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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 859

Discuss how an understanding of biomechanics can be applied to increase movement efficiency and performance in wheelchair racing.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Wheelchair athletes develop upper body strength to apply maximum force to the wheel rims, creating forward momentum and speed with each push.
  • The angle at which athletes push on the wheel rim matters – pushing the rim in a direction that maximises forward movement rather than wasting energy pushing downward improves efficiency.
  • The position of the seat in relation to the wheels affects how effectively the athlete can push. Finding the right position based on the athlete’s body size and arm length helps them generate more power with less effort.
  • Streamlined body positions reduce air resistance, allowing racers to maintain speed more easily, similar to how cyclists use aerodynamic positions.
  • Developing a smooth pushing rhythm allows racers to maintain momentum between pushes, rather than slowing down significantly during the recovery phase.
  • The angle of the wheels (called camber) can be adjusted to improve stability and make it easier for the athlete to reach the rims effectively during pushing.
  • Lightweight materials like carbon fibre reduce the energy needed to move the wheelchair, allowing more of the athlete’s power to translate into speed.
  • Specialised gloves improve grip on the rims, allowing the athlete to transfer force more effectively without wasting energy trying to maintain contact with the wheel.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Wheelchair athletes develop upper body strength to apply maximum force to the wheel rims, creating forward momentum and speed with each push.
  • The angle at which athletes push on the wheel rim matters – pushing the rim in a direction that maximises forward movement rather than wasting energy pushing downward improves efficiency.
  • The position of the seat in relation to the wheels affects how effectively the athlete can push. Finding the right position based on the athlete’s body size and arm length helps them generate more power with less effort.
  • Streamlined body positions reduce air resistance, allowing racers to maintain speed more easily, similar to how cyclists use aerodynamic positions.
  • Developing a smooth pushing rhythm allows racers to maintain momentum between pushes, rather than slowing down significantly during the recovery phase.
  • The angle of the wheels (called camber) can be adjusted to improve stability and make it easier for the athlete to reach the rims effectively during pushing.
  • Lightweight materials like carbon fibre reduce the energy needed to move the wheelchair, allowing more of the athlete’s power to translate into speed.
  • Specialised gloves improve grip on the rims, allowing the athlete to transfer force more effectively without wasting energy trying to maintain contact with the wheel.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 858

Evaluate how biomechanical principles could be applied to improve movement efficiency for athletes with disabilities compared to able-bodied athletes. In your response, refer to specific adaptations and their effects.   (10 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Athletes with lower-limb prosthetics must rely on their remaining leg muscles to generate force, requiring specially designed prosthetics that effectively transfer this force to the ground, unlike able-bodied athletes who use their entire leg.
  • Wheelchair racers generate movement by pushing on wheel rims with their arms, which requires completely different training than able-bodied runners who push against the ground with their legs.
  • Modern prosthetic limbs use flexible materials that store and return energy (like a spring), mimicking how tendons work in able-bodied athletes to make movement more efficient.
  • Athletes with asymmetrical bodies (such as single-leg amputees) need to develop techniques that maintain forward momentum without wasting energy on unnecessary sideways movement.
  • Athletes with conditions like cerebral palsy benefit from personalised movement techniques based on their specific abilities, rather than trying to copy standard movement patterns.
  • Specialised equipment using lightweight materials helps compensate for the additional challenges faced by para-athletes, reducing the energy needed to perform movements.
  • For wheelchair athletes, the position of their seat and the angle of their wheels can dramatically affect how efficiently they can apply force and maintain stability.
  • The connection between athlete and equipment (like how a prosthetic fits or how a wheelchair is customised) is crucial for transferring energy efficiently without causing discomfort or injury.
  • Visually impaired athletes develop enhanced awareness of body position and movement through other senses, helping them maintain efficient technique without visual feedback.
  • Training for para-athletes often focuses on developing unique movement patterns that work best for their specific body structure rather than trying to replicate conventional techniques.
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Sample Answer

  • Athletes with lower-limb prosthetics must rely on their remaining leg muscles to generate force, requiring specially designed prosthetics that effectively transfer this force to the ground, unlike able-bodied athletes who use their entire leg.
  • Wheelchair racers generate movement by pushing on wheel rims with their arms, which requires completely different training than able-bodied runners who push against the ground with their legs.
  • Modern prosthetic limbs use flexible materials that store and return energy (like a spring), mimicking how tendons work in able-bodied athletes to make movement more efficient.
  • Athletes with asymmetrical bodies (such as single-leg amputees) need to develop techniques that maintain forward momentum without wasting energy on unnecessary sideways movement.
  • Athletes with conditions like cerebral palsy benefit from personalised movement techniques based on their specific abilities, rather than trying to copy standard movement patterns.
  • Specialised equipment using lightweight materials helps compensate for the additional challenges faced by para-athletes, reducing the energy needed to perform movements.
  • For wheelchair athletes, the position of their seat and the angle of their wheels can dramatically affect how efficiently they can apply force and maintain stability.
  • The connection between athlete and equipment (like how a prosthetic fits or how a wheelchair is customised) is crucial for transferring energy efficiently without causing discomfort or injury.
  • Visually impaired athletes develop enhanced awareness of body position and movement through other senses, helping them maintain efficient technique without visual feedback.
  • Training for para-athletes often focuses on developing unique movement patterns that work best for their specific body structure rather than trying to replicate conventional techniques.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 857

Analyse how biomechanical principles related to efficient force absorption can be applied to reduce injury risk in sport. Provide specific examples in your response.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Extending the time and distance over which force is absorbed (such as bending the knees when landing from a jump) reduces peak impact forces on joints, particularly beneficial for preventing ACL injuries in basketball players.
  • Using larger muscle groups to absorb impact forces, as seen when rugby players engage their quadriceps and pectorals during tackles, distributes force over a greater surface area, reducing pressure on any single point and preventing contusions.
  • Gradually decelerating objects when catching (rather than stopping them suddenly) extends the stopping time, reducing the force experienced by smaller structures like finger joints and wrist bones, as practiced in cricket or baseball catching techniques.
  • Creating a wider base of support during contact activities distributes ground reaction forces across a larger area, enhancing stability and preventing falls that could lead to acute injuries, exemplified by defensive stances in basketball or rugby.
  • Implementing the biomechanical principle of “giving” with impact when receiving force, such as moving the hands backward when catching a fast ball, extends deceleration time and significantly reduces impact forces on wrist joints.
  • Using protective equipment designed with force-absorbing materials increases the distance over which impact energy is dissipated, as demonstrated by cricket pads or hockey shin guards that transform impact energy into material deformation.
  • Maintaining proper body alignment during movements ensures forces are directed through appropriate load-bearing structures, as seen in proper squat technique where force is distributed through the legs rather than concentrated on the spine.
  • Developing sport-specific techniques that optimise the body’s natural shock absorption mechanisms, such as the forefoot strike pattern many elite runners use, can minimise impact forces and reduce the risk of stress fractures and joint injuries.
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Sample Answer

  • Extending the time and distance over which force is absorbed (such as bending the knees when landing from a jump) reduces peak impact forces on joints, particularly beneficial for preventing ACL injuries in basketball players.
  • Using larger muscle groups to absorb impact forces, as seen when rugby players engage their quadriceps and pectorals during tackles, distributes force over a greater surface area, reducing pressure on any single point and preventing contusions.
  • Gradually decelerating objects when catching (rather than stopping them suddenly) extends the stopping time, reducing the force experienced by smaller structures like finger joints and wrist bones, as practiced in cricket or baseball catching techniques.
  • Creating a wider base of support during contact activities distributes ground reaction forces across a larger area, enhancing stability and preventing falls that could lead to acute injuries, exemplified by defensive stances in basketball or rugby.
  • Implementing the biomechanical principle of “giving” with impact when receiving force, such as moving the hands backward when catching a fast ball, extends deceleration time and significantly reduces impact forces on wrist joints.
  • Using protective equipment designed with force-absorbing materials increases the distance over which impact energy is dissipated, as demonstrated by cricket pads or hockey shin guards that transform impact energy into material deformation.
  • Maintaining proper body alignment during movements ensures forces are directed through appropriate load-bearing structures, as seen in proper squat technique where force is distributed through the legs rather than concentrated on the spine.
  • Developing sport-specific techniques that optimise the body’s natural shock absorption mechanisms, such as the forefoot strike pattern many elite runners use, can minimise impact forces and reduce the risk of stress fractures and joint injuries.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 856

Explain how biomechanical principles can be applied to increase movement efficiency and reduce injury risk in athletes with prosthetic limbs.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The prosthetic limb serves as a lever to which the upper leg muscles (quadriceps and hamstrings) apply force, with proper alignment maximising the efficiency of this force transfer and reducing unnecessary energy expenditure.
  • Custom-fitted prosthetics designed with biomechanical principles ensure optimal force distribution at the interface between the residual limb and prosthesis, preventing tissue damage and allowing for more efficient movement patterns.
  • Centre of gravity adjustments through prosthetic design and positioning help maintain balance during movement, reducing compensatory movements that waste energy and can lead to overuse injuries in other body parts.
  • The weight and materials of prosthetic components significantly impact movement efficiency, with lightweight, energy-returning materials reducing metabolic cost during activities like running or jumping.
  • Biomechanical analysis of gait patterns allows for technical adjustments that normalise stride length and frequency, improving symmetry between prosthetic and non-prosthetic limbs to prevent compensatory injuries.
  • Training that incorporates proprioceptive feedback helps athletes develop a more efficient neuromuscular control system adapted to the unique properties of their prosthetic limb, reducing injury risk from poor movement patterns.
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Sample Answer

  • The prosthetic limb serves as a lever to which the upper leg muscles (quadriceps and hamstrings) apply force, with proper alignment maximising the efficiency of this force transfer and reducing unnecessary energy expenditure.
  • Custom-fitted prosthetics designed with biomechanical principles ensure optimal force distribution at the interface between the residual limb and prosthesis, preventing tissue damage and allowing for more efficient movement patterns.
  • Centre of gravity adjustments through prosthetic design and positioning help maintain balance during movement, reducing compensatory movements that waste energy and can lead to overuse injuries in other body parts.
  • The weight and materials of prosthetic components significantly impact movement efficiency, with lightweight, energy-returning materials reducing metabolic cost during activities like running or jumping.
  • Biomechanical analysis of gait patterns allows for technical adjustments that normalise stride length and frequency, improving symmetry between prosthetic and non-prosthetic limbs to prevent compensatory injuries.
  • Training that incorporates proprioceptive feedback helps athletes develop a more efficient neuromuscular control system adapted to the unique properties of their prosthetic limb, reducing injury risk from poor movement patterns.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 855

Outline how the biomechanical principle of force application can improve movement efficiency for athletes with disabilities.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • For wheelchair athletes, applying maximum force through the arms directly to the wheel rims generates greater speed and momentum, improving racing efficiency.
  • Athletes with prosthetic limbs can maximise movement efficiency by developing the muscles of the remaining limb segments (e.g., quadriceps and hamstrings for leg amputees) to apply optimal force to the prosthetic device.
  • Understanding the direction of force application allows para-athletes to make technical adjustments that minimise energy waste and maximise forward propulsion.
  • Modified equipment design based on biomechanical principles (such as specialised wheelchair frames or custom prosthetics) can enhance the efficiency of force transfer from the athlete’s body to the ground or equipment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • For wheelchair athletes, applying maximum force through the arms directly to the wheel rims generates greater speed and momentum, improving racing efficiency.
  • Athletes with prosthetic limbs can maximise movement efficiency by developing the muscles of the remaining limb segments (e.g., quadriceps and hamstrings for leg amputees) to apply optimal force to the prosthetic device.
  • Understanding the direction of force application allows para-athletes to make technical adjustments that minimise energy waste and maximise forward propulsion.
  • Modified equipment design based on biomechanical principles (such as specialised wheelchair frames or custom prosthetics) can enhance the efficiency of force transfer from the athlete’s body to the ground or equipment.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 854 MC

For a sprinter with a prosthetic lower limb, which biomechanical principle most directly contributes to movement efficiency?

  1. Using upper leg muscles to apply force to the prosthetic limb
  2. Generating rotational force through the prosthetic joint
  3. Decreasing the weight of the prosthetic to reduce momentum
  4. Widening the stance to create a more stable base of support
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: 

  • Athletes with prosthetic lower limbs rely on their upper leg muscles (quadriceps and hamstrings) to generate force and apply it to the prosthetic device, which then transfers this force to produce forward movement.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Prosthetic limbs typically don’t focus on rotational force generation as their primary biomechanical function.
  • C is incorrect: Decreasing weight alone doesn’t increase movement efficiency; the application of force is more important for generating propulsion.
  • D is incorrect: While stability is important, a widened stance would actually reduce forward propulsion efficiency for a sprinter.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 853 MC

Which biomechanical adaptation would most effectively increase movement efficiency for a wheelchair athlete during racing?

  1. Developing lower body strength to increase power
  2. Applying force through the arms to the rim of the wheels
  3. Reducing the weight of the wheelchair to decrease resistance
  4. Using protective gloves to absorb impact from the wheels
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • Wheelchair athletes generate maximum momentum and speed by applying force directly through their arms to the wheel rims, which is the primary biomechanical principle improving their movement efficiency.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Wheelchair athletes primarily rely on upper body strength rather than lower body strength, particularly if they have limited or no use of their lower limbs.
  • C is incorrect: While reducing wheelchair weight might help performance, it’s not specifically related to the biomechanical principle of force application that directly increases movement efficiency.
  • D is incorrect: While gloves might help with grip, they primarily serve a protective function rather than directly increasing movement efficiency through biomechanical principles.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 852

Evaluate how knowledge of biomechanical principles could be applied to develop a safe squatting technique for an elderly individual with reduced mobility. In your answer, refer to balance, stability, force, and movement efficiency.   (10 marks)

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Sample Answer

Balance

  • Balance for elderly individuals can be enhanced during squatting by incorporating supportive aids such as chairs or rails, providing points of contact that expand the effective base of support and prevent falls.

Stability

  • Stability is maximised by teaching a wider stance (greater than shoulder width), creating a larger base of support that accommodates potential balance deficits and compensates for reduced proprioceptive capabilities common in older adults.
  • Centre of gravity management is crucial for elderly individuals, who should be instructed to maintain their weight centered over the mid-foot throughout the movement, preventing excessive forward lean that could create instability.
  • Joint protection is enhanced by teaching a neutral spine position throughout the squat, which distributes forces evenly along the vertebral column rather than concentrating pressure on potentially osteoporotic vertebrae.

Force

  • Force distribution through proper alignment of joints (ankle, knee, hip) ensures that structural loading occurs in directions that joints are designed to bear weight, reducing stress on potentially arthritic joints.
  • Force production can be optimised by emphasising controlled eccentric (lowering) and concentric (rising) phases, preventing sudden movements that could trigger protective muscle spasms or cause loss of balance.

Movement efficiency

  • Movement efficiency for elderly individuals benefits from a reduced squatting depth initially, limiting the range of motion to a level where control can be maintained, gradually increasing depth as strength and confidence improve.
  • Efficiency of muscle recruitment should focus on engaging the stronger gluteal and quadriceps muscles rather than relying on potentially weaker lower back muscles, which is achieved through proper technique cues about hip hinging.
  • Adaptation of the movement pattern may be necessary for individuals with specific mobility limitations, such as modifying foot position for those with limited ankle dorsiflexion to maintain proper biomechanical alignment.

Progressive loading

  • Progressive loading is a vital principle to apply, beginning with bodyweight or assisted squats before introducing light external loads, ensuring that the musculoskeletal system adapts safely to increased demands over time.
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Sample Answer

Balance

  • Balance for elderly individuals can be enhanced during squatting by incorporating supportive aids such as chairs or rails, providing points of contact that expand the effective base of support and prevent falls.

Stability

  • Stability is maximised by teaching a wider stance (greater than shoulder width), creating a larger base of support that accommodates potential balance deficits and compensates for reduced proprioceptive capabilities common in older adults.
  • Centre of gravity management is crucial for elderly individuals, who should be instructed to maintain their weight centered over the mid-foot throughout the movement, preventing excessive forward lean that could create instability.
  • Joint protection is enhanced by teaching a neutral spine position throughout the squat, which distributes forces evenly along the vertebral column rather than concentrating pressure on potentially osteoporotic vertebrae.

Force

  • Force distribution through proper alignment of joints (ankle, knee, hip) ensures that structural loading occurs in directions that joints are designed to bear weight, reducing stress on potentially arthritic joints.
  • Force production can be optimised by emphasising controlled eccentric (lowering) and concentric (rising) phases, preventing sudden movements that could trigger protective muscle spasms or cause loss of balance.

Movement efficiency

  • Movement efficiency for elderly individuals benefits from a reduced squatting depth initially, limiting the range of motion to a level where control can be maintained, gradually increasing depth as strength and confidence improve.
  • Efficiency of muscle recruitment should focus on engaging the stronger gluteal and quadriceps muscles rather than relying on potentially weaker lower back muscles, which is achieved through proper technique cues about hip hinging.
  • Adaptation of the movement pattern may be necessary for individuals with specific mobility limitations, such as modifying foot position for those with limited ankle dorsiflexion to maintain proper biomechanical alignment.

Progressive loading

  • Progressive loading is a vital principle to apply, beginning with bodyweight or assisted squats before introducing light external loads, ensuring that the musculoskeletal system adapts safely to increased demands over time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 851

Analyse how an understanding of biomechanical principles related to force absorption can reduce injury risk during movement activities. Provide specific examples.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Force absorption through proper landing technique, such as bending the knees when landing from a jump in basketball, extends the stopping distance and time, reducing the peak force experienced by joints and tissues.
  • Creating a wider base of support, as seen in rugby players widening their stance before contact, distributes impact forces over a larger area and increases stability, reducing the risk of falling and sustaining contact injuries.
  • Gradual deceleration when catching objects (“giving” with the hands) in sports like cricket or water polo extends the time of impact, reducing the peak force experienced by the hands and arms.
  • Using protective equipment such as shin guards in hockey or cricket pads absorbs and distributes impact forces over larger surface areas, protecting vulnerable body parts from direct impacts.
  • Absorbing tackles or impacts with larger muscle groups (like quadriceps or pectorals) rather than smaller joints or bones reduces pressure by distributing force over a greater surface area.
  • The heel-to-toe rolling action in walking represents effective force absorption as it transforms the initial impact into forward momentum through a controlled sequence of foot contacts.
  • Proper footwear with cushioning materials absorbs ground reaction forces during walking or running activities, preventing these forces from directly impacting joints.
  • Maintaining correct posture during lifting activities ensures forces are directed through appropriate load-bearing structures (like the leg muscles) rather than vulnerable areas (like the lumbar spine).
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Force absorption through proper landing technique, such as bending the knees when landing from a jump in basketball, extends the stopping distance and time, reducing the peak force experienced by joints and tissues.
  • Creating a wider base of support, as seen in rugby players widening their stance before contact, distributes impact forces over a larger area and increases stability, reducing the risk of falling and sustaining contact injuries.
  • Gradual deceleration when catching objects (“giving” with the hands) in sports like cricket or water polo extends the time of impact, reducing the peak force experienced by the hands and arms.
  • Using protective equipment such as shin guards in hockey or cricket pads absorbs and distributes impact forces over larger surface areas, protecting vulnerable body parts from direct impacts.
  • Absorbing tackles or impacts with larger muscle groups (like quadriceps or pectorals) rather than smaller joints or bones reduces pressure by distributing force over a greater surface area.
  • The heel-to-toe rolling action in walking represents effective force absorption as it transforms the initial impact into forward momentum through a controlled sequence of foot contacts.
  • Proper footwear with cushioning materials absorbs ground reaction forces during walking or running activities, preventing these forces from directly impacting joints.
  • Maintaining correct posture during lifting activities ensures forces are directed through appropriate load-bearing structures (like the leg muscles) rather than vulnerable areas (like the lumbar spine).

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 850

Describe how biomechanical principles can be applied to enhance safety when lifting a heavy object from the ground.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Position feet shoulder-width apart to create a stable base of support, which increases balance and stability during the lifting action.
  • Keep the object close to the body to reduce the lever arm, minimising torque on the spine and decreasing stress on back muscles.
  • Bend at the knees and hips rather than the waist to utilise the stronger leg muscles (quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals) instead of relying on weaker back muscles.
  • Maintain a neutral spine position (straight back) throughout the lift to evenly distribute forces along the vertebral column, preventing excessive stress at any single point.
  • Avoid twisting while lifting to prevent rotational forces on the spine, which can damage intervertebral discs and lead to back injuries.
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Sample Answer

  • Position feet shoulder-width apart to create a stable base of support, which increases balance and stability during the lifting action.
  • Keep the object close to the body to reduce the lever arm, minimising torque on the spine and decreasing stress on back muscles.
  • Bend at the knees and hips rather than the waist to utilise the stronger leg muscles (quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals) instead of relying on weaker back muscles.
  • Maintain a neutral spine position (straight back) throughout the lift to evenly distribute forces along the vertebral column, preventing excessive stress at any single point.
  • Avoid twisting while lifting to prevent rotational forces on the spine, which can damage intervertebral discs and lead to back injuries.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 849

Explain how widening the base of support enhances safety when performing a squat.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Widening the base of support (feet positioned wider apart) increases lateral stability during a squat by creating a larger area of support, reducing the likelihood of falling sideways.
  • A wider stance lowers the centre of gravity, making it easier to maintain balance throughout the squatting movement, particularly at the bottom position where instability is most common.
  • The wider stance allows for proper alignment of the knees over the feet during the movement, reducing lateral stress on the knee joints and decreasing risk of knee injuries.
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Sample Answer

  • Widening the base of support (feet positioned wider apart) increases lateral stability during a squat by creating a larger area of support, reducing the likelihood of falling sideways.
  • A wider stance lowers the centre of gravity, making it easier to maintain balance throughout the squatting movement, particularly at the bottom position where instability is most common.
  • The wider stance allows for proper alignment of the knees over the feet during the movement, reducing lateral stress on the knee joints and decreasing risk of knee injuries.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 848 MC

Which biomechanical principle is demonstrated when a basketball player bends their knees when landing from a rebound?

  1. Increasing the speed of movement to maintain momentum
  2. Absorbing force over a larger distance to reduce impact
  3. Raising the centre of gravity to improve visibility
  4. Concentrating force on a small area to enhance control
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • Bending the knees when landing extends the time and distance over which the force is absorbed, reducing the impact on joints and helping prevent injuries.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Increasing speed during landing would actually increase impact forces, not reduce them.
  • C is incorrect: Raising the centre of gravity would decrease stability during landing.
  • D is incorrect: Concentrating force on a small area would increase pressure and potential injury risk, not enhance safety.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 847 MC

When lifting a heavy box from the floor, which application of biomechanical principles would MOST effectively reduce the risk of lower back injury?

  1. Keeping the knees straight and bending at the waist
  2. Holding the box far from the body to distribute weight evenly
  3. Positioning the feet close together for better balance
  4. Keeping the weight close to the body and bending at the knees
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: 

  • Keeping the weight close to the body reduces the lever arm and torque on the spine.
  • Additionally, bending at the knees engages the stronger leg muscles rather than putting strain on the back muscles and spine.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Keeping knees straight and bending at the waist places significant stress on the lower back and increases risk of injury.
  • B is incorrect: Holding a box far from the body increases the lever arm, creating greater torque on the spine and increasing injury risk.
  • C is incorrect: Positioning feet close together decreases stability during lifting, increasing the chance of losing balance and causing injury.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 846 MC

During a walking activity, which biomechanical principle best explains why proper heel-to-toe foot placement reduces the risk of injury?

  1. It minimises the base of support
  2. It distributes force more evenly
  3. It increases the force of impact
  4. It raises the centre of gravity
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • A proper heel-to-toe foot placement during walking distributes the force of impact more evenly across the foot.
  • It therefore reduces stress on any single point and decreases the risk of injuries like shin splints or plantar fasciitis.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Minimising the base of support would create instability rather than enhance safety.
  • C is incorrect: Increasing the force of impact would heighten injury risk, not reduce it.
  • D is incorrect: Raising the centre of gravity would decrease stability during walking, potentially leading to falls or other injuries.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 845 MC

A student is learning to perform a squat correctly in physical education class. Which combination of biomechanical principles would most effectively enhance safety during this movement?

  1. Decreasing the base of support and raising the centre of gravity
  2. Maintaining a straight back and keeping the weight away from the body
  3. Widening the base of support and lowering the centre of gravity
  4. Bending the back and keeping the feet close together
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • Widening the base of support increases stability during a squat, while lowering the centre of gravity further enhances balance, reducing the risk of falling.
  • These biomechanical principles are essential for maintaining proper form and preventing injury.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Decreasing the base of support and raising the centre of gravity would decrease stability, making the squat unsafe.
  • B is incorrect: While maintaining a straight back is correct, keeping the weight away from the body creates unnecessary leverage that strains the lower back.
  • D is incorrect: Bending the back during a squat can cause spinal injuries, and keeping the feet close together provides an unstable base of support.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 844

Using your knowledge of fluid mechanics, evaluate how a competitive swimmer can apply biomechanical principles to enhance movement efficiency and performance.

In your answer, refer to drag, buoyancy, and the interrelationship between body systems.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Introduction:

  • Competitive swimming performance depends on effectively applying fluid mechanics principles to overcome water resistance through drag management, buoyancy control, and coordinated body systems.

Drag Reduction:

  • Swimmers must minimise drag by maintaining a streamlined horizontal position with contracted abdominals to elevate hips.
  • This streamlining reduces frontal resistance by decreasing the body’s cross-sectional area exposed to water.
  • Elite swimmers use cupped hands with fingers together to create lift forces similar to airplane wings, maximising propulsion.
  • As swimming velocity increases, water resistance increases exponentially, requiring greater force production to maintain speed.

Buoyancy Optimisation:

  • Effective swimming requires balancing the centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy; muscular swimmers typically have lower natural buoyancy.
  • Swimmers enhance flotation by maintaining partial lung inflation and engaging core muscles to lift hips and legs.
  • Body composition affects buoyancy significantly—higher body fat percentage increases natural flotation.
  • Strategic body rotation in freestyle enhances buoyancy management while improving breathing and arm mechanics.

Interrelationship Between Body Systems:

  • The muscular-skeletal system maintains alignment through core stabilisation and proper shoulder positioning.
  • The cardiorespiratory system must deliver sufficient oxygen to working muscles while simultaneously contributing to buoyancy through lung inflation.
  • The nervous system coordinates precise movements through proprioception, allowing the swimmer to maintain optimal body position despite not being able to see their alignment.
  • Elite swimmers continuously adjust their technique based on changing conditions (fatigue, race stage) to maintain optimal efficiency between muscle activation patterns and fluid mechanics principles.

Conclusion:

  • By applying biomechanical principles to control drag and buoyancy while coordinating multiple body systems, swimmers optimise efficiency, resulting in improved performance and reduced fatigue during competition.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Introduction:

  • Competitive swimming performance depends on effectively applying fluid mechanics principles to overcome water resistance through drag management, buoyancy control, and coordinated body systems.

Drag Reduction:

  • Swimmers must minimise drag by maintaining a streamlined horizontal position with contracted abdominals to elevate hips.
  • This streamlining reduces frontal resistance by decreasing the body’s cross-sectional area exposed to water.
  • Elite swimmers use cupped hands with fingers together to create lift forces similar to airplane wings, maximising propulsion.
  • As swimming velocity increases, water resistance increases exponentially, requiring greater force production to maintain speed.

Buoyancy Optimisation:

  • Effective swimming requires balancing the centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy; muscular swimmers typically have lower natural buoyancy.
  • Swimmers enhance flotation by maintaining partial lung inflation and engaging core muscles to lift hips and legs.
  • Body composition affects buoyancy significantly—higher body fat percentage increases natural flotation.
  • Strategic body rotation in freestyle enhances buoyancy management while improving breathing and arm mechanics.

Interrelationship Between Body Systems:

  • The muscular-skeletal system maintains alignment through core stabilisation and proper shoulder positioning.
  • The cardiorespiratory system must deliver sufficient oxygen to working muscles while simultaneously contributing to buoyancy through lung inflation.
  • The nervous system coordinates precise movements through proprioception, allowing the swimmer to maintain optimal body position despite not being able to see their alignment.
  • Elite swimmers continuously adjust their technique based on changing conditions (fatigue, race stage) to maintain optimal efficiency between muscle activation patterns and fluid mechanics principles.

Conclusion:

  • By applying biomechanical principles to control drag and buoyancy while coordinating multiple body systems, swimmers optimise efficiency, resulting in improved performance and reduced fatigue during competition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 843

Analyse how biomechanical principles related to balance and stability are applied to enhance safety and movement efficiency in gymnastics floor routines.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Gymnasts manipulate their centre of gravity relative to their base of support to maintain balance during various movements.
  • During a handstand, the gymnast must position their centre of gravity directly above their base of support (hands) by engaging shoulder, arm, and core muscles to maintain alignment.
  • To prevent falls, gymnasts widen their base of support during skill transitions by positioning hands/feet further apart, lowering their centre of gravity closer to the floor.
  • When executing a forward roll, gymnasts tuck their chin to chest, contracting neck muscles and flexing the cervical spine to protect the neck and maintain a smooth roll along the spine.
  • During landings from tumbling passes, gymnasts bend at the knee, hip, and ankle joints to absorb impact forces gradually rather than suddenly.
  • This controlled absorption of force through muscular eccentric contraction of the quadriceps and gluteal muscles reduces stress on joints and lowers injury risk.
  • For dynamic movements, gymnasts shift their line of gravity to the edge of their base of support, creating controlled instability that facilitates efficient movement initiation.
  • In spinning elements like pirouettes, gymnasts contract core muscles to stabilise their torso while maintaining a narrow base of support around a vertical axis.
  • Efficient weight transfer during complex sequences requires precise control of the centre of gravity through coordinated muscular contractions and joint movements.
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Sample Answer

  • Gymnasts manipulate their centre of gravity relative to their base of support to maintain balance during various movements.
  • During a handstand, the gymnast must position their centre of gravity directly above their base of support (hands) by engaging shoulder, arm, and core muscles to maintain alignment.
  • To prevent falls, gymnasts widen their base of support during skill transitions by positioning hands/feet further apart, lowering their centre of gravity closer to the floor.
  • When executing a forward roll, gymnasts tuck their chin to chest, contracting neck muscles and flexing the cervical spine to protect the neck and maintain a smooth roll along the spine.
  • During landings from tumbling passes, gymnasts bend at the knee, hip, and ankle joints to absorb impact forces gradually rather than suddenly.
  • This controlled absorption of force through muscular eccentric contraction of the quadriceps and gluteal muscles reduces stress on joints and lowers injury risk.
  • For dynamic movements, gymnasts shift their line of gravity to the edge of their base of support, creating controlled instability that facilitates efficient movement initiation.
  • In spinning elements like pirouettes, gymnasts contract core muscles to stabilise their torso while maintaining a narrow base of support around a vertical axis.
  • Efficient weight transfer during complex sequences requires precise control of the centre of gravity through coordinated muscular contractions and joint movements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 842

Explain how the biomechanical principle of force is applied in a sprint start, making reference to the interrelationship between muscles, bones, and joints.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • In a sprint start, the athlete applies force against the starting blocks through muscular contraction, primarily using the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteal muscles.
  • These muscles contract forcefully, pulling on the femur, tibia, and fibula bones to generate powerful extension at the hip and knee joints.
  • The ankle joint plantar flexes through contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, pushing against the blocks to create a reaction force.
  • According to Newton’s Third Law, the force applied to the blocks results in an equal and opposite reaction force, propelling the athlete forward.
  • The arm muscles (biceps and triceps) contract to create a counterbalance movement, generating additional force through the shoulder joint rotation.
  • The abdominal muscles contract to maintain core stability, allowing efficient force transfer from lower body to upper body.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • In a sprint start, the athlete applies force against the starting blocks through muscular contraction, primarily using the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteal muscles.
  • These muscles contract forcefully, pulling on the femur, tibia, and fibula bones to generate powerful extension at the hip and knee joints.
  • The ankle joint plantar flexes through contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, pushing against the blocks to create a reaction force.
  • According to Newton’s Third Law, the force applied to the blocks results in an equal and opposite reaction force, propelling the athlete forward.
  • The arm muscles (biceps and triceps) contract to create a counterbalance movement, generating additional force through the shoulder joint rotation.
  • The abdominal muscles contract to maintain core stability, allowing efficient force transfer from lower body to upper body.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 841 MC

The image below shows a tennis player preparing to return a serve.

Which biomechanical principle is this player primarily using to optimise stability?

  1. Lowering the centre of gravity and widening the base of support
  2. Narrowing the base of support to increase agility
  3. Raising the centre of gravity to improve reaction time
  4. Increasing the line of gravity outside the base of support
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: 

  • The tennis player has lowered their centre of gravity by bending their knees and has widened their stance (base of support), which increases stability when preparing to receive a fast serve.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Narrowing the base of support would decrease stability, making it harder to maintain balance when receiving a powerful shot.
  • C is incorrect: Raising the center of gravity would decrease stability and make the player more likely to be off-balance.
  • D is incorrect: Moving the line of gravity outside the base of support would create instability and potentially cause the player to fall.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 840 MC

A swimmer is preparing for a new competition season. What would be the most effective technique to reduce drag and improve movement efficiency in freestyle?

  1. Keeping hands in a relaxed, open position during the pull phase
  2. Maintaining a high head position to see competitors during the race
  3. Keeping the body aligned with hips and legs high in the water
  4. Using a wider, more powerful kick to create more propulsion
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Consider Option C: 

  • Maintaining body alignment with hips and legs high in the water creates a streamlined position that reduces fluid resistance, allowing the swimmer to move more efficiently through the water.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: A relaxed, open hand position creates more resistance; a slightly cupped hand position is more efficient.
  • B is incorrect: A high head position disrupts body alignment and increases drag by pushing the hips and legs lower in the water.
  • D is incorrect: A wider kick creates more turbulence and drag, reducing efficiency despite potentially creating more power.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 51 MC

A swimmer needs to reduce drag force during freestyle. Which combination of biomechanical applications would be MOST effective for safe and efficient movement through water?

  1. Streamlined body position and high elbow recovery
  2. High head position and wide arm recovery
  3. Crossed leg kick and streamlined body position
  4. Wide arm recovery and crossed leg kick
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Streamlined body position and high elbow recovery

  • Streamlined position reduces frontal resistance
  • High elbow recovery maintains efficient force production with reduced drag

Other Options:

  • B: High head increases drag and disrupts body position
  • C: Crossed legs create unnecessary turbulence despite streamlining
  • D: Both elements increase water resistance unnecessarily

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 50

Analyse how the biomechanical principles of force and fluid mechanics interrelate with the musculoskeletal system to enable safe diving entry into water.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Force application:

  • Muscles generate force from springboard compression
  • Joint angles optimise force generation through legs and arms
  • Force direction affects safe water entry angle
  • Core muscles stabilise body position during force production

Fluid mechanics:

  • Body position minimises surface area for water entry
  • Arms aligned to create entry pathway
  • Head position between arms reduces impact forces
  • Controlled entry angle reduces unsafe deceleration forces

Musculoskeletal considerations:

  • Joint alignment maintains safe force absorption
  • Muscle tension protects joints during water entry
  • Coordinated muscle action maintains streamlined position
  • Core stability protects spine during entry
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Force application:

  • Muscles generate force from springboard compression
  • Joint angles optimise force generation through legs and arms
  • Force direction affects safe water entry angle
  • Core muscles stabilise body position during force production

Fluid mechanics:

  • Body position minimises surface area for water entry
  • Arms aligned to create entry pathway
  • Head position between arms reduces impact forces
  • Controlled entry angle reduces unsafe deceleration forces

Musculoskeletal considerations:

  • Joint alignment maintains safe force absorption
  • Muscle tension protects joints during water entry
  • Coordinated muscle action maintains streamlined position
  • Core stability protects spine during entry

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 49

Explain how TWO biomechanical principles can be applied to improve movement efficiency for a person using a prosthetic leg.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Center of gravity positioning:

  • Needs to be maintained over base of support
  • Reduces energy expenditure in maintaining balance
  • Allows for smoother progression of movement

Lever principles:

  • Prosthetic foot placement affects leverage
  • Efficient force transfer through prosthetic limb
  • Reduces energy needed for forward progression
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Sample Answer

Center of gravity positioning:

  • Needs to be maintained over base of support
  • Reduces energy expenditure in maintaining balance
  • Allows for smoother progression of movement

Lever principles:

  • Prosthetic foot placement affects leverage
  • Efficient force transfer through prosthetic limb
  • Reduces energy needed for forward progression

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 48 MC

Which adaptation would BEST improve movement efficiency for a person with limited lower limb mobility using a wheelchair?

  1. Increased arm length
  2. Higher seat position
  3. Forward tilted seat
  4. Lower center of gravity
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Lower centre of gravity

  • Lower center of gravity improves stability and reduces energy needed for movement control

Other Options:

  • A: Not modifiable/not relevant to efficiency
  • B: Would decrease stability and efficiency
  • C: Would increase energy needs for stability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 47 MC

For a person using crutches, which biomechanical principle is MOST important for energy efficient movement?

  1. Angular momentum
  2. Base of support
  3. Projectile motion
  4. Fluid resistance
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Base of support

  • A stable and appropriate base of support enables efficient force transfer and reduces energy expenditure

Other Options:

  • A: Not primary principle in crutch gait efficiency
  • C: No projectiles involved in crutch walking
  • D: Not relevant to crutch-assisted movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 47

Explain how balance and stability principles contribute to safe lifting technique.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Base of support width affects stability
  • Center of gravity position impacts control
  • Weight distribution influences joint loading
  • Movement speed affects balance maintenance
  • Postural muscle engagement maintains stability
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Base of support width affects stability
  • Center of gravity position impacts control
  • Weight distribution influences joint loading
  • Movement speed affects balance maintenance
  • Postural muscle engagement maintains stability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 46

Evaluate the importance of correct joint alignment in the prevention of injury during weight-bearing activities.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Even force distribution through joints:

  • Correct alignment ensures forces are distributed evenly across joint surfaces rather than concentrated in one area, minimising stress on articular cartilage.

Reduced stress on ligaments/tendons:

  • Proper alignment keeps ligaments and tendons working within their normal anatomical range, preventing overstretching and uneven loading.

Optimal muscle length-tension relationships:

  • Aligned joints allow muscles to work at their ideal length, providing efficient movement control and joint support.

Maintenance of normal movement patterns:

  • Correct alignment enables smooth joint motion along natural anatomical pathways, promoting efficient movement patterns.

Prevention of compensatory movements:

  • Proper joint positioning prevents other body parts from taking on excessive load to compensate for poor alignment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Even force distribution through joints:

  • Correct alignment ensures forces are distributed evenly across joint surfaces rather than concentrated in one area, minimising stress on articular cartilage.

Reduced stress on ligaments/tendons:

  • Proper alignment keeps ligaments and tendons working within their normal anatomical range, preventing overstretching and uneven loading.

Optimal muscle length-tension relationships:

  • Aligned joints allow muscles to work at their ideal length, providing efficient movement control and joint support.

Maintenance of normal movement patterns:

  • Correct alignment enables smooth joint motion along natural anatomical pathways, promoting efficient movement patterns.

Prevention of compensatory movements:

  • Proper joint positioning prevents other body parts from taking on excessive load to compensate for poor alignment.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 45

Compare the biomechanical principles involved in safe pushing versus pulling movements.  (5 marks)

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Detailed Sample Answer

Direction of force application differs

  • Pushing: Force directed away from body’s center of mass
  • Pulling: Force directed towards body’s center of mass
  • Each requires different directional stability considerations
  • Linear motion principles differ in each direction

Base of support position varies

  • Pushing: Forward staggered stance with rear leg providing drive
  • Pulling: Backward staggered stance with front leg anchoring
  • Pushing requires more forward lean for force production
  • Pulling requires more backward lean for counterbalance

Muscle recruitment patterns:

  • Pushing: Primary use of chest, shoulders, triceps
  • Pulling: Primary use of back, biceps, posterior chain
  • Pushing emphasizes anterior chain activation
  • Pulling emphasizes posterior chain activation

Joint stress considerations:

  • Pushing places more stress on anterior shoulder joint
  • Pulling creates more stress on posterior shoulder joint
  • Different elbow joint angles required for each movement
  • Spinal position must adjust for each movement type

Center of gravity adjustments:

  • Pushing moves center of gravity forward of base
  • Pulling requires center of gravity behind point of force application
  • Balance requirements differ between movements
  • Stability challenged differently in each movement
Show Worked Solution

Detailed Sample Answer

Direction of force application differs

  • Pushing: Force directed away from body’s center of mass
  • Pulling: Force directed towards body’s center of mass
  • Each requires different directional stability considerations
  • Linear motion principles differ in each direction

Base of support position varies

  • Pushing: Forward staggered stance with rear leg providing drive
  • Pulling: Backward staggered stance with front leg anchoring
  • Pushing requires more forward lean for force production
  • Pulling requires more backward lean for counterbalance

Muscle recruitment patterns:

  • Pushing: Primary use of chest, shoulders, triceps
  • Pulling: Primary use of back, biceps, posterior chain
  • Pushing emphasizes anterior chain activation
  • Pulling emphasizes posterior chain activation

Joint stress considerations:

  • Pushing places more stress on anterior shoulder joint
  • Pulling creates more stress on posterior shoulder joint
  • Different elbow joint angles required for each movement
  • Spinal position must adjust for each movement type

Center of gravity adjustments:

  • Pushing moves center of gravity forward of base
  • Pulling requires center of gravity behind point of force application
  • Balance requirements differ between movements
  • Stability challenged differently in each movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 44

Describe TWO ways muscle pairs work together to produce safe movement.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed
  • Co-contraction provides joint stability
  • Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances
  • Coordinated action produces smooth movement
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed
  • Co-contraction provides joint stability
  • Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances
  • Coordinated action produces smooth movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 43

Analyse how biomechanical principles influence the safe execution of a landing from a jump.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Force absorption through muscle eccentric contraction
  • Joint flexion increases time of force absorption
  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Center of gravity lowering improves balance
  • Alignment of joints reduces injury risk
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Force absorption through muscle eccentric contraction
  • Joint flexion increases time of force absorption
  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Center of gravity lowering improves balance
  • Alignment of joints reduces injury risk

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 42

Explain the relationship between force and safe movement when performing a pushing action.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Force should be applied in line with movement direction
  • Even distribution through joints reduces injury risk
  • Engagement of correct muscle groups spreads load
  • Stable base allows efficient force transfer
  • Body position affects force application safety
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Force should be applied in line with movement direction
  • Even distribution through joints reduces injury risk
  • Engagement of correct muscle groups spreads load
  • Stable base allows efficient force transfer
  • Body position affects force application safety

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 41

Outline how the principle of stability relates to safe movement in a standing position.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Lower centre of gravity improves balance
  • Weight centred over base improves control
  • Relates to even distribution of forces through joints
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Wider base of support increases stability
  • Lower centre of gravity improves balance
  • Weight centred over base improves control
  • Relates to even distribution of forces through joints

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 40 MC

When lifting a heavy box, which force application ensures safest movement?

  1. Unilateral force through spine
  2. Rapid jerking motion
  3. Force directed through legs
  4. Twisted lifting position
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Force directed through legs

  • Using leg muscles with straight back distributes force safely

Other Options:

  • A: Dangerous spinal loading
  • B: Unsafe rapid movement
  • D: Unsafe spinal position

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 39 MC

In which movement does balance have the GREATEST impact on safe execution?

  1. Bench press
  2. Bicep curl
  3. Seated row
  4. Handstand
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Handstand

  • Handstand requires precise balance over center of gravity for safety

Other Options:

  • A: Supported by bench, balance less critical
  • B: Supported standing/seated position
  • C: Fully supported seated position

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 38 MC

During a squat, which biomechanical principle is MOST important for maintaining safety? 

  1. Fluid mechanics
  2. Base of support
  3. Projectile motion
  4. Angular momentum
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Base of Support

  • A wider base of support in squat provides stability and reduces risk of injury

Other Options:

  • A: Not relevant to squatting stability
  • C: No projectile motion in squatting
  • D: While rotation may occur, not primary safety principle

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 6 MC

The ability to generate maximum force in a single maximal effort, such as a one-repetition maximum bench press, refers to which component of fitness?

  1. Muscular strength
  2. Power
  3. Muscular endurance
  4. Body composition
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:

  •  Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle can produce in a single effort
  • One-repetition maximum tests are the standard measure of muscular strength
  • Involves maximal force generation rather than
    • Repeated contractions (muscular endurance)
    • Speed of force production (power)
    • Body tissue ratios (composition)