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HMS, BM 2016 HSC 18 MC

A learner is practising a complicated serial skill by breaking down the skill into segments. After developing each part, the learner reassembles the skill to get feedback from the coach during skill execution.

Which row in the table shows the practice methods and types of feedback that are described?
 

  Practice methods Types of feedback
A.  Part and whole Concurrent and external
B. Distributed Concurrent and external
C. Part and whole Knowledge of performance and delayed
D. Distributed Knowledge of performance and delayed

 

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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Breaking down then reassembling is part-whole practice with concurrent external feedback.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Distributed refers to rest periods, not skill breakdown.
  • C is incorrect: Feedback during execution is concurrent, not delayed.
  • D is incorrect: Both practice method and feedback timing are incorrect.

♦♦ Mean mark 53%.

HMS, BM 2020 HSC 27

Analyse how different types of feedback affect a learner’s progress through the stages of skill acquisition. Provide examples to support your answer.  (8 marks)

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Overview Statement:

  • Different feedback types interact with learner characteristics at each skill acquisition stage.
  • Beginners require external coaching feedback, while skilled performers rely on internal feel, and timing determines learning effectiveness.

Component Relationship 1:

  • External delayed feedback strongly supports cognitive stage learners acquiring basketball dribbling skills. This leads to coaches providing knowledge of results after practice attempts, informing beginners about successful repetitions. The delayed timing enables learners to process technical corrections without overwhelming their limited attention capacity. This relationship shows that external guidance prevents error reinforcement and promotes correct technique development. Therefore, cognitive stage learners depend on external feedback sources to understand skill requirements and progress towards the associative stage more efficiently.

Component Relationship 2:

Internal concurrent feedback becomes increasingly important as learners advance through associative to autonomous stages. This occurs because experienced performers develop kinaesthetic awareness during skill execution. A tennis player relies on feel and proprioception during stroke production, enabling immediate self-correction. This interaction allows autonomous performers to maintain consistency without external intervention. Consequently, over-reliance on external feedback at advanced stages can disrupt automatic movement patterns and hinder performance refinement.

Implications and Synthesis:

These relationships demonstrate that feedback effectiveness depends on matching type and timing to learner developmental stage. The significance is that inappropriate feedback can impede skill acquisition progress, while optimal feedback combinations accelerate learning transitions between stages.

Show Worked Solution

Overview Statement:

  • Different feedback types interact with learner characteristics at each skill acquisition stage.
  • Beginners require external coaching feedback, while skilled performers rely on internal feel, and timing determines learning effectiveness.

Component Relationship 1:

  • External delayed feedback strongly supports cognitive stage learners acquiring basketball dribbling skills. This leads to coaches providing knowledge of results after practice attempts, informing beginners about successful repetitions.
  • The delayed timing enables learners to process technical corrections without overwhelming their limited attention capacity. This relationship shows that external guidance prevents error reinforcement and promotes correct technique development.
  • Therefore, cognitive stage learners depend on external feedback sources to understand skill requirements and progress towards the associative stage more efficiently.

Component Relationship 2:

  • Internal concurrent feedback becomes increasingly important as learners advance through associative to autonomous stages. This occurs because experienced performers develop kinaesthetic awareness during skill execution.
  • A tennis player relies on feel and proprioception during stroke production, enabling immediate self-correction. This interaction allows autonomous performers to maintain consistency without external intervention.
  • Consequently, over-reliance on external feedback at advanced stages can disrupt automatic movement patterns and hinder performance refinement.

Implications and Synthesis:

  • These relationships demonstrate that feedback effectiveness depends on matching type and timing to learner developmental stage.
  • The significance is that inappropriate feedback can impede skill acquisition progress, while optimal feedback combinations accelerate learning transitions between stages.

