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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 717

Analyse the relationship between self-regulation, habit formation, and long-term exercise adherence.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-regulation is initially crucial for exercise adherence as individuals must consciously override established sedentary patterns.
  • Regular application of self-regulation during early exercise adoption helps manage resistance to the discomfort and inconvenience of new routines
  • With consistent practice, self-regulation demand gradually decreases as exercise behaviors become more automatic and habitual.
  • Habit formation represents the transition from conscious self-regulation to automatic behavior patterns.
  • Once exercise becomes habitual, it requires less decision-making and mental resources, significantly increasing adherence likelihood.
  • The self-regulation capacity developed through consistent exercise practice transfers to other health behaviours, creating positive behavioural spillover.
  • This cycle creates positive reinforcement as improved self-regulation facilitates better habit formation, which further enhances long-term adherence.
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Sample Answer 

  • Self-regulation is initially crucial for exercise adherence as individuals must consciously override established sedentary patterns.
  • Regular application of self-regulation during early exercise adoption helps manage resistance to the discomfort and inconvenience of new routines
  • With consistent practice, self-regulation demand gradually decreases as exercise behaviors become more automatic and habitual.
  • Habit formation represents the transition from conscious self-regulation to automatic behavior patterns.
  • Once exercise becomes habitual, it requires less decision-making and mental resources, significantly increasing adherence likelihood.
  • The self-regulation capacity developed through consistent exercise practice transfers to other health behaviours, creating positive behavioural spillover.
  • This cycle creates positive reinforcement as improved self-regulation facilitates better habit formation, which further enhances long-term adherence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 715

Explain how beginning exercisers can use self-regulation to overcome common barriers to exercise.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-regulation helps beginners overcome the “lack of time” barrier by prioritising exercise despite competing demands.
  • It enables individuals to push through initial discomfort and fatigue by focusing on long-term health benefits rather than short-term discomfort.
  • Self-regulation helps manage negative thoughts about capabilities by replacing them with positive self-talk about progress.
  • It assists in developing consistent exercise habits by consciously choosing exercise over more comfortable sedentary behaviours.
  • Self-regulation allows individuals to acknowledge barriers while still maintaining commitment to exercise goals.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-regulation helps beginners overcome the “lack of time” barrier by prioritising exercise despite competing demands.
  • It enables individuals to push through initial discomfort and fatigue by focusing on long-term health benefits rather than short-term discomfort.
  • Self-regulation helps manage negative thoughts about capabilities by replacing them with positive self-talk about progress.
  • It assists in developing consistent exercise habits by consciously choosing exercise over more comfortable sedentary behaviours.
  • Self-regulation allows individuals to acknowledge barriers while still maintaining commitment to exercise goals.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 712

Analyse how self-regulation enables exercise behavior change. Use examples to support your answer.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-regulation is essential for adopting and maintaining healthy lifestyle changes by enabling goal-directed behavior despite obstacles.
  • It allows individuals to overcome established habits like choosing sedentary activities over exercise, such as choosing the gym over watching television.
  • Self-regulation helps individuals push through initial discomfort during workouts by constraining negative thoughts and focusing on post-exercise benefits.
  • For example, a person starting a jogging routine might use self-regulation to overcome thoughts like “I’m too tired” by focusing on their fitness goals.
  • Regular self-regulation strengthens this capacity, eventually making exercise habitual and requiring less conscious effort to maintain.
  • Self-regulation also helps overcome common barriers to exercise such as lack of time, energy, or motivation by redirecting focus to the importance of health goals.
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Sample Answer 

  • Self-regulation is essential for adopting and maintaining healthy lifestyle changes by enabling goal-directed behavior despite obstacles.
  • It allows individuals to overcome established habits like choosing sedentary activities over exercise, such as choosing the gym over watching television.
  • Self-regulation helps individuals push through initial discomfort during workouts by constraining negative thoughts and focusing on post-exercise benefits.
  • For example, a person starting a jogging routine might use self-regulation to overcome thoughts like “I’m too tired” by focusing on their fitness goals.
  • Regular self-regulation strengthens this capacity, eventually making exercise habitual and requiring less conscious effort to maintain.
  • Self-regulation also helps overcome common barriers to exercise such as lack of time, energy, or motivation by redirecting focus to the importance of health goals.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 710

