A small sample of DNA was obtained from a fossil. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the amount of DNA obtained from the sample.

Which one of the following is a correct statement regarding the PCR process?

1. DNA polymerase catalyses the pairing of primers with complementary nucleotides.
2. RNA polymerase catalyses the additions of nucleotides to a DNA strand.
3. Annealing and extension of the DNA occur at different temperatures.
4. The number of copies of the DNA is quadrupled in each cycle.

The short-beaked echidna can be found in Australia and New Guinea. 

A university Biology student set out to compare DNA from four different short-beaked echidnas living in four different locations. The student aimed to determine the country of origin of each echidna. This was achieved using primers that amplified a 430 base pair (bp) sequence from the echidna's mitochondrial genome.

A flow chart of the steps taken by the student is shown below.
 

Which one of the following would be a requirement of either Step 1 or Step 2?

1. Step 2 would require the use of a thermocycling machine to maintain the temperature at 37 °C.
2. Step 1 would require the quill samples to have been stored at a very high temperature.
3. Step 1 would require the extraction of DNA from the nuclei of quill epithelial cells.
4. Step 2 would usually require a reaction mixture containing two primers.

Small amounts of DNA can be collected from items such as cigarette butts and hair follicles that are found at crime scenes. This DNA can be replicated for analysis and used as evidence in court cases.

Which of the following identifies the method of DNA replication and the enzyme used?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\quad \quad \quad \quad \text{Method}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \quad \ \ \  \text{Enzyme} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{polymerase chain reaction}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\textit{Taq}\ \text{polymerase}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{DNA profiling}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{DNA ligase}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{polymerase chain reaction}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{DNA ligase} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{DNA profiling}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textit{Taq} \ \text{polymerase} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

The following are the five steps in the process of gene cloning.

1. Selection of organisms containing recombinant DNA sequences
2. Creation of recombinant DNA joined using DNA ligase
3. Introduction of recombinant DNA into host organism
4. Extraction and amplification of DNA to be cloned
5. Choice of host organism and cloning vector

Which is the correct order for this process?

1. 5, 2, 1, 3, 4
2. 5, 4, 2, 3, 1
3. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
4. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3

The diagram shows a bacterial cell that will be used to produce a protein.
 

Which component would be inserted into gap \(X\) ?

1. A cell
2. A gene
3. An amino acid
4. A chromosome

A type of genetic technology is shown in the diagram.
 

What type of cloning is modelled?

1. Gene cloning because bacteria are used.
2. Gene cloning because a human gene is being replicated.
3. Whole organism cloning because identical offspring are produced.
4. Whole organism cloning because the bacteria use asexual reproduction.