cessation programs delivered by Aboriginal health workers in local communities using culturally appropriate approachess.
This collaboration increases success potential because it addresses multiple levels simultaneously. Policy changes reduce tobacco appeal while community programs provide culturally safe support and education. The combined approach leads to greater smoking reduction than individual strategies working alone.

♦♦♦ Mean mark 42%.

Alex is a 17-year-old living in a rural town who has been experiencing depression and anxiety following family breakdown. The nearest mental health professional is 200km away, and Alex's family cannot afford private treatment. The local school has basic counselling services, but Alex feels uncomfortable accessing them due to stigma in the small community.

Discuss the effectiveness of ways in which the government, non-government organisations and the community could advocate for Alex's health needs. (8 marks)

--- 22 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Effective Government Advocacy:

[P] Government advocacy effectively addresses Alex’s access barriers through systematic solutions.
[E] Legislative power is able to create telehealth funding and mobile mental health services for rural areas.
[Ev] Medicare subsidies for online consultations eliminate 200km travel barriers.
[L] Government creates comprehensive, funded solutions to rural mental health inequities.

Limitations of Government Advocacy:

[P] Government advocacy fails to provide immediate crisis intervention.
[E] Bureaucratic red tape can create lengthy implementation delays.
[Ev] Policy changes requiring approval cannot address Alex’s urgent depression symptoms.
[L] Government solutions lack immediacy needed for mental health crises.

Effective NGO Advocacy:

[P] NGOs provide most effective immediate support for Alex’s circumstances.
[E] Independent operation enables rapid crisis response with youth-focused services.
[Ev] For example, NGO’s such as headspace offer 24/7 support, online counselling, addressing stigma concerns.
[L] In this way, NGOs fill critical gaps through immediate, accessible mental health intervention.

Limitations of NGO Advocacy:

[P] NGO advocacy limited by resource constraints and sustainability issues.
[E] Donation-dependent funding creates uncertainty.
[Ev] Cannot establish permanent rural infrastructure or guarantee ongoing availability.
[L] Resource limitations compromise long-term comprehensive support.

Effective Community Advocacy:

[P] Community advocacy can effectively address local stigma and social support needs.
[E] Local understanding enables culturally appropriate mental health initiatives.
[Ev] Peer support groups can normalise help-seeking behaviour in a rural context and direct Alex to government and NGO health services.
[L] Community can transform local attitudes supporting Alex’s recovery.

Limitations of Community Advocacy:

[P] Community advocacy cannot replace professional clinical intervention.
[E] Community members lack specialised mental health training and expertise.
[Ev] They also cannot assess Alex or prescribe drugs or treatment for his depression.
[L] Community support is valuable but insufficient, by itself, for Alex’s clinical needs. When it complements other governmental and NGO health services, the best outcomes are achievable.

Show Worked Solution

Effective Government Advocacy

[P] Government advocacy effectively addresses Alex’s access barriers through systematic solutions.
[E] Legislative power is able to create telehealth funding and mobile mental health services for rural areas.
[Ev] Medicare subsidies for online consultations eliminate 200km travel barriers.
[L] Government creates comprehensive, funded solutions to rural mental health inequities.

Limitations of Government Advocacy

[P] Government advocacy fails to provide immediate crisis intervention.
[E] Bureaucratic red tape can create lengthy implementation delays.
[Ev] Policy changes requiring approval cannot address Alex’s urgent depression symptoms.
[L] Government solutions lack immediacy needed for mental health crises.

Effective NGO Advocacy

[P] NGOs provide most effective immediate support for Alex’s circumstances.
[E] Independent operation enables rapid crisis response with youth-focused services.
[Ev] For example, NGO’s such as headspace offer 24/7 support, online counselling, addressing stigma concerns.
[L] In this way, NGOs fill critical gaps through immediate, accessible mental health intervention.

Limitations of NGO Advocacy

[P] NGO advocacy limited by resource constraints and sustainability issues.
[E] Donation-dependent funding creates uncertainty.
[Ev] Cannot establish permanent rural infrastructure or guarantee ongoing availability.
[L] Resource limitations compromise long-term comprehensive support.

Effective Community Advocacy

[P] Community advocacy can effectively address local stigma and social support needs.
[E] Local understanding enables culturally appropriate mental health initiatives.
[Ev] Peer support groups can normalise help-seeking behaviour in a rural context and direct Alex to government and NGO health services.
[L] Community can transform local attitudes supporting Alex’s recovery.

