Sample Answer

• Damage to sensory neurons would impair feedback about body position.
• This prevents accurate sensing of hand position and ball contact.
• Players couldn’t judge shooting force or dribbling pressure without looking, which shows how sensory damage disrupts movement precision.
    
• Motor neuron damage would cause muscle weakness or paralysis because signals from brain to muscles become blocked or reduced.
• Affected players lose jumping ability or shooting arm strength, demonstrating how motor damage prevents movement execution.
    
• Proprioceptor damage would eliminate spatial awareness.
• Athletes consequently lose unconscious knowledge of limb positions.
• Players must visually track their arms when shooting or passing, illustrating how proprioceptive loss affects coordination.
    
• Autonomic nervous system damage would impair exercise responses.
• Heart rate and breathing fail to increase with exercise demands, resulting in rapid fatigue.
• Players cannot sustain game intensity, thus showing how autonomic damage limits physical performance capacity.

Sample Answer

• The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
• Motor neurons transmit signals to leg and arm muscles causing running technique execution.
• Sprinters consciously drive knees high and pump arms for maximum speed, which shows how voluntary control enables purposeful movement.
    
• Sensory neurons provide continuous feedback about body position and track surface.
• This information allows real-time adjustments to stride and posture.
• Runners adjust foot placement on curves and maintain lane position, demonstrating how sensory input guides voluntary responses.
    
• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary cardiovascular responses.
• Sympathetic activation increases heart rate and dilates airways automatically.
• Heart rate rises to 180+ bpm without conscious control during sprinting, illustrating how involuntary responses support intense exercise.
    
• Temperature regulation occurs through involuntary sweating and vasodilation.
• The body automatically cools itself as core temperature rises.
• Blood vessels dilate and sweat glands activate without conscious thought, showing how involuntary mechanisms maintain homeostasis during exercise

Sample Answer

• Visual sensory neurons in the eyes detect the ball’s speed, spin and trajectory.
• Proprioceptive neurons in muscles and joints sense body and racquet position.
• Touch receptors in the hand detect grip pressure and ball impact on the racquet.
• This sensory information rapidly transmits to the CNS for processing and response coordination.

\(A\)

Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

• The PNS interrelationships prove highly effective for endurance cycling performance.
• They strongly meet the criteria for movement coordination and adequately meet energy efficiency requirements.

Movement Coordination

• The PNS-muscular system connection strongly meets coordination needs by sending signals to leg muscles continuously.
• Feedback about muscle position helps cyclists keep a smooth pedalling rhythm and adjust their power.
• The PNS-skeletal system partnership works excellently by telling the brain where joints are positioned, helping riders maintain good cycling posture.
• These relationships work so well that cyclists can pedal efficiently for hours without conscious thought.
• However, coordination begins to deteriorate when riders become fatigued because nerve signals don’t travel efficiently during ultra-long rides.

Energy Efficiency

• The PNS-heart and blood vessel connection adequately supports energy use by controlling heart rate and adjusting blood vessel dilation.
• Oxygen delivery improves but cannot fully prevent fatigue over very long distances.
• The PNS-respiratory connection partly meets efficiency needs by changing breathing rate, though riders sometimes need to control their breathing manually on steep hills. 
• Temperature control through the PNS-skin connection works well to prevent overheating by starting sweating and changing blood flow to the skin.
• The PNS correctly slows down digestion to send more blood to leg muscles, though this can cause stomach upset in very long events.

Final Evaluation

• The PNS interrelationships highly effectively enable endurance cycling through excellent movement coordination and adequate energy management.
• While coordination aspects strongly support performance, energy efficiency shows some limitations during extreme efforts.
• Overall, these integrated systems successfully maintain cycling efficiency because the PNS coordinates multiple body responses simultaneously.
• Cyclists must supplement these automatic responses with proper nutrition and pacing strategies for optimal performance.

Sample Answer

• The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle contractions for sprinting.
• Motor neurons transmit signals from CNS to skeletal muscles, causing sprinters to consciously drive from blocks and maintain running form.
• This shows how voluntary PNS pathways enable purposeful movement.
    
• Sensory neurons provide continuous feedback during the sprint.
• This information allows real-time adjustments to technique and balance.
• Runners sense foot contact and adjust stride length for maximum speed, demonstrating how sensory input refines voluntary movement.
    
• The autonomic nervous system triggers involuntary cardiovascular responses.
• Sympathetic activation increases heart rate before conscious awareness, resulting in rates rising from 70 to 180+ bpm within seconds.
• This illustrates how involuntary responses support intense exercise.
    
• Pre-race sympathetic activation prepares the body for explosive effort.
• Adrenaline release automatically increases muscle tension and mental alertness.
• Sprinters experience heightened awareness and energy at the starting line, showing how involuntary preparation enhances voluntary performance.

Sample Answer

Similarities:

• Both sensory and motor neurons are essential components of the peripheral nervous system.
• Both transmit electrical signals rapidly through myelinated axons during the bowling action.
• Both work together in a continuous feedback loop throughout the bowling sequence.
• Both are activated simultaneously to coordinate the complex bowling movement.

Differences:

• Sensory neurons detect stimuli (grip feel, body position, visual cues) while motor neurons cause muscle contractions.
• Sensory neurons transmit signals from receptors to the CNS; motor neurons transmit from CNS to muscles.
• Sensory neuron cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglia; motor neuron cell bodies are within the CNS.
• Sensory neurons enable proprioception for body awareness; motor neurons enable precise sequential muscle contractions.
• Sensory neurons provide feedback about execution; motor neurons execute the planned bowling action.

Sample Answer

• Sensory neurons detect basket position and distance through vision.
• This information travels to the brain for processing and decision-making.
• Players judge distance and height to plan shot trajectory, which shows how sensory input initiates movement.
    
• Motor neurons transmit signals from brain to muscles.
• These signals cause coordinated contractions for jumping and shooting.
• Leg muscles power the jump while arms control ball release, demonstrating how motor neurons execute movement.
    
• The autonomic system increases heart rate and breathing.
• This provides extra oxygen and energy for the movement.
• Blood flow increases to working muscles during the shot, thus supporting voluntary actions involuntarily.

\(C\)

\(B\)

\(D\)