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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 51 MC

A swimmer needs to reduce drag force during freestyle. Which combination of biomechanical applications would be MOST effective for safe and efficient movement through water?

  1. Streamlined body position and high elbow recovery
  2. High head position and wide arm recovery
  3. Crossed leg kick and streamlined body position
  4. Wide arm recovery and crossed leg kick
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Streamlined body position and high elbow recovery

  • Streamlined position reduces frontal resistance
  • High elbow recovery maintains efficient force production with reduced drag

Other Options:

  • B: High head increases drag and disrupts body position
  • C: Crossed legs create unnecessary turbulence despite streamlining
  • D: Both elements increase water resistance unnecessarily

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 50

Analyse how the biomechanical principles of force and fluid mechanics interrelate with the musculoskeletal system to enable safe diving entry into water.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Force application:

  • Muscles generate force from springboard compression
  • Joint angles optimise force generation through legs and arms
  • Force direction affects safe water entry angle
  • Core muscles stabilise body position during force production

Fluid mechanics:

  • Body position minimises surface area for water entry
  • Arms aligned to create entry pathway
  • Head position between arms reduces impact forces
  • Controlled entry angle reduces unsafe deceleration forces

Musculoskeletal considerations:

  • Joint alignment maintains safe force absorption
  • Muscle tension protects joints during water entry
  • Coordinated muscle action maintains streamlined position
  • Core stability protects spine during entry
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Force application:

  • Muscles generate force from springboard compression
  • Joint angles optimise force generation through legs and arms
  • Force direction affects safe water entry angle
  • Core muscles stabilise body position during force production

Fluid mechanics:

  • Body position minimises surface area for water entry
  • Arms aligned to create entry pathway
  • Head position between arms reduces impact forces
  • Controlled entry angle reduces unsafe deceleration forces

Musculoskeletal considerations:

  • Joint alignment maintains safe force absorption
  • Muscle tension protects joints during water entry
  • Coordinated muscle action maintains streamlined position
  • Core stability protects spine during entry

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 47

Explain how balance and stability principles contribute to safe lifting technique.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Base of support width affects stability
  • Center of gravity position impacts control
  • Weight distribution influences joint loading
  • Movement speed affects balance maintenance
  • Postural muscle engagement maintains stability
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Base of support width affects stability
  • Center of gravity position impacts control
  • Weight distribution influences joint loading
  • Movement speed affects balance maintenance
  • Postural muscle engagement maintains stability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 46

Evaluate the importance of correct joint alignment in the prevention of injury during weight-bearing activities.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Even force distribution through joints:

  • Correct alignment ensures forces are distributed evenly across joint surfaces rather than concentrated in one area, minimising stress on articular cartilage.

Reduced stress on ligaments/tendons:

  • Proper alignment keeps ligaments and tendons working within their normal anatomical range, preventing overstretching and uneven loading.

Optimal muscle length-tension relationships:

  • Aligned joints allow muscles to work at their ideal length, providing efficient movement control and joint support.

Maintenance of normal movement patterns:

  • Correct alignment enables smooth joint motion along natural anatomical pathways, promoting efficient movement patterns.

Prevention of compensatory movements:

  • Proper joint positioning prevents other body parts from taking on excessive load to compensate for poor alignment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Even force distribution through joints:

  • Correct alignment ensures forces are distributed evenly across joint surfaces rather than concentrated in one area, minimising stress on articular cartilage.

Reduced stress on ligaments/tendons:

  • Proper alignment keeps ligaments and tendons working within their normal anatomical range, preventing overstretching and uneven loading.

Optimal muscle length-tension relationships:

  • Aligned joints allow muscles to work at their ideal length, providing efficient movement control and joint support.

Maintenance of normal movement patterns:

  • Correct alignment enables smooth joint motion along natural anatomical pathways, promoting efficient movement patterns.

