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HMS, BM 2014 HSC 27

Compare the two anaerobic energy systems.   (5 marks)

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ATP-PCr system and Glycolytic (Lactic Acid) system

Similarities:

  • Both systems operate without oxygen during anaerobic metabolism processes.
  • Both provide energy for high-intensity, short-duration explosive activities.
  • Both systems work together during power-based movements like sprinting.
  • Both use stored energy sources available within muscle tissue.
  • Both produce ATP for immediate muscular contraction requirements.

Differences:

  • ATP-PCr uses stored phosphocreatine whilst glycolytic system uses muscle glycogen and glucose.
  • ATP-PCr operates for 10-15 seconds maximum, glycolytic system functions 15 seconds to 2 minutes.
  • ATP-PCr produces ATP most rapidly but glycolytic system has greater total capacity.
  • ATP-PCr fatigues when phosphocreatine stores deplete, glycolytic fatigues from lactate accumulation.
  • ATP-PCr recovers completely in 2-3 minutes, glycolytic requires longer recovery periods.
  • ATP-PCr produces no fatiguing by-products, glycolytic creates lactate causing muscle burn.

Summary:

  • ATP-PCr provides immediate explosive power whilst glycolytic sustains high-intensity efforts for longer periods.
Show Worked Solution

ATP-PCr system and Glycolytic (Lactic Acid) system

Similarities:

  • Both systems operate without oxygen during anaerobic metabolism processes.
  • Both provide energy for high-intensity, short-duration explosive activities.
  • Both systems work together during power-based movements like sprinting.
  • Both use stored energy sources available within muscle tissue.
  • Both produce ATP for immediate muscular contraction requirements.

Differences:

  • ATP-PCr uses stored phosphocreatine whilst glycolytic system uses muscle glycogen and glucose.
  • ATP-PCr operates for 10-15 seconds maximum, glycolytic system functions 15 seconds to 2 minutes.
  • ATP-PCr produces ATP most rapidly but glycolytic system has greater total capacity.
  • ATP-PCr fatigues when phosphocreatine stores deplete, glycolytic fatigues from lactate accumulation.
  • ATP-PCr recovers completely in 2-3 minutes, glycolytic requires longer recovery periods.
  • ATP-PCr produces no fatiguing by-products, glycolytic creates lactate causing muscle burn.

Summary:

  • ATP-PCr provides immediate explosive power whilst glycolytic sustains high-intensity efforts for longer periods.

♦♦ Mean mark 54%.

HMS, BM 2017 HSC 25

Compare TWO different energy systems by exploring their duration, sources of fuel and causes of fatigue. Use examples to support your answer.   (7 marks)

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Energy Systems Being Compared:

  • ATP-PCr System (Phosphocreatine System)
  • Aerobic System (Oxidative System)

Similarities

  • Both energy systems produce ATP to fuel muscle contractions during exercise activities. They work together seamlessly during most physical activities to meet energy demands.
  • Both systems can operate without requiring external oxygen supply from the respiratory system. This allows immediate energy production when exercise begins before breathing rate increases.

Differences – Duration

  • The ATP-PCr system operates for very short durations of 10-15 seconds maximum. This occurs because stored ATP and creatine phosphate supplies are limited in muscle cells.
  • The aerobic system functions for hours or even days. This happens because oxygen allows continuous fuel breakdown without harmful byproduct accumulation.

Differences – Fuel Sources

  • The ATP-PCr system sources fuel from stored ATP and creatine phosphate already present in muscles. This enables immediate energy release without requiring glucose breakdown.
  • The aerobic system utilises carbohydrates, fats and proteins as fuel sources.  This process requires oxygen to completely break down these substrates.

Differences – Causes of Fatigue

  • Fatigue in the ATP-PCr system results from depletion of stored phosphocreatine reserves. For instance, a weightlifter cannot continue once stores are exhausted.
  • Aerobic system fatigue occurs due to fuel depletion or oxygen limitations. Marathon runners experience this when glycogen stores become depleted.
Show Worked Solution

Energy Systems Being Compared:

  • ATP-PCr System (Phosphocreatine System)
  • Aerobic System (Oxidative System)

Similarities

  • Both energy systems produce ATP to fuel muscle contractions during exercise activities. They work together seamlessly during most physical activities to meet energy demands.
  • Both systems can operate without requiring external oxygen supply from the respiratory system. This allows immediate energy production when exercise begins before breathing rate increases.