Limitations of Community Advocacy

[P] Community advocacy cannot replace professional clinical intervention.
[E] Community members lack specialised mental health training and expertise.
[Ev] They also cannot assess Alex or prescribe drugs or treatment for his depression.
[L] Community support is valuable but insufficient, by itself, for Alex’s clinical needs. When it complements other governmental and NGO health services, the best outcomes are achievable.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 095 MC

A remote Aboriginal community has limited access to healthcare services. The government responds by establishing a mobile health clinic program and partnering with local Aboriginal Health Services to provide culturally appropriate care for young people.

This government action primarily demonstrates which combination of advocacy responsibilities?

Setting policies and strengthening community partnerships.
Developing personal skills and creating supportive environments.
Building healthy public policy and reorienting health services.
Allocating funding and implementing targeted programs.

Show Answers Only

$D$

Show Worked Solution

D is correct because the government is allocating funding (establishing the mobile clinic program) and implementing targeted programs (culturally appropriate care for young people in remote areas).

Other options:

A is incorrect because while partnerships exist, the primary focus is on funding allocation and program implementation rather than policy setting.
B is incorrect because these are Ottawa Charter action areas rather than the government’s specific advocacy roles.
C is incorrect because these are also Ottawa Charter action areas, not specific government advocacy responsibilities as outlined in the syllabus.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 094 MC

The NSW government has introduced legislation requiring all entertainment venues to provide free water and designated safe spaces for young people. Additionally, they have allocated $50 million for youth mental health services and established mandatory reporting systems for venues that serve alcohol to minors.

Which government advocacy responsibilities are demonstrated in this scenario?

Setting policies, allocating funding, and implementing programs.
Creating supportive environments and developing personal skills.
Building community partnerships and strengthening local networks.
Providing direct healthcare services and individual counselling.

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

A is correct because all three core government advocacy responsibilities are demonstrated: setting policies (legislation for venues), allocating funding ($50 million for mental health), and implementing programs (mandatory reporting systems).

Other options:

B is incorrect because these are Ottawa Charter action areas, not specific government advocacy responsibilities.
C is incorrect because while partnerships may exist, the question demonstrates direct government action rather than community partnership building.
D is incorrect because governments don’t typically provide direct healthcare services or individual counselling – these are usually delivered by health professionals or NGOs.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 127

A 16-year-old student, Maya, is struggling with anxiety but cannot access affordable mental health services through the public system due to long waiting lists. Meanwhile, her school has recently implemented a new wellbeing curriculum mandated by the state government.

Describe the differences between how government and non-government organisations would advocate for Maya's health needs in this situation. (5 marks)

--- 15 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

Government advocacy:

Government advocacy for Maya would involve systematic, policy-level responses.
The government could addresses Maya’s needs through mandatory school wellbeing programs, funding public mental health services, and setting Medicare rebate structures.
However, government responses are often slow due to bureaucratic red tape and focus on population-wide solutions rather than immediate individual needs.
The government’s role is creating frameworks and policies that should prevent situations like Maya’s.

NGO advocacy:

NGO advocacy provides immediate, targeted support that government cannot deliver.
Organisations like headspace would offer Maya direct counselling services without waiting lists, filling gaps in the system.
NGOs advocate by providing evidence of unmet needs to government, offering specialised youth-focused services, and adapting quickly to emerging mental health trends.
They can provide culturally appropriate support and innovative service delivery models that complement government frameworks.
Both approaches are necessary – the government provides the funding and creates the framework while NGOs provide responsive, specialised advocacy and services.

Show Worked Solution

Government advocacy:

Government advocacy for Maya would involve systematic, policy-level responses.
The government could addresses Maya’s needs through mandatory school wellbeing programs, funding public mental health services, and setting Medicare rebate structures.
However, government responses are often slow due to bureaucratic red tape and focus on population-wide solutions rather than immediate individual needs.
The government’s role is creating frameworks and policies that should prevent situations like Maya’s.

NGO advocacy:

NGO advocacy provides immediate, targeted support that government cannot deliver.
Organisations like headspace would offer Maya direct counselling services without waiting lists, filling gaps in the system.
NGOs advocate by providing evidence of unmet needs to government, offering specialised youth-focused services, and adapting quickly to emerging mental health trends.
They can provide culturally appropriate support and innovative service delivery models that complement government frameworks.
Both approaches are necessary – the government provides the funding and creates the framework while NGOs provide responsive, specialised advocacy and services.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 126

Outline three key differences between government and non-government organisations in their roles of advocating for young people's health. (3 marks)

--- 7 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

Answers could include any three of the following:

Government creates binding health policies through legislative authority achieving population-wide change. In contrast, NGOs operate independently to fill service gaps and provide immediate support where government provision is inadequate.
Government controls significant funding through budget processes enabling large-scale initiatives, whereas NGOs adapt quickly to emerging issues with flexible, targeted responses
Government is accountable to voters and parliament, which often leads it to prioritise broad demographic needs. On the other hand, NGOs can focus on specific populations and needs like youth mental health.
Government develops formal policy frameworks through systematic processes including legislation. In contrast, NGOs attempt to cover service gaps and advocate externally to influence government policy development.

