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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 937

Explain how damage to different components of the peripheral nervous system would affect an athlete's performance in basketball.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Damage to sensory neurons would impair feedback about body position.
  • This prevents accurate sensing of hand position and ball contact.
  • Players couldn’t judge shooting force or dribbling pressure without looking, which shows how sensory damage disrupts movement precision.
      
  • Motor neuron damage would cause muscle weakness or paralysis because signals from brain to muscles become blocked or reduced.
  • Affected players lose jumping ability or shooting arm strength, demonstrating how motor damage prevents movement execution.
      
  • Proprioceptor damage would eliminate spatial awareness.
  • Athletes consequently lose unconscious knowledge of limb positions.
  • Players must visually track their arms when shooting or passing, illustrating how proprioceptive loss affects coordination.
      
  • Autonomic nervous system damage would impair exercise responses.
  • Heart rate and breathing fail to increase with exercise demands, resulting in rapid fatigue.
  • Players cannot sustain game intensity, thus showing how autonomic damage limits physical performance capacity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Damage to sensory neurons would impair feedback about body position.
  • This prevents accurate sensing of hand position and ball contact.
  • Players couldn’t judge shooting force or dribbling pressure without looking, which shows how sensory damage disrupts movement precision.
      
  • Motor neuron damage would cause muscle weakness or paralysis because signals from brain to muscles become blocked or reduced.
  • Affected players lose jumping ability or shooting arm strength, demonstrating how motor damage prevents movement execution.
      
  • Proprioceptor damage would eliminate spatial awareness.
  • Athletes consequently lose unconscious knowledge of limb positions.
  • Players must visually track their arms when shooting or passing, illustrating how proprioceptive loss affects coordination.
      
  • Autonomic nervous system damage would impair exercise responses.
  • Heart rate and breathing fail to increase with exercise demands, resulting in rapid fatigue.
  • Players cannot sustain game intensity, thus showing how autonomic damage limits physical performance capacity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 936

Explain how the peripheral nervous system controls both voluntary and involuntary responses during a 400 metre sprint race.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
  • Motor neurons transmit signals to leg and arm muscles causing running technique execution.
  • Sprinters consciously drive knees high and pump arms for maximum speed, which shows how voluntary control enables purposeful movement.
      
  • Sensory neurons provide continuous feedback about body position and track surface.
  • This information allows real-time adjustments to stride and posture.
  • Runners adjust foot placement on curves and maintain lane position, demonstrating how sensory input guides voluntary responses.
      
  • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary cardiovascular responses.
  • Sympathetic activation increases heart rate and dilates airways automatically.
  • Heart rate rises to 180+ bpm without conscious control during sprinting, illustrating how involuntary responses support intense exercise.
      
  • Temperature regulation occurs through involuntary sweating and vasodilation.
  • The body automatically cools itself as core temperature rises.
  • Blood vessels dilate and sweat glands activate without conscious thought, showing how involuntary mechanisms maintain homeostasis during exercise
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements.
  • Motor neurons transmit signals to leg and arm muscles causing running technique execution.
  • Sprinters consciously drive knees high and pump arms for maximum speed, which shows how voluntary control enables purposeful movement.
      
  • Sensory neurons provide continuous feedback about body position and track surface.
  • This information allows real-time adjustments to stride and posture.
  • Runners adjust foot placement on curves and maintain lane position, demonstrating how sensory input guides voluntary responses.
      
  • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary cardiovascular responses.
  • Sympathetic activation increases heart rate and dilates airways automatically.
  • Heart rate rises to 180+ bpm without conscious control during sprinting, illustrating how involuntary responses support intense exercise.
      
  • Temperature regulation occurs through involuntary sweating and vasodilation.
  • The body automatically cools itself as core temperature rises.
  • Blood vessels dilate and sweat glands activate without conscious thought, showing how involuntary mechanisms maintain homeostasis during exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 935

Outline the role of sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system when a tennis player returns a fast serve.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Visual sensory neurons in the eyes detect the ball’s speed, spin and trajectory.
  • Proprioceptive neurons in muscles and joints sense body and racquet position.
  • Touch receptors in the hand detect grip pressure and ball impact on the racquet.
  • This sensory information rapidly transmits to the CNS for processing and response coordination.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Visual sensory neurons in the eyes detect the ball’s speed, spin and trajectory.
  • Proprioceptive neurons in muscles and joints sense body and racquet position.
  • Touch receptors in the hand detect grip pressure and ball impact on the racquet.
  • This sensory information rapidly transmits to the CNS for processing and response coordination.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 934 MC

A soccer goalkeeper prepares to save a penalty kick. Which component of the peripheral nervous system is primarily responsible for the increased heart rate and heightened alertness they experience in this moment?

  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. Somatic sensory neurons
  3. Autonomic motor neurons
  4. Parasympathetic nervous system
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  •  A is correct: The sympathetic nervous system activates the “fight or flight” response, increasing heart rate and alertness in high-pressure situations.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Detects external stimuli, not internal responses.
  • C is incorrect: Too general – includes both activating and calming divisions.
  • D is incorrect: Slows heart rate and promotes relaxation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 933

Evaluate the interrelationship between the peripheral nervous system and other body systems in enabling efficient movement during an endurance cycling event.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

  • The PNS interrelationships prove highly effective for endurance cycling performance.
  • They strongly meet the criteria for movement coordination and adequately meet energy efficiency requirements.

Movement Coordination

  • The PNS-muscular system connection strongly meets coordination needs by sending signals to leg muscles continuously.
  • Feedback about muscle position helps cyclists keep a smooth pedalling rhythm and adjust their power.
  • The PNS-skeletal system partnership works excellently by telling the brain where joints are positioned, helping riders maintain good cycling posture.
  • These relationships work so well that cyclists can pedal efficiently for hours without conscious thought.
  • However, coordination begins to deteriorate when riders become fatigued because nerve signals don’t travel efficiently during ultra-long rides.

Energy Efficiency

  • The PNS-heart and blood vessel connection adequately supports energy use by controlling heart rate and adjusting blood vessel dilation.
  • Oxygen delivery improves but cannot fully prevent fatigue over very long distances.
  • The PNS-respiratory connection partly meets efficiency needs by changing breathing rate, though riders sometimes need to control their breathing manually on steep hills. 
  • Temperature control through the PNS-skin connection works well to prevent overheating by starting sweating and changing blood flow to the skin.
  • The PNS correctly slows down digestion to send more blood to leg muscles, though this can cause stomach upset in very long events.

Final Evaluation

  • The PNS interrelationships highly effectively enable endurance cycling through excellent movement coordination and adequate energy management.
  • While coordination aspects strongly support performance, energy efficiency shows some limitations during extreme efforts.
  • Overall, these integrated systems successfully maintain cycling efficiency because the PNS coordinates multiple body responses simultaneously.
  • Cyclists must supplement these automatic responses with proper nutrition and pacing strategies for optimal performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

  • The PNS interrelationships prove highly effective for endurance cycling performance.
  • They strongly meet the criteria for movement coordination and adequately meet energy efficiency requirements.