♦♦ Mean mark 42%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 611

Analyse how technology has enhanced the delivery of different types of feedback for athletes at various stages of learning. Use specific examples from sports to illustrate your answer.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Technologies like slow-motion video have transformed delayed augmented feedback by providing precise visual information.
  • Example: gymnasts can analyse subtle body positions that would be imperceptible at normal speed.
  • Wearable sensors now provide concurrent augmented feedback that was previously unavailable during performance.
  • Example: immediate data on running stride length and frequency allows cognitive stage runners to connect feel with technique.
  • Virtual reality systems create enhanced knowledge of performance feedback through immersive demonstration.
  • Example: novice golfers can experience correct swing patterns through guided VR movement before physical practice.
  • Tracking technologies convert subjective performance elements into objective knowledge of results data.
  • Example: basketball shooting analytics showing release angle and arc height rather than just made/missed outcomes.
  • Mobile applications have made advanced feedback more accessible to recreational athletes, providing analysis tools that were previously only available to elite performers.
  • Example: swing analysis apps providing augmented feedback to amateur tennis players.
  • Technology can potentially create overdependence on external feedback that impedes development of task-intrinsic awareness.
  • The integration of technology-based feedback should be progressive, with reduced frequency as athletes advance.
  • Most effective implementation combines technology with coach interpretation to connect data with practical application.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Technologies like slow-motion video have transformed delayed augmented feedback by providing precise visual information.
  • Example: gymnasts can analyse subtle body positions that would be imperceptible at normal speed.
  • Wearable sensors now provide concurrent augmented feedback that was previously unavailable during performance.
  • Example: immediate data on running stride length and frequency allows cognitive stage runners to connect feel with technique.
  • Virtual reality systems create enhanced knowledge of performance feedback through immersive demonstration.
  • Example: novice golfers can experience correct swing patterns through guided VR movement before physical practice.
  • Tracking technologies convert subjective performance elements into objective knowledge of results data.
  • Example: basketball shooting analytics showing release angle and arc height rather than just made/missed outcomes.
  • Mobile applications have made advanced feedback more accessible to recreational athletes, providing analysis tools that were previously only available to elite performers.
  • Example: swing analysis apps providing augmented feedback to amateur tennis players.
  • Technology can potentially create overdependence on external feedback that impedes development of task-intrinsic awareness.
  • The integration of technology-based feedback should be progressive, with reduced frequency as athletes advance.
  • Most effective implementation combines technology with coach interpretation to connect data with practical application.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 610

Describe how a recreational athlete might use different types of feedback during their fitness training. Provide examples.   (3 marks)

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Answers could include any of the following points:

  • Recreational athletes often use knowledge of results feedback to track progress in fitness activities.
  • Example: monitoring running times or distances covered provides clear measures of improvement.
  • Some recreational athletes benefit from augmented feedback through fitness apps or training partners.
  • Example: heart rate monitors providing concurrent feedback about exercise intensity.
  • Recreational athletes can develop task-intrinsic feedback awareness through consistent practice.
  • Example: recognising proper form during weight lifting through the “feel” of correctly engaged muscles.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include any of the following points:

  • Recreational athletes often use knowledge of results feedback to track progress in fitness activities.
  • Example: monitoring running times or distances covered provides clear measures of improvement.
  • Some recreational athletes benefit from augmented feedback through fitness apps or training partners.
  • Example: heart rate monitors providing concurrent feedback about exercise intensity.
  • Recreational athletes can develop task-intrinsic feedback awareness through consistent practice.
  • Example: recognising proper form during weight lifting through the “feel” of correctly engaged muscles.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 609

Explain how a swimming coach might modify feedback approaches when working with athletes at different stages of learning the butterfly stroke. Provide specific examples.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • For cognitive stage learners, the coach should provide delayed knowledge of performance feedback focusing on fundamental technique.
  • Example: demonstrating correct arm movement pattern after swim attempt rather than during swimming.
  • Associative stage swimmers benefit from more specific augmented feedback addressing rhythm and timing elements.
  • Example: using video analysis to show coordination between kick and pull phases.
  • Autonomous stage swimmers can effectively utilise concurrent feedback for fine-tuning.
  • Example: coach calling out breathing timing cues during swim sets which the athlete can process without disrupting stroke.
  • All stages benefit from progressive transition toward task-intrinsic feedback to develop self-assessment abilities.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • For cognitive stage learners, the coach should provide delayed knowledge of performance feedback focusing on fundamental technique.
  • Example: demonstrating correct arm movement pattern after swim attempt rather than during swimming.
  • Associative stage swimmers benefit from more specific augmented feedback addressing rhythm and timing elements.
  • Example: using video analysis to show coordination between kick and pull phases.
  • Autonomous stage swimmers can effectively utilise concurrent feedback for fine-tuning.
  • Example: coach calling out breathing timing cues during swim sets which the athlete can process without disrupting stroke.
  • All stages benefit from progressive transition toward task-intrinsic feedback to develop self-assessment abilities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 607