Outline how self-regulation contributes to sports performance.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-regulation involves consciously constraining unwanted thoughts or behaviors to focus on achieving goals.
  • Athletes who effectively self-regulate can maintain effort for longer periods in their sport.
  • Self-regulation enables athletes to control emotions in high-pressure situations, preventing poor decisions and emotional outbursts.
  • Without adequate self-regulation, performance deteriorates as athletes lose focus on their goals.
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Sample Answer 

  • Self-regulation involves consciously constraining unwanted thoughts or behaviors to focus on achieving goals.
  • Athletes who effectively self-regulate can maintain effort for longer periods in their sport.
  • Self-regulation enables athletes to control emotions in high-pressure situations, preventing poor decisions and emotional outbursts.
  • Without adequate self-regulation, performance deteriorates as athletes lose focus on their goals.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 704

Explain how both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation factors might influence an individual's decision to begin and maintain participation in a community sport program.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Initial participation is often triggered by extrinsic factors such as social encouragement from friends or family, providing the external motivation needed to overcome inertia or uncertainty about joining.
  • Tangible extrinsic benefits like health improvements or weight management goals frequently motivate beginners who haven’t yet developed skill-based enjoyment of the activity.
  • As participants develop competence, intrinsic satisfaction from skill mastery and movement enjoyment begins to supplement external factors, creating multiple motivational pathways.
  • Long-term involvement typically depends on the development of intrinsic motivational factors, particularly social connections within the sporting community and personal identity association with the activity.
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Sample Answer 

  • Initial participation is often triggered by extrinsic factors such as social encouragement from friends or family, providing the external motivation needed to overcome inertia or uncertainty about joining.
  • Tangible extrinsic benefits like health improvements or weight management goals frequently motivate beginners who haven’t yet developed skill-based enjoyment of the activity.
  • As participants develop competence, intrinsic satisfaction from skill mastery and movement enjoyment begins to supplement external factors, creating multiple motivational pathways.
  • Long-term involvement typically depends on the development of intrinsic motivational factors, particularly social connections within the sporting community and personal identity association with the activity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 702

Describe how a coach can increase positive motivation in young athletes.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Coaches should establish progressive, achievable challenges that allow athletes to experience regular success, building confidence through visible skill development rather than emphasising competitive outcomes.
  • Providing specific, genuine praise focused on effort and process rather than natural ability reinforces desired behaviors while promoting growth mindset and resilience.
  • Creating supportive training environments where mistakes are treated as learning opportunities rather than failures helps athletes maintain a positive approach to skill development and risk-taking.
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Sample Answer 

  • Coaches should establish progressive, achievable challenges that allow athletes to experience regular success, building confidence through visible skill development rather than emphasising competitive outcomes.
  • Providing specific, genuine praise focused on effort and process rather than natural ability reinforces desired behaviors while promoting growth mindset and resilience.
  • Creating supportive training environments where mistakes are treated as learning opportunities rather than failures helps athletes maintain a positive approach to skill development and risk-taking.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 701

Analyse the relationship between motivational orientation and an athlete's response to success and failure in competitive situations.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Intrinsically motivated athletes typically respond to failure by analysing performance for improvement opportunities, maintaining engagement with the sport through focusing on process rather than outcome.
  • Extrinsically motivated athletes often experience significant motivation decreases following failure, particularly when external rewards are performance-contingent rather than participation-based.
  • Athletes with high task orientation view success through the lens of personal improvement and skill execution quality, enabling them to experience satisfaction even when competitive results are suboptimal.
  • Those with strong ego orientation may devalue successes that don’t receive external recognition, potentially limiting their performance satisfaction and requiring escalating rewards to maintain motivation.
  • Intrinsic motivation creates resilience following failure by generating alternative sources of satisfaction beyond competitive outcomes, exemplified by athletes who acknowledge technique improvements despite losing competitions.
  • The attribution patterns following failure differ significantly between motivational orientations, with intrinsically motivated athletes more likely to attribute setbacks to controllable, specific factors that can be addressed through training adjustments.
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Sample Answer 