Movement Coordination

  • The PNS-muscular system connection strongly meets coordination needs by sending signals to leg muscles continuously.
  • Feedback about muscle position helps cyclists keep a smooth pedalling rhythm and adjust their power.
  • The PNS-skeletal system partnership works excellently by telling the brain where joints are positioned, helping riders maintain good cycling posture.
  • These relationships work so well that cyclists can pedal efficiently for hours without conscious thought.
  • However, coordination begins to deteriorate when riders become fatigued because nerve signals don’t travel efficiently during ultra-long rides.

Energy Efficiency

  • The PNS-heart and blood vessel connection adequately supports energy use by controlling heart rate and adjusting blood vessel dilation.
  • Oxygen delivery improves but cannot fully prevent fatigue over very long distances.
  • The PNS-respiratory connection partly meets efficiency needs by changing breathing rate, though riders sometimes need to control their breathing manually on steep hills. 
  • Temperature control through the PNS-skin connection works well to prevent overheating by starting sweating and changing blood flow to the skin.
  • The PNS correctly slows down digestion to send more blood to leg muscles, though this can cause stomach upset in very long events.

Final Evaluation

  • The PNS interrelationships highly effectively enable endurance cycling through excellent movement coordination and adequate energy management.
  • While coordination aspects strongly support performance, energy efficiency shows some limitations during extreme efforts.
  • Overall, these integrated systems successfully maintain cycling efficiency because the PNS coordinates multiple body responses simultaneously.
  • Cyclists must supplement these automatic responses with proper nutrition and pacing strategies for optimal performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 932

Explain how the peripheral nervous system facilitates both voluntary and involuntary aspects of a 100-metre sprint performance.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle contractions for sprinting.
  • Motor neurons transmit signals from CNS to skeletal muscles, causing sprinters to consciously drive from blocks and maintain running form.
  • This shows how voluntary PNS pathways enable purposeful movement.
      
  • Sensory neurons provide continuous feedback during the sprint.
  • This information allows real-time adjustments to technique and balance.
  • Runners sense foot contact and adjust stride length for maximum speed, demonstrating how sensory input refines voluntary movement.
      
  • The autonomic nervous system triggers involuntary cardiovascular responses.
  • Sympathetic activation increases heart rate before conscious awareness, resulting in rates rising from 70 to 180+ bpm within seconds.
  • This illustrates how involuntary responses support intense exercise.
      
  • Pre-race sympathetic activation prepares the body for explosive effort.
  • Adrenaline release automatically increases muscle tension and mental alertness.
  • Sprinters experience heightened awareness and energy at the starting line, showing how involuntary preparation enhances voluntary performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle contractions for sprinting.
  • Motor neurons transmit signals from CNS to skeletal muscles, causing sprinters to consciously drive from blocks and maintain running form.
  • This shows how voluntary PNS pathways enable purposeful movement.
      
  • Sensory neurons provide continuous feedback during the sprint.
  • This information allows real-time adjustments to technique and balance.
  • Runners sense foot contact and adjust stride length for maximum speed, demonstrating how sensory input refines voluntary movement.
      
  • The autonomic nervous system triggers involuntary cardiovascular responses.
  • Sympathetic activation increases heart rate before conscious awareness, resulting in rates rising from 70 to 180+ bpm within seconds.
  • This illustrates how involuntary responses support intense exercise.
      
  • Pre-race sympathetic activation prepares the body for explosive effort.
  • Adrenaline release automatically increases muscle tension and mental alertness.
  • Sprinters experience heightened awareness and energy at the starting line, showing how involuntary preparation enhances voluntary performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 931

Compare and contrast the roles of sensory and motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system during a cricket bowling action.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both sensory and motor neurons are essential components of the peripheral nervous system.
  • Both transmit electrical signals rapidly through myelinated axons during the bowling action.
  • Both work together in a continuous feedback loop throughout the bowling sequence.
  • Both are activated simultaneously to coordinate the complex bowling movement.

Differences:

  • Sensory neurons detect stimuli (grip feel, body position, visual cues) while motor neurons cause muscle contractions.
  • Sensory neurons transmit signals from receptors to the CNS; motor neurons transmit from CNS to muscles.
  • Sensory neuron cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglia; motor neuron cell bodies are within the CNS.
  • Sensory neurons enable proprioception for body awareness; motor neurons enable precise sequential muscle contractions.
  • Sensory neurons provide feedback about execution; motor neurons execute the planned bowling action.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both sensory and motor neurons are essential components of the peripheral nervous system.
  • Both transmit electrical signals rapidly through myelinated axons during the bowling action.
  • Both work together in a continuous feedback loop throughout the bowling sequence.
  • Both are activated simultaneously to coordinate the complex bowling movement.

Differences:

  • Sensory neurons detect stimuli (grip feel, body position, visual cues) while motor neurons cause muscle contractions.
  • Sensory neurons transmit signals from receptors to the CNS; motor neurons transmit from CNS to muscles.
  • Sensory neuron cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglia; motor neuron cell bodies are within the CNS.
  • Sensory neurons enable proprioception for body awareness; motor neurons enable precise sequential muscle contractions.
  • Sensory neurons provide feedback about execution; motor neurons execute the planned bowling action.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 930

Explain the role of the peripheral nervous system in a basketball player performing a jump shot.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Sensory neurons detect basket position and distance through vision.
  • This information travels to the brain for processing and decision-making.
  • Players judge distance and height to plan shot trajectory, which shows how sensory input initiates movement.
      
  • Motor neurons transmit signals from brain to muscles.
  • These signals cause coordinated contractions for jumping and shooting.
  • Leg muscles power the jump while arms control ball release, demonstrating how motor neurons execute movement.
      
  • The autonomic system increases heart rate and breathing.
  • This provides extra oxygen and energy for the movement.
  • Blood flow increases to working muscles during the shot, thus supporting voluntary actions involuntarily.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Sensory neurons detect basket position and distance through vision.
  • This information travels to the brain for processing and decision-making.
  • Players judge distance and height to plan shot trajectory, which shows how sensory input initiates movement.
      
  • Motor neurons transmit signals from brain to muscles.
  • These signals cause coordinated contractions for jumping and shooting.
  • Leg muscles power the jump while arms control ball release, demonstrating how motor neurons execute movement.
      
