Models of health promotion

HMS, HIC 2025 HSC 27

Explain the responsibilities of individuals, communities and governments in creating supportive environments to promote health. Support your answer with examples. ( 8 marks)

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Individual Responsibilities:

Individuals must adopt health-promoting behaviours that create safe environments for themselves and others. This occurs when people apply health literacy to make informed decisions.
For example, a parent choosing active transport to school reduces vehicle emissions and models healthy physical activity patterns. This leads to improved air quality and encourages children to adopt active lifestyles.

Community Responsibilities:

Communities must advocate for and support their members through accessible programs and resources. This enables individuals to access culturally appropriate health services.
For instance, neighbourhood walking groups organised by local councils provide social connection and physical activity opportunities. Consequently, participants experience improved mental and physical health through regular engagement and peer support networks.

Government Responsibilities:

Governments must develop and enforce policies that facilitate health-promoting environments. This works through legislation creating safe public spaces and restricting harmful exposures.
For example, mandatory bicycle helmet laws and dedicated cycling infrastructure protect cyclists from injury whilst encouraging active transport adoption. As a result, communities experience reduced traffic congestion, improved air quality and increased population physical activity levels.

Collective Impact:

These responsibilities work together to create comprehensive supportive environments. The significance is that sustained health improvements require coordinated action across all three levels rather than isolated individual efforts.

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Individual Responsibilities:

Individuals must adopt health-promoting behaviours that create safe environments for themselves and others. This occurs when people apply health literacy to make informed decisions.
For example, a parent choosing active transport to school reduces vehicle emissions and models healthy physical activity patterns. This leads to improved air quality and encourages children to adopt active lifestyles.

Community Responsibilities:

Communities must advocate for and support their members through accessible programs and resources. This enables individuals to access culturally appropriate health services.
For instance, neighbourhood walking groups organised by local councils provide social connection and physical activity opportunities. Consequently, participants experience improved mental and physical health through regular engagement and peer support networks.

Government Responsibilities:

Governments must develop and enforce policies that facilitate health-promoting environments. This works through legislation creating safe public spaces and restricting harmful exposures.
For example, mandatory bicycle helmet laws and dedicated cycling infrastructure protect cyclists from injury whilst encouraging active transport adoption. As a result, communities experience reduced traffic congestion, improved air quality and increased population physical activity levels.

Collective Impact:

These responsibilities work together to create comprehensive supportive environments. The significance is that sustained health improvements require coordinated action across all three levels rather than isolated individual efforts.

HMS, HIC 2012 HSC 33b

Evaluate the characteristics of health promotion strategies that may contribute to their success. (12 marks)

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Evaluation Statement

Health promotion strategies demonstrate varying levels of effectiveness depending on their design characteristics and implementation approach.
Assessment reveals that community engagement, evidence-based targeting and sustainable funding are most critical for achieving successful health outcomes.

Community Engagement and Cultural Relevance

Community involvement shows excellent effectiveness in ensuring health promotion strategies meet population needs and gain widespread acceptance.
Programs developed with target communities demonstrate superior participation rates and sustained behaviour change compared to top-down approaches.
Aboriginal health programs incorporating Elder knowledge and cultural practices achieve significantly better outcomes than culturally inappropriate interventions.
Target group participation in program design creates strong ownership and relevance that enhances message acceptance.
For example, youth-led anti-smoking campaigns resonate more effectively with teenagers than adult-designed programs.
Cultural competence proves essential for reaching diverse populations effectively.
Multilingual resources and culturally appropriate imagery increase program accessibility and effectiveness across different demographic groups.

Evidence-Based Targeting and Intersectoral Collaboration

Scientific evidence demonstrates high value in guiding strategy development and resource allocation toward proven interventions.
Programs targeting specific risk factors with measurable objectives achieve superior results compared to broad, unfocused approaches.
Heart health initiatives focusing on dietary modification and physical activity show clear effectiveness through reduced cardiovascular disease rates in targeted populations.
Intersectoral collaboration produces substantial benefits by addressing multiple health determinants simultaneously.
Partnerships between health services, schools, community organisations and government agencies create comprehensive support systems that reinforce health messages across different environments.
Australia’s Slip Slop Slap campaign exemplifies this approach, combining media, education and policy interventions to achieve remarkable success in reducing skin cancer rates.

Final Evaluation

Assessment demonstrates that highly successful health promotion strategies consistently incorporate community engagement, cultural relevance, evidence-based targeting and intersectoral collaboration.
These characteristics create optimal conditions for sustainable health behaviour change and maximum population impact across diverse Australian communities.

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Evaluation Statement

Health promotion strategies demonstrate varying levels of effectiveness depending on their design characteristics and implementation approach.
Assessment reveals that community engagement, evidence-based targeting and sustainable funding are most critical for achieving successful health outcomes.

Community Engagement and Cultural Relevance

Community involvement shows excellent effectiveness in ensuring health promotion strategies meet population needs and gain widespread acceptance.
Programs developed with target communities demonstrate superior participation rates and sustained behaviour change compared to top-down approaches.
Aboriginal health programs incorporating Elder knowledge and cultural practices achieve significantly better outcomes than culturally inappropriate interventions.
Target group participation in program design creates strong ownership and relevance that enhances message acceptance.
For example, youth-led anti-smoking campaigns resonate more effectively with teenagers than adult-designed programs.
Cultural competence proves essential for reaching diverse populations effectively.
Multilingual resources and culturally appropriate imagery increase program accessibility and effectiveness across different demographic groups.

Evidence-Based Targeting and Intersectoral Collaboration

Scientific evidence demonstrates high value in guiding strategy development and resource allocation toward proven interventions.
Programs targeting specific risk factors with measurable objectives achieve superior results compared to broad, unfocused approaches.
Heart health initiatives focusing on dietary modification and physical activity show clear effectiveness through reduced cardiovascular disease rates in targeted populations.
Intersectoral collaboration produces substantial benefits by addressing multiple health determinants simultaneously.
Partnerships between health services, schools, community organisations and government agencies create comprehensive support systems that reinforce health messages across different environments.
Australia’s Slip Slop Slap campaign exemplifies this approach, combining media, education and policy interventions to achieve remarkable success in reducing skin cancer rates.

Final Evaluation

Assessment demonstrates that highly successful health promotion strategies consistently incorporate community engagement, cultural relevance, evidence-based targeting and intersectoral collaboration.
These characteristics create optimal conditions for sustainable health behaviour change and maximum population impact across diverse Australian communities.

♦♦♦♦ Mean mark 28%.

