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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 839

Evaluate the importance of synergists and stabilisers in complex sporting movements, using specific examples to illustrate your answer.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Synergists and stabilisers are highly effective in complex sporting movements.
  • They will be evaluated on injury prevention and performance enhancement criteria.

Injury Prevention

  • Stabilisers strongly meet this criterion through joint protection mechanisms.
  • During overhead throwing, shoulder stabiliser muscles maintain joint position while deltoids generate power.
  • Evidence supporting this includes the prevalence of shoulder injuries when stabiliser strength is inadequate.
  • In weightlifting, core stabilisers including rectus abdominis and erector spinae maintain spinal alignment during heavy lifts.
  • Without adequate stabilisation, prime movers cannot function safely.
  • Tennis players demonstrate how forearm stabilisers prevent injury during repeated racquet impacts.
  • The evidence indicates that stabiliser strength directly prevents injury during dynamic movements.

Performance Enhancement

  • Synergists adequately fulfil performance requirements by optimising force production.
  • During running, muscles work as synergists to assist the quadriceps through each stride, enabling sustained performance.
  • In swimming, latissimus dorsi works with pectorals as synergists during the pull phase, creating more powerful strokes.
  • Basketball players utilise the soleus as a synergist with gastrocnemius for explosive jumping.
  • While strong in power contribution, synergists show limitations in isolation – they cannot replace prime movers (agonists).
  • The overall evaluation demonstrates synergists significantly enhance complex movement patterns.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows synergists and stabilisers are indispensable for athletic performance.
  • The strengths outweigh the weaknesses because they provide both safety and performance benefits simultaneously.
  • Although effective for injury prevention, their greater value lies in enabling athletes to train harder and perform complex movements impossible without their contribution.
  • Overall evaluation: highly effective and essential for all complex sporting movements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Synergists and stabilisers are highly effective in complex sporting movements.
  • They will be evaluated on injury prevention and performance enhancement criteria.

Injury Prevention

  • Stabilisers strongly meet this criterion through joint protection mechanisms.
  • During overhead throwing, shoulder stabiliser muscles maintain joint position while deltoids generate power.
  • Evidence supporting this includes the prevalence of shoulder injuries when stabiliser strength is inadequate.
  • In weightlifting, core stabilisers including rectus abdominis and erector spinae maintain spinal alignment during heavy lifts.
  • Without adequate stabilisation, prime movers cannot function safely.
  • Tennis players demonstrate how forearm stabilisers prevent injury during repeated racquet impacts.
  • The evidence indicates that stabiliser strength directly prevents injury during dynamic movements.

Performance Enhancement

  • Synergists adequately fulfil performance requirements by optimising force production.
  • During running, muscles work as synergists to assist the quadriceps through each stride, enabling sustained performance.
  • In swimming, latissimus dorsi works with pectorals as synergists during the pull phase, creating more powerful strokes.
  • Basketball players utilise the soleus as a synergist with gastrocnemius for explosive jumping.
  • While strong in power contribution, synergists show limitations in isolation – they cannot replace prime movers (agonists).
  • The overall evaluation demonstrates synergists significantly enhance complex movement patterns.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows synergists and stabilisers are indispensable for athletic performance.
  • The strengths outweigh the weaknesses because they provide both safety and performance benefits simultaneously.
  • Although effective for injury prevention, their greater value lies in enabling athletes to train harder and perform complex movements impossible without their contribution.
  • Overall evaluation: highly effective and essential for all complex sporting movements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 838

Explain how the agonist/antagonist relationship facilitates efficient movement in sporting activities.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The agonist/antagonist relationship creates smooth, controlled movement in sport. When the agonist muscle contracts to produce movement, the antagonist simultaneously relaxes. This coordination prevents muscles from working against each other, which would waste energy and reduce efficiency.
  • During a tennis forehand, the biceps (agonist) contracts to flex the elbow in preparation. Meanwhile, the triceps (antagonist) relaxes to allow this movement. For the follow-through, roles reverse – triceps becomes agonist while biceps becomes antagonist. Reciprocal action between these muscles enables fluid, continuous movement.
  • The relationship also allows precise force control. By varying the degree of antagonist relaxation, athletes can modulate movement speed and power. In weightlifting, controlled antagonist action prevents the weight from dropping too quickly during the lowering phase.
  • Furthermore, balanced agonist/antagonist development maintains joint stability. Equal strength prevents one muscle group from overpowering another, reducing injury risk. Therefore, this coordinated relationship facilitates both movement efficiency and safety across all sporting activities.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The agonist/antagonist relationship creates smooth, controlled movement in sport. When the agonist muscle contracts to produce movement, the antagonist simultaneously relaxes. This coordination prevents muscles from working against each other, which would waste energy and reduce efficiency.
  • During a tennis forehand, the biceps (agonist) contracts to flex the elbow in preparation. Meanwhile, the triceps (antagonist) relaxes to allow this movement. For the follow-through, roles reverse – triceps becomes agonist while biceps becomes antagonist. Reciprocal action between these muscles enables fluid, continuous movement.
  • The relationship also allows precise force control. By varying the degree of antagonist relaxation, athletes can modulate movement speed and power. In weightlifting, controlled antagonist action prevents the weight from dropping too quickly during the lowering phase.
  • Furthermore, balanced agonist/antagonist development maintains joint stability. Equal strength prevents one muscle group from overpowering another, reducing injury risk. Therefore, this coordinated relationship facilitates both movement efficiency and safety across all sporting activities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 837

Explain the role of agonist, antagonist, and stabiliser muscles during a push-up exercise.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During push-ups, pectorals and triceps act as agonists throughout both phases. In the lowering phase, they contract eccentrically to control descent. As a result, the body lowers smoothly rather than dropping suddenly.
  • During the pushing phase, these same muscles contract concentrically. This causes the arms to extend, pushing the body upward. Meanwhile, biceps function as antagonists, relaxing to allow elbow extension.
  • Core muscles including rectus abdominis and erector spinae serve as stabilisers. These muscles maintain isometric contraction throughout the movement. Consequently, the body remains rigid from head to heels, preventing sagging.
  • Therefore, coordinated muscle roles enable safe, effective push-ups through controlled movement and proper alignment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During push-ups, pectorals and triceps act as agonists throughout both phases. In the lowering phase, they contract eccentrically to control descent. As a result, the body lowers smoothly rather than dropping suddenly.
  • During the pushing phase, these same muscles contract concentrically. This causes the arms to extend, pushing the body upward. Meanwhile, biceps function as antagonists, relaxing to allow elbow extension.
  • Core muscles including rectus abdominis and erector spinae serve as stabilisers. These muscles maintain isometric contraction throughout the movement. Consequently, the body remains rigid from head to heels, preventing sagging.
  • Therefore, coordinated muscle roles enable safe, effective push-ups through controlled movement and proper alignment.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 836 MC

When performing a squat, which muscle acts as a stabiliser for the knee joint?

  1. Rectus femoris
  2. Biceps femoris
  3. Vastus medialis
  4. Gluteus maximus
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Vastus medialis stabilises the knee during squats.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Rectus femoris is an agonist for knee extension
  • B is incorrect: Biceps femoris is a hamstring antagonist
  • D is incorrect: Gluteus maximus extends hip, not knee stabiliser

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 835 MC

In a bicep curl, which muscle pair represents the agonist and antagonist relationship?