Differences – Duration

  • The ATP-PCr system operates for very short durations of 10-15 seconds maximum. This occurs because stored ATP and creatine phosphate supplies are limited in muscle cells.
  • The aerobic system functions for hours or even days. This happens because oxygen allows continuous fuel breakdown without harmful byproduct accumulation.

Differences – Fuel Sources

  • The ATP-PCr system sources fuel from stored ATP and creatine phosphate already present in muscles. This enables immediate energy release without requiring glucose breakdown.
  • The aerobic system utilises carbohydrates, fats and proteins as fuel sources.  This process requires oxygen to completely break down these substrates.

Differences – Causes of Fatigue

  • Fatigue in the ATP-PCr system results from depletion of stored phosphocreatine reserves. For instance, a weightlifter cannot continue once stores are exhausted.
  • Aerobic system fatigue occurs due to fuel depletion or oxygen limitations. Marathon runners experience this when glycogen stores become depleted.

♦♦ Mean mark 55%.

HMS, BM 2019 HSC 17 MC

The graph shows the relationship between an athlete’s running time and the contribution of three energy systems.

Which of the following shows the by-product and rate of recovery following exhaustion for the dominant energy system at 50 seconds running time?

  By-product Rate of recovery
A.   Carbon dioxide 30 minutes - 2 hours
B. Carbon dioxide 30 seconds - 5 minutes
C. Lactic acid 5 minutes - 20 minutes
D. Lactic acid 30 minutes - 2 hours

 

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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

  • D is correct: At 50 seconds, lactic acid system dominates producing lactic acid with long recovery.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Carbon dioxide is aerobic system by-product, not dominant at 50 seconds.
  • B is incorrect: Carbon dioxide with short recovery describes ATP-PCr system characteristics.
  • C is incorrect: Lactic acid system recovery takes much longer than 5-20 minutes.

♦♦♦ Mean mark 41%.

HMS, BM 2020 HSC 23

An athlete ran in the 100-metre final at an Olympic Games.

  1. In the table below, identify the predominant energy system used by the athlete,
    and the features of that energy system.   (3 marks)

    Predominant energy system used by this athlete  
    Source of fuel  
    Energy system duration  
    Cause of fatigue  
    Rate of recovery  
  2. Compare how anxiety and arousal may have affected the athlete’s performance
    when competing in this 100-metre final. Provide examples to support your
    answer.   (4 marks)

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a.   
 Predominant energy system used by this athlete ATP-PCr system (Alactacid system)
  Source of fuel Creatine phosphate (CP)
  Energy system duration 6-12 seconds
  Cause of fatigue Depletion of creatine phosphate stores
  Rate of recovery 2-3 minutes for complete recovery

b.    Similarities:

  • Both anxiety and arousal can negatively impact the sprinter’s performance if levels become too high.
  • Both factors influence the athlete’s ability to execute optimal technique and can cause muscle tension that restricts smooth movement patterns during the race.

Differences:

  • Anxiety is a psychological state involving fear and worry about competitive outcome. High anxiety may cause the sprinter to overthink race strategy, leading to delayed reaction time from starting blocks and mental distraction affecting stride mechanics.
  • Arousal refers to physiological activation levels. Optimal arousal enhances alertness and muscle readiness for explosive starts. However, excessive arousal creates physical tension that reduces stride length and power output through restricted movement patterns.
Show Worked Solution
a.   
 Predominant energy system used by this athlete ATP-PCr system (Alactacid system)
  Source of fuel Creatine phosphate (CP)
  Energy system duration 6-12 seconds
  Cause of fatigue Depletion of creatine phosphate stores
  Rate of recovery 2-3 minutes for complete recovery

b.    Similarities:

  • Both anxiety and arousal can negatively impact the sprinter’s performance if levels become too high.
  • Both factors influence the athlete’s ability to execute optimal technique and can cause muscle tension that restricts smooth movement patterns during the race.