Show Worked Solution

Answers could include any three of the following:

Government creates binding health policies through legislative authority achieving population-wide change. In contrast, NGOs operate independently to fill service gaps and provide immediate support where government provision is inadequate.
Government controls significant funding through budget processes enabling large-scale initiatives, whereas NGOs adapt quickly to emerging issues with flexible, targeted responses
Government is accountable to voters and parliament, which often leads it to prioritise broad demographic needs. On the other hand, NGOs can focus on specific populations and needs like youth mental health.
Government develops formal policy frameworks through systematic processes including legislation. In contrast, NGOs attempt to cover service gaps and advocate externally to influence government policy development.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 125

Outline the role of government in promoting the health of young people. (3 marks)

--- 7 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

Roles of government:

Setting policies – develops health-related legislation and frameworks that protect and promote young people’s wellbeing.
Allocating funding and resources – provides financial support for health programs, vaccination campaigns, and preventative healthcare initiatives targeting youth.
Implementing programs and education – integrates health education into school curricula, funds teacher training workshops, and establishes health promotion programs for disadvantaged groups.

Show Worked Solution

Roles of government:

Setting policies – develops health-related legislation and frameworks that protect and promote young people’s wellbeing.
Allocating funding and resources – provides financial support for health programs, vaccination campaigns, and preventative healthcare initiatives targeting youth.
Implementing programs and education – integrates health education into school curricula, funds teacher training workshops, and establishes health promotion programs for disadvantaged groups.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 428

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people experience significantly higher rates of mental health issues and suicide compared to non-Indigenous young people.

Outline the roles of government and non-government organisations in addressing this issue and discuss strategies they could adopt to improve the mental health outcomes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people. (6 marks)

--- 18 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

*Recommended phrases for balanced “for/against” language are bolded in the answer below.

Government Role

Provide funding for culturally appropriate mental health services specifically designed for ATSI communities

Government Strategies

Implement culturally responsive mental health programs in schools with high ATSI student populations. While this provides accessible early intervention, critics contend school-based programs often fail to be effective for disconnected youth.
Develop Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation partnerships. On one hand, this ensures cultural governance. On the other hand, bureaucratic requirements may slow implementation.

NGO Role

Deliver community-based support programs incorporating traditional healing practices alongside contemporary mental health approaches.

NGO Strategies

Establish peer support networks led by ATSI young people to reduce stigma. A key advantage is connecting young people with relatable role models. Conversely, young leaders may lack training for difficult cases. This creates both opportunities for culturally safe spaces and challenges in ensuring support quality.
Train ATSI Elders as mental health first aid advocates. From one perspective, this respects traditional knowledge systems. An alternative perspective suggests Elders may feel burdened with Western responsibilities. Nevertheless, combining traditional wisdom with contemporary training offers sustainable solutions despite potential tensions.

Show Worked Solution

*Recommended phrases for balanced “for/against” language are bolded in the answer below.

Government Role

Provide funding for culturally appropriate mental health services specifically designed for ATSI communities

Government Strategies

Implement culturally responsive mental health programs in schools with high ATSI student populations. While this provides accessible early intervention, critics contend school-based programs often fail to be effective for disconnected youth.
Develop Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation partnerships. On one hand, this ensures cultural governance. On the other hand, bureaucratic requirements may slow implementation.

NGO Role

Deliver community-based support programs incorporating traditional healing practices alongside contemporary mental health approaches.

NGO Strategies

Establish peer support networks led by ATSI young people to reduce stigma. A key advantage is connecting young people with relatable role models. Conversely, young leaders may lack training for difficult cases. This creates both opportunities for culturally safe spaces and challenges in ensuring support quality.
Train ATSI Elders as mental health first aid advocates. From one perspective, this respects traditional knowledge systems. An alternative perspective suggests Elders may feel burdened with Western responsibilities. Nevertheless, combining traditional wisdom with contemporary training offers sustainable solutions despite potential tensions.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 092

Assess the challenges and opportunities for young people advocating for health issues within their communities.

In your response, consider past approaches, current methods, and future directions. (8 marks)

--- 22 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

Judgment Statement

Youth health advocacy shows moderately successful outcomes with significant potential for improvement.
This assessment is based on platform accessibility evolution and the effectiveness in achieving policy change.