  • The autonomic system increases heart rate and breathing.
  • This provides extra oxygen and energy for the movement.
  • Blood flow increases to working muscles during the shot, thus supporting voluntary actions involuntarily.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 929

Describe the structure and function of motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Motor neurons have a cell body in the CNS containing the nucleus and organelles.
  • A long axon extends to muscles, covered with myelin sheath for faster signal transmission.
  • Multiple dendrites branch from the cell body to receive signals from other neurons.
  • Motor neurons transmit electrical impulses from CNS to muscles, causing contraction for voluntary movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Motor neurons have a cell body in the CNS containing the nucleus and organelles.
  • A long axon extends to muscles, covered with myelin sheath for faster signal transmission.
  • Multiple dendrites branch from the cell body to receive signals from other neurons.
  • Motor neurons transmit electrical impulses from CNS to muscles, causing contraction for voluntary movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 928 MC

A swimmer completes several fast laps in a pool. During this activity, the peripheral nervous system is involved in:

  1. Only voluntary muscle contractions for swimming movements
  2. Only involuntary functions like heart rate regulation
  3. Both voluntary swimming movements and involuntary physiological adjustments
  4. Neither swimming movements nor physiological adjustments
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: The PNS controls both voluntary muscle movements and involuntary functions during exercise.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The PNS also controls involuntary functions.
  • B is incorrect: The PNS also controls voluntary movements.
  • D is incorrect: The PNS is involved in both aspects.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 928 MC

Which of the following describes a function of motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

  1. Detecting environmental stimuli
  2. Transmitting commands from the central nervous system to muscles
  3. Processing sensory information
  4. Carrying signals from muscles to the central nervous system
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system receive messages from the central nervous system and connect with effectors (muscles) to carry out the response.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Detecting environmental stimuli is the function of sensory receptors and sensory neurons.
  • C is incorrect: Processing sensory information is primarily done by interneurons in the central nervous system.
  • D is incorrect: Carrying signals from muscles to the CNS is the function of sensory neurons, not motor neurons.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 927 MC

During an archery competition, an athlete's hand accidentally touches a sharp edge. The immediate withdrawal of their hand is primarily controlled by:

  1. Motor neurons in the brain
  2. Sensory neurons in the skin
  3. Voluntary muscle contractions
  4. A spinal reflex pathway
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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: The immediate withdrawal response from a painful stimulus is a reflex action controlled by the spinal cord without requiring brain processing.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Brain motor neurons control voluntary movements, not immediate reflexes.
  • B is incorrect: Sensory neurons detect the stimulus but don’t control the withdrawal response.
  • C is incorrect: The withdrawal is involuntary, not a voluntary muscle contraction.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 925

Analyse how the central nervous system adapts to improve performance during the various stages of learning a complex skill such as an Olympic weightlifting movement.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The CNS undergoes progressive changes as learners advance from cognitive to automatic stages of skill acquisition.
  • These neural transformations work together to alter conscious, effortful movements into smooth, automatic performance.

Component Relationship 1: Conscious Control to Automation

  • The prefrontal cortex initially dominates processing as beginners think through each movement component.
  • High conscious demands result in learners mentally processing grip width, foot position and lifting sequence separately.
  • As practice continues, the basal ganglia develops automated motor programs that enable movement execution without conscious thought.
  • Elite lifters focus on explosive power because technique runs automatically.
  • This shift reveals how thinking parts of the brain gradually hand over control to automatic movement centres.

Component Relationship 2: Neural Efficiency and Structural Changes

  • Neural pathways strengthen through repeated practice, with myelination increasing signal speed between connections.
  • The snatch movement becomes smoother as pathways between motor regions strengthen.
  • Meanwhile, the cerebellum refines movement timing by comparing intended movements with actual performance.
  • Bar path becomes consistent through cerebellar error correction.
  • Additionally, overall neural activation decreases for the same movement, demonstrating increased efficiency.
  • Brain scans show less activation in skilled lifters compared to beginners.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These adaptations work together to create skilled performance.
  • Structural changes combine with functional shifts to produce neural efficiency.
  • Therefore, complex skill learning depends on multiple CNS adaptations occurring simultaneously, transforming high-effort conscious control into efficient automatic execution.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The CNS undergoes progressive changes as learners advance from cognitive to automatic stages of skill acquisition.
  • These neural transformations work together to alter conscious, effortful movements into smooth, automatic performance.

Component Relationship 1: Conscious Control to Automation

  • The prefrontal cortex initially dominates processing as beginners think through each movement component.
  • High conscious demands result in learners mentally processing grip width, foot position and lifting sequence separately.
  • As practice continues, the basal ganglia develops automated motor programs that enable movement execution without conscious thought.
  • Elite lifters focus on explosive power because technique runs automatically.
  • This shift reveals how thinking parts of the brain gradually hand over control to automatic movement centres.

Component Relationship 2: Neural Efficiency and Structural Changes

  • Neural pathways strengthen through repeated practice, with myelination increasing signal speed between connections.
  • The snatch movement becomes smoother as pathways between motor regions strengthen.
  • Meanwhile, the cerebellum refines movement timing by comparing intended movements with actual performance.
  • Bar path becomes consistent through cerebellar error correction.
  • Additionally, overall neural activation decreases for the same movement, demonstrating increased efficiency.
  • Brain scans show less activation in skilled lifters compared to beginners.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These adaptations work together to create skilled performance.
  • Structural changes combine with functional shifts to produce neural efficiency.
  • Therefore, complex skill learning depends on multiple CNS adaptations occurring simultaneously, transforming high-effort conscious control into efficient automatic execution.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 924

Explain how different regions of the brain cooperate during the learning and execution of a new gymnastics routine on a balance beam.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The frontal lobe engages in planning and decision-making during initial learning. This helps break down the routine into manageable components and maintain technique focus.
  • Motor cortex regions generate specific neural commands for each movement. This causes dedicated areas to control different body parts needed for the routine. These signals enable precise voluntary control.
  • Proprioceptive information about body position is processed by the parietal lobe. This results in maintained balance on the narrow beam surface. This occurs because spatial awareness is crucial for stability.
  • Timing and precision of movements are coordinated by the cerebellum, which compares intended actions with actual performance. This leads to micro-adjustments during execution for improved accuracy.
  • Auditory cues and coaching instructions are processed by the temporal lobe, contributing to memory formation of the routine sequence. Meanwhile, the basal ganglia facilitate transition from conscious execution to automatic performance as practice continues, thus allocating attention resources more efficiently.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The frontal lobe engages in planning and decision-making during initial learning. This helps break down the routine into manageable components and maintain technique focus.
  • Motor cortex regions generate specific neural commands for each movement. This causes dedicated areas to control different body parts needed for the routine. These signals enable precise voluntary control.
  • Proprioceptive information about body position is processed by the parietal lobe. This results in maintained balance on the narrow beam surface. This occurs because spatial awareness is crucial for stability.
  • Timing and precision of movements are coordinated by the cerebellum, which compares intended actions with actual performance. This leads to micro-adjustments during execution for improved accuracy.
  • Auditory cues and coaching instructions are processed by the temporal lobe, contributing to memory formation of the routine sequence. Meanwhile, the basal ganglia facilitate transition from conscious execution to automatic performance as practice continues, thus allocating attention resources more efficiently.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 923

Describe how the central nervous system processes and responds to a stimulus when a volleyball player must quickly adjust to receive a ball that has been deflected off the net.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Sensory Processing:

  • Visual cortex processes the ball’s changed trajectory after net deflection.
  • Parietal lobe interprets spatial relationships between player and ball.
  • Cerebellum receives proprioceptive feedback about current body position.