Evaluate the effectiveness of different types of feedback for an elite athlete in the autonomous stage of learning who is attempting to refine a complex gymnastics routine. Justify your response with reference to specific feedback types.   (8 marks)

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*Recommended “Evaluation” language is highlighted in bold throughout the answer below.

Evaluation Statement

  • Different feedback types show varying effectiveness for elite autonomous gymnasts refining complex routines.
  • This evaluation looks at how well feedback improves technique and whether it disrupts performance for autonomous gymnasts.

Feedback and improvement

  • Task-intrinsic feedback is highly effective for elite gymnasts to detect precise errors.
  • This is due to autonomous athletes possessing exceptional body awareness to feel minor deviations. For example, gymnasts instantly recognise when landing positions shift millimetres off-center.
  • In this regard, delayed video analysis can achieve superior refinement by revealing imperceptible errors. Slow-motion replay identifies slight arm positioning flaws that feel correct during execution.
  • A critical strength is combining internal sensing with objective external viewing.
  • This comprehensive approach optimises technical refinement.

Performance disruption

  • Concurrent feedback is only partially effective because it risks disrupting performance flow.
  • Elite gymnasts can process brief real-time cues like “extend” during tumbling passes. However, excessive concurrent feedback interrupts automatic flow states.
  • Performance feedback is most effective when it is highly specific. For example, discussing precise hip angles rather than general form is much better feedback for autonomous gymnasts.
  • While strong for isolated corrections, concurrent feedback shows limitations during full routines. Although effective for single skills, it proves less suitable for complete performances.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows task-intrinsic and delayed video feedback are highly effective.
  • The strengths in precision refinement outweigh minimal disruption risks.
  • Concurrent feedback remains moderately effective when used judiciously.
  • Overall, this evaluation demonstrates autonomous gymnasts benefit most from self-generated and delayed feedback.
  • Implications suggest coaches should prioritise video analysis while minimising real-time interruptions.
Show Worked Solution

*Recommended “Evaluation” language is highlighted in bold throughout the answer below.

Evaluation Statement

  • Different feedback types show varying effectiveness for elite autonomous gymnasts refining complex routines.
  • This evaluation looks at how well feedback improves technique and whether it disrupts performance for autonomous gymnasts.

Feedback and improvement

  • Task-intrinsic feedback is highly effective for elite gymnasts to detect precise errors.
  • This is due to autonomous athletes possessing exceptional body awareness to feel minor deviations. For example, gymnasts instantly recognise when landing positions shift millimetres off-center.
  • In this regard, delayed video analysis can achieve superior refinement by revealing imperceptible errors. Slow-motion replay identifies slight arm positioning flaws that feel correct during execution.
  • A critical strength is combining internal sensing with objective external viewing.
  • This comprehensive approach optimises technical refinement.

Performance disruption

  • Concurrent feedback is only partially effective because it risks disrupting performance flow.
  • Elite gymnasts can process brief real-time cues like “extend” during tumbling passes. However, excessive concurrent feedback interrupts automatic flow states.
  • Performance feedback is most effective when it is highly specific. For example, discussing precise hip angles rather than general form is much better feedback for autonomous gymnasts.
  • While strong for isolated corrections, concurrent feedback shows limitations during full routines. Although effective for single skills, it proves less suitable for complete performances.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows task-intrinsic and delayed video feedback are highly effective.
  • The strengths in precision refinement outweigh minimal disruption risks.
  • Concurrent feedback remains moderately effective when used judiciously.
  • Overall, this evaluation demonstrates autonomous gymnasts benefit most from self-generated and delayed feedback.
  • Implications suggest coaches should prioritise video analysis while minimising real-time interruptions.