Platform Accessibility Evolution

Past advocacy methods demonstrated limited reach through traditional school councils and formal submissions.
Evidence indicates SRCs positioned youth as passive recipients rather than active contributors.
Current digital platforms provide opportunities for considerable expansion in reach, enabling the organisation of large events such as global climate-health demonstrations.
However, digital divides can prevent marginalised groups like rural and low-income youth from accessing these advocacy platforms.
Overall, the digital platform evolution demonstrates substantial improvements for advocacy while highlighting persistent accessibility gaps.

Policy Change Effectiveness

Youth advocacy shows minimal impact on policy decisions through past approaches.
Traditional methods produced limited results as adult decision-makers controlled implementation.
Current approaches achieve moderate success through viral campaigns raising awareness.
The combination of youth advocacy and institutional support is an area of great opportunity, as demonstrated by CYDA’s LivedX and The National Youth Disability Summit.
This indicates significant improvement in the effectiveness of youth advocacy is possible through hybrid models.

Overall Assessment

When all factors are considered, youth advocacy proves moderately successful with a clear growth trajectory.
Past limitations in both access and impact show marked improvement through digital evolution.
This assessment shows that future hybrid models combining authentic youth voice with institutional frameworks offer highly valuable opportunities.
On balance, challenges remain significant but opportunities increasingly outweigh barriers.
Implications suggest investing in collaborative approaches will maximise youth advocacy effectiveness.

Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

Youth health advocacy shows moderately successful outcomes with significant potential for improvement.
This assessment is based on platform accessibility evolution and the effectiveness in achieving policy change.

Platform Accessibility Evolution

Past advocacy methods demonstrated limited reach through traditional school councils and formal submissions.
Evidence indicates SRCs positioned youth as passive recipients rather than active contributors.
Current digital platforms provide opportunities for considerable expansion in reach, enabling the organisation of large events such as global climate-health demonstrations.
However, digital divides can prevent marginalised groups like rural and low-income youth from accessing these advocacy platforms.
Overall, the digital platform evolution demonstrates substantial improvements for advocacy while highlighting persistent accessibility gaps.

Policy Change Effectiveness

Youth advocacy shows minimal impact on policy decisions through past approaches.
Traditional methods produced limited results as adult decision-makers controlled implementation.
Current approaches achieve moderate success through viral campaigns raising awareness.
The combination of youth advocacy and institutional support is an area of great opportunity, as demonstrated by CYDA’s LivedX and The National Youth Disability Summit.
This indicates significant improvement in the effectiveness of youth advocacy is possible through hybrid models.

Overall Assessment

When all factors are considered, youth advocacy proves moderately successful with a clear growth trajectory.
Past limitations in both access and impact show marked improvement through digital evolution.
This assessment shows that future hybrid models combining authentic youth voice with institutional frameworks offer highly valuable opportunities.
On balance, challenges remain significant but opportunities increasingly outweigh barriers.
Implications suggest investing in collaborative approaches will maximise youth advocacy effectiveness.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 091

Outline the role of community sports clubs in advocating for the health of young people. (3 marks)

--- 7 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

Answers could include three of the following:

Community sports clubs advocate for youth health by implementing structured physical activity programs that establish lifelong participation habits and combat rising obesity rates.
They promote mental wellbeing through team environments that build social connections, resilience, and self-confidence.
These clubs foster protective health behaviours through policies on hydration, nutrition, sun safety, and injury prevention. This provides important health information for young people outside the classroom environment.
Community sports clubs often partner with local health services to facilitate health screening and education sessions. This extends their advocacy beyond physical activity to comprehensive wellbeing support.

Show Worked Solution

Answers could include three of the following:

Community sports clubs advocate for youth health by implementing structured physical activity programs that establish lifelong participation habits and combat rising obesity rates.
They promote mental wellbeing through team environments that build social connections, resilience, and self-confidence.
These clubs foster protective health behaviours through policies on hydration, nutrition, sun safety, and injury prevention. This provides important health information for young people outside the classroom environment.
Community sports clubs often partner with local health services to facilitate health screening and education sessions. This extends their advocacy beyond physical activity to comprehensive wellbeing support.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 090

With reference to Children and Young People with Disability Australia (CYDA) and ONE other example, explain how the methods used by young people to advocate for their health have evolved over time. (5 marks)

--- 15 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Young people’s health advocacy has evolved from formal representation to direct participation because technology and social attitudes have transformed communication.
This has evolved due to organisations recognising young people’s ability to self-advocate. As a result, advocacy has shifted from “speaking for” to “speaking with” young people.
CYDA demonstrates this evolution through changing operational models. Initially, CYDA advocated on behalf of young people with disabilities. Subsequently however, they launched youth-led initiatives like the National Youth Disability Summit and LivdX. This shift enables young people with disabilities to directly share experiences and propose solutions.
Individual advocacy emerged due to the emergence of accessible digital platforms. For instance, 14-year-old Scout Sylva-Richardson independently wrote a bestselling autism book after identifying resource gaps.
This reveals that young people no longer must have organisational backing. Social media creates direct pathways to global audiences. This happens because platforms bypass traditional gatekeepers.
Consequently, youth health messages reach targets faster and more authentically. In this way, contemporary youth advocacy achieves greater impact through evolved digital methods.

Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Young people’s health advocacy has evolved from formal representation to direct participation because technology and social attitudes have transformed communication.
This has evolved due to organisations recognising young people’s ability to self-advocate. As a result, advocacy has shifted from “speaking for” to “speaking with” young people.
CYDA demonstrates this evolution through changing operational models. Initially, CYDA advocated on behalf of young people with disabilities. Subsequently however, they launched youth-led initiatives like the National Youth Disability Summit and LivdX. This shift enables young people with disabilities to directly share experiences and propose solutions.
Individual advocacy emerged due to the emergence of accessible digital platforms. For instance, 14-year-old Scout Sylva-Richardson independently wrote a bestselling autism book after identifying resource gaps.
This reveals that young people no longer must have organisational backing. Social media creates direct pathways to global audiences. This happens because platforms bypass traditional gatekeepers.
Consequently, youth health messages reach targets faster and more authentically. In this way, contemporary youth advocacy achieves greater impact through evolved digital methods.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 070 MC

Which statement best describes the World Health Organisation's perspective on youth involvement in health initiatives?

Youth should provide feedback only after health initiatives have been implemented.
Youth participation is helpful but not essential to the success of health outcomes.
Youth-led advocacy and accountability are critical to health outcomes among young people.
Youth should consult professional health advocates before attempting their own initiatives.

Show Answers Only

$C$

Show Worked Solution

C is correct because it captures the essence of the WHO perspective that youth-led advocacy is critical in this area.

Other options:

A contains some truth as guidance can be valuable, but doesn’t address the leadership role youth should play.
B presents a plausible but incorrect assessment that understates the documented long-term value of youth participation.
D suggests a more limited role for youth input rather than the central role described by the WHO.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 069 MC

Which of the following best represents how technological advancement has transformed youth health advocacy from past to present?

Traditional in-person youth councils have largely shifted toward hybrid models combining digital and face-to-face engagement.
Social media has enabled youth to communicate directly with global audiences about health issues.
Youth typically partner with professional organisations to amplify their health advocacy messages.
Contemporary youth advocacy tends to balance individual health concerns with broader community impacts.

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

B is correct because social media has allowed youth (eg. Greta Thunberg) to directly communicate with global audiences, representing the most significant transformation in advocacy methods.

Other options:

A contains partial truth as hybrid models exist, but doesn’t represent the primary transformation.
C contains some truth as partnerships do occur, but misses the key transformation of direct communication that bypasses traditional intermediaries.
D contains an element of truth about balance, but doesn’t address the technological transformation that’s central to the question.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 089

The NSW Department of Education is evaluating the effectiveness of various school-based health promotion models.

Identify two health promotion approaches commonly implemented in secondary schools. (1 mark)

--- 2 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
Discuss the effectiveness of each approach in improving student health and wellbeing. (5 marks)

--- 15 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

a. Health promotion approaches could include:

Healthy Canteen Program, Anti-Bullying Policy, physical activity promotion.

b. Healthy Canteen Program (using PEEL method):

[P] The NSW Healthy Canteen Strategy effectively improves student nutrition by promoting healthier alternatives.
[E] School canteens report reduced sugary drink consumption and increased fresh food sales.
[Ev] Studies show compliant canteens correlate with improved student concentration.
[L] Environmental changes positively shape dietary choices.
[P] However, implementation challenges limit effectiveness.
[E] Rural schools struggle with higher costs and limited suppliers.
[Ev] Research reveals student “workarounds” like purchasing from nearby shops.
[L] The strategy requires approaches that broaden the “healthier” options available to students.

Anti-Bullying Policy (using PEEL method):

[P] School anti-bullying policies create safer learning environments through clear reporting pathways and consequences.
[E] Students in schools with robust policies report feeling more secure and supported by staff.
[Ev] Research indicates consistent policy enforcement can reduce bullying incidents by up to 20%.
[L] Well-implemented policies significantly improve mental health outcomes and school attendance.
[P] However, anti-bullying policies face implementation challenges that limit effectiveness.
[E] Many policies fail to address cyberbullying adequately as technology evolves.
[Ev] Studies show policy success depends heavily on consistent staff enforcement.
[L] Effective policies require ongoing adaptation and whole-school commitment.