  1. Biceps brachii and brachialis
  2. Biceps brachii and triceps brachii
  3. Triceps brachii and deltoid
  4. Deltoid and pectoralis major
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Biceps (agonist) flexes the elbow while triceps (antagonist) relaxes.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Both are elbow flexors (synergists), not antagonists
  • C is incorrect: Work on different joints and movements
  • D is incorrect: Both act on shoulder, not as antagonists

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 834

Describe the role of different types of muscle contractions during a tennis serve.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Preparation phase: Core muscles (rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, erector spinae) maintain isometric contractions to stabilise the trunk. Lower body muscles also contract isometrically to maintain balance during the ball toss.
  • Ball toss:Shoulder muscles (deltoids, supraspinatus) perform concentric contractions to raise the tossing arm. Simultaneously, the serving arm begins moving into position through concentric contractions of posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi.
  • Loading phase: Eccentric contractions occur in shoulder internal rotators and triceps as the racquet drops behind the head. These contractions control the backward movement while storing elastic energy for the forward swing.
  • Acceleration phase: Powerful concentric contractions drive the serve. Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and internal rotators accelerate the shoulder. Triceps extends the elbow explosively. Core muscles contract concentrically to rotate the trunk.
  • Follow through: Eccentric contractions in posterior shoulder muscles and biceps decelerate the arm after ball contact. These contractions prevent joint damage by controlling the rapid deceleration forces.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Preparation phase: Core muscles (rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, erector spinae) maintain isometric contractions to stabilise the trunk. Lower body muscles also contract isometrically to maintain balance during the ball toss.
  • Ball toss:Shoulder muscles (deltoids, supraspinatus) perform concentric contractions to raise the tossing arm. Simultaneously, the serving arm begins moving into position through concentric contractions of posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi.
  • Loading phase: Eccentric contractions occur in shoulder internal rotators and triceps as the racquet drops behind the head. These contractions control the backward movement while storing elastic energy for the forward swing.
  • Acceleration phase: Powerful concentric contractions drive the serve. Pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and internal rotators accelerate the shoulder. Triceps extends the elbow explosively. Core muscles contract concentrically to rotate the trunk.
  • Follow through: Eccentric contractions in posterior shoulder muscles and biceps decelerate the arm after ball contact. These contractions prevent joint damage by controlling the rapid deceleration forces.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 833

Explain how eccentric muscle contractions function during landing from a jump.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During landing, muscles lengthen while contracting to control joint movement. This occurs because the body must decelerate safely from gravitational forces.
  • In the quadriceps, eccentric contraction controls knee flexion. As a result, the knee bends gradually rather than collapsing suddenly. Similarly, gastrocnemius and soleus undergo eccentric contraction to control ankle dorsiflexion.
  • These contractions function as biological shock absorbers. Consequently, landing forces are spread over time rather than creating sudden impact. The reason eccentric contractions are effective is they can manage forces up to 40% greater than concentric contractions.
  • Therefore, eccentric contractions during landing enable safe deceleration by controlling joint movement against gravity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During landing, muscles lengthen while contracting to control joint movement. This occurs because the body must decelerate safely from gravitational forces.
  • In the quadriceps, eccentric contraction controls knee flexion. As a result, the knee bends gradually rather than collapsing suddenly. Similarly, gastrocnemius and soleus undergo eccentric contraction to control ankle dorsiflexion.
  • These contractions function as biological shock absorbers. Consequently, landing forces are spread over time rather than creating sudden impact. The reason eccentric contractions are effective is they can manage forces up to 40% greater than concentric contractions.
  • Therefore, eccentric contractions during landing enable safe deceleration by controlling joint movement against gravity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 832

Describe the three types of muscle contractions and provide an example of each in sporting movements.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Isotonic concentric contractions shorten muscles while generating force, like biceps during a bicep curl’s lifting phase.
  • Isotonic eccentric contractions lengthen muscles under tension, like quadriceps controlling descent during a squat’s lowering phase.
  • Isometric contractions generate tension without changing muscle length, like core muscles maintaining a plank position.
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Sample Answer

  • Isotonic concentric contractions shorten muscles while generating force, like biceps during a bicep curl’s lifting phase.
  • Isotonic eccentric contractions lengthen muscles under tension, like quadriceps controlling descent during a squat’s lowering phase.
  • Isometric contractions generate tension without changing muscle length, like core muscles maintaining a plank position.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 831 MC

Which of the following best demonstrates an isometric contraction?

  1. Holding a plank position for 30 seconds
  2. Lowering into a push-up
  3. Lifting a weight during a bicep curl
  4. Running on a treadmill
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: During a plank hold, core muscles maintain constant tension without changing length.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Eccentric contractions during lowering
  • C is incorrect: Concentric contractions during lifting
  • D is incorrect: Alternating contractions during running

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 830

Compare and contrast the characteristics and functions of slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres in relation to different sporting activities.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both fibre types
    • exist in all skeletal muscles, working together for varied movement demands.
    • contract through the sliding action of actin and myosin filaments.
    • can be trained to improve performance within their genetic limitations.
    • contribute to overall muscle function, with most activities requiring some combination of each type.

Differences:

  • Structure:
    • Slow-twitch fibres contain abundant mitochondria and capillaries, appearing red from high myoglobin content.
    • Fast-twitch fibres have fewer mitochondria and limited blood supply, appearing white.
  • Energy systems:
    • Slow-twitch fibres use aerobic metabolism efficiently for sustained energy.
    • Fast-twitch fibres rely on anaerobic pathways for rapid ATP production.
  • Contraction characteristics:
    • Slow-twitch fibres contract slowly but resist fatigue for hours.
    • Fast-twitch fibres generate explosive force but fatigue within seconds.
  • Sporting applications:
    • Marathon runners and cyclists benefit from predominant slow-twitch fibres for endurance events.
    • Sprinters and weightlifters require fast-twitch dominance for power and speed.
    • Team sports like soccer utilise both – slow-twitch for continuous running, fast-twitch for sprinting and jumping.
  • Training adaptations:
    • Endurance training enhances slow-twitch oxidative capacity.
    • Power training increases fast-twitch force production, though fibre type proportions remain largely genetic.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both fibre types
    • exist in all skeletal muscles, working together for varied movement demands.
    • contract through the sliding action of actin and myosin filaments.
    • can be trained to improve performance within their genetic limitations.
    • contribute to overall muscle function, with most activities requiring some combination of each type.

Differences:

  • Structure:
    • Slow-twitch fibres contain abundant mitochondria and capillaries, appearing red from high myoglobin content.
    • Fast-twitch fibres have fewer mitochondria and limited blood supply, appearing white.
  • Energy systems:
    • Slow-twitch fibres use aerobic metabolism efficiently for sustained energy.
    • Fast-twitch fibres rely on anaerobic pathways for rapid ATP production.
  • Contraction characteristics:
    • Slow-twitch fibres contract slowly but resist fatigue for hours.
    • Fast-twitch fibres generate explosive force but fatigue within seconds.
  • Sporting applications:
    • Marathon runners and cyclists benefit from predominant slow-twitch fibres for endurance events.
    • Sprinters and weightlifters require fast-twitch dominance for power and speed.
    • Team sports like soccer utilise both – slow-twitch for continuous running, fast-twitch for sprinting and jumping.
  • Training adaptations:
    • Endurance training enhances slow-twitch oxidative capacity.
    • Power training increases fast-twitch force production, though fibre type proportions remain largely genetic.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 829 MC

Which characteristic of fast-twitch muscle fibres makes them most suitable for high-intensity, short-duration activities?

  1. High myoglobin content
  2. Abundant mitochondria
  3. High glycolytic capacity
  4. Slow contraction velocity
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Fast-twitch fibres use high glycolytic capacity for rapid energy production.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Characteristic of slow-twitch fibres
  • B is incorrect: Characteristic of slow-twitch fibres
  • D is incorrect: Fast-twitch fibres have fast contraction velocity

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 828 MC

A marathon runner is more likely to have a higher percentage of which type of muscle fibres in their leg muscles?