HMS, HIC 2013 HSC 24

How do the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter address the principles of social justice? Include examples in your answer. (8 marks)

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The Ottawa Charter action areas systematically address social justice principles by establishing equitable health opportunities and removing barriers to participation.
Developing Personal Skills promotes equity through accessible health education programs. Health literacy initiatives enable individuals from diverse backgrounds to make informed decisions. School-based nutrition education guarantees all students receive knowledge regardless of socioeconomic status, eliminating access barriers to health information.
Creating Supportive Environments facilitates participation by removing physical and social obstacles to healthy choices. Smoke-free public spaces safeguard everyone’s right to clean air, maintaining equitable health protection. Workplace safety regulations establish environments where all workers have equal access to safe conditions.
Strengthening Community Action empowers communities to participate in health decision-making processes. Community health committees allow local voices to influence health services, upholding participation rights. Indigenous communities leading health programs illustrates culturally appropriate participation.
Reorienting Health Services addresses equity by adapting services to meet diverse population needs. Culturally responsive healthcare breaks down access barriers for multicultural communities. Mobile health services deliver access to remote areas, advancing geographical equity.
Building Healthy Public Policy generates systematic change that supports rights-based approaches to health. Anti-discrimination legislation maintains equal access to healthcare services, tackling structural inequities that limit participation.

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The Ottawa Charter action areas systematically address social justice principles by establishing equitable health opportunities and removing barriers to participation.
Developing Personal Skills promotes equity through accessible health education programs. Health literacy initiatives enable individuals from diverse backgrounds to make informed decisions. School-based nutrition education guarantees all students receive knowledge regardless of socioeconomic status, eliminating access barriers to health information.
Creating Supportive Environments facilitates participation by removing physical and social obstacles to healthy choices. Smoke-free public spaces safeguard everyone’s right to clean air, maintaining equitable health protection. Workplace safety regulations establish environments where all workers have equal access to safe conditions.
Strengthening Community Action empowers communities to participate in health decision-making processes. Community health committees allow local voices to influence health services, upholding participation rights. Indigenous communities leading health programs illustrates culturally appropriate participation.
Reorienting Health Services addresses equity by adapting services to meet diverse population needs. Culturally responsive healthcare breaks down access barriers for multicultural communities. Mobile health services deliver access to remote areas, advancing geographical equity.
Building Healthy Public Policy generates systematic change that supports rights-based approaches to health. Anti-discrimination legislation maintains equal access to healthcare services, tackling structural inequities that limit participation.

HMS, HIC 2014 HSC 24

Explain why individuals, communities and governments should work in partnership on health promotion initiatives. Provide examples. (8 marks)

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Partnerships are essential because they combine different expertise and resources that no single group possesses. Combined efforts create more comprehensive and effective health promotion strategies than isolated approaches.
Individual participation ensures that health promotion initiatives address real community needs and concerns. Strong connections mean programs are more likely to be accepted and sustained by target populations. For example, community members identifying local barriers to physical activity leads to more relevant solutions.
Community involvement provides local knowledge and cultural understanding that improves program effectiveness. Local input results in initiatives that respect community values and existing social networks. The Healthy Cities Illawarra program demonstrates how community participation creates locally relevant health promotion strategies.
Government partnership brings policy support, funding and regulatory power needed for large-scale change. Official backing enables comprehensive approaches that address structural determinants of health. For instance, anti-smoking campaigns combine government legislation with community education programs.
Resource sharing occurs when different partners contribute their unique strengths and capabilities. Collaborative arrangements create cost-effective solutions that maximise impact while minimising individual organisational burden. The outcome is sustainable programs that continue beyond initial funding periods.
Shared responsibility ensures that health promotion becomes embedded across multiple sectors rather than isolated initiatives. Multi-sector approaches generate broader community ownership and long-term commitment to health improvement goals.

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Partnerships are essential because they combine different expertise and resources that no single group possesses. Combined efforts create more comprehensive and effective health promotion strategies than isolated approaches.
Individual participation ensures that health promotion initiatives address real community needs and concerns. Strong connections mean programs are more likely to be accepted and sustained by target populations. For example, community members identifying local barriers to physical activity leads to more relevant solutions.
Community involvement provides local knowledge and cultural understanding that improves program effectiveness. Local input results in initiatives that respect community values and existing social networks. The Healthy Cities Illawarra program demonstrates how community participation creates locally relevant health promotion strategies.
Government partnership brings policy support, funding and regulatory power needed for large-scale change. Official backing enables comprehensive approaches that address structural determinants of health. For instance, anti-smoking campaigns combine government legislation with community education programs.
Resource sharing occurs when different partners contribute their unique strengths and capabilities. Collaborative arrangements create cost-effective solutions that maximise impact while minimising individual organisational burden. The outcome is sustainable programs that continue beyond initial funding periods.
Shared responsibility ensures that health promotion becomes embedded across multiple sectors rather than isolated initiatives. Multi-sector approaches generate broader community ownership and long-term commitment to health improvement goals.

♦♦ Mean mark 50%.

HMS, HIC 2015 HSC 33b

Explain the characteristics of an effective and sustainable health promotion strategy. (12 marks)

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An effective and sustainable health promotion strategy requires specific characteristics that ensure long-term success and positive health outcomes for target populations. The reason for this is that health promotion must address multiple factors to create lasting change in communities and achieve meaningful improvements.
Firstly, working with target groups in program design and implementation is essential because communities understand their own health needs better than outsiders and can identify relevant priorities. This occurs when health professionals collaborate directly with community members to identify priority health issues and develop appropriate solutions together. For instance, Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations involve local communities in planning health services which results in culturally appropriate care that people trust and use regularly.
Consequently, cultural relevance and appropriateness ensures health promotion strategies respect community values and beliefs while acknowledging diverse backgrounds. This leads to greater community acceptance and participation because people feel their culture is valued rather than ignored or criticised by health programs.
Therefore, focusing on skills, education and prevention enables communities to develop health literacy and make informed decisions about their wellbeing independently. As a result, programs that teach practical skills like nutrition education or smoking cessation techniques create sustainable behaviour change because they address individual knowledge gaps and build personal capacity.
Furthermore, supporting whole populations while directing extra resources to high-risk groups achieves equity in health outcomes across diverse communities. This demonstrates how universal programs combined with targeted interventions address both general health improvement and specific community needs simultaneously without creating division.
Finally, intersectorial collaboration between health sectors, governments, industry, local authorities, media and voluntary organisations ensures comprehensive approaches that avoid duplication of resources and expertise. This occurs because all sectors within the community share responsibility for health promotion, which creates coordinated efforts that maximise program effectiveness across multiple areas of influence.