Show Worked Solution

a. Health promotion approaches could include:

Healthy Canteen Program, Anti-Bullying Policy, physical activity promotion.

b. Healthy Canteen Program (using PEEL method):

[P] The NSW Healthy Canteen Strategy effectively improves student nutrition by promoting healthier alternatives.
[E] School canteens report reduced sugary drink consumption and increased fresh food sales.
[Ev] Studies show compliant canteens correlate with improved student concentration.
[L] Environmental changes positively shape dietary choices.
[P] However, implementation challenges limit effectiveness.
[E] Rural schools struggle with higher costs and limited suppliers.
[Ev] Research reveals student “workarounds” like purchasing from nearby shops.
[L] The strategy requires approaches that broaden the “healthier” options available to students.

Anti-Bullying Policy (using PEEL method):

[P] School anti-bullying policies create safer learning environments through clear reporting pathways and consequences.
[E] Students in schools with robust policies report feeling more secure and supported by staff.
[Ev] Research indicates consistent policy enforcement can reduce bullying incidents by up to 20%.
[L] Well-implemented policies significantly improve mental health outcomes and school attendance.
[P] However, anti-bullying policies face implementation challenges that limit effectiveness.
[E] Many policies fail to address cyberbullying adequately as technology evolves.
[Ev] Studies show policy success depends heavily on consistent staff enforcement.
[L] Effective policies require ongoing adaptation and whole-school commitment.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 088

A health policy advisor is investigating the effectiveness of Indigenous youth healthcare models.

Outline THREE key factors that explain why young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people might choose Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) over mainstream services. (3 marks)

--- 7 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

ACCHOs provide culturally safe environments where cultural identities are respected. This reduces experiences of discrimination and allows patients to express their cultural needs without fear of judgment.
These organisations offer healthcare models designed by and for ATSI Peoples, ensuring treatments and approaches align with cultural practices and community-specific understanding of health and wellbeing for both the young and old.
Evidence shows ACCHOs achieve 5% greater lifetime impact than mainstream services. This demonstrates their effectiveness in addressing health inequities through culturally responsive approaches with Indigenous youth further benefiting from early intervention.

Show Worked Solution

ACCHOs provide culturally safe environments where cultural identities are respected. This reduces experiences of discrimination and allows patients to express their cultural needs without fear of judgment.
These organisations offer healthcare models designed by and for ATSI Peoples, ensuring treatments and approaches align with cultural practices and community-specific understanding of health and wellbeing for both the young and old.
Evidence shows ACCHOs achieve 5% greater lifetime impact than mainstream services. This demonstrates their effectiveness in addressing health inequities through culturally responsive approaches with Indigenous youth further benefiting from early intervention.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 087

Identify an organisation that advocates for the health of young people and discuss its impact on the health of young people in the community. (6 marks)

--- 18 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

*Recommended phrases for balanced “for/against” language are bolded in the answer below.

Example 1: Office of the Advocate for Children and Young People (ACYP)

ACYP is a government organisation that has significantly impacted youth health by consulting with over 40,000 young people through face-to-face meetings and online surveys. While this provides extensive reach for gathering youth perspectives, critics argue online methods may exclude digitally disadvantaged communities
ACYP provides young people with a formal voice in parliament, ensuring their perspectives directly influence policies. On one hand, this creates unprecedented youth representation in government. On the other hand, young voices must still filter through adult decision-makers who control implementation
By engaging youth in surveys, advocacy training and round tables, ACYP helps promote young people to become active participants. A key advantage is developing youth leadership skills for future advocacy. However, this must be weighed against the time commitment required.
These consultations have led to parliamentary recommendations that better address actual youth needs. From one perspective, this ensures evidence-based policy development. An alternative view suggests recommendations often face lengthy implementation delays. Nevertheless, youth-informed policies create both opportunities for targeted solutions and challenges in translating recommendations into funded programs.

Example 2: National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO)

NACCHO is an NGO that has substantially impacted Indigenous youth health by providing culturally appropriate healthcare through community-run organisations. While this offers services aligned with cultural values, critics contend limited funding restricts their reach to all remote communities.
NACCHO’s approach ensures healthcare respects cultural traditions, increasing Indigenous youth engagement with services. A key advantage is building trust through familiar cultural practices. Conversely, maintaining both traditional and Western medical standards creates challenges in staff training and resource allocation.
Evidence of NACCHO’s impact includes over 3 million healthcare interactions producing significant Indigenous patient growth. On one hand, these numbers demonstrate widespread community acceptance. However, this must be weighed against the strain on limited resources and potential service quality concerns.
Research shows NACCHO achieves better long-term health outcomes than mainstream services for Indigenous communities. From one perspective, this validates community-led healthcare models. An alternative view suggests comparison difficulties arise from different patient demographics and health complexities. Nevertheless, the evidence supports culturally appropriate care despite ongoing funding uncertainties.