  1. Fast-twitch fibres
  2. Slow-twitch fibres
  3. Intermediate fibres
  4. Explosive fibres
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Slow-twitch fibres have greater endurance for marathon running.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Fast-twitch fibres suit short, explosive activities
  • C is incorrect: Not a standard muscle fibre classification
  • D is incorrect: Not a standard muscle fibre classification

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 827

Explain how major muscles in the upper body work together to perform an overhead throw.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the wind-up phase, latissimus dorsi and posterior deltoids contract to pull the arm backward into extension. This action stretches the anterior muscles (pectorals, anterior deltoid), creating stored elastic energy. Meanwhile, the external rotators position the shoulder in external rotation. As a result, the throwing arm is optimally positioned for force generation.
  • Core muscles initiate the forward phase through trunk rotation. Obliques and rectus abdominis contract to rotate the trunk toward the target. This rotation generates the initial force that will transfer up the kinetic chain.
  • Subsequently, pectoralis major and anterior deltoid contract powerfully. These muscles accelerate the arm forward through horizontal adduction and flexion. At the same time, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus) stabilise the shoulder joint, preventing injury during rapid movement.
  • Finally, the triceps contracts explosively to extend the elbow at release. This final extension adds velocity to the ball. Therefore, coordinated muscle activation from core to fingertips enables powerful, accurate throwing.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the wind-up phase, latissimus dorsi and posterior deltoids contract to pull the arm backward into extension. This action stretches the anterior muscles (pectorals, anterior deltoid), creating stored elastic energy. Meanwhile, the external rotators position the shoulder in external rotation. As a result, the throwing arm is optimally positioned for force generation.
  • Core muscles initiate the forward phase through trunk rotation. Obliques and rectus abdominis contract to rotate the trunk toward the target. This rotation generates the initial force that will transfer up the kinetic chain.
  • Subsequently, pectoralis major and anterior deltoid contract powerfully. These muscles accelerate the arm forward through horizontal adduction and flexion. At the same time, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus) stabilise the shoulder joint, preventing injury during rapid movement.
  • Finally, the triceps contracts explosively to extend the elbow at release. This final extension adds velocity to the ball. Therefore, coordinated muscle activation from core to fingertips enables powerful, accurate throwing.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 826

Describe the role of the major muscles in the lower leg during running.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Gastrocnemius:

  • The large calf muscle provides powerful plantar flexion during the push-off phase.
  • Contracts concentrically to propel the body forward and upward with each stride.

Soleus:

  • Works with gastrocnemius for sustained plantar flexion throughout the stance phase.
  • Provides endurance for prolonged running due to its predominantly slow-twitch fibre composition.

Tibialis anterior:

  • Located on the shin, this muscle performs dorsiflexion during the swing phase.
  • Lifts the toes to clear the ground and positions the foot for heel strike.

Peroneals:

  • Stabilise the ankle laterally during ground contact.
  • Prevent excessive inversion and maintain balance throughout the running gait cycle.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Gastrocnemius:

  • The large calf muscle provides powerful plantar flexion during the push-off phase.
  • Contracts concentrically to propel the body forward and upward with each stride.

Soleus:

  • Works with gastrocnemius for sustained plantar flexion throughout the stance phase.
  • Provides endurance for prolonged running due to its predominantly slow-twitch fibre composition.

Tibialis anterior:

  • Located on the shin, this muscle performs dorsiflexion during the swing phase.
  • Lifts the toes to clear the ground and positions the foot for heel strike.

Peroneals:

  • Stabilise the ankle laterally during ground contact.
  • Prevent excessive inversion and maintain balance throughout the running gait cycle.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 825

Outline the location and function of the quadriceps muscles.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Location:

  • The quadriceps are a group of four muscles located on the anterior (front) surface of the thigh, extending from the hip to the knee.

Function:

  • Their primary role is knee extension, straightening the leg during walking, running, and jumping movements.
  • They also provide knee joint stability during weight-bearing activities.
  • Additionally, the quadriceps assist with hip flexion as one portion crosses both joints.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Location:

  • The quadriceps are a group of four muscles located on the anterior (front) surface of the thigh, extending from the hip to the knee.

Function:

  • Their primary role is knee extension, straightening the leg during walking, running, and jumping movements.
  • They also provide knee joint stability during weight-bearing activities.
  • Additionally, the quadriceps assist with hip flexion as one portion crosses both joints.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 824 MC

During a push-up exercise, which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for the upward phase of the movement?

  1. Biceps brachii
  2. Latissimus dorsi
  3. Rectus abdominis
  4. Pectoralis major
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Pectoralis major contracts to push the body up.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Biceps flex the elbow (lowering movement)
  • B is incorrect: Latissimus dorsi is for pulling movements
  • C is incorrect: Rectus abdominis stabilises, not primary mover

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 823

How do flexion and extension at different joints coordinate during the action of throwing a ball?   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the wind-up phase, the shoulder extends while the elbow flexes. This backward positioning creates muscle pre-stretch, storing elastic energy. Simultaneously, trunk rotation begins toward the non-throwing side. These coordinated actions prepare the body for explosive forward movement.
  • The acceleration phase begins with trunk rotation toward the target. This rotation generates the initial force for the throw. Following this, the shoulder rapidly flexes, bringing the arm forward. As the shoulder moves, the elbow remains flexed, keeping the ball behind the head.
  • Next, the elbow extends powerfully while the shoulder continues flexing. This sequential action transfers momentum from proximal to distal segments. The wrist remains cocked back until the final moment.
  • Finally, wrist flexion occurs at ball release. This last action adds final velocity to the ball. Throughout the sequence, each joint’s timing is crucial – premature extension would reduce force, while delayed extension would limit velocity. Therefore, precise coordination of flexion and extension enables maximum throwing power.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the wind-up phase, the shoulder extends while the elbow flexes. This backward positioning creates muscle pre-stretch, storing elastic energy. Simultaneously, trunk rotation begins toward the non-throwing side. These coordinated actions prepare the body for explosive forward movement.
  • The acceleration phase begins with trunk rotation toward the target. This rotation generates the initial force for the throw. Following this, the shoulder rapidly flexes, bringing the arm forward. As the shoulder moves, the elbow remains flexed, keeping the ball behind the head.
  • Next, the elbow extends powerfully while the shoulder continues flexing. This sequential action transfers momentum from proximal to distal segments. The wrist remains cocked back until the final moment.
  • Finally, wrist flexion occurs at ball release. This last action adds final velocity to the ball. Throughout the sequence, each joint’s timing is crucial – premature extension would reduce force, while delayed extension would limit velocity. Therefore, precise coordination of flexion and extension enables maximum throwing power.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 822

Explain the joint actions that occur at the knee and ankle when performing a vertical jump.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the preparation phase, the knee flexes and the ankle dorsiflexes. Lowering the body’s centre of gravity through these actions creates a countermovement. As a result, muscles are pre-stretched, storing elastic energy.
  • In the propulsive phase, powerful knee extension occurs simultaneously with ankle plantar flexion. Such coordination causes rapid force generation against the ground. Maximising vertical force production is achieved through this synchronised joint action.
  • Following this, the sequential extension from proximal (knee) to distal (ankle) joints creates a kinetic chain. Therefore, force transfers efficiently upward through the body. The outcome is maximum jump height through coordinated joint actions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the preparation phase, the knee flexes and the ankle dorsiflexes. Lowering the body’s centre of gravity through these actions creates a countermovement. As a result, muscles are pre-stretched, storing elastic energy.
  • In the propulsive phase, powerful knee extension occurs simultaneously with ankle plantar flexion. Such coordination causes rapid force generation against the ground. Maximising vertical force production is achieved through this synchronised joint action.
  • Following this, the sequential extension from proximal (knee) to distal (ankle) joints creates a kinetic chain. Therefore, force transfers efficiently upward through the body. The outcome is maximum jump height through coordinated joint actions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 821 MC

When performing a bicep curl, which joint action occurs at the elbow as the weight is raised toward the shoulder?