  • Intrinsically motivated athletes typically respond to failure by analysing performance for improvement opportunities, maintaining engagement with the sport through focusing on process rather than outcome.
  • Extrinsically motivated athletes often experience significant motivation decreases following failure, particularly when external rewards are performance-contingent rather than participation-based.
  • Athletes with high task orientation view success through the lens of personal improvement and skill execution quality, enabling them to experience satisfaction even when competitive results are suboptimal.
  • Those with strong ego orientation may devalue successes that don’t receive external recognition, potentially limiting their performance satisfaction and requiring escalating rewards to maintain motivation.
  • Intrinsic motivation creates resilience following failure by generating alternative sources of satisfaction beyond competitive outcomes, exemplified by athletes who acknowledge technique improvements despite losing competitions.
  • The attribution patterns following failure differ significantly between motivational orientations, with intrinsically motivated athletes more likely to attribute setbacks to controllable, specific factors that can be addressed through training adjustments.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 694 MC

Which of the following is the BEST example of intrinsic motivation in sport?

  1. An athlete practising daily to earn a university scholarship
  2. A runner participating in a marathon for the enjoyment of the challenge
  3. A swimmer training harder after being criticised by their coach
  4. A basketball player performing well to receive praise from spectators
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\(B\)

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  • B is correct: The runner is motivated by the internal satisfaction and enjoyment of the challenge itself, representing intrinsic motivation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Pursuing a scholarship is an external reward (extrinsic motivation).
  • C is incorrect: Responding to criticism represents negative extrinsic motivation.
  • D is incorrect: Performing for spectator praise is a form of positive extrinsic motivation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 687

Explain how observing others can influence an individual's self-efficacy in sport.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Observing peers of similar ability successfully perform skills provides vicarious experiences that increase confidence in one’s own ability to accomplish the same tasks.
  • Watching successful demonstrations provides visual models for correct technique, which enhances learning and subsequent performance execution.
  • Seeing others overcome challenges in similar sporting contexts builds confidence that obstacles can be overcome through persistence and effort.
  • Observation of negative outcomes can decrease self-efficacy if the observer identifies with the struggling performer, highlighting the importance of appropriate modeling.
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Sample Answer 

  • Observing peers of similar ability successfully perform skills provides vicarious experiences that increase confidence in one’s own ability to accomplish the same tasks.
  • Watching successful demonstrations provides visual models for correct technique, which enhances learning and subsequent performance execution.
  • Seeing others overcome challenges in similar sporting contexts builds confidence that obstacles can be overcome through persistence and effort.
  • Observation of negative outcomes can decrease self-efficacy if the observer identifies with the struggling performer, highlighting the importance of appropriate modeling.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 682

Analyse how personal identity factors influence both participation and performance in sport. Use specific examples in your response.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-concept directly impacts sport selection, with individuals choosing activities that align with how they view themselves, such as a person who identifies as “adventurous” participating in rock climbing or extreme sports.
  • Family influence shapes early attitudes toward sport, with children of active parents being more likely to value and participate in physical activity throughout life.
  • Self-confidence affects performance outcomes by influencing how athletes respond to pressure and competition, with confident athletes maintaining focus and technique during crucial moments.
  • Knowledge about sport benefits creates motivated participants who understand the value of continued involvement even when facing challenges or time constraints.
  • Past successful experiences create positive associations with specific sports, building self-efficacy that encourages continued participation and willingness to attempt progressively challenging skills.
  • Cultural identity can determine which sports individuals are exposed to and value, such as cricket being highly valued in Indian communities or ice hockey in Canadian communities.
  • Gender identity can influence sport selection based on perceived appropriateness, though these barriers are increasingly being challenged in contemporary society.
  • The integration of sport into personal identity creates resilient participants who view setbacks as temporary rather than reasons to quit, maintaining participation through challenges.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-concept directly impacts sport selection, with individuals choosing activities that align with how they view themselves, such as a person who identifies as “adventurous” participating in rock climbing or extreme sports.
  • Family influence shapes early attitudes toward sport, with children of active parents being more likely to value and participate in physical activity throughout life.
  • Self-confidence affects performance outcomes by influencing how athletes respond to pressure and competition, with confident athletes maintaining focus and technique during crucial moments.
  • Knowledge about sport benefits creates motivated participants who understand the value of continued involvement even when facing challenges or time constraints.
  • Past successful experiences create positive associations with specific sports, building self-efficacy that encourages continued participation and willingness to attempt progressively challenging skills.
  • Cultural identity can determine which sports individuals are exposed to and value, such as cricket being highly valued in Indian communities or ice hockey in Canadian communities.
  • Gender identity can influence sport selection based on perceived appropriateness, though these barriers are increasingly being challenged in contemporary society.
  • The integration of sport into personal identity creates resilient participants who view setbacks as temporary rather than reasons to quit, maintaining participation through challenges.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 681