Prevention of compensatory movements:

  • Proper joint positioning prevents other body parts from taking on excessive load to compensate for poor alignment.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 45

Compare the biomechanical principles involved in safe pushing versus pulling movements.  (5 marks)

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Detailed Sample Answer

Direction of force application differs

  • Pushing: Force directed away from body’s center of mass
  • Pulling: Force directed towards body’s center of mass
  • Each requires different directional stability considerations
  • Linear motion principles differ in each direction

Base of support position varies

  • Pushing: Forward staggered stance with rear leg providing drive
  • Pulling: Backward staggered stance with front leg anchoring
  • Pushing requires more forward lean for force production
  • Pulling requires more backward lean for counterbalance

Muscle recruitment patterns:

  • Pushing: Primary use of chest, shoulders, triceps
  • Pulling: Primary use of back, biceps, posterior chain
  • Pushing emphasizes anterior chain activation
  • Pulling emphasizes posterior chain activation

Joint stress considerations:

  • Pushing places more stress on anterior shoulder joint
  • Pulling creates more stress on posterior shoulder joint
  • Different elbow joint angles required for each movement
  • Spinal position must adjust for each movement type

Center of gravity adjustments:

  • Pushing moves center of gravity forward of base
  • Pulling requires center of gravity behind point of force application
  • Balance requirements differ between movements
  • Stability challenged differently in each movement
Show Worked Solution

Detailed Sample Answer

Direction of force application differs

  • Pushing: Force directed away from body’s center of mass
  • Pulling: Force directed towards body’s center of mass
  • Each requires different directional stability considerations
  • Linear motion principles differ in each direction

Base of support position varies

  • Pushing: Forward staggered stance with rear leg providing drive
  • Pulling: Backward staggered stance with front leg anchoring
  • Pushing requires more forward lean for force production
  • Pulling requires more backward lean for counterbalance

Muscle recruitment patterns:

  • Pushing: Primary use of chest, shoulders, triceps
  • Pulling: Primary use of back, biceps, posterior chain
  • Pushing emphasizes anterior chain activation
  • Pulling emphasizes posterior chain activation

Joint stress considerations:

  • Pushing places more stress on anterior shoulder joint
  • Pulling creates more stress on posterior shoulder joint
  • Different elbow joint angles required for each movement
  • Spinal position must adjust for each movement type

Center of gravity adjustments:

  • Pushing moves center of gravity forward of base
  • Pulling requires center of gravity behind point of force application
  • Balance requirements differ between movements
  • Stability challenged differently in each movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 44

Describe TWO ways muscle pairs work together to produce safe movement.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed
  • Co-contraction provides joint stability
  • Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances
  • Coordinated action produces smooth movement
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed
  • Co-contraction provides joint stability
  • Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances
  • Coordinated action produces smooth movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 43

Analyse how biomechanical principles influence the safe execution of a landing from a jump.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Force absorption through muscle eccentric contraction
  • Joint flexion increases time of force absorption
  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Center of gravity lowering improves balance
  • Alignment of joints reduces injury risk
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Force absorption through muscle eccentric contraction
  • Joint flexion increases time of force absorption
  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Center of gravity lowering improves balance
  • Alignment of joints reduces injury risk

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 42

Explain the relationship between force and safe movement when performing a pushing action.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Force should be applied in line with movement direction
  • Even distribution through joints reduces injury risk
  • Engagement of correct muscle groups spreads load
  • Stable base allows efficient force transfer
  • Body position affects force application safety
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Force should be applied in line with movement direction
  • Even distribution through joints reduces injury risk
  • Engagement of correct muscle groups spreads load
  • Stable base allows efficient force transfer
  • Body position affects force application safety

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 41

Outline how the principle of stability relates to safe movement in a standing position.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Lower centre of gravity improves balance
  • Weight centred over base improves control
  • Relates to even distribution of forces through joints
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Lower centre of gravity improves balance
  • Weight centred over base improves control
  • Relates to even distribution of forces through joints

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 39 MC

In which movement does balance have the GREATEST impact on safe execution?

  1. Bench press
  2. Bicep curl
  3. Seated row
  4. Handstand
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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Handstand

  • Handstand requires precise balance over center of gravity for safety

Other Options:

  • A: Supported by bench, balance less critical
  • B: Supported standing/seated position
  • C: Fully supported seated position

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 6 MC

The ability to generate maximum force in a single maximal effort, such as a one-repetition maximum bench press, refers to which component of fitness?

  1. Muscular strength
  2. Power
  3. Muscular endurance
  4. Body composition
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:

  •  Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can produce in a single effort
  • One-repetition maximum tests are the standard measure of muscular strength
  • Involves maximal force generation rather than
    • Repeated contractions (muscular endurance)
    • Speed of force production (power)
    • Body tissue ratios (composition)

\(\Rightarrow A\)