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An effective and sustainable health promotion strategy requires specific characteristics that ensure long-term success and positive health outcomes for target populations. The reason for this is that health promotion must address multiple factors to create lasting change in communities and achieve meaningful improvements.
Firstly, working with target groups in program design and implementation is essential because communities understand their own health needs better than outsiders and can identify relevant priorities. This occurs when health professionals collaborate directly with community members to identify priority health issues and develop appropriate solutions together. For instance, Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations involve local communities in planning health services which results in culturally appropriate care that people trust and use regularly.
Consequently, cultural relevance and appropriateness ensures health promotion strategies respect community values and beliefs while acknowledging diverse backgrounds. This leads to greater community acceptance and participation because people feel their culture is valued rather than ignored or criticised by health programs.
Therefore, focusing on skills, education and prevention enables communities to develop health literacy and make informed decisions about their wellbeing independently. As a result, programs that teach practical skills like nutrition education or smoking cessation techniques create sustainable behaviour change because they address individual knowledge gaps and build personal capacity.
Furthermore, supporting whole populations while directing extra resources to high-risk groups achieves equity in health outcomes across diverse communities. This demonstrates how universal programs combined with targeted interventions address both general health improvement and specific community needs simultaneously without creating division.
Finally, intersectorial collaboration between health sectors, governments, industry, local authorities, media and voluntary organisations ensures comprehensive approaches that avoid duplication of resources and expertise. This occurs because all sectors within the community share responsibility for health promotion, which creates coordinated efforts that maximise program effectiveness across multiple areas of influence.

♦♦♦♦ Mean mark 32%.

HMS, HIC 2015 HSC 22

Explain how health services in Australia have been reoriented to address ONE health promotion initiative. (4 marks)

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The reorientation of health services involves shifting from purely curative approaches to preventative care models. This occurs because health services have changed focus from purely treatment centred models to those with a disease prevention focus through early intervention strategies. The National Tobacco Campaign demonstrates this reorientation effectively.
As a result, general practitioners now provide smoking cessation counselling and prescribe nicotine replacement therapies rather than only treating smoking-related diseases. Consequently, health professionals receive training in behaviour change techniques to support patients wanting to quit smoking.
The underlying reason is new service delivery models where doctors actively screen for smoking status during routine consultations. Thus, the major change is that patients receive lifestyle prescriptions and referrals to Quitline services before developing tobacco-related conditions.
Therefore, the healthcare system now emphasises prevention through early identification and intervention, which means that resources focus on stopping health problems before they require expensive treatments to cure.

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The reorientation of health services involves shifting from purely curative approaches to preventative care models. This occurs because health services have changed focus from purely treatment centred models to those with a disease prevention focus through early intervention strategies. The National Tobacco Campaign demonstrates this reorientation effectively.
As a result, general practitioners now provide smoking cessation counselling and prescribe nicotine replacement therapies rather than only treating smoking-related diseases. Consequently, health professionals receive training in behaviour change techniques to support patients wanting to quit smoking.
The underlying reason is new service delivery models where doctors actively screen for smoking status during routine consultations. Thus, the major change is that patients receive lifestyle prescriptions and referrals to Quitline services before developing tobacco-related conditions.
Therefore, the healthcare system now emphasises prevention through early identification and intervention, which means that resources focus on stopping health problems before they require expensive treatments to cure.

♦♦♦ Mean mark 44%.

HMS, HIC 2016 HSC 23

To what extent do action areas of the Ottawa Charter influence health promotion initiatives in Australia? In your answer, provide specific examples of health promotion initiatives. (8 marks)

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Judgment Statement

Action areas of the Ottawa Charter significantly influence Australian health promotion initiatives. These frameworks provide comprehensive guidance for designing effective population health strategies across multiple health issues.

Strongest Evidence – Comprehensive Integration

Building healthy public policy demonstrates substantial influence through legislative measures targeting population health improvements. Tobacco control policies exemplify this action area through plain packaging laws, advertising restrictions, and taxation strategies. These policies create supportive environments that make healthy choices easier for all Australians. Additionally, alcohol taxation and licensing restrictions show how policy frameworks directly shape health promotion effectiveness.
Developing personal skills shows strong implementation across diverse health promotion programs targeting individual capacity building. The Life! program for diabetes prevention provides education sessions teaching participants about nutrition and physical activity management. This approach empowers individuals with knowledge and skills needed for sustainable behaviour change and chronic disease prevention.

Secondary Evidence – Strategic Coordination

Creating supportive environments influences workplace health initiatives and community infrastructure development. Heart Foundation walking groups establish safe community spaces for physical activity participation. However, implementation varies across different geographical areas, with rural communities experiencing reduced access to comprehensive environmental supports compared to metropolitan areas.

Reaffirmation

Evidence demonstrates significant influence of Ottawa Charter action areas in shaping Australian health promotion design and implementation. The framework provides essential structure for addressing population health challenges through coordinated multi-strategy approaches.

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Judgment Statement

Action areas of the Ottawa Charter significantly influence Australian health promotion initiatives. These frameworks provide comprehensive guidance for designing effective population health strategies across multiple health issues.

Strongest Evidence – Comprehensive Integration

Building healthy public policy demonstrates substantial influence through legislative measures targeting population health improvements. Tobacco control policies exemplify this action area through plain packaging laws, advertising restrictions, and taxation strategies. These policies create supportive environments that make healthy choices easier for all Australians. Additionally, alcohol taxation and licensing restrictions show how policy frameworks directly shape health promotion effectiveness.
Developing personal skills shows strong implementation across diverse health promotion programs targeting individual capacity building. The Life! program for diabetes prevention provides education sessions teaching participants about nutrition and physical activity management. This approach empowers individuals with knowledge and skills needed for sustainable behaviour change and chronic disease prevention.

Secondary Evidence – Strategic Coordination

Creating supportive environments influences workplace health initiatives and community infrastructure development. Heart Foundation walking groups establish safe community spaces for physical activity participation. However, implementation varies across different geographical areas, with rural communities experiencing reduced access to comprehensive environmental supports compared to metropolitan areas.

Reaffirmation

Evidence demonstrates significant influence of Ottawa Charter action areas in shaping Australian health promotion design and implementation. The framework provides essential structure for addressing population health challenges through coordinated multi-strategy approaches.

HMS, HIC 2019 HSC 32a

Why are health promotion strategies more effective when they focus on skills, education and prevention? (4 marks)

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Explain how intersectoral collaboration has increased the potential for success of ONE health promotion strategy for a population group experiencing inequity. (4 marks)

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i. Sample Answer

Skills development enables individuals to make informed health decisions throughout their lives. This occurs because teaching practical skills like reading food labels empowers people to choose healthier options independently. For example, cooking skills help young people prepare nutritious meals rather than relying on processed foods.
Education increases health literacy and understanding of risk factors affecting wellbeing. This leads to better decision-making about lifestyle choices. Health education programs in schools teach students about the effects of substance use, enabling them to make informed choices about alcohol, smoking and drugs.
Prevention strategies are more cost-effective than treating diseases after they develop. This happens because preventing chronic conditions like diabetes costs less than ongoing medical treatment. Prevention programs focus on addressing risk factors early, reducing the burden on healthcare systems and improving quality of life.

ii. Sample Answer

The National Tobacco Strategy demonstrates effective intersectoral collaboration for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Commonwealth, state and territory governments work together with Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations to reduce smoking rates.
Government legislation creates supportive policy environments through plain packaging laws and increased tobacco taxation. This combines with community-based smoking cessation programs delivered by Aboriginal health workers in local communities using culturally appropriate approachess.
This collaboration increases success potential because it addresses multiple levels simultaneously. Policy changes reduce tobacco appeal while community programs provide culturally safe support and education. The combined approach leads to greater smoking reduction than individual strategies working alone.