Decision Making:

  • Frontal lobe rapidly evaluates options for adjusted positioning.
  • Motor cortex plans modified movement pattern for the new ball path.
  • Integration occurs between visual and spatial information.

Response Execution:

  • Motor cortex sends adjusted signals through spinal cord to muscles.
  • Cerebellum coordinates balance during rapid repositioning.
  • Continuous sensory feedback allows real-time movement refinements.
  • Entire process occurs within milliseconds for successful reception.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Sensory Processing:

  • Visual cortex processes the ball’s changed trajectory after net deflection.
  • Parietal lobe interprets spatial relationships between player and ball.
  • Cerebellum receives proprioceptive feedback about current body position.

Decision Making:

  • Frontal lobe rapidly evaluates options for adjusted positioning.
  • Motor cortex plans modified movement pattern for the new ball path.
  • Integration occurs between visual and spatial information.

Response Execution:

  • Motor cortex sends adjusted signals through spinal cord to muscles.
  • Cerebellum coordinates balance during rapid repositioning.
  • Continuous sensory feedback allows real-time movement refinements.
  • Entire process occurs within milliseconds for successful reception.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 922 MC

During a hockey match, a player must simultaneously track the ball, maintain awareness of other players, and control their stick technique.

Which brain regions work together to coordinate these multiple tasks?

  1. Frontal lobe and temporal lobe
  2. Occipital lobe and frontal lobe
  3. Cerebellum and parietal lobe
  4. Brain stem and occipital lobe
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance while the parietal lobe processes spatial awareness, working together to integrate multiple sensory inputs during complex sporting actions.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: While frontal lobe plans movements, temporal lobe processes hearing and memory, not spatial coordination.
  • B is incorrect: These process vision and planning but lack the spatial awareness and coordination components.
  • D is incorrect: Brain stem controls basic functions and occipital lobe processes vision, missing movement coordination.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 921

Evaluate the importance of the central nervous system in both voluntary and involuntary aspects of movement during a marathon race.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Judgement Statement:

  • The central nervous system proves highly important for marathon performance.
  • It strongly meets criteria for voluntary movement control and adequately fulfils involuntary regulation requirements.

Voluntary Movement Control:

  • The motor cortex strongly meets voluntary control requirements through continuous pacing decisions throughout the race.
  • Frontal lobe planning enables runners to adjust pace based on energy levels and race conditions.
  • Conscious changes to stride length and running rhythm help maintain efficiency over long distances.
  • The brain processes environmental factors like hills, wind and temperature to adapt technique accordingly.
  • Voluntary CNS control proves essential for maintaining good running form over 42.2 kilometres.
  • Mental strategies and motivation also depend on higher brain centres.

Involuntary Regulation:

  • The brain stem adequately fulfils automatic breathing and heart rate control without conscious effort.
  • Temperature regulation through the hypothalamus prevents overheating by triggering sweating and blood vessel changes.
  • Involuntary postural adjustments maintain balance and stability despite increasing fatigue.
  • However, CNS involuntary control shows limitations when energy stores run low in later stages.
  • Automatic functions can struggle during extreme exhaustion, requiring conscious effort to override natural stopping signals.
  • The “wall” at 30-35km partly results from CNS protective mechanisms.

Final Evaluation:

  • The CNS demonstrates high importance for marathon success, with voluntary control being more critical than involuntary regulation.
  • While involuntary functions adequately maintain basic body needs, voluntary decision-making and movement control determine race outcomes.
  • The CNS’s dual role proves essential for marathon completion, managing both conscious strategies and automatic responses.
  • Voluntary control matters more because runners who pace poorly or lose form will struggle regardless of how well their automatic functions work.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Judgement Statement:

  • The central nervous system proves highly important for marathon performance.
  • It strongly meets criteria for voluntary movement control and adequately fulfils involuntary regulation requirements.

Voluntary Movement Control:

  • The motor cortex strongly meets voluntary control requirements through continuous pacing decisions throughout the race.
  • Frontal lobe planning enables runners to adjust pace based on energy levels and race conditions.
  • Conscious changes to stride length and running rhythm help maintain efficiency over long distances.
  • The brain processes environmental factors like hills, wind and temperature to adapt technique accordingly.
  • Voluntary CNS control proves essential for maintaining good running form over 42.2 kilometres.
  • Mental strategies and motivation also depend on higher brain centres.

Involuntary Regulation:

  • The brain stem adequately fulfils automatic breathing and heart rate control without conscious effort.
  • Temperature regulation through the hypothalamus prevents overheating by triggering sweating and blood vessel changes.
  • Involuntary postural adjustments maintain balance and stability despite increasing fatigue.
  • However, CNS involuntary control shows limitations when energy stores run low in later stages.
  • Automatic functions can struggle during extreme exhaustion, requiring conscious effort to override natural stopping signals.
  • The “wall” at 30-35km partly results from CNS protective mechanisms.

Final Evaluation:

  • The CNS demonstrates high importance for marathon success, with voluntary control being more critical than involuntary regulation.
  • While involuntary functions adequately maintain basic body needs, voluntary decision-making and movement control determine race outcomes.
  • The CNS’s dual role proves essential for marathon completion, managing both conscious strategies and automatic responses.
  • Voluntary control matters more because runners who pace poorly or lose form will struggle regardless of how well their automatic functions work.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 920

Explain how damage to different regions of the brain would affect an athlete's movement capabilities.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Cerebellum damage directly impairs coordination and balance control.
  • This causes athletes to struggle with fine movements and postural adjustments during sport.
  • Basketball players cannot shoot accurately because the cerebellum normally refines these precise movements.
  • As a result, they lose the smooth, coordinated actions essential for performance.
      
  • Motor cortex damage leads to weakness or paralysis in specific body regions.
  • This occurs because the motor cortex has a mapped organisation controlling different body parts.
  • Damage to leg regions prevents running while arm regions result in lost throwing abilities.
  • Therefore, the location of motor cortex damage determines which movements are affected.
      
  • Parietal lobe damage affects spatial awareness and body positioning.
  • This impairs the brain’s ability to integrate sensory information with movement planning.
  • Athletes cannot judge distances accurately which means they struggle to navigate playing fields effectively.
  • Consequently, sports requiring spatial judgment become extremely difficult.
      
  • Brain regions normally work together through neural networks.
  • When damage occurs to one area, it disrupts communication with other regions.
  • Combined deficits appear worse than individual impairments because the integrated brain function is compromised.
  • Thus, athletic performance depends on all movement-related brain regions working together.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Cerebellum damage directly impairs coordination and balance control.
  • This causes athletes to struggle with fine movements and postural adjustments during sport.
  • Basketball players cannot shoot accurately because the cerebellum normally refines these precise movements.
  • As a result, they lose the smooth, coordinated actions essential for performance.
      
