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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 85 MC

Which statement best describes how protein intake affects the endocrine system's ability to support movement?

  1. The thyroid gland increases metabolism to break down protein for immediate energy
  2. The adrenal glands produce adrenaline to convert protein into glucose during exercise
  3. The pituitary gland releases growth hormone to store protein as fat for later use
  4. The pancreas releases insulin to help transport amino acids to muscles for repair
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\(D\)

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Consider Option D: The pancreas releases insulin to help transport amino acids to muscles for repair

  • This accurately describes how the endocrine system (through insulin release from the pancreas) helps utilise protein for movement efficiency by facilitating amino acid transport.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: While the thyroid affects metabolism, protein is not typically used for immediate energy; this is primarily the role of carbohydrates.
  • B is incorrect: While adrenaline is produced during exercise, it primarily mobilizes glucose from glycogen stores rather than converting protein.
  • C is incorrect: While growth hormone is involved in protein metabolism, proteins are not stored as fat; they are used for tissue repair and building.

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 84

Analyse how the interaction between fat-soluble vitamins and dietary fats impacts movement efficiency. In your response, refer to specific examples.  (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

The digestive system

  • Requires dietary fats to effectively absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), showing the interrelationship between nutrient absorption and movement.
  • Vitamin D absorbed through this process enables calcium absorption and bone health, directly affecting movement quality.

The endocrine system

  • Uses vitamin D as a hormone to influence muscle strength and coordination.
  • Optimal vitamin D levels enhance muscle protein synthesis leading to improved movement efficiency, while deficiency causes weakness.
  • Vitamin E functions as an antioxidant protecting cell membranes during exercise, with absorption dependent on dietary fat intake.
  • This antioxidant protection maintains muscle cell integrity during intense movement, supporting sustained performance and reducing exercise damage.
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Sample Answer

The digestive system

  • Requires dietary fats to effectively absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), showing the interrelationship between nutrient absorption and movement.
  • Vitamin D absorbed through this process enables calcium absorption and bone health, directly affecting movement quality.

The endocrine system

  • Uses vitamin D as a hormone to influence muscle strength and coordination.
  • Optimal vitamin D levels enhance muscle protein synthesis leading to improved movement efficiency, while deficiency causes weakness.
  • Vitamin E functions as an antioxidant protecting cell membranes during exercise, with absorption dependent on dietary fat intake.
  • This antioxidant protection maintains muscle cell integrity during intense movement, supporting sustained performance and reducing exercise damage.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 83

Discuss how protein intake affects muscle function and movement efficiency. Include reference to timing of intake in your response.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Protein intake significantly affects muscle function and movement efficiency through several mechanisms.

The digestive system

  • breaks down proteins into amino acids, which are essential for muscle repair and growth.
  • Timing of intake is crucial – consuming protein within 30 minutes post-exercise optimises muscle recovery and adaptation.
  • Pre-exercise protein consumption helps maintain positive nitrogen balance during activity.

The endocrine system

  • responds to protein intake by releasing hormones like insulin and growth hormone that regulate protein synthesis.
  • This hormonal response enhances muscle repair and strengthening, leading to improved movement efficiency over time.
  • Inadequate protein intake can result in reduced muscle mass and compromised movement patterns due to insufficient resources for repair and maintenance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Protein intake significantly affects muscle function and movement efficiency through several mechanisms.

The digestive system

  • breaks down proteins into amino acids, which are essential for muscle repair and growth.
  • Timing of intake is crucial – consuming protein within 30 minutes post-exercise optimises muscle recovery and adaptation.
  • Pre-exercise protein consumption helps maintain positive nitrogen balance during activity.

The endocrine system

  • responds to protein intake by releasing hormones like insulin and growth hormone that regulate protein synthesis.
  • This hormonal response enhances muscle repair and strengthening, leading to improved movement efficiency over time.
  • Inadequate protein intake can result in reduced muscle mass and compromised movement patterns due to insufficient resources for repair and maintenance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 82

Explain how carbohydrates as a macronutrient support efficient movement during both aerobic and anaerobic activities.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Role of carbohydrates:

  • Support efficient movement by providing glucose as the primary energy source for both aerobic and anaerobic activities.

During aerobic activities:

  • Carbohydrates are broken down through the digestive system
  • Stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver, providing a steady energy supply.
  • Example long distance running.

For anaerobic activities:

  • Muscle glycogen is rapidly converted to ATP through the glycolytic system, enabling explosive movements.
  • Example sprinting.

Without adequate carbohydrate stores:

  • Both types of activities would be compromised due to early onset fatigue and reduced power output.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Role of carbohydrates:

  • Support efficient movement by providing glucose as the primary energy source for both aerobic and anaerobic activities.

During aerobic activities:

  • Carbohydrates are broken down through the digestive system
  • Stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver, providing a steady energy supply.
  • Example long distance running.

For anaerobic activities:

  • Muscle glycogen is rapidly converted to ATP through the glycolytic system, enabling explosive movements.
  • Example sprinting.

Without adequate carbohydrate stores:

  • Both types of activities would be compromised due to early onset fatigue and reduced power output.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 81 MC

A netball player has been diagnosed with low iron levels.
Which macronutrient combination would best support iron absorption to improve their movement efficiency?

  1. Lean red meat with leafy green vegetables
  2. Brown rice with kidney beans
  3. Yoghurt with fresh fruit
  4. Pasta with cheese sauce
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\(A\)

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Consider Option A:  Lean red meat with leafy green vegetables

  • Lean red meat provides haem iron while vitamin C from green vegetables aids absorption.
  • This combination optimises the digestive system’s ability to absorb iron for improved oxygen transport and movement efficiency.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: While both contain iron, this combination contains only non-haem iron which is less readily absorbed, and lacks vitamin C to enhance absorption.
  • C is incorrect: While fruit provides vitamin C, dairy calcium can actually inhibit iron absorption, making this a poor combination for improving iron levels.
  • D is incorrect: This combination contains minimal iron and the calcium in cheese can inhibit iron absorption from other dietary sources.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 80 MC

Which of the following correctly identifies the role of micronutrients in supporting an athlete's movement efficiency?

  1. Providing immediate energy for muscle contractions
  2. Supporting enzyme production and oxygen transport
  3. Storing energy for prolonged exercise sessions
  4. Building and repairing damaged muscle tissue
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\(B\)

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Consider Option B: Supporting enzyme production and oxygen transport

  • Micronutrients like B vitamins and iron are essential for enzyme function and oxygen transport, supporting efficient movement.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: This is the role of macronutrients, specifically carbohydrates. Micronutrients do not provide energy.
  • C is incorrect: Energy storage is primarily the function of macronutrients, particularly fats and carbohydrates stored as glycogen.
  • D is incorrect: This is primarily the role of protein, a macronutrient, not micronutrients.

\(\Rightarrow B\)