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i. Sample Answer

Skills development enables individuals to make informed health decisions throughout their lives. This occurs because teaching practical skills like reading food labels empowers people to choose healthier options independently. For example, cooking skills help young people prepare nutritious meals rather than relying on processed foods.
Education increases health literacy and understanding of risk factors affecting wellbeing. This leads to better decision-making about lifestyle choices. Health education programs in schools teach students about the effects of substance use, enabling them to make informed choices about alcohol, smoking and drugs.
Prevention strategies are more cost-effective than treating diseases after they develop. This happens because preventing chronic conditions like diabetes costs less than ongoing medical treatment. Prevention programs focus on addressing risk factors early, reducing the burden on healthcare systems and improving quality of life.

ii. Sample Answer

The National Tobacco Strategy demonstrates effective intersectoral collaboration for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Commonwealth, state and territory governments work together with Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations to reduce smoking rates.
Government legislation creates supportive policy environments through plain packaging laws and increased tobacco taxation. This combines with community-based smoking cessation programs delivered by Aboriginal health workers in local communities using culturally appropriate approachess.
This collaboration increases success potential because it addresses multiple levels simultaneously. Policy changes reduce tobacco appeal while community programs provide culturally safe support and education. The combined approach leads to greater smoking reduction than individual strategies working alone.

♦♦♦ Mean mark 42%.

HMS, HIC 2019 HSC 26

To what extent has the health of Australians been improved through the use of the Ottawa Charter in health promotion initiatives? Use examples to support your answer. (8 marks)

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Judgment Statement

The Ottawa Charter has significantly improved Australian health through comprehensive action across multiple areas, delivering substantial population health benefits.

Strongest Evidence – Policy and Environmental Changes

Healthy public policy initiatives have created substantial health improvements across Australia.
Plain packaging legislation for tobacco products demonstrates highly effective policy implementation and has contributed to declining smoking rates across all demographics.
Creating supportive environments through comprehensive smoke-free public spaces has reduced community exposure to passive smoking.
Building healthy public policy through mandatory helmet laws has significantly reduced head injury rates among cyclists and motorcyclists.
Reorienting health services towards prevention has shifted healthcare focus from treatment to early intervention.
These policy-driven changes have resulted in measurable decreases in smoking-related diseases, improved respiratory health outcome and enhanced road safety statistics nationally.

Secondary Evidence – Individual and Community Empowerment

Developing personal skills through extensive health education campaigns has substantially enhanced health literacy among Australian communities.
Programs like SunSmart have successfully educated diverse populations about skin cancer prevention strategies. Consequently improved sun protection behaviours have emerged and reduced melanoma incidence rates have been seen.
Strengthening community action through locally-led health initiatives has enabled effective grassroots health promotion. In particular Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities have benefited through culturally appropriate programs that respect traditional healing practices while incorporating contemporary health knowledge.

Reaffirmation

Evidence demonstrates the Ottawa Charter has substantially improved Australian health outcomes.
Integrated policy frameworks, environmental modifications and community-based approaches have delivered measurable benefits.
These improvements span diverse demographic groups nationally.

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Judgment Statement

The Ottawa Charter has significantly improved Australian health through comprehensive action across multiple areas, delivering substantial population health benefits.

Strongest Evidence – Policy and Environmental Changes

Healthy public policy initiatives have created substantial health improvements across Australia.
Plain packaging legislation for tobacco products demonstrates highly effective policy implementation and has contributed to declining smoking rates across all demographics.
Creating supportive environments through comprehensive smoke-free public spaces has reduced community exposure to passive smoking.
Building healthy public policy through mandatory helmet laws has significantly reduced head injury rates among cyclists and motorcyclists.
Reorienting health services towards prevention has shifted healthcare focus from treatment to early intervention.
These policy-driven changes have resulted in measurable decreases in smoking-related diseases, improved respiratory health outcome and enhanced road safety statistics nationally.

Secondary Evidence – Individual and Community Empowerment

Developing personal skills through extensive health education campaigns has substantially enhanced health literacy among Australian communities.
Programs like SunSmart have successfully educated diverse populations about skin cancer prevention strategies. Consequently improved sun protection behaviours have emerged and reduced melanoma incidence rates have been seen.
Strengthening community action through locally-led health initiatives has enabled effective grassroots health promotion. In particular Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities have benefited through culturally appropriate programs that respect traditional healing practices while incorporating contemporary health knowledge.

Reaffirmation

Evidence demonstrates the Ottawa Charter has substantially improved Australian health outcomes.
Integrated policy frameworks, environmental modifications and community-based approaches have delivered measurable benefits.
These improvements span diverse demographic groups nationally.

♦♦♦ Mean mark 44%.

HMS, HIC 2020 HSC 26

To what extent has health promotion based on building healthy public policy contributed to improving the health of Australians? Provide examples to support your answer. (8 marks)

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Judgment Statement:

Health promotion through building healthy public policy has significantly contributed to improving Australian health outcomes. Legislative measures, taxation policies and regulatory frameworks demonstrate substantial effectiveness in reducing mortality and morbidity rates across multiple health areas.

Strongest Evidence:

Tobacco control policies exemplify highly effective public health interventions.
Plain packaging legislation, graphic health warnings, and smoking bans in public spaces have dramatically reduced smoking rates from 1991 to current times.
These policies have directly resulted in decreased lung cancer mortality rates and cardiovascular disease deaths.
Tax increases making cigarettes less affordable have particularly impacted youth smoking initiation rates.
The comprehensive approach combining multiple policy instruments has produced measurable results in population health improvement, saving thousands of lives annually.

Secondary Evidence:

Road safety policies have substantially reduced transport-related mortality.
This has been achieved through graduated licensing systems, speed limit enforcement and mandatory safety equipment regulations.
Compulsory seatbelt laws and random breath testing have contributed to declining road fatalities.
However, policy effectiveness varies across different health issues.
Mental health policy development has shown slower progress compared to physical health interventions.
Thus indicating that some areas remain less responsive to traditional public policy approaches and require additional community-based strategies.