  • Motor cortex damage leads to weakness or paralysis in specific body regions.
  • This occurs because the motor cortex has a mapped organisation controlling different body parts.
  • Damage to leg regions prevents running while arm regions result in lost throwing abilities.
  • Therefore, the location of motor cortex damage determines which movements are affected.
      
  • Parietal lobe damage affects spatial awareness and body positioning.
  • This impairs the brain’s ability to integrate sensory information with movement planning.
  • Athletes cannot judge distances accurately which means they struggle to navigate playing fields effectively.
  • Consequently, sports requiring spatial judgment become extremely difficult.
      
  • Brain regions normally work together through neural networks.
  • When damage occurs to one area, it disrupts communication with other regions.
  • Combined deficits appear worse than individual impairments because the integrated brain function is compromised.
  • Thus, athletic performance depends on all movement-related brain regions working together.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 919

Explain how different areas of the brain interrelate to coordinate a complex gymnastic routine performed on a balance beam.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The cerebellum coordinates balance and precise timing throughout the routine.
  • It processes proprioceptive feedback and adjusts body position to maintain stability.
  • During spins or jumps, the cerebellum makes micro-adjustments to prevent falling, which enables continuous balance control.
      
  • The motor cortex plans and executes voluntary movements for each skill.
  • This causes specific signals to travel to muscles for planned elements like leaps and turns.
  • Different cortex regions control arms for balance while legs perform movements, demonstrating how motor cortex coordinates complex voluntary actions.
      
  • The parietal lobe processes spatial awareness and body position.
  • This creates a mental map of body location relative to the beam.
  • Gymnasts know their position without looking down during blind landings because spatial processing guides movement accuracy.
      
  • All brain areas work simultaneously through neural connections.
  • Information flows constantly between regions to coordinate the routine.
  • Visual, spatial and motor information combine resulting in seamless performance.
  • Brain integration thus produces coordinated movement.
Show Worked Solution
  • The cerebellum coordinates balance and precise timing throughout the routine.
  • It processes proprioceptive feedback and adjusts body position to maintain stability.
  • During spins or jumps, the cerebellum makes micro-adjustments to prevent falling, which enables continuous balance control.
      
  • The motor cortex plans and executes voluntary movements for each skill.
  • This causes specific signals to travel to muscles for planned elements like leaps and turns.
  • Different cortex regions control arms for balance while legs perform movements, demonstrating how motor cortex coordinates complex voluntary actions.
      
  • The parietal lobe processes spatial awareness and body position.
  • This creates a mental map of body location relative to the beam.
  • Gymnasts know their position without looking down during blind landings because spatial processing guides movement accuracy.
      
  • All brain areas work simultaneously through neural connections.
  • Information flows constantly between regions to coordinate the routine.
  • Visual, spatial and motor information combine resulting in seamless performance.
  • Brain integration thus produces coordinated movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 918

Describe the structure and function of the spinal cord and its role in facilitating rapid movement responses.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Structure:

  • The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure extending from brain stem to first lumbar vertebra.
  • Contains grey matter centrally (neuron cell bodies) and white matter peripherally (myelinated axons).
  • Protected by vertebrae, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid with 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Function:

  • Transmits sensory information to brain via ascending tracts and motor commands via descending tracts.
  • Processes and integrates information between sensory and motor neurons.

Role in Rapid Movement:

  • Controls reflexes without brain involvement, enabling immediate protective responses.
  • Facilitates quick postural adjustments and withdrawal from painful stimuli during movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Structure:

  • The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure extending from brain stem to first lumbar vertebra.
  • Contains grey matter centrally (neuron cell bodies) and white matter peripherally (myelinated axons).
  • Protected by vertebrae, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid with 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Function:

  • Transmits sensory information to brain via ascending tracts and motor commands via descending tracts.
  • Processes and integrates information between sensory and motor neurons.

Role in Rapid Movement:

  • Controls reflexes without brain involvement, enabling immediate protective responses.
  • Facilitates quick postural adjustments and withdrawal from painful stimuli during movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 917

Outline how the central nervous system responds when a soccer player must quickly adjust their kick direction after seeing a defender move into their path.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Visual cortex processes the defender’s movement and sends signals to the frontal lobe.
  • Motor cortex plans the new kick direction and adjusts the movement pattern.
  • The cerebellum coordinates balance and timing for the modified kick.
  • Signals travel through the spinal cord to leg muscles to execute the adjusted movement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Visual cortex processes the defender’s movement and sends signals to the frontal lobe.
  • Motor cortex plans the new kick direction and adjusts the movement pattern.
  • The cerebellum coordinates balance and timing for the modified kick.
  • Signals travel through the spinal cord to leg muscles to execute the adjusted movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 916 MC

When a tennis player returns a fast serve, several parts of the brain work together. Which function would the parietal lobe of the brain contribute to this action?

  1. Visual perception of the ball's approach
  2. Planning the sequence of movements
  3. Coordination of the muscles used
  4. Touch perception and movement control
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: The parietal lobe processes touch perception and movement control, critical for returning a serve.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Visual perception is primarily the function of the occipital lobe.
  • B is incorrect: Planning movement sequences is primarily a function of the frontal lobe.
  • C is incorrect: Coordination of muscles is primarily a function of the cerebellum.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 915 MC

The spinal cord contributes to rapid movement responses through:

  1. Storing long-term movement memories
  2. Processing complex motor patterns
  3. Reflex actions that bypass the brain
  4. Slowing neural transmission for precision
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: The spinal cord controls many reflex activities where messages are quickly transmitted to the spinal cord rather than the brain for a faster response time.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Long-term movement memories are stored in the brain, not the spinal cord.
  • B is incorrect: Complex motor patterns are processed primarily in the brain, not the spinal cord.
  • D is incorrect: The spinal cord actually speeds up neural transmission for certain movements, not slows it down.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 914 MC

A netball player quickly jumps to catch a high pass during a game. Which part of the central nervous system would be primarily responsible for maintaining her balance during this movement?

  1. Cerebral lobe
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Medulla oblongata
  4. Frontal lobe
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: The cerebellum is responsible for coordination, balance, and reflex motor acts, making it primarily responsible for maintaining balance during movements like jumping to catch a ball.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Cerebral lobe is not a specific part of the brain but a general term for the cerebral hemispheres.
  • C is incorrect: Medulla oblongata controls involuntary functions like breathing and heart rate, not balance.
  • D is incorrect: Frontal lobe is involved in planning, reasoning, and voluntary movement, but not specifically balance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 102

Evaluate how neurological adaptations contribute to improved performance in a racquet sport of your choice.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer:

Judgement Statement:

  • Neurological adaptations prove highly effective in improving tennis performance, meeting criteria of skill refinement and performance consistency.

Skill Refinement:

  • Nerve pathways become better insulated through myelination, making signals travel faster for precise strokes.
  • Repeated practice creates automatic movement patterns in the brain for each stroke type.
  • Visual processing improves, helping players track the ball better and predict opponent shots.
  • The cerebellum gets better at timing movements, producing consistent contact points regardless of ball speed.
  • These changes result in measurable improvements in shot accuracy and power, with players making fewer unforced errors.

