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HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 016

In Australia, there are groups experiencing inequities in health.

Describe TWO factors that can contribute to the health status of ONE group experiencing inequities in health.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 1 – ATSI Peoples

Factor 1: Intergenerational trauma

  • This type of trauma significantly impacts health outcomes through chronic stress responses passed down through families.
  • The forced removal of children, destruction of cultural practices, and ongoing discrimination create psychological wounds. These manifest as higher rates of mental illness, substance abuse, and chronic disease across generations.

Factor 2: Disrupted connection to Country

  • Disrupted connection to Country affects spiritual, mental and physical wellbeing.
  • Traditional lands provide not just physical resources but cultural identity, healing practices, and community cohesion.
  • Displacement from Country breaks these protective health systems, leading to poorer nutrition, reduced physical activity, and loss of traditional medicinal knowledge.

 
Sample Answer 2 – Rural communities

Factor 1: Geographic isolation

  • This creates substantial barriers to accessing healthcare services.
  • Rural residents must travel hundreds of kilometres for specialist appointments, emergency care, or diagnostic tests.
  • This distance delays treatment and results in later-stage disease diagnosis.

Factor 2: Limited economic opportunities

  • This directly impacts health through lower incomes and job insecurity.
  • Rural communities often rely on single industries like farming or mining, creating financial stress during downturns.
  • Lower incomes reduce ability to afford healthy food, medications, and private health services.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 1 – ATSI Peoples

Factor 1: Intergenerational trauma

  • This type of trauma significantly impacts health outcomes through chronic stress responses passed down through families.
  • The forced removal of children, destruction of cultural practices, and ongoing discrimination create psychological wounds. These manifest as higher rates of mental illness, substance abuse, and chronic disease across generations.

Factor 2: Disrupted connection to Country

  • Disrupted connection to Country affects spiritual, mental and physical wellbeing.
  • Traditional lands provide not just physical resources but cultural identity, healing practices, and community cohesion.
  • Displacement from Country breaks these protective health systems, leading to poorer nutrition, reduced physical activity, and loss of traditional medicinal knowledge.

 
Sample Answer 2 – Rural communities

Factor 1: Geographic isolation

  • This creates substantial barriers to accessing healthcare services.
  • Rural residents must travel hundreds of kilometres for specialist appointments, emergency care, or diagnostic tests.
  • This distance delays treatment and results in later-stage disease diagnosis.

Factor 2: Limited economic opportunities

  • This directly impacts health through lower incomes and job insecurity.
  • Rural communities often rely on single industries like farming or mining, creating financial stress during downturns.
  • Lower incomes reduce ability to afford healthy food, medications, and private health services.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 011 MC

Which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) focuses on ensuring all people gain the knowledge and skills needed to live productive lives and participate fully in society?

  1. SDG 3
  2. SDG 4
  3. SDG 10
  4. SDG 11
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. SDG 4 represents Quality Education and aims to provide equitable education and lifelong learning opportunities so that individuals can improve their lives and contribute to their communities.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 010 MC

Which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) has a specific aim to reduce child and maternal mortality?

  1. SDG 4
  2. SDG 10
  3. SDG 11
  4. SDG 3
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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct. SDG 3 represents Good Health and Wellbeing that aims to reduce child and maternal mortality, among many other goals.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 008 MC

A rapidly growing city is developing strategies to align with SDG 11. Which approach would most comprehensively address this goal?

  1. Construction of luxury eco-apartments in the city centre and expansion of highways to reduce traffic congestion.
  2. Development of affordable housing near public transport hubs, creation of accessible green spaces, and disaster-resilient infrastructure.
  3. Preservation of historic districts, installation of air quality monitors, and privatisation of waste management services.
  4. Establishment of business districts with modern offices and implementation of smart city technologies in affluent neighbourhoods.
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. This option addresses the key pillars of SDG 11 – it ensures inclusive urbanisation through affordable housing, promotes sustainability via public transport and green spaces, and builds resilience through disaster-ready infrastructure.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect – Luxury housing excludes low-income residents and highway expansion increases car dependence, contradicting sustainability goals.