Reaffirmation:

The evidence strongly supports that building healthy public policy has contributed to a significant extent in improving Australian health.
The combination of legislative, monetary and regulatory measures has consistently delivered improved health outcomes across multiple disease areas, demonstrating substantial public health impact.

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Judgment Statement:

Health promotion through building healthy public policy has significantly contributed to improving Australian health outcomes. Legislative measures, taxation policies and regulatory frameworks demonstrate substantial effectiveness in reducing mortality and morbidity rates across multiple health areas.

Strongest Evidence:

Tobacco control policies exemplify highly effective public health interventions.
Plain packaging legislation, graphic health warnings and smoking bans in public spaces have dramatically reduced smoking rates from 1991 to current times.
These policies have directly resulted in decreased lung cancer mortality rates and cardiovascular disease deaths.
Tax increases making cigarettes less affordable have particularly impacted youth smoking initiation rates.
The comprehensive approach combining multiple policy instruments has produced measurable results in population health improvement, saving thousands of lives annually.

Secondary Evidence:

Road safety policies have substantially reduced transport-related mortality.
This has been achieved through graduated licensing systems, speed limit enforcement and mandatory safety equipment regulations.
Compulsory seatbelt laws and random breath testing have contributed to declining road fatalities.
However, policy effectiveness varies across different health issues.
Mental health policy development has shown slower progress compared to physical health interventions.
Thus indicating that some areas remain less responsive to traditional public policy approaches and require additional community-based strategies.

Reaffirmation:

The evidence strongly supports that building healthy public policy has contributed to a significant extent in improving Australian health.
The combination of legislative, monetary and regulatory measures has consistently delivered improved health outcomes across multiple disease areas, demonstrating substantial public health impact.

HMS, HIC 2021 HSC 25

Explain how a health promotion initiative has used strengthening community action to improve the health of Australians. Provide examples to support your answer. (5 marks)

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The SunSmart campaign demonstrates how strengthening community action creates sustainable health improvements across Australia. Such initiatives work by empowering local communities to develop their own skin cancer prevention strategies rather than relying solely on government directives.
The campaign operates through community partnerships where local councils, schools and sporting clubs collaborate to implement sun protection policies. For example, surf lifesaving clubs install shade structures and enforce “no hat, no play” rules during peak UV hours. This community ownership ensures policies remain relevant to local needs and conditions.
Furthermore, the campaign enables communities to advocate for environmental changes such as shade sails in playgrounds and UV monitoring systems. These community-driven actions result in sustained behaviour change because residents feel ownership over the initiatives. Consequently, skin cancer rates have declined in participating communities, demonstrating how strengthening community action produces long-term health improvements through local empowerment and collective responsibility.

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The SunSmart campaign demonstrates how strengthening community action creates sustainable health improvements across Australia. Such initiatives work by empowering local communities to develop their own skin cancer prevention strategies rather than relying solely on government directives.
The campaign operates through community partnerships where local councils, schools and sporting clubs collaborate to implement sun protection policies. For example, surf lifesaving clubs install shade structures and enforce “no hat, no play” rules during peak UV hours. This community ownership ensures policies remain relevant to local needs and conditions.
Furthermore, the campaign enables communities to advocate for environmental changes such as shade sails in playgrounds and UV monitoring systems. These community-driven actions result in sustained behaviour change because residents feel ownership over the initiatives. Consequently, skin cancer rates have declined in participating communities, demonstrating how strengthening community action produces long-term health improvements through local empowerment and collective responsibility.

♦ Mean mark 51%.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 106

Discuss how healthcare facility design has evolved to reflect principles of the salutogenic model of health, and where limitations still exist. (4 marks)

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The salutogenic model emphasises maintaining wellness rather than just treating illness. This perspective is evident in modern healthcare facilities incorporating natural lighting and views of nature to reduce stress and promote healing.
Traditional hospital designs often contradicted salutogenic principles with sterile, institutional environments focused on medical equipment and efficiency rather than patient wellbeing.
Today’s facilities increasingly include communal spaces and gardens, recognising the importance of social connection in maintaining health. The Royal Children’s Hospital demonstrates this with its child-friendly environment.
This evolution reflects growing recognition that healing environments actively contribute to health outcomes, though budget constraints still limit implementation in many facilities.

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The salutogenic model emphasises maintaining wellness rather than just treating illness. This perspective is evident in modern healthcare facilities incorporating natural lighting and views of nature to reduce stress and promote healing.
Traditional hospital designs often contradicted salutogenic principles with sterile, institutional environments focused on medical equipment and efficiency rather than patient wellbeing.
Today’s facilities increasingly include communal spaces and gardens, recognising the importance of social connection in maintaining health. The Royal Children’s Hospital demonstrates this with its child-friendly environment.
This evolution reflects growing recognition that healing environments actively contribute to health outcomes, though budget constraints still limit implementation in many facilities.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 105

Explain how the sociocultural model of health has influenced the development and implementation of health promotion strategies targeting youth mental health in Australia.

In your answer, address at least TWO key determinants that influence health within this model. (5 marks)

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*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Answers could include two of the following factors:

The sociocultural model recognises that youth mental health is influenced by broader social, cultural, environmental and socioeconomic factors beyond individual control, which leads to more comprehensive health approaches.

Social factors

The sociocultural model recognises that youth mental health is influenced by social factors beyond an individual’s control.
This has caused health promotion strategies to address peer relationships and bullying through school-based programs like Headspace, showing how social environments directly impact mental wellbeing.
As a result, these programs create safer school environments which reduces anxiety and depression rates.

Cultural factors

Cultural factors are addressed in youth mental health promotion through culturally responsive services.
These programs acknowledge how different cultural backgrounds affect help-seeking behaviours and mental health stigma.
The cause-effect relationship is evident: culturally appropriate services increase engagement from diverse youth populations, and consequently improve treatment outcomes.

Environmental factors

Environmental influences like social media pressure and academic stress are targeted through initiatives creating supportive school and online environments.
This relationship shows how physical and digital spaces directly affect youth mental health outcomes. In this way, environmental modifications produce measurable wellbeing improvements.

Socioeconomic factors

Socioeconomic factors are addressed through programs targeting disadvantaged youth.
These initiatives recognise the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health by providing free or subsidised services, which enables equal access to support.
This occurs because financial barriers prevent help-seeking, and therefore free services remove this obstacle.

Summary

In conclusion, the sociocultural approach has resulted in strategies that actively involve young people in planning and implementation, thereby making youth health promotion more relevant and effective.
This demonstrates why holistic models generate better outcomes than individual-focused approaches.

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*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Answers could include two of the following factors:

The sociocultural model recognises that youth mental health is influenced by broader social, cultural, environmental and socioeconomic factors beyond individual control, which leads to more comprehensive health approaches.