Performance Consistency:

  • Automatic movement patterns help maintain consistency by reducing how much players need to think during matches.
  • Less conscious thinking about technique allows focus on tactics and game strategy.
  • Players can repeat shots more accurately under pressure because they sense their body position better.
  • However, stress can still disrupt these automatic patterns in competition, especially in tie-breaks.
  • Neural adaptations show limitations when tiredness affects concentration in long matches.
  • Environmental factors like wind or crowd noise can interfere with established movement patterns.

Final Evaluation:

  • Neural adaptations greatly improve tennis performance by making skills more precise and automatic.
  • These adaptations strongly meet technical improvement goals but only partly meet consistency goals because pressure and tiredness still affect performance.
  • The benefits are much greater than the problems because neural changes create lasting improvements that stay even when players take breaks from training.
  • Players need to add mental training and fitness work to get the best results from their neural improvements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer:

Judgement Statement:

  • Neurological adaptations prove highly effective in improving tennis performance, meeting criteria of skill refinement and performance consistency.

Skill Refinement:

  • Nerve pathways become better insulated through myelination, making signals travel faster for precise strokes.
  • Repeated practice creates automatic movement patterns in the brain for each stroke type.
  • Visual processing improves, helping players track the ball better and predict opponent shots.
  • The cerebellum gets better at timing movements, producing consistent contact points regardless of ball speed.
  • These changes result in measurable improvements in shot accuracy and power, with players making fewer unforced errors.

Performance Consistency:

  • Automatic movement patterns help maintain consistency by reducing how much players need to think during matches.
  • Less conscious thinking about technique allows focus on tactics and game strategy.
  • Players can repeat shots more accurately under pressure because they sense their body position better.
  • However, stress can still disrupt these automatic patterns in competition, especially in tie-breaks.
  • Neural adaptations show limitations when tiredness affects concentration in long matches.
  • Environmental factors like wind or crowd noise can interfere with established movement patterns.

Final Evaluation:

  • Neural adaptations greatly improve tennis performance by making skills more precise and automatic.
  • These adaptations strongly meet technical improvement goals but only partly meet consistency goals because pressure and tiredness still affect performance.
  • The benefits are much greater than the problems because neural changes create lasting improvements that stay even when players take breaks from training.
  • Players need to add mental training and fitness work to get the best results from their neural improvements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 101

Describe how the nervous system controls movement in power activities versus endurance activities.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Power Activities:

  • Rapid recruitment of fast-twitch motor units through high-frequency neural signals for maximal drive.
  • Motor cortex sends maximal stimulation to activate large numbers of muscle fibres simultaneously within milliseconds.
  • High threshold motor neurons fire to generate explosive force production with immediate total recruitment.
  • Sympathetic nervous system maximally activated for immediate energy release, increasing adrenaline and glucose availability.
  • Short duration neural firing patterns prevent fatigue of neural pathways but cause rapid.

Endurance Activities:

  • Gradual recruitment of slow-twitch motor units through low-frequency neural signals for submaximal sustained activation.
  • Motor cortex maintains steady, submaximal stimulation over extended periods through efficient neural coding.
  • Low threshold motor neurons fire first, with systematic rotation of active motor units delaying fatigue.
  • Parasympathetic influence helps maintain efficient heart rate and breathing rhythm, optimising oxygen delivery.
  • Sustained neural firing patterns with motor unit rotation manage fatigue through gradual, rotating recruitment strategies.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Power Activities:

  • Rapid recruitment of fast-twitch motor units through high-frequency neural signals for maximal drive.
  • Motor cortex sends maximal stimulation to activate large numbers of muscle fibres simultaneously within milliseconds.
  • High threshold motor neurons fire to generate explosive force production with immediate total recruitment.
  • Sympathetic nervous system maximally activated for immediate energy release, increasing adrenaline and glucose availability.
  • Short duration neural firing patterns prevent fatigue of neural pathways but cause rapid.

Endurance Activities:

  • Gradual recruitment of slow-twitch motor units through low-frequency neural signals for submaximal sustained activation.
  • Motor cortex maintains steady, submaximal stimulation over extended periods through efficient neural coding.
  • Low threshold motor neurons fire first, with systematic rotation of active motor units delaying fatigue.
  • Parasympathetic influence helps maintain efficient heart rate and breathing rhythm, optimising oxygen delivery.
  • Sustained neural firing patterns with motor unit rotation manage fatigue through gradual, rotating recruitment strategies.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 100

Compare and contrast how the nervous system's control of movement differs between novice and elite table tennis players.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both novice and elite players use visual processing to track ball trajectory and opponent positioning.
  • Both rely on sensory neurons to detect ball speed, spin and table position.
  • Both activate motor neurons to execute strokes and footwork patterns.
  • Both utilise the cerebellum for balance and coordination during play.

Differences:

  • Novices rely heavily on conscious processing in the cerebral cortex while elites use automated motor programs.
  • Neural pathways in novices are poorly myelinated causing slow transmission; elites have highly myelinated pathways enabling rapid signals.
  • Novices visually track the ball late and react after bouncing; elites anticipate trajectory before opponent contact.
  • Novices recruit unnecessary muscle groups wasting energy; elites use minimal activation for maximum efficiency.
  • Conscious control in novices limits response speed; automation in elites frees cognitive resources for tactics.
  • Novices show jerky, inconsistent technique; elites demonstrate smooth, precise movement patterns.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both novice and elite players use visual processing to track ball trajectory and opponent positioning.
  • Both rely on sensory neurons to detect ball speed, spin and table position.
  • Both activate motor neurons to execute strokes and footwork patterns.
  • Both utilise the cerebellum for balance and coordination during play.

Differences:

  • Novices rely heavily on conscious processing in the cerebral cortex while elites use automated motor programs.
  • Neural pathways in novices are poorly myelinated causing slow transmission; elites have highly myelinated pathways enabling rapid signals.
  • Novices visually track the ball late and react after bouncing; elites anticipate trajectory before opponent contact.
  • Novices recruit unnecessary muscle groups wasting energy; elites use minimal activation for maximum efficiency.
  • Conscious control in novices limits response speed; automation in elites frees cognitive resources for tactics.
  • Novices show jerky, inconsistent technique; elites demonstrate smooth, precise movement patterns.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 99

Describe how the nervous system controls movement differently when a basketball player changes from dribbling the ball to shooting.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Dribbling Control:

  • Repetitive motor patterns use established neural pathways for continuous bouncing.
  • Proprioceptors provide constant feedback with cerebellum maintaining rhythm automatically.
  • Lower brain centres coordinate these automated movement patterns.

Shooting Control:

  • Motor cortex engages for precise voluntary control of shooting technique.
  • Visual cortex processes basket distance while frontal lobe decides shot selection.
  • Fine motor control adjusts finger position and release point consciously.

