When proteins are broken down in chemical digestion, they become
- Lipids
- Glucose
- Glycerol
- Amino acids
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When proteins are broken down in chemical digestion, they become
\(D\)
→ Proteins are broken down so as their beneficial components can be absorbed in the small intestine.
→ Amino acid chains (called polypeptide chains) make up all proteins, and are hence the smallest unit of a protein possible in chemical digestion.
\(\Rightarrow D\)
Explain the process by which nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, giving examples. (5 marks)
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→ When food is broken down in the stomach, it forms a slurry of nutrients called chyme.
→ When chyme travels through the small intestine it passes over millions of folds called villi, each containing its own set of millions of microvilli which increase its surface area to roughly 300m2. Each villi is lined with one epithelial cell before reaching the blood vessels and then the lymph.
→ When thew chyme passes through the lumen (the space between villi), certain molecules can be rapidly absorbed by simple or facilitated diffusion across a concentration gradient.
→ Large molecules cannot diffuse through the cells and instead must be actively transported. To accommodate this, villi contain many mitochondria which produce the ATP required for active transport.
→ When food is broken down in the stomach, it forms a slurry of nutrients called chyme.
→ When chyme travels through the small intestine it passes over millions of folds called villi, each containing its own set of millions of microvilli which increase its surface area to roughly 300m2. Each villi is lined with one epithelial cell before reaching the blood vessels and then the lymph.
→ When thew chyme passes through the lumen (the space between villi), certain molecules can be rapidly absorbed by simple or facilitated diffusion across a concentration gradient.
→ Large molecules cannot diffuse through the cells and instead must be actively transported. To accommodate this, villi contain many mitochondria which produce the ATP required for active transport.
Which of the following does NOT occur in the mouth?
\(C\)
By Elimination
→ Saliva in the mouth lubricates food to help in pass through the oesophagus easier (Eliminate A).
→ The enzyme amylase, found in saliva, is able to breakdown starch into maltose (Eliminate B).
→ Chewing breaks down food into smaller pieces which both allows for easier movement through the rest of the digestive system and increasing surface area to allow enzymes to work more effectively (Eliminate D).
→ The breakdown of proteins begins in the stomach as it contains the adequate enzymes.
\(\Rightarrow C\)