Social factors

The sociocultural model recognises that youth mental health is influenced by social factors beyond an individual’s control.
This has caused health promotion strategies to address peer relationships and bullying through school-based programs like Headspace, showing how social environments directly impact mental wellbeing.
As a result, these programs create safer school environments which reduces anxiety and depression rates.

Cultural factors

Cultural factors are addressed in youth mental health promotion through culturally responsive services.
These programs acknowledge how different cultural backgrounds affect help-seeking behaviours and mental health stigma.
The cause-effect relationship is evident: culturally appropriate services increase engagement from diverse youth populations, and consequently improve treatment outcomes.

Environmental factors

Environmental influences like social media pressure and academic stress are targeted through initiatives creating supportive school and online environments.
This relationship shows how physical and digital spaces directly affect youth mental health outcomes. In this way, environmental modifications produce measurable wellbeing improvements.

Socioeconomic factors

Socioeconomic factors are addressed through programs targeting disadvantaged youth.
These initiatives recognise the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health by providing free or subsidised services, which enables equal access to support.
This occurs because financial barriers prevent help-seeking, and therefore free services remove this obstacle.

Summary

In conclusion, the sociocultural approach has resulted in strategies that actively involve young people in planning and implementation, thereby making youth health promotion more relevant and effective.
This demonstrates why holistic models generate better outcomes than individual-focused approaches.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 104

Describe TWO ways UNESCO's health policies and programs have influenced health promotion in Australia. (4 marks)

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Answers could include:

Health Literacy

UNESCO’s educational programs addressing health literacy have influenced Australia’s school curriculum development.
This includes comprehensive sex education and environmental health awareness programs in Australian schools.
These programs help students develop informed perspectives on health issues and environmental sustainability.

Awareness of Bullying and Violence Against Women

UNESCO’s International Day against Violence and Bullying at School initiative has shaped Australia’s approach to bullying prevention.
This has led to the implementation of national anti-bullying campaigns in Australian schools.
These campaigns focus on creating safer learning environments and reducing the negative mental health impacts of bullying, which affects nearly one in three Australian students.

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Answers could include:

Health Literacy

UNESCO’s educational programs addressing health literacy have influenced Australia’s school curriculum development.
This includes comprehensive sex education and environmental health awareness programs in Australian schools.
These programs help students develop informed perspectives on health issues and environmental sustainability.

Awareness of Violence and Bullying at School

UNESCO’s International Day against Violence and Bullying at School initiative has shaped Australia’s approach to bullying prevention.
This has led to the implementation of national anti-bullying campaigns in Australian schools.
These campaigns focus on creating safer learning environments and reducing the negative mental health impacts of bullying, which affects nearly one in three Australian students.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 102

Analyse how social, historical and political determinants impact the effectiveness of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approaches to health.

In your response, discuss at least THREE domains of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander model of social and emotional wellbeing. (8 marks)

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*Recommended words/phrases to convey relationships and implications are bolded.

Overview Statement

Social, historical and political determinants interact with Aboriginal health approaches through the social, community and Country domains.
These relationships influence the effectiveness of culturally appropriate care and self-determination.

Social and community domains:

Socioeconomic factors like housing and education directly affect Aboriginal peoples’ ability to access health services.
When poverty prevents things like transport to appointments, it effects an individuals’ ability to engage with health services and maintain wellbeing across multiple domains.
ACCHOs respond by providing outreach programs that bring services to remote and poor areas. This reveals a key issue whereby social barriers can work to undermine even culturally appropriate approaches.
Therefore, politically and socially addressing housing and income inequities can promote stronger community connections.
A key takeaway is that health approaches must tackle social inequity to strengthen wellbeing domains.

Country domain:

Colonisation and forced removals created intergenerational trauma that disrupts connection to Country.
This historical damage effectively prevents traditional land relationships for many Indigenous individuals, essential for Aboriginal identity.
On-Country healing programs demonstrate how reconnecting with land improves health outcomes. For example, Ngangkari healers working on traditional lands show much better engagement than clinic-based services.
In this way, historical acknowledgment enables rebuilding of Country and spiritual connections.

Implications and Synthesis

These determinants form an interconnected system affecting all wellbeing domains simultaneously.
This analysis shows that political self-determination strengthens both cultural and community connections, with the COVID-19 Aboriginal Advisory Group’s success a case in point.
It is significant that isolated health interventions fail without tackling underlying systemic issues which clearly indicates that health programs must address all three determinants together.

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*Recommended words/phrases to convey relationships and implications are bolded.

Overview Statement

Social, historical and political determinants interact with Aboriginal health approaches through the social, community and Country domains.
These relationships influence the effectiveness of culturally appropriate care and self-determination.

Social and community domains:

Socioeconomic factors like housing and education directly affect Aboriginal peoples’ ability to access health services.
When poverty prevents things like transport to appointments, it effects an individuals’ ability to engage with health services and maintain wellbeing across multiple domains.
ACCHOs respond by providing outreach programs that bring services to remote and poor areas. This reveals a key issue whereby social barriers can work to undermine even culturally appropriate approaches.
Therefore, politically and socially addressing housing and income inequities can promote stronger community connections.
A key takeaway is that health approaches must tackle social inequity to strengthen wellbeing domains.

Country domain:

Colonisation and forced removals created intergenerational trauma that disrupts connection to Country.
This historical damage effectively prevents traditional land relationships for many Indigenous individuals, essential for Aboriginal identity.
On-Country healing programs demonstrate how reconnecting with land improves health outcomes. For example, Ngangkari healers working on traditional lands show much better engagement than clinic-based services.
In this way, historical acknowledgment enables rebuilding of Country and spiritual connections.

Implications and Synthesis

These determinants form an interconnected system affecting all wellbeing domains simultaneously.
This analysis shows that political self-determination strengthens both cultural and community connections, with the COVID-19 Aboriginal Advisory Group’s success a case in point.
It is significant that isolated health interventions fail without tackling underlying systemic issues which clearly indicates that health programs must address all three determinants together.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 101

Explain how health promotion partnerships with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities strengthen health outcomes in Australia.

In your answer, refer to at least THREE domains of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander model of social and emotional wellbeing. (6 marks)

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*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Health promotion partnerships strengthen cultural connection because they incorporate traditional healing alongside Western medicine. Examples include programs like Ngangkari healers working in hospitals, validating Indigenous knowledge. As a result, young Aboriginal people see their culture respected in healthcare which leads to increased engagement and stronger cultural identity.
Community connection is strengthened through ACCHOs, which create Indigenous-controlled health spaces. This works by enabling communities to decide their own health priorities. In this process, young people develop ownership and leadership skills which builds social capital through community action.
Connection to Country is strengthened through partnerships that recognise the fundamental relationship between land and wellbeing. This occurs when initiatives like on-Country healing programs provide access to traditional lands. This relationship results in improved spiritual and mental health for young Indigenous people.
Connection to spirituality and ancestors is supported when health services acknowledge traditional systems of knowledge. This can be seen when the Ngangkari healing approach integrates practitioners who connect “ancestors to ancestors”.
These partnerships address historical determinants by acknowledging past government policies that damaged health and wellbeing. As a result, they enable self-determination through community leadership in design and implementation.

Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Health promotion partnerships strengthen cultural connection because they incorporate traditional healing alongside Western medicine. Examples include programs like Ngangkari healers working in hospitals, validating Indigenous knowledge. As a result, young Aboriginal people see their culture respected in healthcare which leads to increased engagement and stronger cultural identity.
Community connection is strengthened through ACCHOs, which create Indigenous-controlled health spaces. This works by enabling communities to decide their own health priorities. In this process, young people develop ownership and leadership skills which builds social capital through community action.
Connection to Country is strengthened through partnerships that recognise the fundamental relationship between land and wellbeing. This occurs when initiatives like on-Country healing programs provide access to traditional lands. This relationship results in improved spiritual and mental health for young Indigenous people.
Connection to spirituality and ancestors is supported when health services acknowledge traditional systems of knowledge. This can be seen when the Ngangkari healing approach integrates practitioners who connect “ancestors to ancestors”.
These partnerships address historical determinants by acknowledging past government policies that damaged health and wellbeing. As a result, they enable self-determination through community leadership in design and implementation.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 099

Describe how a paramedic working in both city and rural Australian communities, might observe the principles of the ecological model of health through their daily experiences. (5 marks)

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At the individual level, the paramedic would notice how personal factors like genetics, health literacy, and behaviours influence health emergencies differently.
For example, paramedics are likely to see more stress-induced incidents, like heart attacks, in the cities and a higher percentage of physical injuries in the country.
The relationship level would be evident as the paramedic observes how family support structures influence recovery. Tight-knit rural communities are more likely to provide stronger social support networks compared to potentially isolated urban dwellers.
At the community level, the paramedic would recognise how local environments affect health access and outcomes. For example, rural communities face longer emergency response times and limited specialist care.
The societal level can be seen through the paramedic’s observations of how broader policies affect healthcare equity. Medicare funding distributions, telehealth availability and cultural attitudes to health all differ significantly across the country.

Show Worked Solution

At the individual level, the paramedic would notice how personal factors like genetics, health literacy, and behaviours influence health emergencies differently.
For example, paramedics are likely to see more stress-induced incidents, like heart attacks, in the cities and a higher percentage of physical injuries in the country.
The relationship level would be evident as the paramedic observes how family support structures influence recovery. Tight-knit rural communities are more likely to provide stronger social support networks compared to potentially isolated urban dwellers.
At the community level, the paramedic would recognise how local environments affect health access and outcomes. For example, rural communities face longer emergency response times and limited specialist care.
The societal level can be seen through the paramedic’s observations of how broader policies affect healthcare equity. Medicare funding distributions, telehealth availability and cultural attitudes to health all differ significantly across the country.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 097

Outline how the sociocultural model of health addresses the limitations of the biomedical model in promoting the health of diverse Australian communities. (3 marks)

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Answers could include three of the following:

The sociocultural model addresses broader influences on health including social, cultural, environmental, and economic factors, moving beyond the biomedical model’s focus on disease and treatment alone.
It recognises that despite an individual’s intentions to make positive lifestyle choices, structural and environmental barriers may limit their ability to make sustainable health changes.
This approach emphasises community involvement. By identifying health issues and developing solutions, it empowers communities through local knowledge rather than imposing more rigid biomedical diagnoses and solutions.
The sociocultural model is more cost-effective as it focuses on prevention through education, improved access to services, and reducing social inequities before illnesses develop.

Show Worked Solution

Answers could include three of the following:

The sociocultural model addresses broader influences on health including social, cultural, environmental, and economic factors, moving beyond the biomedical model’s focus on disease and treatment alone.
It recognises that despite an individual’s intentions to make positive lifestyle choices, structural and environmental barriers may limit their ability to make sustainable health changes.
This approach emphasises community involvement. By identifying health issues and developing solutions, it empowers communities through local knowledge rather than imposing more rigid biomedical diagnoses and solutions.
The sociocultural model is more cost-effective as it focuses on prevention through education, improved access to services, and reducing social inequities before illnesses develop.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 096

Explain how a police officer might observe the limitations of the biomedical model of health when responding to incidents in communities experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage. (5 marks)

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A police officer would observe that the biomedical model fails to address social determinants affecting health in disadvantaged communities.
The officer might repeatedly encounter individuals experiencing mental health crises who receive hospital treatment but return to the same situation (poor housing, unemployment) that initially triggered their condition.
When responding to domestic violence, the officer would see that medical treatment for injuries doesn’t address underlying factors such as financial stress, substance abuse, or intergenerational trauma.
Drug-related offences persist despite addiction treatment because the biomedical model doesn’t account for social factors like limited education or lack of support services.
Through community policing, the officer might observe that biomedically focused health initiatives fail to engage residents who distrust healthcare systems due to past experiences or cultural differences.

Show Worked Solution

A police officer would observe that the biomedical model fails to address social determinants affecting health in disadvantaged communities.
The officer might repeatedly encounter individuals experiencing mental health crises who receive hospital treatment but return to the same situation (poor housing, unemployment) that initially triggered their condition.
When responding to domestic violence, the officer would see that medical treatment for injuries doesn’t address underlying factors such as financial stress, substance abuse, or intergenerational trauma.
Drug-related offences persist despite addiction treatment because the biomedical model doesn’t account for social factors like limited education or lack of support services.
Through community policing, the officer might observe that biomedically focused health initiatives fail to engage residents who distrust healthcare systems due to past experiences or cultural differences.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 095

Discuss how the biomedical model of health has influenced health promotion approaches in Australia. (6 marks)

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*Recommended phrases for balanced “for/against” language are bolded in the answer below.

The biomedical model focuses on physical and biological aspects of disease, emphasising diagnosis, treatment, and cure rather than prevention
On one hand, this approach offers investment in advanced screening technologies like MRIs and mammography programs, enabling earlier disease detection. A key advantage is identifying breast cancer before symptoms appear, saving lives through early intervention.
From one perspective, technological advances guided by this model have improved medical interventions through less invasive techniques like keyhole surgery. Supporters argue these innovations reduce recovery times and improve patient outcomes significantly.
However, this must be weighed against the model’s “band-aid” approach that treats symptoms without addressing underlying causes. Critics of this model contend this encourages reliance on ongoing medical “fixes” rather than preventative lifestyle changes.
Further to this, high costs to individuals (medical bills, time off work) and society (strain on public health systems) create significant challenges. These limitations have prompted Australia’s shift toward holistic, preventative approaches like the Ottawa Charter.
Despite the benefits of advanced medical technology, the key argument against the biomedical model is its narrow focus. Nevertheless, it remains valuable when integrated with broader health promotion strategies.