  • C is incorrect – While preserving heritage and monitoring pollution are valuable, privatisation may reduce access for vulnerable populations and doesn’t address housing or transport needs.

  • D is incorrect – This approach benefits only businesses and wealthy residents, failing to create inclusive communities or address environmental sustainability.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 007 MC

A developing nation is designing education reforms to align with SDG 4. Which combination of initiatives would most effectively address this goal?

  1. Mandatory primary education for all children and standardised national testing to measure literacy rates
  2. Free university education for high-achieving students and vocational training for workforce development
  3. Universal access to early childhood education, inclusive programs for students with disabilities, and adult literacy classes
  4. Technology-based learning platforms in urban schools and scholarship programs for rural students
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. This option addresses all three core dimensions of SDG 4 – it ensures quality education from early childhood, promotes equity through inclusive programs for marginalised groups, and supports lifelong learning through adult education opportunities.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect – While addressing basic education, it lacks inclusivity measures and lifelong learning components, and standardised testing alone doesn’t ensure quality.

  • B is incorrect – This approach creates inequality by only supporting high achievers and doesn’t address early childhood or primary education needs.

  • D is incorrect – Although addressing the urban-rural divide, it doesn’t ensure universal access and may deepen inequalities between those with and without technology access.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 006

Explain how creating sustainable cities and communities can address inequality in urban environments, with particular reference to the relationship between SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Provide examples to support your answer.   (5 marks)

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  • Affordable housing in well-serviced areas creates equal opportunities for all income groups. This occurs because low-income families gain access to quality schools, healthcare and jobs. Consequently, economic segregation decreases. For instance, when mixed-income developments are built, all residents share the same infrastructure.
  • Public transport systems directly link disadvantaged communities to employment centres. This works by removing the financial barrier of car ownership. As a result, people from all backgrounds can reach job opportunities. This demonstrates why efficient metro networks reduce inequality between suburbs and city centres.
  • Inclusive public spaces such as parks give free recreation for all residents. This creates social cohesion and breaks down class barriers. The underlying reason is shared spaces encourage community connection and improve health.
  • Safe pedestrian infrastructure uses universal design. This demonstrates why cities become fairer when everyone, including people with disabilities, can move independently.
Show Worked Solution
  • Affordable housing in well-serviced areas creates equal opportunities for all income groups. This occurs because low-income families gain access to quality schools, healthcare and jobs. Consequently, economic segregation decreases. For instance, when mixed-income developments are built, all residents share the same infrastructure.
  • Public transport systems directly link disadvantaged communities to employment centres. This works by removing the financial barrier of car ownership. As a result, people from all backgrounds can reach job opportunities. This demonstrates why efficient metro networks reduce inequality between suburbs and city centres.
  • Inclusive public spaces such as parks give free recreation for all residents. This creates social cohesion and breaks down class barriers. The underlying reason is shared spaces encourage community connection and improve health.
  • Safe pedestrian infrastructure uses universal design. This demonstrates why cities become fairer when everyone, including people with disabilities, can move independently.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 005

Outline THREE key features of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities.   (3 marks)

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  • SDG 11 addresses the need for cities to be environmentally sustainable, inclusive and safe for all residents, particularly as urban populations grow.
  • It aims to ensure access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services for all urban dwellers.
  • The goal promotes sustainable urban planning and resilient infrastructure to help cities withstand natural and human-made challenges.
  • It focuses on reducing urban pollution and environmental impact while improving public transport and green spaces.
Show Worked Solution
  • SDG 11 addresses the need for cities to be environmentally sustainable, inclusive and safe for all residents, particularly as urban populations grow.
  • It aims to ensure access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services for all urban dwellers.
  • The goal promotes sustainable urban planning and resilient infrastructure to help cities withstand natural and human-made challenges.
  • It focuses on reducing urban pollution and environmental impact while improving public transport and green spaces.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 004

Outline how achieving SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing) supports progress toward SDG 4 (Quality Education).   (3 marks)