  1. Extension
  2. Flexion
  3. Adduction
  4. Abduction
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Flexion decreases the joint angle – the elbow bends during a bicep curl.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Extension occurs when lowering the weight.
  • C is incorrect: Adduction is movement toward the midline.
  • D is incorrect: Abduction is movement away from the midline.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 820

Explain how the structure of the pelvic girdle and hip joint contributes to its function in weight-bearing and movement.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The pelvic girdle consists of fused bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) forming a strong bowl shape. This fusion creates a rigid structure that effectively supports upper body weight. Because the bones are thick and dense, they can withstand compressive forces during standing and walking.
  • The bowl shape distributes weight evenly to both legs. As a result, forces are balanced during single-leg stance in walking. Multiple muscle attachment points on the pelvis enable powerful leg movements. Therefore, the structure serves dual functions of stability and movement.
  • The hip joint features a deep ball-and-socket design. The acetabulum (socket) is deep and surrounds much of the femoral head. This depth provides inherent stability while still allowing multi-directional movement.
  • Short, strong ligaments reinforce the joint. These structures prevent dislocation during weight-bearing while permitting the range of motion needed for locomotion. Consequently, the hip joint achieves an optimal balance between mobility for movement and stability for supporting body weight.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The pelvic girdle consists of fused bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) forming a strong bowl shape. This fusion creates a rigid structure that effectively supports upper body weight. Because the bones are thick and dense, they can withstand compressive forces during standing and walking.
  • The bowl shape distributes weight evenly to both legs. As a result, forces are balanced during single-leg stance in walking. Multiple muscle attachment points on the pelvis enable powerful leg movements. Therefore, the structure serves dual functions of stability and movement.
  • The hip joint features a deep ball-and-socket design. The acetabulum (socket) is deep and surrounds much of the femoral head. This depth provides inherent stability while still allowing multi-directional movement.
  • Short, strong ligaments reinforce the joint. These structures prevent dislocation during weight-bearing while permitting the range of motion needed for locomotion. Consequently, the hip joint achieves an optimal balance between mobility for movement and stability for supporting body weight.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 819

Compare the structure and movement capabilities of ball-and-socket joints and gliding joints.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both are synovial joints containing synovial fluid for lubrication.
  • Both have articular cartilage covering bone surfaces to reduce friction.

Differences:

  • Structure:
    • Ball-and-socket joints feature a spherical head fitting into a deep cup-shaped socket.
    • Whilst gliding joints have flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces.
  • Movement capabilities:
    • Ball-and-socket joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction – movement in all planes.
    • In contrast, gliding joints permit only sliding or gliding movements in one plane.
  • Examples and function:
    • Hip and shoulder joints (ball-and-socket) provide maximum mobility for activities like throwing.
    • Conversely, carpal and tarsal joints (gliding) offer limited motion but greater stability for weight-bearing.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both are synovial joints containing synovial fluid for lubrication.
  • Both have articular cartilage covering bone surfaces to reduce friction.

Differences:

  • Structure:
    • Ball-and-socket joints feature a spherical head fitting into a deep cup-shaped socket.
    • Whilst gliding joints have flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces.
  • Movement capabilities:
    • Ball-and-socket joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction – movement in all planes.
    • In contrast, gliding joints permit only sliding or gliding movements in one plane.
  • Examples and function:
    • Hip and shoulder joints (ball-and-socket) provide maximum mobility for activities like throwing.
    • Conversely, carpal and tarsal joints (gliding) offer limited motion but greater stability for weight-bearing.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 818

Describe the structure and function of the hinge joint in the knee.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Structure:

  • The knee is a hinge joint where the femur articulates with the tibia.
  • The patella sits anteriorly, protecting the joint.
  • Strong ligaments provide stability while articular cartilage covers bone surfaces.

Function:

  • Allows flexion and extension in one plane, enabling walking, running and squatting movements.
  • The hinge design provides stability during weight-bearing while restricting lateral movement.
  • Synovial fluid lubricates the joint for smooth motion.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Structure:

  • The knee is a hinge joint where the femur articulates with the tibia.
  • The patella sits anteriorly, protecting the joint.
  • Strong ligaments provide stability while articular cartilage covers bone surfaces.

Function:

  • Allows flexion and extension in one plane, enabling walking, running and squatting movements.
  • The hinge design provides stability during weight-bearing while restricting lateral movement.
  • Synovial fluid lubricates the joint for smooth motion.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 817 MC

Which of the following correctly identifies the bones that form the elbow joint?

  1. Humerus, radius and ulna
  2. Radius, ulna and carpals
  3. Scapula, humerus and radius
  4. Humerus, radius and carpals
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The elbow joint consists of humerus, radius and ulna.

Other Options:

  • B and D are incorrect: Carpals are wrist bones
  • C is incorrect: Scapula is part of the shoulder joint

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 816 MC

A basketball player performs a jump shot. Which type of synovial joint in the shoulder allows for the full range of arm movement during this action?

  1. Hinge joint
  2. Pivot joint
  3. Ball-and-socket joint
  4. Condyloid joint
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Ball-and-socket joints allow multi-directional movement needed for jump shots.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Hinge joints allow one plane movement only
  • B is incorrect: Pivot joints allow rotation only
  • D is incorrect: Condyloid joints lack full rotation capability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 815 MC

Which of the following joints allows for rotation of the head?

  1. Hinge joint
  2. Pivot joint
  3. Gliding joint
  4. Saddle joint
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Pivot joints at the top of the spine allow head rotation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Hinge joints allow flexion/extension only, not rotation
  • C is incorrect: Gliding joints allow sliding movements, not rotation
  • D is incorrect: Saddle joints don’t allow rotation

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 814

Explain the structure and function of tendons in relation to joint movement.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Tendons are tough, inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. This fibrous composition enables them to withstand tremendous pulling forces during muscle contractions. Because of their inelastic nature, tendons ensure direct force transmission without energy loss.
  • When muscles contract, they pull on tendons, which then pull on bones across joints. This creates movement at the joint. For example, the Achilles tendon transfers force from calf muscles to the heel bone, enabling powerful push-off during running.
  • Tendons cross joints strategically, which allows them to guide movement direction. Working together with ligaments, they maintain joint stability during motion. As a result, joints can move precisely without excessive deviation.
  • The positioning of tendons around joints determines movement patterns. In the fingers, multiple tendons create complex movements for fine motor control. Therefore, tendon structure and placement enable both powerful movements and delicate precision tasks.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Tendons are tough, inelastic cords of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. This fibrous composition enables them to withstand tremendous pulling forces during muscle contractions. Because of their inelastic nature, tendons ensure direct force transmission without energy loss.
  • When muscles contract, they pull on tendons, which then pull on bones across joints. This creates movement at the joint. For example, the Achilles tendon transfers force from calf muscles to the heel bone, enabling powerful push-off during running.
  • Tendons cross joints strategically, which allows them to guide movement direction. Working together with ligaments, they maintain joint stability during motion. As a result, joints can move precisely without excessive deviation.
  • The positioning of tendons around joints determines movement patterns. In the fingers, multiple tendons create complex movements for fine motor control. Therefore, tendon structure and placement enable both powerful movements and delicate precision tasks.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 813

Describe how the structure of immovable joints contributes to their function in the human body.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Immovable (fibrous) joints consist of bones held firmly together by dense fibrous connective tissue. This rigid connection prevents any movement between bones, ensuring complete stability.
  • In skull sutures, the interlocking edges of adjacent cranial bones create a jigsaw-like pattern. These interlocking surfaces increase contact area and strengthen the connection, forming a protective shell.
  • The dense fibrous tissue fills all gaps between bones. Such complete fusion provides maximum strength to withstand external forces and protect vital organs like the brain.
  • Unlike synovial joints, immovable joints lack joint cavities and synovial fluid. The absence of these structures reflects their specialised function of providing stability rather than movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Immovable (fibrous) joints consist of bones held firmly together by dense fibrous connective tissue. This rigid connection prevents any movement between bones, ensuring complete stability.
  • In skull sutures, the interlocking edges of adjacent cranial bones create a jigsaw-like pattern. These interlocking surfaces increase contact area and strengthen the connection, forming a protective shell.
  • The dense fibrous tissue fills all gaps between bones. Such complete fusion provides maximum strength to withstand external forces and protect vital organs like the brain.
  • Unlike synovial joints, immovable joints lack joint cavities and synovial fluid. The absence of these structures reflects their specialised function of providing stability rather than movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 812

Analyse how different components of the skeletal system work together to enable efficient movement while maintaining stability.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The skeletal system comprises bones, ligaments, cartilage and synovial joints that interact to create a balance between movement capability and structural stability.
  • These components work together through precise structural arrangements.

Component Relationship 1

  • Bones and ligaments form an interdependent relationship at joints.
  • Bones provide rigid levers for muscle attachment, while ligaments connect these bones with controlled flexibility.
  • This interaction enables joints to move within safe ranges.
  • At the knee, the femur and tibia are linked by cruciate ligaments that prevent excessive rotation yet allow flexion for walking.
  • The pattern shows that ligament length and strength directly influence the joint’s movement range.
  • Consequently, this bone-ligament relationship determines both stability and mobility parameters.