Differences:

  • Anxiety is a psychological state involving fear and worry about competitive outcome. High anxiety may cause the sprinter to overthink race strategy, leading to delayed reaction time from starting blocks and mental distraction affecting stride mechanics.
  • Arousal refers to physiological activation levels. Optimal arousal enhances alertness and muscle readiness for explosive starts. However, excessive arousal creates physical tension that reduces stride length and power output through restricted movement patterns.

♦♦ Mean mark 49%.

HMS, BM 2021 HSC 4 MC

What is the predominant energy system used by an athlete in a 400-metre running event?

  1. Aerobic
  2. ATP-PC
  3. Phosphate
  4. Lactic acid
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: 400m primarily uses lactic acid system for duration.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too short for predominantly aerobic contribution.
  • B is incorrect: ATP-PC depleted after first 10-15 seconds.
  • C is incorrect: Phosphate system same as ATP-PC system.

HMS, BM 2024 HSC 22

Compare the by-products of TWO different energy systems.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems produce by-products during ATP generation.
  • Both by-products must be managed by the body for continued performance.

Differences:

  • ATP-PCr produces creatine and phosphate which cause no muscle fatigue or performance impairment.
  • Glycolytic system generates lactic acid which creates burning sensation and impairs muscle contraction.
  • ATP-PCr by-products remain in muscle cells for immediate reconversion within minutes.
  • Lactic acid must be transported via bloodstream to the liver for removal, taking much longer.
  • Chemical nature determines impact: harmless phosphates versus performance-limiting acid.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems produce by-products during ATP generation.
  • Both by-products must be managed by the body for continued performance.

Differences:

  • ATP-PCr produces creatine and phosphate which cause no muscle fatigue or performance impairment.
  • Glycolytic system generates lactic acid which creates burning sensation and impairs muscle contraction.
  • ATP-PCr by-products remain in muscle cells for immediate reconversion within minutes.
  • Lactic acid must be transported via bloodstream to the liver for removal, taking much longer.
  • Chemical nature determines impact: harmless phosphates versus performance-limiting acid.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 177

Explain how the rate of recovery differs between anaerobic energy systems, and impacts performance.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr system demonstrates rapid initial recovery with 70% replenishment within 30 seconds, allowing repeated short bursts of maximal power in sports like gymnastics or sprinting.
  • Glycolytic system requires significantly longer recovery periods of 3-5 minutes due to lactate clearance needs, affecting an athlete’s ability to maintain intensity in 400m running.
  • Recovery rates create distinct limitations where short recovery compromises ATP-PCr power and insufficient glycolytic recovery leads to deteriorating performance through accumulated fatigue.
  • Both systems improve recovery efficiency through training adaptations, with ATP-PCr enhancing phosphocreatine resynthesis and glycolytic developing better lactate buffering capacity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr system demonstrates rapid initial recovery with 70% replenishment within 30 seconds, allowing repeated short bursts of maximal power in sports like gymnastics or sprinting.
  • Glycolytic system requires significantly longer recovery periods of 3-5 minutes due to lactate clearance needs, affecting an athlete’s ability to maintain intensity in 400m running.
  • Recovery rates create distinct limitations where short recovery compromises ATP-PCr power and insufficient glycolytic recovery leads to deteriorating performance through accumulated fatigue.
  • Both systems improve recovery efficiency through training adaptations, with ATP-PCr enhancing phosphocreatine resynthesis and glycolytic developing better lactate buffering capacity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 176