Describe how peer influence can affect a young person's participation in sport.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Young people often participate in sports their friends engage in to maintain social connections and avoid feeling excluded from peer groups.
  • Peers can provide encouragement and support during training and competition, enhancing motivation to continue participation.
  • Negative peer interactions or bullying in sporting contexts can discourage participation and cause young people to withdraw from sports they might otherwise enjoy.
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Sample Answer 

  • Young people often participate in sports their friends engage in to maintain social connections and avoid feeling excluded from peer groups.
  • Peers can provide encouragement and support during training and competition, enhancing motivation to continue participation.
  • Negative peer interactions or bullying in sporting contexts can discourage participation and cause young people to withdraw from sports they might otherwise enjoy.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 680

Explain how self-efficacy influences an individual's sport participation and performance.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-efficacy determines whether individuals attempt sporting activities, as people avoid tasks they believe exceed their capabilities.
  • High self-efficacy in sport leads to greater persistence when facing obstacles or challenges during training and competition.
  • Success experiences in specific sport skills build self-efficacy for similar tasks, creating a positive cycle of confidence and performance improvement.
  • Self-efficacy affects goal-setting behavior, with individuals possessing higher self-efficacy setting more challenging goals, contributing to better performance outcomes.
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Sample Answer 

  • Self-efficacy determines whether individuals attempt sporting activities, as people avoid tasks they believe exceed their capabilities.
  • High self-efficacy in sport leads to greater persistence when facing obstacles or challenges during training and competition.
  • Success experiences in specific sport skills build self-efficacy for similar tasks, creating a positive cycle of confidence and performance improvement.
  • Self-efficacy affects goal-setting behavior, with individuals possessing higher self-efficacy setting more challenging goals, contributing to better performance outcomes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 678 MC

Sophia has experienced setbacks in her gymnastics career but continues to view challenges as opportunities to improve rather than reasons to give up.

This mindset most directly reflects which personal characteristic that influences sport participation and performance?

  1. Knowledge of various sports
  2. Family support systems
  3. Physical aptitude
  4. Resilience
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\(D\)

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  • D is correct: Resilience is defined by the ability to bounce back from setbacks and view challenges as opportunities.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Knowledge of various sports is not directly related to overcoming setbacks.
  • B is incorrect: While family support may contribute to resilience, the scenario focuses on Sophia’s own mindset and approach.
  • C is incorrect: Physical aptitude refers to natural physical abilities rather than psychological characteristics.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 676 MC

Which of the following best describes how self-efficacy influences an individual's performance in sport?

  1. It determines their physical ability to perform complex movements
  2. It dictates the level of public recognition they receive
  3. It influences their persistence when facing obstacles
  4. It directly determines the amount of time they spend training
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\(C\)

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  • C is correct: Self-efficacy directly affects persistence when facing challenges or obstacles in sporting tasks.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Self-efficacy is about belief in ability, not the physical ability itself.
  • B is incorrect: Public recognition is an external factor not directly related to self-efficacy.
  • D is incorrect: While self-efficacy might influence training dedication, it doesn’t directly determine training time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 2 MC

An Olympic weightlifter continues to train despite a minor injury because they are afraid of losing their sponsorship deals and disappointing their parents who have invested significant money in their career. This athlete's motivation is primarily:

  1. Negative and intrinsic
  2. Negative and extrinsic
  3. Positive and intrinsic
  4. Positive and extrinsic
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\(B\)

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The athlete demonstrates:

    • Extrinsic motivation – driven by external factors: sponsorship deals and parental pressure 
    • Negative motivation – fear of loss and disappointment, rather than positive goal achievement

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 1 MC

A swimmer trains consistently at 5 a.m. every morning, setting personal goals to improve their technique and times, with the aim of qualifying for the Olympic team. This athlete's motivation is primarily:

  1. Negative and extrinsic
  2. Positive and extrinsic
  3. Negative and intrinsic
  4. Positive and intrinsic
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\(D\)

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The athlete demonstrates:

    • Intrinsic motivation – self-driven, personal goal setting, focus on self-improvement
    • Positive motivation – consistent commitment to training, constructive goal-setting approach

\(\Rightarrow D\)