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*Recommended phrases for balanced “for/against” language are bolded in the answer below.

The biomedical model focuses on physical and biological aspects of disease, emphasising diagnosis, treatment, and cure rather than prevention
On one hand, this approach offers investment in advanced screening technologies like MRIs and mammography programs, enabling earlier disease detection. A key advantage is identifying breast cancer before symptoms appear, saving lives through early intervention.
From one perspective, technological advances guided by this model have improved medical interventions through less invasive techniques like keyhole surgery. Supporters argue these innovations reduce recovery times and improve patient outcomes significantly.
However, this must be weighed against the model’s “band-aid” approach that treats symptoms without addressing underlying causes. Critics of this model contend this encourages reliance on ongoing medical “fixes” rather than preventative lifestyle changes.
Further to this, high costs to individuals (medical bills, time off work) and society (strain on public health systems) create significant challenges. These limitations have prompted Australia’s shift toward holistic, preventative approaches like the Ottawa Charter.
Despite the benefits of advanced medical technology, the key argument against the biomedical model is its narrow focus. Nevertheless, it remains valuable when integrated with broader health promotion strategies.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 093

How might does the salutogenic model of health influence health promotion strategies in Australia. (5 marks)

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*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” (unofficial) keyword is bolded in the answer below.

The salutogenic model focuses on factors that maintain health and wellbeing rather than on disease, emphasising how individuals use coping mechanisms despite stressful conditions. This occurs because the model recognises people’s inherent capacity for resilience.
It employs strengths-based approaches by asking positive questions like “What keeps me healthy?” rather than focusing on risky behaviors to avoid. As a result, individuals identify their own protective factors which leads to more sustainable health behaviours.
Health promotion strategies influenced by this model include the ‘Plan B’ drink-driving campaign which emphasises positive choices rather than negative consequences, and complementary health treatments used alongside traditional medicine.
The model is also evident in healthcare facilities design, such as the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne. This design creates child-friendly environments to promote relaxation and comfort while supporting physical and emotional wellbeing during treatment. As a direct result, children experience reduced anxiety which enables better outcomes.

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*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” (unofficial) keyword is bolded in the answer below.

The salutogenic model focuses on factors that maintain health and wellbeing rather than on disease, emphasising how individuals use coping mechanisms despite stressful conditions. This occurs because the model recognises people’s inherent capacity for resilience.
It employs strengths-based approaches by asking positive questions like “What keeps me healthy?” rather than focusing on risky behaviors to avoid. As a result, individuals identify their own protective factors which leads to more sustainable health behaviours.
Health promotion strategies influenced by this model include the ‘Plan B’ drink-driving campaign which emphasises positive choices rather than negative consequences, and complementary health treatments used alongside traditional medicine.
The model is also evident in healthcare facilities design, such as the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne. This design creates child-friendly environments to promote relaxation and comfort while supporting physical and emotional wellbeing during treatment. As a direct result, children experience reduced anxiety which enables better outcomes.

HMS, HIC 2024 HSC 28b

Evaluate the effectiveness of legislation and health promotion initiatives in addressing ONE major health issue affecting young people. (12 marks)

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Evaluation Statement

Legislation and health promotion initiatives are highly effective in addressing youth road safety when implemented together.
This evaluation examines behavioural change impact and long-term sustainability of interventions.

Behavioural Change Impact

Graduated licensing systems are highly influential in reducing youth road fatalities.
Evidence supporting this includes the 120 supervised hours requirement, passenger limits for P1 drivers and speed restrictions that have coincided with a sizeable reduction in collision rates.
The “Plan B” drink-driving campaign has also proven highly effective by promoting practical drink-driving alternatives. Campaign evaluations show a significant percentage decrease in alcohol-related crashes since 2012.
A critical strength of these approaches is the combination of addressing specific risk factors while building safe driving habits.
In this way, combined approaches can achieve comprehensive behaviour modification.

Long-term Sustainability

Legislative measures show excellent sustainability through systematic enforcement.
Mobile phone bans partially fulfil objectives due to enforcement challenges. While awareness has increased, detection difficulties limit long-term compliance although this shortcoming is being mitigated by technology developments.
Health promotion campaigns like “Speeding. No One Thinks Big of You” achieve moderate sustainability. Research indicates 75% of young males felt discouraged from speeding after viewing.
However, campaign effects diminish without ongoing reinforcement. Although effective for immediate impact, promotion requires continuous investment.

Final Evaluation

Weighing these factors shows integrated approaches prove most effective.
The strengths outweigh limitations because combining external regulation with attitude change can create lasting impact.
While legislation provides consistent framework, health promotion addresses cultural motivations.
The overall evaluation reveals neither approach alone suffices.
Implications suggest continued investment in both legislative and promotional strategies maximises youth road safety outcomes.

Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

Legislation and health promotion initiatives are highly effective in addressing youth road safety when implemented together.
This evaluation examines behavioural change impact and long-term sustainability of interventions.

Behavioural Change Impact

Graduated licensing systems are highly influential in reducing youth road fatalities.
Evidence supporting this includes the 120 supervised hours requirement, passenger limits for P1 drivers, and speed restrictions that have coincided with a sizeable reduction in collision rates.
The “Plan B” drink-driving campaign has also proven highly effective by promoting practical drink-driving alternatives. Campaign evaluations show a significant percentage decrease in alcohol-related crashes since 2012.
A critical strength of these approaches is the combination of addressing specific risk factors while building safe driving habits.
In this way, combined approaches can achieve comprehensive behaviour modification.

Long-term Sustainability

Legislative measures show excellent sustainability through systematic enforcement.
Mobile phone bans partially fulfil objectives due to enforcement challenges. While awareness has increased, detection difficulties limit long-term compliance although this shortcoming is being mitigated by technology developments.
Health promotion campaigns like “Speeding. No One Thinks Big of You” achieve moderate sustainability. Research indicates 75% of young males felt discouraged from speeding after viewing.
However, campaign effects diminish without ongoing reinforcement. Although effective for immediate impact, promotion requires continuous investment.

Final Evaluation

Weighing these factors shows integrated approaches prove most effective.
The strengths outweigh limitations because combining external regulation with attitude change can create lasting impact.
While legislation provides consistent framework, health promotion addresses cultural motivations.
The overall evaluation reveals neither approach alone suffices.
Implications suggest continued investment in both legislative and promotional strategies maximises youth road safety outcomes.

♦♦ Mean mark 43%.