Explain how the duration of different sporting activities determines which energy system predominates and the recovery requirements needed.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Activities lasting 10-15 seconds rely on the ATP-PCr system because phosphocreatine provides immediate energy without oxygen.
  • This leads to quick exhaustion of PCr stores, requiring several minutes of recovery for phosphate restoration.
  • Activities between 30-90 seconds shift to glycolytic dominance as PCr runs out and glucose breaks down without oxygen.
  • This process creates lactic acid build-up in muscles, which causes fatigue and burning sensations.
  • Consequently, recovery from glycolytic work takes much longer as the body must clear lactic acid through the liver.
  • Activities lasting several minutes or more use predominantly aerobic metabolism because oxygen becomes available for complete fuel breakdown.
  • This enables sustained energy production but requires recovery time based on how much glycogen was used.
  • Short aerobic efforts need minimal recovery whereas prolonged activities depleting glycogen stores need hours or days to fully restore fuel.
  • Therefore, activity duration directly determines the dominant energy system, which in turn dictates specific recovery needs.
  • Understanding these relationships allows athletes to plan appropriate rest between training sessions and competitions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Activities lasting 10-15 seconds rely on the ATP-PCr system because phosphocreatine provides immediate energy without oxygen.
  • This leads to quick exhaustion of PCr stores, requiring several minutes of recovery for phosphate restoration.
  • Activities between 30-90 seconds shift to glycolytic dominance as PCr runs out and glucose breaks down without oxygen.
  • This process creates lactic acid build-up in muscles, which causes fatigue and burning sensations.
  • Consequently, recovery from glycolytic work takes much longer as the body must clear lactic acid through the liver.
  • Activities lasting several minutes or more use predominantly aerobic metabolism because oxygen becomes available for complete fuel breakdown.
  • This enables sustained energy production but requires recovery time based on how much glycogen was used.
  • Short aerobic efforts need minimal recovery whereas prolonged activities depleting glycogen stores need hours or days to fully restore fuel.
  • Therefore, activity duration directly determines the dominant energy system, which in turn dictates specific recovery needs.
  • Understanding these relationships allows athletes to plan appropriate rest between training sessions and competitions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 175

Outline how active versus passive recovery affects the rate of lactate removal following high-intensity exercise.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Active recovery maintains elevated blood flow and heart rate, which accelerates lactate removal through increased oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Passive recovery results in slower lactate removal as reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery limit the rate of metabolic waste clearance.
  • Active recovery at 30-40% intensity is optimal for lactate clearance as it balances increased blood flow with sufficient oxygen availability for aerobic metabolism.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Active recovery maintains elevated blood flow and heart rate, which accelerates lactate removal through increased oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Passive recovery results in slower lactate removal as reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery limit the rate of metabolic waste clearance.
  • Active recovery at 30-40% intensity is optimal for lactate clearance as it balances increased blood flow with sufficient oxygen availability for aerobic metabolism.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 174 MC

An athlete trains using different intensities across a session. Which energy system requires the LONGEST recovery period?

  1. ATP-PCr system after a 10-second sprint
  2. Glycolytic system after a 60-second effort
  3. Aerobic system after a 10-minute effort
  4. ATP-PCr and Glycolytic combined after a 20-second effort
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: A 60-second maximal glycolytic effort produces high lactate levels requiring extended recovery time for acid-base balance restoration and lactate removal.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: ATP-PCr recovers relatively quickly
  • C is incorrect: Aerobic system recovers during activity
  • D is incorrect: Combined systems don’t extend recovery time

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 173 MC

During high-intensity interval training, an athlete performs 400 metre sprints. Which recovery period would be most appropriate to allow lactate clearance between efforts?

  1. 30 seconds active recovery
  2. 1 minute passive recovery
  3. 3 minutes active recovery
  4. 5 minutes passive recovery
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Active recovery aids lactate removal within optimal timeframe

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Insufficient time for lactate clearance
  • B is incorrect: Passive recovery less effective for lactate removal
  • D is incorrect: Unnecessarily long recovery period

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 172 MC

A basketball player performs repeated 15-second full court sprints. What is the MINIMUM rest period needed for substantial ATP-PCr recovery?

  1. 15 seconds
  2. 30 seconds
  3. 60 seconds
  4. 120 seconds
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: 70% of ATP-PCr stores are replenished within 30 seconds, providing sufficient recovery for another maximal effort.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Insufficient recovery time
  • C and D are incorrect: Longer than needed for substantial recovery

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 171

Compare the duration limitations of the ATP-PCr and Glycolytic energy systems.   (4 marks)

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Keyword – “Compare”: Show how things are similar or different.

Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr system is limited to 0-10 seconds maximum duration before phosphocreatine stores deplete, making it suitable only for explosive actions like vertical jumps or short sprints.
  • Glycolytic system sustains high-intensity activity for 30-90 seconds before lactic acid accumulation causes fatigue, supporting activities like 400m sprints or intensive game sequences.
  • ATP-PCr requires approximately 3 minutes for full recovery between maximal efforts, with 70% regeneration occurring in the first 30 seconds due to efficient phosphate resynthesis.
  • Glycolytic system needs 5-8 minutes for complete recovery as lactate must be removed from muscles and blood pH restored, limiting repeated high-intensity efforts within this timeframe.
  • Both systems have specific duration constraints affecting training design.
Show Worked Solution

Keyword – “Compare”: Show how things are similar or different.

Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr system is limited to 0-10 seconds maximum duration before phosphocreatine stores deplete, making it suitable only for explosive actions like vertical jumps or short sprints.
  • Glycolytic system sustains high-intensity activity for 30-90 seconds before lactic acid accumulation causes fatigue, supporting activities like 400m sprints or intensive game sequences.
  • ATP-PCr requires approximately 3 minutes for full recovery between maximal efforts, with 70% regeneration occurring in the first 30 seconds due to efficient phosphate resynthesis.
  • Glycolytic system needs 5-8 minutes for complete recovery as lactate must be removed from muscles and blood pH restored, limiting repeated high-intensity efforts within this timeframe.
  • Both systems have specific duration constraints affecting training design.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 170

How does the rate of recovery between energy systems influence substitution strategies in team sports?   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system recovers rapidly, with phosphocreatine stores replenishing within 2-3 minutes, which allows players to regain explosive power quickly.
  • This fast recovery enables coaches to rotate players for short periods, knowing they can return to perform at maximum intensity.
  • In contrast, the glycolytic system requires much longer recovery as lactic acid must be cleared from muscles.
  • This process takes 30-60 minutes for complete removal, meaning players who have worked at high intensity need extended rest.
  • As a result, substitutions must be timed to prevent lactic acid build-up that would impair performance upon return.
  • The aerobic system recovers based on activity duration, requiring minimal rest for short efforts but longer for extended play.
  • Therefore, coaches use rolling substitutions to maintain fresh ATP-PCr stores for crucial moments.
  • Strategic rest periods ensure key players avoid glycolytic fatigue during important game phases.
  • Consequently, understanding recovery rates helps optimise player rotation and maintain team intensity throughout matches.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system recovers rapidly, with phosphocreatine stores replenishing within 2-3 minutes, which allows players to regain explosive power quickly.
  • This fast recovery enables coaches to rotate players for short periods, knowing they can return to perform at maximum intensity.
  • In contrast, the glycolytic system requires much longer recovery as lactic acid must be cleared from muscles.
  • This process takes 30-60 minutes for complete removal, meaning players who have worked at high intensity need extended rest.
  • As a result, substitutions must be timed to prevent lactic acid build-up that would impair performance upon return.
  • The aerobic system recovers based on activity duration, requiring minimal rest for short efforts but longer for extended play.
  • Therefore, coaches use rolling substitutions to maintain fresh ATP-PCr stores for crucial moments.
  • Strategic rest periods ensure key players avoid glycolytic fatigue during important game phases.
  • Consequently, understanding recovery rates helps optimise player rotation and maintain team intensity throughout matches.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 169

Explain how duration affects the body's utilisation of the three energy systems during a 400 m sprint.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Initial 0-10 seconds utilises ATP-PCr system for immediate energy at race start
  • As duration extends to 10-45 seconds, glycolytic system becomes predominant providing energy through glucose breakdown
  • Final stages see increased aerobic contribution as duration approaches 60 seconds though glycolytic remains primary
  • Systems overlap throughout race duration but predominance shifts based on time demands
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Initial 0-10 seconds utilises ATP-PCr system for immediate energy at race start
  • As duration extends to 10-45 seconds, glycolytic system becomes predominant providing energy through glucose breakdown
  • Final stages see increased aerobic contribution as duration approaches 60 seconds though glycolytic remains primary
  • Systems overlap throughout race duration but predominance shifts based on time demand

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 168 MC

During a marathon run lasting over 3 hours, which energy system contribution would be most accurate?

  1. 70% aerobic, 20% glycolytic, 10% ATP-PCr
  2. 95% aerobic, 4% glycolytic, 1% ATP-PCr
  3. 85% aerobic, 10% glycolytic, 5% ATP-PCr
  4. 60% aerobic, 30% glycolytic, 10% ATP-PCr
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct:
    • Marathon running is an endurance activity requiring sustained energy production (95% aerobic) over 3+ hours.
    • This can only be achieved through the aerobic system’s efficient use of oxygen and fuel substrates.

Other Options: 

  • A is incorrect: Glycolytic contribution too high for endurance event
  • C is incorrect: Percentages don’t reflect true duration demands
  • D is incorrect: Anaerobic contribution too high for marathon

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 167 MC

A volleyball player performs six 30-second rallies with 2-minute rest periods between each rally. Which system would be LEAST relied upon for energy production?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Glycolytic
  3. Aerobic
  4. All three systems equally
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: ATP-PCr depletes within 10 seconds, contributing minimally to 30-second rallies

Other Options: 

  • B is incorrect: 30s rallies heavily utilise glycolytic system
  • C is incorrect: Aerobic system aids recovery between rallies
  • D is incorrect: Systems contribute unequally – glycolytic dominates rallies, aerobic dominates recovery, ATP-PCr contributes least

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 166 MC

An elite rower completes a 2000 metre race in 7 minutes. Which energy system sequence best represents their event?

  1. ATP-PCr → Aerobic → Glycolytic
  2. Glycolytic → ATP-PCr → Aerobic
  3. ATP-PCr → Glycolytic → Aerobic
  4. Aerobic → Glycolytic → ATP-PCr
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: ATP-PCr provides immediate energy (0-10s), followed by Glycolytic (10s-2min), then Aerobic system dominates for the remaining 5+ minutes

Other Options: 

  • A is incorrect: Glycolytic precedes Aerobic system
  • B is incorrect: ATP-PCr is always first system used
  • D is incorrect: Sequence is reversed from actual energy system use

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 165

Compare and contrast how the ATP-PCr and Glycolytic energy systems respond to high intensity exercise.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both systems operate anaerobically, providing ATP without oxygen during maximal efforts.
  • Both support high-intensity exercise when oxygen cannot meet demands.

Differences:

  • ATP-PCr activates instantly for 10-15 seconds while glycolytic takes time to reach peak output.
  • ATP-PCr produces harmless creatine whereas glycolytic generates performance-limiting lactic acid.
  • Recovery differs greatly: PCr replenishes rapidly within minutes versus much longer for lactic acid clearance.
  • ATP-PCr suits explosive single efforts like jumps while glycolytic sustains repeated high-intensity work for 30-90 seconds.
  • Training targets different adaptations: PCr storage capacity versus lactate tolerance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both systems operate anaerobically, providing ATP without oxygen during maximal efforts.
  • Both support high-intensity exercise when oxygen cannot meet demands.

Differences:

  • ATP-PCr activates instantly for 10-15 seconds while glycolytic takes time to reach peak output.
  • ATP-PCr produces harmless creatine whereas glycolytic generates performance-limiting lactic acid.
  • Recovery differs greatly: PCr replenishes rapidly within minutes versus much longer for lactic acid clearance.
  • ATP-PCr suits explosive single efforts like jumps while glycolytic sustains repeated high-intensity work for 30-90 seconds.
  • Training targets different adaptations: PCr storage capacity versus lactate tolerance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 164

Analyse how different intensities of training can affect energy system adaptations.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • HIIT increases ATP-PCr stores and phosphocreatine enzyme activity within muscle cells, enhancing the capacity for immediate energy production during explosive movements and repeated short-duration efforts.
  • Training at lactate threshold intensity improves the body’s lactate buffering capacity and tolerance to lactic acid accumulation, enabling athletes to maintain higher intensities for longer periods when relying on glycolytic system energy production.
  • Aerobic training at moderate intensities increases mitochondrial density and size within muscle fibres, improving oxygen utilisation efficiency and the capacity for sustained ATP production through complete glucose and fat breakdown.
  • Varied intensity training programs improve overall energy system efficiency and enhance the smooth transition and interaction between different energy systems during changing exercise demands and intensities.
  • Sport-specific intensity training leads to targeted metabolic adaptations within the predominantly used energy system, such as increased glycolytic enzyme concentration in sprinters or enhanced aerobic capacity in endurance athletes.
  • The principle of training specificity ensures that energy system adaptations closely match the intensity demands and duration characteristics of the athlete’s competitive performance requirements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • HIIT increases ATP-PCr stores and phosphocreatine enzyme activity within muscle cells, enhancing the capacity for immediate energy production during explosive movements and repeated short-duration efforts.
  • Training at lactate threshold intensity improves the body’s lactate buffering capacity and tolerance to lactic acid accumulation, enabling athletes to maintain higher intensities for longer periods when relying on glycolytic system energy production.
  • Aerobic training at moderate intensities increases mitochondrial density and size within muscle fibres, improving oxygen utilisation efficiency and the capacity for sustained ATP production through complete glucose and fat breakdown.
  • Varied intensity training programs improve overall energy system efficiency and enhance the smooth transition and interaction between different energy systems during changing exercise demands and intensities.
  • Sport-specific intensity training leads to targeted metabolic adaptations within the predominantly used energy system, such as increased glycolytic enzyme concentration in sprinters or enhanced aerobic capacity in endurance athletes.
  • The principle of training specificity ensures that energy system adaptations closely match the intensity demands and duration characteristics of the athlete’s competitive performance requirements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 163

Explain how the intensity of exercise influences the predominant energy system used.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Exercise intensity determines which energy system predominates based on ATP demand rate.
  • Maximal intensity requires immediate ATP, causing ATP-PCr system dominance for 10-15 seconds, as seen in sprint starts.
  • As intensity decreases, the glycolytic system engages for sustained high-intensity efforts lasting 30-90 seconds.
  • Lower intensities allow oxygen-dependent aerobic metabolism, which enables sustained ATP production from fats and carbohydrates.
  • Therefore, decreased intensity permits longer duration activity, as demonstrated in marathon running.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Exercise intensity determines which energy system predominates based on ATP demand rate.
  • Maximal intensity requires immediate ATP, causing ATP-PCr system dominance for 10-15 seconds, as seen in sprint starts.
  • As intensity decreases, the glycolytic system engages for sustained high-intensity efforts lasting 30-90 seconds.
  • Lower intensities allow oxygen-dependent aerobic metabolism, which enables sustained ATP production from fats and carbohydrates.
  • Therefore, decreased intensity permits longer duration activity, as demonstrated in marathon running.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 162 MC

A tennis player is in a rally lasting 45 seconds at moderate-high intensity. Which energy system sequence best represents their energy production?

  1. Glycolytic → ATP-PCr → Aerobic
  2. Aerobic → ATP-PCr → Glycolytic
  3. ATP-PCr → Aerobic → Glycolytic
  4. ATP-PCr → Glycolytic → Aerobic
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Shows the natural progression of energy systems as intensity/duration increases

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: ATP-PCr is the initial energy system
  • B is incorrect: ATP-PCr is the initial energy system and aerobic takes longer to become predominant
  • C is incorrect: Glycolytic precedes Aerobic for moderate-high intensity

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 161 MC

During a 400 m race at high intensity, an athlete experiences muscular fatigue. What is the main cause?

  1. Depletion of glycogen stores
  2. Accumulation of lactic acid
  3. Lack of oxygen
  4. Depletion of creatine phosphate
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Lactic acid accumulation during high intensity glycolytic system use causes fatigue

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Glycogen depletion occurs over longer duration events
  • C is incorrect: Oxygen debt occurs after exercise completion
  • D is incorrect: CP depletion occurs in shorter activities under 10 seconds

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 160 MC

A 100 metre sprint athlete is performing at maximal intensity. Which energy system would predominantly be utilised in the first 10 seconds of the race?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Glycolytic
  3. Aerobic
  4. ATP-PCr and Aerobic
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for high-intensity activities lasting 0 – 10 seconds.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: The Glycolytic system becomes predominant after ~10 seconds
  • C is incorrect: Aerobic system takes several minutes to become predominant
  • D is incorrect: These systems don’t predominantly work together in first 10 seconds

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 145

How do the by-products and recovery rates differ between the ATP-PCr and Lactic Acid energy systems?    (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • When ATP-PCr breaks down, it releases creatine and phosphate which cause no muscle impairment, enabling immediate reuse.
  • This allows rapid recovery because phosphate simply recombines with creatine, restoring 50% of PCr stores within 30 seconds.
  • Full PCr restoration occurs through this simple recombination process, completing within 2 minutes.
  • Conversely, when the glycolytic system operates without oxygen, it produces lactic acid which leads to lowered muscle pH and impaired contraction.
  • Lactic acid removal follows a complex pathway: first diffusing into blood, then transported to the liver for conversion back to glucose.
  • As a result, complete lactic acid clearance requires 30-60 minutes compared to just 2 minutes for full PCr restoration.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • When ATP-PCr breaks down, it releases creatine and phosphate which cause no muscle impairment, enabling immediate reuse.
  • This allows rapid recovery because phosphate simply recombines with creatine, restoring 50% of PCr stores within 30 seconds.
  • Full PCr restoration occurs through this simple recombination process, completing within 2 minutes.
  • Conversely, when the glycolytic system operates without oxygen, it produces lactic acid which leads to lowered muscle pH and impaired contraction.
  • Lactic acid removal follows a complex pathway: first diffusing into blood, then transported to the liver for conversion back to glucose.
  • As a result, complete lactic acid clearance requires 30-60 minutes compared to just 2 minutes for full PCr restoration.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 144 MC

Which row correctly identifies the fuel source and duration of the ATP-PCr energy system?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{Fuel Source}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{Duration} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Glucose}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{30 - 60 seconds}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Creatine Phosphate}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{0 - 10 seconds}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Fatty Acids}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{2+ minutes} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Creatine Phosphate}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{30 - 60 seconds} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: CP is the fuel source and system operates 0 – 10 seconds

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Glucose is fuel for glycolytic system
  • C is incorrect: Fatty acids fuel aerobic system
  • D is incorrect: Duration is wrong for ATP-PCr system

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 142 MC

A sprinter runs 100 metres in 10.2 seconds. Which energy system would be the predominant source of ATP during this performance?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Glycolytic (Lactic Acid)
  3. Aerobic
  4. Both ATP-PCr and Aerobic
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The ATP-PCr system is dominant for high-intensity activities lasting 0-10 seconds

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: The Lactic Acid system dominates from 10-60 seconds
  • C is incorrect: The Aerobic system is for longer duration activities over 2 minutes
  • D is incorrect: While there is some overlap, ATP-PCr clearly dominates this short duration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 5 MC

A marathon runner is competing in a 42.2 kilometre event.

What is the likely duration their body will predominantly use the aerobic energy system?

  1. 90 seconds
  2. 10 minutes
  3. 60 minutes
  4. 180 minutes
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Marathon running (2-4 hours) requires sustained aerobic energy production

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: 90 seconds is glycolytic system duration
  • B is incorrect: 10 minutes is too short for marathon distance
  • C is incorrect: 60 minutes would only cover partial marathon distance

HMS, BM 2022 HSC 1 MC

An athlete's body is using the lactic acid energy system.

What is the likely duration of their performance while using this system?

  1. 6 seconds
  2. 60 seconds
  3. 6 minutes
  4. 60 minutes
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: 60 seconds falls within the glycolytic/lactic acid system’s typical duration (10 seconds to 2 minutes)

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: 6 seconds – Too short, this would be ATP-PCr system
  • C is incorrect: 6 minutes – Too long, would have shifted to primarily aerobic system
  • D is incorrect: 60 minutes – Far too long, this is deeply into aerobic system