Component Relationship 2

  • Synovial joint structures work together to reduce friction during movement.
  • Articular cartilage combines with synovial fluid to create a low-friction environment.
  • This interaction leads to efficient energy use during repetitive movements.
  • During running, increased synovial fluid production responds to joint loading, providing enhanced cushioning when needed most.
  • This reveals how the system adapts to movement demands dynamically.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships mean that skeletal system efficiency depends on all components functioning optimally.
  • Damaged cartilage affects fluid distribution, which impacts movement smoothness.
  • Therefore, the integrated nature requires comprehensive care – maintaining ligament flexibility, cartilage health, and adequate synovial fluid.
  • The significance is that movement efficiency and joint longevity rely on this complex interplay.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The skeletal system comprises bones, ligaments, cartilage and synovial joints that interact to create a balance between movement capability and structural stability.
  • These components work together through precise structural arrangements.

Component Relationship 1

  • Bones and ligaments form an interdependent relationship at joints.
  • Bones provide rigid levers for muscle attachment, while ligaments connect these bones with controlled flexibility.
  • This interaction enables joints to move within safe ranges.
  • At the knee, the femur and tibia are linked by cruciate ligaments that prevent excessive rotation yet allow flexion for walking.
  • The pattern shows that ligament length and strength directly influence the joint’s movement range.
  • Consequently, this bone-ligament relationship determines both stability and mobility parameters.

Component Relationship 2

  • Synovial joint structures work together to reduce friction during movement.
  • Articular cartilage combines with synovial fluid to create a low-friction environment.
  • This interaction leads to efficient energy use during repetitive movements.
  • During running, increased synovial fluid production responds to joint loading, providing enhanced cushioning when needed most.
  • This reveals how the system adapts to movement demands dynamically.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships mean that skeletal system efficiency depends on all components functioning optimally.
  • Damaged cartilage affects fluid distribution, which impacts movement smoothness.
  • Therefore, the integrated nature requires comprehensive care – maintaining ligament flexibility, cartilage health, and adequate synovial fluid.
  • The significance is that movement efficiency and joint longevity rely on this complex interplay.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 811

Explain the relationship between the structure of a synovial joint and its ability to facilitate movement.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Synovial joints contain specialised structures that enable smooth movement between bones. The joint cavity filled with synovial fluid acts as a lubricant. This reduces friction between articulating surfaces, allowing bones to glide freely. During vigorous movement, additional fluid is pumped into the joint space. Consequently, cushioning increases when forces are greatest.
  • Articular cartilage covers bone ends within the joint. This smooth surface works with synovial fluid to minimise friction further. As a result, bones can move repeatedly without wearing down. In weight-bearing joints, cartilage is thicker, which provides extra shock absorption.
  • The joint capsule and ligaments offer controlled flexibility. These structures create a balance between stability and mobility. For instance, ball-and-socket joints have loose capsules, enabling multi-directional movement. In contrast, hinge joints have tight ligaments, restricting movement to one plane.
  • Therefore, each structural component contributes to movement facilitation while maintaining joint integrity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Synovial joints contain specialised structures that enable smooth movement between bones. The joint cavity filled with synovial fluid acts as a lubricant. This reduces friction between articulating surfaces, allowing bones to glide freely. During vigorous movement, additional fluid is pumped into the joint space. Consequently, cushioning increases when forces are greatest.
  • Articular cartilage covers bone ends within the joint. This smooth surface works with synovial fluid to minimise friction further. As a result, bones can move repeatedly without wearing down. In weight-bearing joints, cartilage is thicker, which provides extra shock absorption.
  • The joint capsule and ligaments offer controlled flexibility. These structures create a balance between stability and mobility. For instance, ball-and-socket joints have loose capsules, enabling multi-directional movement. In contrast, hinge joints have tight ligaments, restricting movement to one plane.
  • Therefore, each structural component contributes to movement facilitation while maintaining joint integrity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 810

Describe the role of synovial fluid in maintaining joint health.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Lubrication:

  • Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant, keeping joints well-oiled and moving surfaces apart.
  • This reduces friction between articular cartilages during movement.

Cushioning:

  • Forms a fluid cushion between joint surfaces, particularly important during vigorous movement when additional fluid is pumped into the joint space.

Nutrition and waste removal:

  • Provides nutrients to articular cartilage which lacks blood supply.
  • Simultaneously removes waste products, maintaining healthy cartilage and overall joint function.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Lubrication:

  • Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant, keeping joints well-oiled and moving surfaces apart.
  • This reduces friction between articular cartilages during movement.

Cushioning:

  • Forms a fluid cushion between joint surfaces, particularly important during vigorous movement when additional fluid is pumped into the joint space.

Nutrition and waste removal:

  • Provides nutrients to articular cartilage which lacks blood supply.
  • Simultaneously removes waste products, maintaining healthy cartilage and overall joint function.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 809

Outline the structure and function of articular cartilage in synovial joints.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Structure:

  • Articular cartilage is a smooth, shiny layer of tissue that covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.
  • Thicker in weight-bearing joints like the knee, it lacks blood vessels and receives nourishment from synovial fluid.

Function:

  • Articular cartilage acts as a cushion between contacting bone surfaces (joint facets), allowing bones to move freely over each other with minimal friction.
  • It absorbs shock and distributes forces across the joint, protecting bones from direct contact and wear during activities.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Structure:

  • Articular cartilage is a smooth, shiny layer of tissue that covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.
  • Thicker in weight-bearing joints like the knee, it lacks blood vessels and receives nourishment from synovial fluid.

Function:

  • Articular cartilage acts as a cushion between contacting bone surfaces (joint facets), allowing bones to move freely over each other with minimal friction.
  • It absorbs shock and distributes forces across the joint, protecting bones from direct contact and wear during activities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 808 MC

Which of the following structures provides nutrition to articular cartilage?

  1. Bone marrow
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Ligaments
  4. Synovial fluid
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Articular cartilage receives nourishment from synovial fluid.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Bone marrow produces blood cells, not cartilage nutrition
  • B is incorrect: Articular cartilage has limited blood supply
  • C is incorrect: Ligaments stabilise joints, don’t provide nutrition

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 807 MC

A basketballer drops to the floor after landing awkwardly on her foot. The doctor diagnoses a torn structure that connects bone to bone in her ankle. Which structure is most likely injured?

  1. Tendon
  2. Synovial fluid
  3. Ligament
  4. Articular cartilage
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. Ligaments connect bone to bone and can tear when overstretched.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Tendons connect muscle to bone
  • B is incorrect: Synovial fluid is a lubricant, not a connecting structure
  • D is incorrect: Cartilage covers bone ends, doesn’t connect bones

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 806 MC

The ends of long bones contain a network of spongy tissue. Which property is essential for this spongy tissue structure?

  1. Light weight but strong structure
  2. Ability to store bone marrow
  3. Provides dense and compact tissue
  4. Protects against chipping and jarring
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Spongy tissue provides strength while maintaining light weight for efficient movement.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Not the primary function of spongy tissue
  • C is incorrect: Describes compact tissue, not spongy tissue
  • D is incorrect: Function of articular cartilage, not spongy tissue

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 805 MC

The skeletal system forms the framework of the human body. Which of the following correctly identifies the composition of the skeletal system?

  1. Bones, tendons and joints
  2. Bones, cartilage and joints
  3. Bones, ligaments and joints
  4. Bones, muscles and joints
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: The skeletal system comprises bones, cartilage, and joints.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Tendons connect muscles to bones (muscular system)
  • C is incorrect: Ligaments are connective tissue, not a primary component
  • D is incorrect: Muscles are part of the muscular system

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 44

Describe TWO ways muscle pairs work together to produce safe movement.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – ANY 2 of the following

Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed 

  • When the agonist muscle contracts to create movement, the antagonist muscle relaxes in a controlled manner.
  • Coordinated action as described prevents jerky movements and allows precise control of speed, protecting joints from sudden impacts.

Co-contraction provides joint stability –

  • Both muscles in a pair contract simultaneously to stabilise a joint during movement.
  • Such co-activation creates muscular tension around the joint, preventing excessive movement that could damage ligaments, and maintaining safe joint alignment.

Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances

  • Equal strength development in muscle pairs ensures forces are distributed evenly across joints.
  • This balance prevents one muscle from overpowering its partner, reducing strain on connective tissues and maintaining proper joint mechanics during movement.

Coordinated action produces smooth movement

  • Muscle pairs work in precise timing sequences, with one gradually activating as the other deactivates.
  • Transitioning smoothly between muscle contractions eliminates abrupt force changes that could tear muscle fibres or strain tendons.
Show Worked Solution

Agonist/antagonist relationship controls movement speed 

  • When the agonist muscle contracts to create movement, the antagonist muscle relaxes in a controlled manner.
  • Coordinated action as described prevents jerky movements and allows precise control of speed, protecting joints from sudden impacts.

Co-contraction provides joint stability –

  • Both muscles in a pair contract simultaneously to stabilise a joint during movement.
  • Such co-activation creates muscular tension around the joint, preventing excessive movement that could damage ligaments, and maintaining safe joint alignment.

Balanced strength prevents muscle imbalances

  • Equal strength development in muscle pairs ensures forces are distributed evenly across joints.
  • This balance prevents one muscle from overpowering its partner, reducing strain on connective tissues and maintaining proper joint mechanics during movement.

Coordinated action produces smooth movement

  • Muscle pairs work in precise timing sequences, with one gradually activating as the other deactivates.
  • Transitioning smoothly between muscle contractions eliminates abrupt force changes that could tear muscle fibres or strain tendons.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 37

Describe TWO characteristics and functions of fast twitch muscle fibres.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – ANY 2 of the following

  • Fewer mitochondria: Contains limited mitochondria compared to slow-twitch fibres. Relies on anaerobic energy production rather than oxygen-dependent pathways.
  • Rapid contraction: Contracts quickly to generate explosive force. Enables powerful movements but for short durations only.
  • Quick fatigue: Depletes energy rapidly due to anaerobic metabolism. Limits sustained activity to approximately 10 seconds of maximum effort.
  • Larger diameter: Fast-twitch fibres are larger than slow-twitch fibres. Greater size enables more forceful contractions for explosive movements like jumping and sprinting.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Fewer mitochondria: Contains limited mitochondria compared to slow-twitch fibres. Relies on anaerobic energy production rather than oxygen-dependent pathways.
  • Rapid contraction: Contracts quickly to generate explosive force. Enables powerful movements but for short durations only.
  • Quick fatigue: Depletes energy rapidly due to anaerobic metabolism. Limits sustained activity to approximately 10 seconds of maximum effort.
  • Larger diameter: Fast-twitch fibres are larger than slow-twitch fibres. Greater size enables more forceful contractions for explosive movements like jumping and sprinting.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 36

Explain the relationship between muscle fibre types and the production of movement.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Muscle fibres have different structural characteristics that determine their function in movement production.
  • Type I fibres contain abundant mitochondria and myoglobin, which enable them to use oxygen efficiently for sustained contractions. As a result, these fibres are recruited for endurance movements like distance running.
  • Type II fibres are larger with fewer mitochondria. Due to their structure, they rely on anaerobic energy systems. Consequently, they produce powerful, explosive movements but fatigue quickly.
  • The reason for selective recruitment is that the nervous system activates specific fibre types based on movement demands. Therefore, slow movements primarily use Type I fibres, while explosive movements recruit Type II fibres. Such coordination ensures the body produces appropriate movements efficiently.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Muscle fibres have different structural characteristics that determine their function in movement production.
  • Type I fibres contain abundant mitochondria and myoglobin, which enable them to use oxygen efficiently for sustained contractions. As a result, these fibres are recruited for endurance movements like distance running.
  • Type II fibres are larger with fewer mitochondria. Due to their structure, they rely on anaerobic energy systems. Consequently, they produce powerful, explosive movements but fatigue quickly.
  • The reason for selective recruitment is that the nervous system activates specific fibre types based on movement demands. Therefore, slow movements primarily use Type I fibres, while explosive movements recruit Type II fibres. Such coordination ensures the body produces appropriate movements efficiently.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 35

Compare the basic characteristics of fast and slow twitch muscle fibres.   (4 marks)

Sample Answer

Similarities

  • Both fibre types exist in all skeletal muscles and contract through the sliding action of actin and myosin filaments.

Differences

  • Contraction speed differs: Fast-twitch fibres contract quickly for explosive movements, whereas slow-twitch fibres contract slowly for sustained activities.
  • Energy systems vary: Fast-twitch fibres rely on anaerobic metabolism, while slow-twitch fibres use aerobic metabolism efficiently.
  • Structural differences exist: Fast-twitch fibres are larger with fewer mitochondria, in contrast to slow-twitch fibres which are smaller with abundant mitochondria.
  • Fatigue resistance contrasts: Fast-twitch fibres fatigue rapidly, however slow-twitch fibres resist fatigue during prolonged exercise.
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Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities

  • Both fibre types exist in all skeletal muscles and contract through the sliding action of actin and myosin filaments.

Differences

  • Contraction speed differs: Fast-twitch fibres contract quickly for explosive movements, whereas slow-twitch fibres contract slowly for sustained activities.
  • Energy systems vary: Fast-twitch fibres rely on anaerobic metabolism, while slow-twitch fibres use aerobic metabolism efficiently.
  • Structural differences exist: Fast-twitch fibres are larger with fewer mitochondria, in contrast to slow-twitch fibres which are smaller with abundant mitochondria.
  • Fatigue resistance contrasts: Fast-twitch fibres fatigue rapidly, however slow-twitch fibres resist fatigue during prolonged exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 34

Outline TWO structural characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Answers could include TWO of the following:

Slow twitch fibres have:

  • Abundant mitochondria
    • They contain numerous mitochondria throughout the muscle fibre to support aerobic metabolism.
    • These organelles enable efficient ATP production through oxidative pathways, allowing sustained energy generation for prolonged endurance activities.
  • Rich blood supply:
    • Possess an extensive capillary network surrounding each fibre, providing continuous oxygen delivery for aerobic respiration.
    • This vascular density supports the high oxygen demands of endurance activities and contributes to their red appearance.
  • High myoglobin content:
    • Store significant amounts of myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein within the muscle fibres.
    • This gives them their characteristic red colour and provides an oxygen reserve for sustained aerobic metabolism during prolonged activities.
  • Smaller diameter:
    • Slow twitch fibres have a smaller cross-sectional area compared to fast-twitch fibres.
    • While this limits maximum force production, the smaller size allows for more efficient oxygen diffusion throughout the fibre, enhancing endurance capacity.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include TWO of the following:

Slow twitch fibres have:

  • Abundant mitochondria
    • They contain numerous mitochondria throughout the muscle fibre to support aerobic metabolism.
    • These organelles enable efficient ATP production through oxidative pathways, allowing sustained energy generation for prolonged endurance activities.
  • Rich blood supply:
    • Possess an extensive capillary network surrounding each fibre, providing continuous oxygen delivery for aerobic respiration.
    • This vascular density supports the high oxygen demands of endurance activities and contributes to their red appearance.
  • High myoglobin content:
    • Store significant amounts of myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein within the muscle fibres.
    • This gives them their characteristic red colour and provides an oxygen reserve for sustained aerobic metabolism during prolonged activities.
  • Smaller diameter:
    • Slow twitch fibres have a smaller cross-sectional area compared to fast-twitch fibres.
    • While this limits maximum force production, the smaller size allows for more efficient oxygen diffusion throughout the fibre, enhancing endurance capacity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 33 MC

Which statement about Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres' physiological adaptations is INCORRECT?

  1. They have high oxidative capacity
  2. They produce rapid, powerful contractions
  3. They have high fatigue resistance
  4. They support endurance activities
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres do not produce rapid, powerful contractions – this is a characteristic of Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibres.

Other Options:

  • All other options are correct statements about Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibres.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 32 MC

Which characteristic best describes Type IIb (fast twitch) muscle fibres?

  1. High mitochondrial density
  2. Slow contraction speed
  3. Rapid force production
  4. High fatigue resistance
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Type IIb fibres produce rapid, powerful contractions.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Characteristic of Type I (slow twitch) fibres.
  • B is incorrect: Type IIb fibres have fast contraction speeds
  • D is incorrect: Type IIb fibres fatigue quickly

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 31

Explain the role of major muscles in performing a deadlift.
  

In your response, identify the types of muscle contractions occurring and explain how these muscles work together to execute the movement safely.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • During the lifting phase, multiple muscle groups work simultaneously. Erector spinae muscles contract isometrically, maintaining a rigid spine position. This prevents dangerous spinal flexion under load. Meanwhile, gluteus maximus and hamstrings perform concentric contractions to extend the hips. Similarly, quadriceps contract concentrically to extend the knees.
  • These coordinated actions create the upward force needed to lift the weight. The reason for simultaneous activation is load distribution – sharing the work prevents any single muscle group from overloading. Additionally, trapezius muscles contract isometrically to stabilise the shoulder girdle and maintain bar position.
  • In the lowering phase, the same muscles perform eccentric contractions. This controlled lengthening prevents the weight from dropping suddenly. Hamstrings and glutes gradually lengthen while maintaining tension, which protects the lower back from sudden loading.
  • Throughout both phases, core muscles (rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis) maintain isometric contraction. This continuous bracing protects the spine and enables efficient force transfer. Therefore, coordinated muscle contractions ensure both effective lifting and injury prevention.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the lifting phase, multiple muscle groups work simultaneously. Erector spinae muscles contract isometrically, maintaining a rigid spine position. This prevents dangerous spinal flexion under load. Meanwhile, gluteus maximus and hamstrings perform concentric contractions to extend the hips. Similarly, quadriceps contract concentrically to extend the knees.
  • These coordinated actions create the upward force needed to lift the weight. The reason for simultaneous activation is load distribution – sharing the work prevents any single muscle group from overloading. Additionally, trapezius muscles contract isometrically to stabilise the shoulder girdle and maintain bar position.
  • In the lowering phase, the same muscles perform eccentric contractions. This controlled lengthening prevents the weight from dropping suddenly. Hamstrings and glutes gradually lengthen while maintaining tension, which protects the lower back from sudden loading.
  • Throughout both phases, core muscles (rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis) maintain isometric contraction. This continuous bracing protects the spine and enables efficient force transfer. Therefore, coordinated muscle contractions ensure both effective lifting and injury prevention.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 30

Explain how the hamstring muscle group and quadriceps work together during a running stride. In your answer, refer to types of muscle contractions.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • During the running stride, the hamstrings and quadriceps demonstrate the antagonistic relationship between muscle groups.
  • As the leg drives forward, the quadriceps contract concentrically to extend the knee. This causes the hamstrings to undergo eccentric contraction to control the movement, preventing hyperextension.
  • During the recovery phase, the hamstrings contract concentrically to flex the knee. As a result, the quadriceps must lengthen eccentrically to control this flexion.
  • This alternating pattern occurs because when one muscle group acts as the agonist (contracting), the opposing muscle must act as the antagonist (lengthening). Therefore, this coordinated action enables controlled movement and efficient force production throughout the running stride.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the running stride, the hamstrings and quadriceps demonstrate the antagonistic relationship between muscle groups.
  • As the leg drives forward, the quadriceps contract concentrically to extend the knee. This causes the hamstrings to undergo eccentric contraction to control the movement, preventing hyperextension.
  • During the recovery phase, the hamstrings contract concentrically to flex the knee. As a result, the quadriceps must lengthen eccentrically to control this flexion.
  • This alternating pattern occurs because when one muscle group acts as the agonist (contracting), the opposing muscle must act as the antagonist (lengthening). Therefore, this coordinated action enables controlled movement and efficient force production throughout the running stride.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 29

Name THREE major muscles of the upper body and outline their primary functions.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Deltoid:

  • Located covering the shoulder joint, this muscle primarily abducts the arm (raises it laterally).
  • Also assists with flexion and extension depending on which portion contracts.

Pectoralis major:

  • Large chest muscle responsible for horizontal adduction of the arm (bringing arms together).
  • Also performs internal rotation and assists with arm flexion.

Latissimus dorsi:

  • Broad back muscle that extends, adducts and internally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint.
  • Essential for pulling movements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Deltoid:

  • Located covering the shoulder joint, this muscle primarily abducts the arm (raises it laterally).
  • Also assists with flexion and extension depending on which portion contracts.

Pectoralis major:

  • Large chest muscle responsible for horizontal adduction of the arm (bringing arms together).
  • Also performs internal rotation and assists with arm flexion.

Latissimus dorsi:

  • Broad back muscle that extends, adducts and internally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint.
  • Essential for pulling movements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 28 MC

During a push-up, the pectoralis major:

  1. Contracts eccentrically during the downward phase and concentrically during the upward phase.
  2. Contracts concentrically during the downward phase and eccentrically during the upward phase.
  3. Acts as a stabiliser throughout the entire movement.
  4. Works as an antagonist to the deltoid muscle.
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Pectoralis major contracts eccentrically lowering, concentrically pushing up.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Reverses the contraction types
  • C is incorrect: Pectoralis major is a prime mover, not stabiliser
  • D is incorrect: Both muscles work together as agonists

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 27 MC

Which pair of muscles work together in an agonist-antagonist relationship?

  1. Deltoid and trapezius
  2. Biceps and gastrocnemius
  3. Triceps and biceps brachii
  4. Quadriceps and deltoid
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Biceps and triceps are antagonists at the elbow – biceps flexes, triceps extends.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Work in different regions, not antagonistic
  • B is incorrect: Work at different joints (elbow vs ankle)
  • D is incorrect: Work at different joints (knee vs shoulder)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 26 MC

The muscle group indicated in the image below is primarily responsible for:

  1. Hip flexion
  2. Knee extension
  3. Knee flexion
  4. Hip extension
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. The quadriceps are the primary knee extensors

Other Options:

  • A is Incorrect: Hip flexion is primarily performed by the iliopsoas
  • C is Incorrect: Knee flexion is performed by the hamstrings
  • D is Incorrect: Hip extension is primarily performed by the gluteus maximus and hamstrings

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 25

A volleyball player performs a spike at the net. Describe the sequence of joint actions that occur at the shoulder and elbow during this movement.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample answer

  • The volleyball spike begins with the shoulder joint in extension as the arm is drawn back behind the body.
  • As the arm moves forward to contact the ball, the shoulder undergoes flexion while simultaneously the elbow joint moves from flexion to extension.
  • The power generated through this coordinated sequence of joint actions enables the player to strike the ball with force while maintaining control through the movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample answer

  • The volleyball spike begins with the shoulder joint in extension as the arm is drawn back behind the body.
  • As the arm moves forward to contact the ball, the shoulder undergoes flexion while simultaneously the elbow joint moves from flexion to extension.
  • The power generated through this coordinated sequence of joint actions enables the player to strike the ball with force while maintaining control through the movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 24

Outline how the structure of ball and socket joints enables a greater range of movement than hinge joints. Support your response with examples.  (3 marks)

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Sample answer

Ball-and-socket joints

  • Feature a spherical head fitting into a cup-shaped socket, enabling multi-directional movement.
  • This structure permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.

Hinge joints

  • Have cylindrical surfaces allowing movement in only one plane – flexion and extension.

Examples:

  • The shoulder (ball-and-socket) allows arm movement in all directions for throwing.
  • The elbow (hinge) only bends and straightens, providing stability for lifting.
Show Worked Solution

Sample answer

Ball-and-socket joints

  • Feature a spherical head fitting into a cup-shaped socket, enabling multi-directional movement.
  • This structure permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation.

Hinge joints

  • Have cylindrical surfaces allowing movement in only one plane – flexion and extension.

Examples:

  • The shoulder (ball-and-socket) allows arm movement in all directions for throwing.
  • The elbow (hinge) only bends and straightens, providing stability for lifting.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 23 MC

During a biceps curl, what occurs at the elbow joint?

  1. The biceps contracts concentrically as the primary agonist
  2. The triceps contracts concentrically as the primary agonist
  3. The biceps and triceps contract simultaneously
  4. The triceps relaxes while the biceps stabilises
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The biceps contracts concentrically as the agonist, producing elbow flexion to lift the weight.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect: The triceps extends the elbow, not flexes it.
  • C is incorrect: Reciprocal inhibition prevents simultaneous contraction
  • D is incorrect: The biceps contracts, not stabilises

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 22

Describe how the coordination of joint actions at the hip, knee and ankle contributes to the generation of power in a vertical jump. Use biomechanical principles in your response.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Preparation phase:

  • Concurrent flexion at hips, knees and ankles lowers the centre of gravity. This creates a countermovement, initiating the stretch-shortening cycle in leg muscles to store elastic energy.

Propulsive phase:

  • Sequential triple extension follows a proximal-to-distal pattern – hips extend first, then knees, finally ankles. This kinetic chain transfers force upward, with each joint adding velocity to the movement.
  • Ground reaction forces peak when all joints extend together. Coordinated timing maximises vertical impulse at take-off.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Preparation phase:

  • Concurrent flexion at hips, knees and ankles lowers the centre of gravity. This creates a countermovement, initiating the stretch-shortening cycle in leg muscles to store elastic energy.

Propulsive phase:

  • Sequential triple extension follows a proximal-to-distal pattern – hips extend first, then knees, finally ankles. This kinetic chain transfers force upward, with each joint adding velocity to the movement.
  • Ground reaction forces peak when all joints extend together. Coordinated timing maximises vertical impulse at take-off.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 21

Outline the joint actions that occur at the knee and ankle when performing a squat.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Downward phase:

  • The knee joint undergoes flexion as the femur-tibia angle decreases.
  • Simultaneously, the ankle performs dorsiflexion with the foot tilting upward toward the shin.

Upward phase:

  • The knee extends, increasing the joint angle to straighten the leg.
  • The ankle undergoes plantarflexion to push through the foot.

Joint actions:

  • These coordinated joint actions enable controlled body lowering and raising throughout the squat movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Downward phase:

  • The knee joint undergoes flexion as the femur-tibia angle decreases.
  • Simultaneously, the ankle performs dorsiflexion with the foot tilting upward toward the shin.

Upward phase:

  • The knee extends, increasing the joint angle to straighten the leg.
  • The ankle undergoes plantarflexion to push through the foot.

Joint actions:

  • These coordinated joint actions enable controlled body lowering and raising throughout the squat movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 20 MC

The diagram below shows bones labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4, of the upper limb.

 

Which row correctly lists the bones for 1, 2, 3 and 4?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{1}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{2}& \textbf{3}& \textbf{4} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Scapula}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\ \ \text{Humerus}\ \ &\text{Ulna}&\text{Phalanges}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Clavicle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Ulna}&\quad \text{Radius}\quad &\text{Phalanges}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ \ \text{Humerus}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\ \ & \text{Radius} &\text{Ulna}&\text{Metacarpals} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Clavicle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Humerus}&\text{Ulna}&\text{Metacarpals} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

D is correct: 

1. Clavicle – long bone that attaches the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column.

2. Humerus – long bone in upper arm joining the elbow to the shoulder.

3. Ulna – longest bone in the forearm on the little finger side.

4. Metacarpals – long bones in hand between the carpals and phalanges

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 19

Describe how the structural differences between the hip joint and shoulder joint reflect their contrasting functional requirements in human movement.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Hip joint:

  • Features a deep acetabulum (socket) that encloses most of the femoral head, with short, strong ligaments providing robust support. This stable structure reflects its primary function of weight-bearing during standing and locomotion.

Shoulder joint:

  • Has a shallow glenoid cavity with loose joint capsule and longer ligaments. This flexible structure allows extensive multi-directional movement required for reaching, throwing, and overhead activities.

Structural Differences:

  • These directly match functional needs: stability for weight-bearing (hip) versus mobility for upper limb activities (shoulder).
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Hip joint:

  • Features a deep acetabulum (socket) that encloses most of the femoral head, with short, strong ligaments providing robust support. This stable structure reflects its primary function of weight-bearing during standing and locomotion.

Shoulder joint:

  • Has a shallow glenoid cavity with loose joint capsule and longer ligaments. This flexible structure allows extensive multi-directional movement required for reaching, throwing, and overhead activities.

Structural Differences:

  • These directly match functional needs: stability for weight-bearing (hip) versus mobility for upper limb activities (shoulder).

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 18

Using an example from the shoulder girdle, explain how the arrangement of bones and joints allows for effective throwing movements.   (3 marks)

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  • The shoulder girdle’s ball-and-socket joint connects the rounded head of the humerus to the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula. This arrangement creates extensive mobility through multi-directional movement.
  • During the wind-up, the shoulder extends and externally rotates, which allows the arm to move behind the body. This backward positioning stores elastic energy in anterior muscles.
  • In the forward phase, the shallow socket permits rapid shoulder flexion and internal rotation. Combined with the scapula’s mobility on the ribcage, this generates maximum throwing velocity through an extended range of motion.
Show Worked Solution
  • The shoulder girdle’s ball-and-socket joint connects the rounded head of the humerus to the shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula. This arrangement creates extensive mobility through multi-directional movement.
  • During the wind-up, the shoulder extends and externally rotates, which allows the arm to move behind the body. This backward positioning stores elastic energy in anterior muscles.
  • In the forward phase, the shallow socket permits rapid shoulder flexion and internal rotation. Combined with the scapula’s mobility on the ribcage, this generates maximum throwing velocity through an extended range of motion.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 17

Outline THREE types of synovial joints in the human body and provide an example of where each is located.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – ANY 3 of the following

  • Hinge joint: Allows flexion and extension in one plane only. Located at the elbow and knee.
  • Ball-and-socket joint: Permits movement in all planes including rotation. Found at the shoulder and hip.
  • Pivot joint: Enables rotational movement around a single axis. Located between the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.
  • Gliding joint: Permits movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). Located at the wrist between radius and carpals.
  • Condyloid joint: Allows flexion and extension in one plane only. Located at the elbow and knee.
  • Saddle joint: Allows movement in two planes but no rotation. Found at the base of the thumb.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – ANY 3 of the following

  • Hinge joint: Allows flexion and extension in one plane only. Located at the elbow and knee.
  • Ball-and-socket joint: Permits movement in all planes including rotation. Found at the shoulder and hip.
  • Pivot joint: Enables rotational movement around a single axis. Located between the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.
  • Gliding joint: Permits movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction). Located at the wrist between radius and carpals.
  • Condyloid joint: Allows flexion and extension in one plane only. Located at the elbow and knee.
  • Saddle joint: Allows movement in two planes but no rotation. Found at the base of the thumb.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 16 MC

Which sequence correctly describes the quadriceps muscle action and knee joint movement when performing a squat?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{Descent Phase}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{Bottom Position}& \textbf{Ascent Phase} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Eccentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{Isometric }&\text{Concentric}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Concentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Isometric concentric}&\text{Eccentric}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Isometric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Eccentric}&\text{Concentric} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Concentric}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Eccentric}&\text{Isometric} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: Quadriceps contract eccentrically (descent), isometrically (bottom), then concentrically (ascent).

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 15 MC

Which type of muscular contraction is occurring in the quadriceps when descending into a squat?

  1. Isometric contraction
  2. Eccentric contraction
  3. Concentric contraction
  4. Dynamic contraction
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

B is correct: During descent, the quadriceps lengthen under tension to control movement – this is eccentric contraction.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 14 MC

Which row correctly identifies the action of performing a bicep curl? 

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{Agonist Muscle}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{Muscular Contraction}& \textbf{Joint Action} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Biceps brachii}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{Isometric eccentric}&\text{Elbow extension}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Biceps brachii}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Isometric concentric}&\text{Elbow flexion}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Triceps brachii}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Isometric concentric}&\text{Elbow flexion} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Triceps brachii}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Isometric eccentric}&\text{Elbow extension} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

B is correct: During the upward (concentric) phase of a bicep curl:

  • The biceps brachii is the agonist muscle.
  • It contracts concentrically (shortens) to generate force.
  • This produces elbow flexion to lift the weight.

\(\Rightarrow B\)