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  • Healthy children have better school attendance rates as they experience fewer illnesses, allowing consistent participation in learning activities.
  • Good nutrition and healthcare improve cognitive development and concentration, enabling students to engage more effectively in class.
  • Mental health support reduces anxiety and stress, creating better conditions for learning and academic achievement.
Show Worked Solution
  • Healthy children have better school attendance rates as they experience fewer illnesses, allowing consistent participation in learning activities.
  • Good nutrition and healthcare improve cognitive development and concentration, enabling students to engage more effectively in class.
  • Mental health support reduces anxiety and stress, creating better conditions for learning and academic achievement.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 003

Describe ways in which SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) supports improved health for diverse Australian communities.   (4 marks)

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  • SDG 10 promotes inclusive policies that ensure equitable access to healthcare services for marginalised groups including ATSI peoples and other diverse populations.
  • Reducing economic inequalities enables disadvantaged Australians to afford nutritious food, safe housing, and preventive healthcare, directly improving health outcomes.
  • Addressing social inequalities removes systemic barriers in healthcare delivery, ensuring all Australians receive culturally appropriate and timely medical treatment.
  • Political inclusion empowers diverse communities to advocate for health services that meet their specific needs.
Show Worked Solution
  • SDG 10 promotes inclusive policies that ensure equitable access to healthcare services (SDG 3) for marginalised groups including ATSI peoples and other diverse populations.
  • Reducing economic inequalities enables disadvantaged Australians to afford nutritious food, safe housing, and preventive healthcare, directly improving health outcomes.
  • Addressing social inequalities removes systemic barriers in healthcare delivery, ensuring all Australians receive culturally appropriate and timely medical treatment.
  • Political inclusion empowers diverse communities to advocate for health services that meet their specific needs.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 002

Describe the relationship between achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education) and progress toward SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Include specific examples in your response.   (5 marks)

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  • Quality education (SDG 4) equips citizens with knowledge and skills needed for sustainable urban development (SDG 11), enabling them to make informed decisions about resource use and environmental protection.
  • Educated populations better understand and advocate for sustainable practices like waste reduction, public transport use, and green space preservation.
  • Education on urban planning and environmental science creates professionals who can design inclusive, resilient cities.
  • Schools teaching sustainability concepts produce environmentally conscious citizens who support eco-friendly urban policies.
  • Education improves employment opportunities, reducing urban poverty and enabling communities to invest in sustainable infrastructure and housing solutions.
Show Worked Solution
  • Quality education (SDG 4) equips citizens with knowledge and skills needed for sustainable urban development (SDG 11), enabling them to make informed decisions about resource use and environmental protection.
  • Educated populations better understand and advocate for sustainable practices like waste reduction, public transport use, and green space preservation.
  • Education on urban planning and environmental science creates professionals who can design inclusive, resilient cities.
  • Schools teaching sustainability concepts produce environmentally conscious citizens who support eco-friendly urban policies.
  • Education improves employment opportunities, reducing urban poverty and enabling communities to invest in sustainable infrastructure and housing solutions.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 001

Outline THREE key features of Sustainable Development Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities.   (3 marks)

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Answers could include any three of the following:

  • SDG 10 focuses on addressing disparities stemming from income, gender, race, disability or other forms of discrimination.
  • The goal promotes social, economic and political inclusion of all people, particularly disadvantaged groups.
  • SDG 10 provides a framework for fostering more inclusive societies. It promotes policies that provide equal access to public services for marginalised groups.
  • It aims to reduce inequalities between countries by supporting fair economic systems that benefit everyone.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include any three of the following:

  • SDG 10 focuses on addressing disparities stemming from income, gender, race, disability or other forms of discrimination.
  • The goal promotes social, economic and political inclusion of all people, particularly disadvantaged groups.
  • SDG 10 provides a framework for fostering more inclusive societies. It promotes policies that provide equal access to public services for marginalised groups.
  • It aims to reduce inequalities between countries by supporting fair economic systems that benefit everyone.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 006 MC

Which statement best explains how addressing SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) is essential for achieving SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing)?