Show Worked Solution

*Recommended phrases for balanced “for/against” language are bolded in the answer below.

Example 1: Office of the Advocate for Children and Young People (ACYP)

ACYP is a government organisation that has significantly impacted youth health by consulting with over 40,000 young people through face-to-face meetings and online surveys. While this provides extensive reach for gathering youth perspectives, critics argue online methods may exclude digitally disadvantaged communities
ACYP provides young people with a formal voice in parliament, ensuring their perspectives directly influence policies. On one hand, this creates unprecedented youth representation in government. On the other hand, young voices must still filter through adult decision-makers who control implementation
By engaging youth in surveys, advocacy training and round tables, ACYP helps promote young people to become active participants. A key advantage is developing youth leadership skills for future advocacy. However, this must be weighed against the time commitment required.
These consultations have led to parliamentary recommendations that better address actual youth needs. From one perspective, this ensures evidence-based policy development. An alternative view suggests recommendations often face lengthy implementation delays. Nevertheless, youth-informed policies create both opportunities for targeted solutions and challenges in translating recommendations into funded programs.

Example 2: National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO)

NACCHO is an NGO that has substantially impacted Indigenous youth health by providing culturally appropriate healthcare through community-run organisations. While this offers services aligned with cultural values, critics contend limited funding restricts their reach to all remote communities.
NACCHO’s approach ensures healthcare respects cultural traditions, increasing Indigenous youth engagement with services. A key advantage is building trust through familiar cultural practices. Conversely, maintaining both traditional and Western medical standards creates challenges in staff training and resource allocation.
Evidence of NACCHO’s impact includes over 3 million healthcare interactions producing significant Indigenous patient growth. On one hand, these numbers demonstrate widespread community acceptance. However, this must be weighed against the strain on limited resources and potential service quality concerns.
Research shows NACCHO achieves better long-term health outcomes than mainstream services for Indigenous communities. From one perspective, this validates community-led healthcare models. An alternative view suggests comparison difficulties arise from different patient demographics and health complexities. Nevertheless, the evidence supports culturally appropriate care despite ongoing funding uncertainties.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 068 MC

Which of the following best characterises the approach of non-government organisations in advocating for the health of young people?

They primarily conduct research studies to inform government policy.
They are not funded by the government and therefore focus on private sector partnerships to achieve their objectives.
They focus on empowering specific communities through culturally appropriate services while also influencing broader policy development.
They coordinate between different government agencies to ensure efficient implementation of existing health programs.

Show Answers Only

$C$

Show Worked Solution

C is correct as it captures the dual focus of NGOs on both community empowerment and broader advocacy work.

Other options:

A is incorrect because while research may be part of their work, direct community engagement is a primary focus.
B is incorrect because non-government organisations often receive some government funding.
D is incorrect because while NGOs may work with government agencies, their primary role is not as coordinators between government departments.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 086

Explain how individuals can effectively advocate for health issues within their communities, with reference to the skills required and potential challenges. (5 marks)

--- 15 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Effective advocacy begins when individuals research health issues thoroughly and gather community data. This occurs because understanding specific needs enables advocates to create targeted, relevant campaigns. As a result, advocacy messages resonate with community members and decision-makers.
Strong communication skills lead to successful coalition building with diverse allies. This works by articulating clear goals that attract supporters with different perspectives and resources. These elements work together to amplify advocacy impact beyond individual efforts.
Cultural competence directly influences advocacy effectiveness, especially in diverse communities. The reason for this is that culturally appropriate approaches build trust and ensure respectful engagement. Consequently, initiatives gain community support rather than facing resistance.
Advocates face challenges when initial enthusiasm fades or institutions resist change. This happens because sustained advocacy requires ongoing energy and resources.
Therefore, successful advocates must plan for long-term engagement and develop strategies to overcome institutional barriers while maintaining diverse community representation.

Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Effective advocacy begins when individuals research health issues thoroughly and gather community data. This occurs because understanding specific needs enables advocates to create targeted, relevant campaigns. As a result, advocacy messages resonate with community members and decision-makers.
Strong communication skills lead to successful coalition building with diverse allies. This works by articulating clear goals that attract supporters with different perspectives and resources. These elements work together to amplify advocacy impact beyond individual efforts.
Cultural competence directly influences advocacy effectiveness, especially in diverse communities. The reason for this is that culturally appropriate approaches build trust and ensure respectful engagement. Consequently, initiatives gain community support rather than facing resistance.
Advocates face challenges when initial enthusiasm fades or institutions resist change. This happens because sustained advocacy requires ongoing energy and resources.
Therefore, successful advocates must plan for long-term engagement and develop strategies to overcome institutional barriers while maintaining diverse community representation.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 085

Outline THREE ways the role of young people's health advocacy has evolved from past to present, with reference to technological advancements. (3 marks)

--- 7 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

In the past, youth advocacy was primarily school-based (e.g. School Representative Council) or through formal programs like Young Australian of the Year. These pathways had limited reach.
Current advocacy has expanded through digital platforms, allowing individuals to bypass traditional gatekeepers. This can be seen in the case of climate activists mobilising global support through social media campaigns.
Technological advancements have removed barriers, enabling youth to create multimedia content (videos, podcasts, graphics) to present health issues in compelling formats that weren’t previously accessible.

Show Worked Solution

In the past, youth advocacy was primarily school-based (e.g. School Representative Council) or through formal programs like Young Australian of the Year. These pathways had limited reach.
Current advocacy has expanded through digital platforms, allowing individuals to bypass traditional gatekeepers. This can be seen in the case of climate activists mobilising global support through social media campaigns.
Technological advancements have removed barriers, enabling youth to create multimedia content (videos, podcasts, graphics) to present health issues in compelling formats that weren’t previously accessible.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 084

Explain how social media has transformed young people's advocacy for health issues, and its effectiveness when compared to traditional advocacy methods. (5 marks)

--- 15 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---

Show Answers Only

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Social media platforms have transformed youth health advocacy because instantaneous global reach enables young advocates like Greta Thunberg to communicate directly with worldwide audiences about climate change impacts on health.
Unlike traditional advocacy requiring organisational support, social media empowers individual youth advocates to initiate grassroots campaigns through hashtags and viral content. This leads to communities forming around health issues such as mental health awareness.
Social media spreads information in real-time for health demonstrations. This has resulted in protests such as youth-led climate strikes that are organised primarily through digital platforms.
While traditional advocacy methods often relied on established organisations, social media enables young people to bypass gatekeepers. This particularly benefits marginalised youth voices because they gain unfiltered access to audiences.
However, social media advocacy faces challenges including the potential for misinformation and the difficulty of maintaining momentum beyond initial viral moments. This reveals key limitations in digital-only approaches when compared to traditional advocacy.

Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Social media platforms have transformed youth health advocacy because instantaneous global reach enables young advocates like Greta Thunberg to communicate directly with worldwide audiences about climate change impacts on health.
Unlike traditional advocacy requiring organisational support, social media empowers individual youth advocates to initiate grassroots campaigns through hashtags and viral content. This leads to communities forming around health issues such as mental health awareness.
Social media spreads information in real-time for health demonstrations. This has resulted in protests such as youth-led climate strikes that are organised primarily through digital platforms.
While traditional advocacy methods often relied on established organisations, social media enables young people to bypass gatekeepers. This particularly benefits marginalised youth voices because they gain unfiltered access to audiences.
However, social media advocacy faces challenges including the potential for misinformation and the difficulty of maintaining momentum beyond initial viral moments. This reveals key limitations in digital-only approaches when compared to traditional advocacy.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 067 MC

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), what is critical to the success of health outcomes among young people?

Government funding and infrastructure development
Medical research focusing on adolescent health issues
Youth-led advocacy and accountability
International cooperation between health organisations

Show Answers Only

$C$

Show Worked Solution

C is correct because WHO believe that youth‐led advocacy and accountability are critical in this area.

Other Options:

A is incorrect because while funding may be important, it’s not regarded by WHO as important as youth-led advocacy.
B is incorrect because medical research is important but not as critical to health outcomes as A.
D is incorrect for similar reasons stated above.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 066 MC

A student is researching the Office of the Advocate for Children and Young People (ACYP).

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the ACYP aims to initiate change?

Making recommendations to Parliament and government agencies.
Providing direct health services to young people.
Promoting participation by young people in decisions that affect them.
Researching issues that affect young people.

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

B is correct because ACYP focuses on advocacy, recommendations, research and information provision rather than direct health services.

Other Options:

A is incorrect because the text specifically ACYP does make recommendations to Parliament etc..
C is incorrect because ACYP aims to promote participation and decision-making by young people in this area.
D is incorrect because ACYP does do research on issues that affect young people.