Key Differences:

  • Dribbling uses automated patterns; shooting requires conscious precision.
  • Dribbling involves continuous movement; shooting is a discrete action requiring higher cortical involvement.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Dribbling Control:

  • Repetitive motor patterns use established neural pathways for continuous bouncing.
  • Proprioceptors provide constant feedback with cerebellum maintaining rhythm automatically.
  • Lower brain centres coordinate these automated movement patterns.

Shooting Control:

  • Motor cortex engages for precise voluntary control of shooting technique.
  • Visual cortex processes basket distance while frontal lobe decides shot selection.
  • Fine motor control adjusts finger position and release point consciously.

Key Differences:

  • Dribbling uses automated patterns; shooting requires conscious precision.
  • Dribbling involves continuous movement; shooting is a discrete action requiring higher cortical involvement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 98

Outline how the nervous system coordinates a footballer's response when attempting to catch a high ball in wet conditions.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Visual neurons detect ball trajectory while proprioceptors sense body position.
  • Touch receptors in hands and feet register wet, slippery conditions requiring grip adjustments.
  • The cerebellum processes spatial information and motor cortex adjusts signals for wet condition.
  • Spinal reflexes enable immediate corrections if the wet ball slips during contact.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Visual neurons detect ball trajectory while proprioceptors sense body position.
  • Touch receptors in hands and feet register wet, slippery conditions requiring grip adjustments.
  • The cerebellum processes spatial information and motor cortex adjusts signals for wet condition.
  • Spinal reflexes enable immediate corrections if the wet ball slips during contact.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 97

Evaluate how fatigue affects the nervous system's ability to maintain skilled performance in endurance events.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

  • Fatigue severely compromises the nervous system’s ability to maintain skilled performance in endurance events.
  • The nervous system strongly fails movement quality standards but partially maintains the ability to continue performing.

Movement Quality

  • Fatigue in the brain severely reduces movement quality by weakening the signals sent to muscles.
  • Marathon runners show deteriorating running form after 30km because fewer muscle fibres get activated.
  • Nerve chemicals work less effectively, making movements jerky instead of smooth.
  • Coordination suffers badly – cyclists begin wobbling and swimmers lose stroke rhythm.
  • Reaction times slow dramatically, with triathletes taking longer to respond to course changes.
  • These effects demonstrate that fatigue severely damages the precision needed for skilled movement.

Performance Continuation

  • Even though movement quality drops, the nervous system finds ways to keep athletes going.
  • They increase conscious thought to technique, though this uses mental energy.
  • Movement patterns change to work around tired muscles – runners shorten their stride to keep going.
  • Athletes rely more on watching their movements rather than feeling them.
  • Slower nerve signals mean reflexes work poorly, increasing injury risk.
  • However, these adaptations allow athletes to continue, even with reduced skill levels.

Final Evaluation

  • Fatigue profoundly impairs the nervous system’s control of skilled movement, with quality declining far more than the ability to continue.
  • While these backup strategies enable athletes to complete events, they cannot prevent significant skill deterioration.
  • The nervous system prioritises survival over performance quality when fatigued.
  • Success in endurance events requires training to delay these fatigue effects rather than relying on compensatory strategies.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Fatigue severely compromises the nervous system’s ability to maintain skilled performance in endurance events.
  • The nervous system strongly fails movement quality standards but partially maintains the ability to continue performing.

Movement Quality

  • Fatigue in the brain severely reduces movement quality by weakening the signals sent to muscles.
  • Marathon runners show deteriorating running form after 30km because fewer muscle fibres get activated.
  • Nerve chemicals work less effectively, making movements jerky instead of smooth.
  • Coordination suffers badly – cyclists begin wobbling and swimmers lose stroke rhythm.
  • Reaction times slow dramatically, with triathletes taking longer to respond to course changes.
  • These effects demonstrate that fatigue severely damages the precision needed for skilled movement.

Performance Continuation

  • Even though movement quality drops, the nervous system finds ways to keep athletes going.
  • They increase conscious thought to technique, though this uses mental energy.
  • Movement patterns change to work around tired muscles – runners shorten their stride to keep going.
  • Athletes rely more on watching their movements rather than feeling them.
  • Slower nerve signals mean reflexes work poorly, increasing injury risk.
  • However, these adaptations allow athletes to continue, even with reduced skill levels.

Final Evaluation

  • Fatigue profoundly impairs the nervous system’s control of skilled movement, with quality declining far more than the ability to continue.
  • While these backup strategies enable athletes to complete events, they cannot prevent significant skill deterioration.
  • The nervous system prioritises survival over performance quality when fatigued.
  • Success in endurance events requires training to delay these fatigue effects rather than relying on compensatory strategies.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 96

Analyse the nervous system's role in producing both fine and gross motor movements during a gymnastics floor routine.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The nervous system coordinates fine and gross motor movements through distinct neural pathways and control mechanisms.
  • These components interact with each other to produce seamless gymnastics performances.

Component Relationship 1: Motor Cortex and Movement Types

  • Fine motor movements depend on specific motor cortex regions that dedicate more neural space to small muscle groups.
  • These regions connect to high densities of motor neurons controlling fingers and toes for pointed positions.
  • In contrast, gross motor movements activate large motor unit pools simultaneously through different cortex areas.
  • The motor cortex enables powerful tumbling passes by recruiting leg, core and arm muscles together.
  • This differential activation reveals how neural organisation determines movement precision versus power.

Component Relationship 2: Cerebellum and Sensory Integration

  • The cerebellum processes sensory feedback differently for each movement type.
  • For fine movements, it refines delicate balance adjustments through continuous proprioceptive input.
  • During pirouettes, subtle weight shifts result from cerebellar micro-corrections.
  • For gross movements, the cerebellum coordinates rapid postural adjustments and triggers protective reflexes during high-impact landings.
  • This dual role demonstrates how sensory-motor integration adapts to movement demands.

Implications and Synthesis

  • The nervous system transitions between fine and gross control within milliseconds, allowing gymnasts to flow from delicate dance into explosive tumbling.
  • Neural pathways switch activation patterns seamlessly, which indicates highly integrated control systems.
  • Therefore, gymnastics performance depends on the nervous system’s ability to coordinate multiple control mechanisms simultaneously.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The nervous system coordinates fine and gross motor movements through distinct neural pathways and control mechanisms.
  • These components interact with each other to produce seamless gymnastics performances.

Component Relationship 1: Motor Cortex and Movement Types

  • Fine motor movements depend on specific motor cortex regions that dedicate more neural space to small muscle groups.
  • These regions connect to high densities of motor neurons controlling fingers and toes for pointed positions.
  • In contrast, gross motor movements activate large motor unit pools simultaneously through different cortex areas.
  • The motor cortex enables powerful tumbling passes by recruiting leg, core and arm muscles together.
  • This differential activation reveals how neural organisation determines movement precision versus power.