  1. Reducing inequalities automatically improves health outcomes without requiring specific health interventions.
  2. Economic equality ensures all citizens can afford private healthcare services.
  3. Addressing systemic inequalities removes barriers that prevent marginalised groups from accessing healthcare services and achieving good health.
  4. Inequality reduction focuses primarily on income distribution, which directly funds health initiatives.
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. SDG 10 tackles the root causes of health disparities by removing systemic barriers (social, economic, and political) that prevent vulnerable populations from accessing healthcare.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect – Reducing inequalities creates conditions for better health but specific health interventions are still needed.
  • B is incorrect – SDG 3 focuses on universal health coverage, not just private healthcare affordability.
  • D is incorrect – SDG 10 addresses multiple forms of inequality beyond income and the relationship with health is more complex than just funding.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 005 MC

A developing nation must prioritise limited resources. Which approach would best demonstrate understanding of the interconnected nature of SDGs 3, 4, 10 and 11?

  1. Focus exclusively on building hospitals in urban areas to maximise healthcare access.
  2. Invest in teacher training programs that include health education modules for rural communities.
  3. Create inclusive urban planning that provides equal access to schools, healthcare facilities and public transport.
  4. Implement universal healthcare coverage followed by educational and housing needs.
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. This option clearly addresses sustainable cities, education, health and inequities (equal access).

Other options:

  • A is incorrect – This only addresses SDG 3 and ignores the interconnected nature of the goals.
  • B is incorrect – While this links SDGs 3, 4 and 10, it doesn’t address the sustainable cities/communities as directly and option C..
  • D is incorrect – This sequential approach ignores the synergistic benefits of addressing goals simultaneously.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 004 MC

According to the holistic nature of SDGs, how does SDG 4 (Quality Education) support SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing)?

  1. By providing employment opportunities in healthcare
  2. Through education on health topics leading to better hygiene and nutrition
  3. By funding hospital construction in educational institutions
  4. Through mandatory health screenings in schools
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. Progress in education on health matters has a direct positive effect on good hygiene and nutrition of those involved.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect – Employment is not the primary link between education and health in the SDG framework.
  • C is incorrect – Infrastructure funding is not how SDG 4 supports SDG 3.
  • D is incorrect – Health screenings are a health intervention, not an educational support for health.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 003 MC

A city implements free public transport for students and improves lighting in public spaces. This initiative would most directly support which combination of SDGs?

  1. SDG 3 and SDG 4 only
  2. SDG 4 and SDG 10 only
  3. SDG 10 and SDG 11 only
  4. SDG 4, SDG 10 and SDG 11
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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct. The initiatives mentioned directly support education (SDG 4), reduced inequities (SDG 10) and sustainable cities (SDG 11).

Other options:

  • A is incorrect – While it supports education (SDG 4), it doesn’t directly address health (SDG 3).
  • B is incorrect – It does support these two, but also clearly supports SDG 11 (sustainable cities).
  • C is incorrect – It supports these two, but also clearly supports SDG 4 (education access).

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 002 MC

Which of the following could result in improved health status for all people as identified in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10: Reduced Inequalities?

  1. Access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces
  2. Equal access for all to affordable and quality education
  3. Promotion of inclusive political, economic and social policies
  4. Reduced deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and pollution
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. This option focuses on SDG 10’s core approach of promoting inclusive policies across political, economic and social dimensions. 

Other options:

  • A is incorrect – Access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces is a target under SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities.
  • B is incorrect – Equal access to affordable and quality education is the primary focus of SDG 4: Quality Education.
  • D is incorrect – Reducing deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and pollution is addressed under SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 001 MC

Which of the following areas is a target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities?

  1. Safe and affordable housing
  2. Upgraded education facilities
  3. Well-managed migration policies
  4. Reduced number of deaths from road accidents
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct. SDG 11 (Target 11.1) aims to ensure access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services for all by 2030.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect – Upgraded education facilities fall under SDG 4: Quality Education.
  • C is incorrect – Well-managed migration policies are addressed under SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities.
  • D is incorrect – While SDG 11 does address safe transport systems, the specific target of halving global deaths from road traffic accidents is under SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing.