smc-5535-05-Research info

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 628

Explain what research tells us about how a learner's personality traits influence their movement skill acquisition in swimming technique. (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Research indicates learners with high persistence traits progress more effectively through technique plateaus because they maintain practice commitment during difficult phases. This leads to breakthrough moments in stroke development.
Studies show risk-taking personality traits positively influence complex skill acquisition as these learners attempt challenging techniques like diving and tumble turns. This results in faster progression through skill stages.
Evidence demonstrates that receptiveness to feedback significantly predicts swimming technique improvement because open learners actively implement corrections. This creates accelerated skill refinement across all learning stages.
Research reveals anxiety-prone personalities benefit from structured approaches as predictable progressions reduce fear responses. This enables focus on technique rather than managing stress.

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Sample Answer

Research indicates learners with high persistence traits progress more effectively through technique plateaus because they maintain practice commitment during difficult phases. This leads to breakthrough moments in stroke development.
Studies show risk-taking personality traits positively influence complex skill acquisition as these learners attempt challenging techniques like diving and tumble turns. This results in faster progression through skill stages.
Evidence demonstrates that receptiveness to feedback significantly predicts swimming technique improvement because open learners actively implement corrections. This creates accelerated skill refinement across all learning stages.
Research reveals anxiety-prone personalities benefit from structured approaches as predictable progressions reduce fear responses. This enables focus on technique rather than managing stress.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 627

Analyse what research tells us about the effectiveness of different types of feedback during the acquisition and development of a complex gymnastics skill like the handspring vault. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Research reveals feedback effectiveness in handspring vault acquisition depends on learning stage, feedback type and timing.
These components interact to shape skill development, with implications for coaching approaches.

Component Relationship 1

Knowledge of performance feedback connects to safety-critical learning in cognitive stage gymnasts.
Research shows this feedback type enables learners to understand body positioning before attempting complex movements.
This prevents dangerous technique errors that knowledge of results alone cannot address.
Video analysis enhances this relationship by providing visual confirmation of body positions that occur too rapidly for real-time awareness.
This reveals that feedback type selection directly affects both safety and skill foundation development.

Component Relationship 2

Feedback timing interacts with learner autonomy across developmental stages.
Delayed feedback dominates cognitive stage learning because it allows processing time without overwhelming beginners.
As gymnasts progress, concurrent feedback becomes valuable as their capacity increases.
This progression leads to autonomous gymnasts self-selecting feedback moments.
The pattern indicates that timing flexibility enables individualised learning rates while maintaining technique quality.

Implications and Synthesis

These relationships demonstrate that effective feedback must change with learner development.
The interconnection between type, timing and stage creates a flexible coaching framework.
Therefore, rigid feedback approaches limit skill acquisition, while feedback that adjusts to learners optimises handspring vault development across all learning phases.

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

Research reveals feedback effectiveness in handspring vault acquisition depends on learning stage, feedback type and timing.
These components interact to shape skill development, with implications for coaching approaches.

Component Relationship 1

Knowledge of performance feedback connects to safety-critical learning in cognitive stage gymnasts.
Research shows this feedback type enables learners to understand body positioning before attempting complex movements.
This prevents dangerous technique errors that knowledge of results alone cannot address.
Video analysis enhances this relationship by providing visual confirmation of body positions that occur too rapidly for real-time awareness.
This reveals that feedback type selection directly affects both safety and skill foundation development.

Component Relationship 2

Feedback timing interacts with learner autonomy across developmental stages.
Delayed feedback dominates cognitive stage learning because it allows processing time without overwhelming beginners.
As gymnasts progress, concurrent feedback becomes valuable as their capacity increases.
This progression leads to autonomous gymnasts self-selecting feedback moments.
The pattern indicates that timing flexibility enables individualised learning rates while maintaining technique quality.

Implications and Synthesis

These relationships demonstrate that effective feedback must change with learner development.
The interconnection between type, timing and stage creates a flexible coaching framework.
Therefore, rigid feedback approaches limit skill acquisition, while feedback that adjusts to learners optimises handspring vault development across all learning phases.

Critically evaluate what research tells us about the influence of a learner's prior experience and ability on movement skill acquisition, using examples from golf swing technique development. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Research clearly shows that both prior experience and ability affect how people learn golf swings.
The evaluation will examine how helpful past sports experience is and whether natural abilities matter more.

Past Sports Experience

Prior experience can really help or hurt golf learning.
Research shows baseball and tennis players learn golf swings faster because the rotating movements are similar.
But bad habits from other sports create problems that take longer to fix than starting with no prior sports experience.
Studies show experience only helps during early learning stages, then stops being significant.
This shows mixed results – sometimes helpful, sometimes not.

Natural Abilities for Golf

Physical abilities match golf’s needs very well.
Research proves that good hand-eye coordination and body awareness predict success better than just being athletic.
Learners with these abilities pick up consistent swings quicker and move through learning stages faster.
Good motor control stays important even at advanced levels.
Unlike experience, natural abilities keep helping throughout all stages of learning.
This shows natural talents are extremely important.

Final Evaluation

Research convincingly shows natural abilities matter more than prior experience for learning golf.
While past sports experience gives some early help or problems, having good coordination and body awareness leads to better long-term results.
The evidence strongly suggests coaches should focus more on identifying natural abilities than being concerned about previous sports experience.

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

Research clearly shows that both prior experience and ability affect how people learn golf swings.
The evaluation will examine how helpful past sports experience is and whether natural abilities matter more.

Past Sports Experience

Prior experience can really help or hurt golf learning.
Research shows baseball and tennis players learn golf swings faster because the rotating movements are similar.
But bad habits from other sports create problems that take longer to fix than starting with no prior sports experience.
Studies show experience only helps during early learning stages, then stops being significant.
This shows mixed results – sometimes helpful, sometimes not.

Natural Abilities for Golf

Physical abilities match golf’s needs very well.
Research proves that good hand-eye coordination and body awareness predict success better than just being athletic.
Learners with these abilities pick up consistent swings quicker and move through learning stages faster.
Good motor control stays important even at advanced levels.
Unlike experience, natural abilities keep helping throughout all stages of learning.
This shows natural talents are extremely important.

Final Evaluation

Research convincingly shows natural abilities matter more than prior experience for learning golf.
While past sports experience gives some early help or problems, having good coordination and body awareness leads to better long-term results.
The evidence strongly suggests coaches should focus more on identifying natural abilities than being concerned about previous sports experience.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 625

Explain what research tells us about how decision-making elements should be integrated into the acquisition of tennis groundstroke technique. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Research demonstrates decision-making elements should be minimised during cognitive stage because thinking about too many things prevents beginners from learning basic stroke technique. Learners need to establish movement patterns before adding complexity.
Studies show associative stage learners benefit from progressive tactical decisions as this creates realistic practice conditions. Simple directional choices lead to improved court awareness while maintaining technique quality. This allows skill refinement alongside tactical development.
Evidence indicates introducing opponent positioning cues enables learners to develop anticipatory skills that facilitate game transfer. This progression results in groundstrokes that adapt to match demands rather than remaining rigid patterns.
Research reveals perceptual-cognitive challenges must increase gradually to prevent technique breakdown. When decision-making complexity matches skill level, this produces effective integration of technical and tactical elements.
Studies demonstrate that systematic progression creates players who execute groundstrokes effectively under game pressure. This approach ensures technical proficiency develops alongside decision-making abilities, resulting in complete skill acquisition.

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Sample Answer

Research demonstrates decision-making elements should be minimised during cognitive stage because thinking about too many things prevents beginners from learning basic stroke technique. Learners need to establish movement patterns before adding complexity.
Studies show associative stage learners benefit from progressive tactical decisions as this creates realistic practice conditions. Simple directional choices lead to improved court awareness while maintaining technique quality. This allows skill refinement alongside tactical development.
Evidence indicates introducing opponent positioning cues enables learners to develop anticipatory skills that facilitate game transfer. This progression results in groundstrokes that adapt to match demands rather than remaining rigid patterns.
Research reveals perceptual-cognitive challenges must increase gradually to prevent technique breakdown. When decision-making complexity matches skill level, this produces effective integration of technical and tactical elements.
Studies demonstrate that systematic progression creates players who execute groundstrokes effectively under game pressure. This approach ensures technical proficiency develops alongside decision-making abilities, resulting in complete skill acquisition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 624

Analyse what research tells us about how manipulating the environment affects the acquisition and development of tackling technique in rugby. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Research demonstrates initially modifying the environment to create closed conditions significantly improves technique acquisition and safety for novice tacklers.
Studies show progressive environmental complexity through incremental introduction of movement variables (speed, direction, size of ball carrier) enhances skill transfer.
Evidence indicates controlled collision progression using tackle bags before human contact reduces injury risk while establishing proper technique fundamentals.
Research reveals the psychological benefits of environmental manipulation include reduced anxiety and increased confidence through graduated challenge.
Studies demonstrate that environmental constraints can effectively shape technique by creating scenarios that naturally elicit desired movement patterns.
Research indicates elite tacklers require exposure to highly variable practice environments to develop the perceptual-motor coupling necessary for effective technique selection in competition.

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Sample Answer

Research demonstrates initially modifying the environment to create closed conditions significantly improves technique acquisition and safety for novice tacklers.
Studies show progressive environmental complexity through incremental introduction of movement variables (speed, direction, size of ball carrier) enhances skill transfer.
Evidence indicates controlled collision progression using tackle bags before human contact reduces injury risk while establishing proper technique fundamentals.
Research reveals the psychological benefits of environmental manipulation include reduced anxiety and increased confidence through graduated challenge.
Studies demonstrate that environmental constraints can effectively shape technique by creating scenarios that naturally elicit desired movement patterns.
Research indicates elite tacklers require exposure to highly variable practice environments to develop the perceptual-motor coupling necessary for effective technique selection in competition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 623

Outline what research tells us about how the classification of a skill influences its acquisition in basketball shooting technique. (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Research indicates basketball shooting’s classification as an externally paced skill means acquisition requires progressive adaptation to defensive pressure timing variations.
Studies show the discrete nature of basketball shooting allows for clear outcome assessment after each attempt, facilitating rapid technique modification.
Research demonstrates that basketball shooting’s classification as a predominantly gross motor skill means learners must coordinate whole-body movement sequencing before refining fine motor control of release point.

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Sample Answer

Research indicates basketball shooting’s classification as an externally paced skill means acquisition requires progressive adaptation to defensive pressure timing variations.
Studies show the discrete nature of basketball shooting allows for clear outcome assessment after each attempt, facilitating rapid technique modification.
Research demonstrates that basketball shooting’s classification as a predominantly gross motor skill means learners must coordinate whole-body movement sequencing before refining fine motor control of release point.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 622

Critically evaluate what research tells us about how task-intrinsic and augmented feedback mechanisms contribute differently to movement skill development across the stages of learning in swimming stroke technique. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Research demonstrates novice swimmers initially rely almost exclusively on augmented feedback as they lack the proprioceptive framework to interpret internal sensations related to technique.
Studies show effective augmented feedback for cognitive stage swimmers focuses on single critical elements rather than comprehensive technique analysis.
Evidence indicates associative stage represents a critical transition period where swimmers begin developing meaningful connections between augmented feedback and internal sensations.
Research reveals delayed augmented feedback is more effective than concurrent feedback for cognitive learners as it prevents information overload during execution.
Studies demonstrate elite swimmers develop sophisticated proprioceptive awareness allowing detection of minute technique deviations through task-intrinsic feedback.
Research shows augmented feedback frequency should progressively decrease as swimmers advance toward autonomous stage to prevent dependency.
Evidence indicates video analysis combined with coach guidance creates optimal knowledge of performance feedback for the associative stage.
Studies consistently show elite swimmers integrate both feedback systems, using task-intrinsic feedback for real-time adjustments and augmented feedback for periodic technique refinement.

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Sample Answer

Research demonstrates novice swimmers initially rely almost exclusively on augmented feedback as they lack the proprioceptive framework to interpret internal sensations related to technique.
Studies show effective augmented feedback for cognitive stage swimmers focuses on single critical elements rather than comprehensive technique analysis.
Evidence indicates associative stage represents a critical transition period where swimmers begin developing meaningful connections between augmented feedback and internal sensations.
Research reveals delayed augmented feedback is more effective than concurrent feedback for cognitive learners as it prevents information overload during execution.
Studies demonstrate elite swimmers develop sophisticated proprioceptive awareness allowing detection of minute technique deviations through task-intrinsic feedback.
Research shows augmented feedback frequency should progressively decrease as swimmers advance toward autonomous stage to prevent dependency.
Evidence indicates video analysis combined with coach guidance creates optimal knowledge of performance feedback for the associative stage.
Studies consistently show elite swimmers integrate both feedback systems, using task-intrinsic feedback for real-time adjustments and augmented feedback for periodic technique refinement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 621

Explain what research tells us about the effectiveness of different practice methods when developing volleyball serving technique. (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Research indicates distributed practice produces superior volleyball serving technique acquisition compared to massed practice due to fatigue reduction and enhanced information processing between attempts.
Studies show whole practice methods are more effective than part practice for volleyball serving as the coordination between preparatory stance, toss, and striking motion represents a unified motor program.
Evidence demonstrates blocked practice benefits cognitive stage learners by establishing fundamental serving patterns before transitioning to random practice. This creates consistent technique before adding variability.
Research reveals that variable practice conditions (serving from different court positions) enhance technique adaptability for associative and autonomous stage volleyball players. This develops match-ready serving skills.

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Sample Answer

Research indicates distributed practice produces superior volleyball serving technique acquisition compared to massed practice due to fatigue reduction and enhanced information processing between attempts.
Studies show whole practice methods are more effective than part practice for volleyball serving as the coordination between preparatory stance, toss, and striking motion represents a unified motor program.
Evidence demonstrates blocked practice benefits cognitive stage learners by establishing fundamental serving patterns before transitioning to random practice. This creates consistent technique before adding variability.
Research reveals that variable practice conditions (serving from different court positions) enhance technique adaptability for associative and autonomous stage volleyball players. This develops match-ready serving skills.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 620

Analyse what research tells us about the relationship between confidence development and movement skill acquisition in gymnastics floor routines, explaining how this affects progression through the stages of learning. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Research indicates confidence acts as both an outcome and a facilitator of skill acquisition in complex gymnastics movements.
Studies demonstrate that successful early experiences with simplified versions of gymnastics skills create positive confidence-performance spirals that accelerate learning.
Research shows fear responses during cognitive stage inhibit proper technique execution by creating muscle tension and hesitation.
Evidence indicates associative stage progression is particularly dependent on confidence as learners must attempt increasingly difficult movement variations.
At autonomous stage, research demonstrates confident gymnasts display greater movement creativity and expressiveness in floor routines.
Studies consistently show confidence mediates the relationship between physical capability and actual performance achievement across all stages of learning.

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Sample Answer

Research indicates confidence acts as both an outcome and a facilitator of skill acquisition in complex gymnastics movements.
Studies demonstrate that successful early experiences with simplified versions of gymnastics skills create positive confidence-performance spirals that accelerate learning.
Research shows fear responses during cognitive stage inhibit proper technique execution by creating muscle tension and hesitation.
Evidence indicates associative stage progression is particularly dependent on confidence as learners must attempt increasingly difficult movement variations.
At autonomous stage, research demonstrates confident gymnasts display greater movement creativity and expressiveness in floor routines.
Studies consistently show confidence mediates the relationship between physical capability and actual performance achievement across all stages of learning.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 619

Outline what research tells us about how a learner's heredity characteristics influence their acquisition of a power-based skill such as a javelin throw. (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Research indicates that favourable somatotype characteristics (particularly mesomorphic traits) significantly influence initial skill acquisition for power-based skills like javelin throwing.
Studies show higher proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibres create genetic predisposition for rapid force production necessary for effective javelin technique.
Research demonstrates that natural strength-to-weight ratios affect the rate of skill acquisition, with learners possessing advantageous ratios progressing more rapidly through initial movement pattern development.

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Sample Answer

Research indicates that favourable somatotype characteristics (particularly mesomorphic traits) significantly influence initial skill acquisition for power-based skills like javelin throwing.
Studies show higher proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibres create genetic predisposition for rapid force production necessary for effective javelin technique.
Research demonstrates that natural strength-to-weight ratios affect the rate of skill acquisition, with learners possessing advantageous ratios progressing more rapidly through initial movement pattern development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 618 MC

Research on acquiring soccer dribbling skills indicates that learners with prior experience in similar invasion games progress more quickly because of:

Higher levels of baseline fitness
Greater tactical understanding of team sports
Positive transfer of learning from similar movement patterns
More effective communication with coaches

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\(C\)

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Consider Option C:

Research demonstrates that positive transfer of learning occurs when similar movement patterns and perceptual elements exist between previously acquired skills and new ones, allowing faster progression.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: While fitness is beneficial, research shows skill acquisition is primarily accelerated by movement pattern similarities rather than baseline fitness.
B is incorrect: Tactical understanding may help game play but doesn’t significantly accelerate the physical technique acquisition process.
D is incorrect: Coach communication quality is not directly linked to the accelerated learning that comes from positive skill transfer.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 617 MC

Recent research on motor learning in basketball shooting technique has found that the development of perceptual-cognitive skills is most enhanced by:

Extended periods of blocked practice
Visual demonstration without physical practice
Isolated fine motor skill development
Decision-making elements integrated with technique practice

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\(D\)

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D is correct: Decision-making integrated with technique enhances perceptual-cognitive skills.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Blocked practice limits adaptability and decision-making.
B is incorrect: Observation alone has limited effectiveness.
C is incorrect: Isolation ignores perceptual and decision-making components.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 616 MC

Research on elite swimmers acquiring new stroke techniques indicates that the transition from associative to autonomous stage is most effectively facilitated by:

Exclusively using task-intrinsic feedback
Focusing on the final race time results
Integrating knowledge of performance with developing proprioception
Maintaining a closed, controlled practice environment

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\(C\)

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C is correct: Integrating Knowledge of Performance with proprioception enables self-regulation.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Exclusive task-intrinsic feedback is premature.
B is incorrect: Race times alone limit technique refinement.
D is incorrect: Closed environments prevent skill mastery progression.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 615 MC

According to skill acquisition research, when learning a complex tennis serve, which practice method would be most beneficial during the cognitive stage?

Distributed whole practice
Random practice with various strokes
Massed part practice
Variable practice across different courts

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\(A\)

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A is correct: Distributed whole practice allows rest and maintains movement integrity

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Random practice suits later learning stages
C is incorrect: Massed practice causes fatigue in complex skills
D is incorrect: Variable practice suits later stages for adaptability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 614 MC

Research on acquiring sprint technique in track and field suggests that the most significant factor affecting a novice's progression through the cognitive stage of learning is:

The athlete's aerobic capacity
The athlete's personality traits and receptiveness to feedback
The coach's experience level
The training facility's equipment quality

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\(B\)

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B is correct: Receptiveness to feedback crucial for cognitive stage

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Aerobic capacity affects endurance not technique acquisition
C is incorrect: Research emphasises learner over coach characteristics
D is incorrect: Equipment has minimal impact on technique acquisition