Component Relationship 2: Cerebellum and Sensory Integration

  • The cerebellum processes sensory feedback differently for each movement type.
  • For fine movements, it refines delicate balance adjustments through continuous proprioceptive input.
  • During pirouettes, subtle weight shifts result from cerebellar micro-corrections.
  • For gross movements, the cerebellum coordinates rapid postural adjustments and triggers protective reflexes during high-impact landings.
  • This dual role demonstrates how sensory-motor integration adapts to movement demands.

Implications and Synthesis

  • The nervous system transitions between fine and gross control within milliseconds, allowing gymnasts to flow from delicate dance into explosive tumbling.
  • Neural pathways switch activation patterns seamlessly, which indicates highly integrated control systems.
  • Therefore, gymnastics performance depends on the nervous system’s ability to coordinate multiple control mechanisms simultaneously.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 95

Explain how the nervous system facilitates skill development in a learner progressing from the cognitive to autonomous stage of learning.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the cognitive stage, extensive conscious processing occurs in the cerebral cortex.
  • This causes high brain activity as learners think through each movement component.
  • Beginners consciously process instructions, leading to jerky, uncoordinated movements requiring significant effort and concentration.
  • Initial learning therefore requires substantial neural resources and mental fatigue occurs quickly.
      
  • As practice continues, neural pathways strengthen through myelination.
  • Faster signal transmission and more efficient neural connections between neurons occur because of this structural change.
  • Movements become smoother as motor programs develop in the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
  • The brain requires less energy because established pathways fire more efficiently.
  • Repetition consequently creates neural efficiency and reduces cognitive load.
      
  • In the autonomous stage, movements become largely automatic.
  • Established motor programs require minimal conscious control from the prefrontal cortex, which enables this automaticity.
  • Skilled performers execute complex movements while focusing on tactics and strategy.
  • Neural adaptation thus enables automatic performance, freeing cognitive resources for higher-level thinking.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the cognitive stage, extensive conscious processing occurs in the cerebral cortex.
  • This causes high brain activity as learners think through each movement component.
  • Beginners consciously process instructions, leading to jerky, uncoordinated movements requiring significant effort and concentration.
  • Initial learning therefore requires substantial neural resources and mental fatigue occurs quickly.
      
  • As practice continues, neural pathways strengthen through myelination.
  • Faster signal transmission and more efficient neural connections between neurons occur because of this structural change.
  • Movements become smoother as motor programs develop in the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
  • The brain requires less energy because established pathways fire more efficiently.
  • Repetition consequently creates neural efficiency and reduces cognitive load.
      
  • In the autonomous stage, movements become largely automatic.
  • Established motor programs require minimal conscious control from the prefrontal cortex, which enables this automaticity.
  • Skilled performers execute complex movements while focusing on tactics and strategy.
  • Neural adaptation thus enables automatic performance, freeing cognitive resources for higher-level thinking.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 94

Compare the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in relation to sporting performance.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both are divisions of the autonomic nervous system controlling involuntary functions.
  • Both regulate heart rate, breathing and energy metabolism during exercise.
  • Both work automatically without conscious control.

Differences:

  • Sympathetic system activates “fight or flight” response for intense activity; parasympathetic promotes “rest and digest” for recovery.
  • Sympathetic increases heart rate, dilates airways and releases glucose; parasympathetic decreases heart rate and conserves energy.
  • Sympathetic dominates during competition and training; parasympathetic dominates during rest periods.
  • Sympathetic redirects blood to muscles; parasympathetic returns blood flow to digestive organs.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both are divisions of the autonomic nervous system controlling involuntary functions.
  • Both regulate heart rate, breathing and energy metabolism during exercise.
  • Both work automatically without conscious control.

Differences:

  • Sympathetic system activates “fight or flight” response for intense activity; parasympathetic promotes “rest and digest” for recovery.
  • Sympathetic increases heart rate, dilates airways and releases glucose; parasympathetic decreases heart rate and conserves energy.
  • Sympathetic dominates during competition and training; parasympathetic dominates during rest periods.
  • Sympathetic redirects blood to muscles; parasympathetic returns blood flow to digestive organs.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 93

Outline how the nervous system coordinates an immediate response to maintain balance when a rugby player is tackled.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Proprioceptors in muscles and joints detect sudden changes in body position during the tackle
  • Sensory neurons rapidly transmit this information to the cerebellum and spinal cord
  • The cerebellum processes balance information and coordinates corrective movements
  • Motor neurons activate core and leg muscles to adjust posture and prevent falling
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Proprioceptors in muscles and joints detect sudden changes in body position during the tackle
  • Sensory neurons rapidly transmit this information to the cerebellum and spinal cord
  • The cerebellum processes balance information and coordinates corrective movements
  • Motor neurons activate core and leg muscles to adjust posture and prevent falling

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 92 MC

During a complex gymnastics routine, multiple brain regions must work together. Which statement best describes the relationship between brain structure and function in this context?

  1. The cerebellum operates independently to control all balance requirements
  2. Each brain region performs its function in isolation before combining outputs
  3. Information flows continuously between regions through neural connections
  4. The spinal cord processes all movement decisions to reduce brain workload
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Brain regions are interconnected and constantly exchange information to coordinate complex movements, demonstrating integrated structure-function relationships.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The cerebellum works with other brain regions, not independently.
  • B is incorrect: Brain regions work simultaneously, not in isolation.
  • D is incorrect: Complex movements require brain processing, not just spinal cord.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 91 MC

The diagram shows a neuron.

Which structure allows for rapid transmission of nerve impulses?

  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Myelin sheath
  4. Node of Ranvier
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: The myelin sheath insulates the axon and allows for saltatory conduction, enabling rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Processes information but doesn’t speed transmission
  • B is incorrect: Receive signals but don’t speed transmission
  • D is incorrect: Gaps in myelin, don’t provide insulation

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 90 MC

A netball player lands awkwardly and twists their ankle. Which immediate response helps protect from further injury?

  1. Withdrawal reflex action
  2. Conscious decision to stop moving
  3. Balanced muscle contraction
  4. Reciprocal inhibition
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The withdrawal reflex is an immediate protective response that occurs before conscious thought, helping prevent further injury.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Too slow to prevent injury
  • C is incorrect: A controlled response that occurs too slowly
  • D is incorrect: A normal movement process, not protective

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 89 MC

During a tennis serve, what is the correct sequence of nervous system processes?

  1. Motor response → Processing → Sensory input
  2. Processing → Sensory input → Motor response
  3. Sensory input → Processing → Motor response
  4. Sensory input → Motor response → Processing
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: This sequence involves receiving sensory information (seeing the ball), processing in the central nervous system, then sending motor signals to muscles.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Incorrect sequence – Output cannot occur before processing.
  • B is incorrect: Processing cannot occur before receiving sensory input.
  • D is incorrect: Processing must occur between input and output for coordinated movement.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 88 MC

Which part of the nervous system is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement?

  1. Peripheral nervous system
  2. Somatic nervous system
  3. Autonomic nervous system
  4. Sympathetic nervous system
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements through motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too broad, includes both somatic and autonomic systems
  • C is incorrect: Controls involuntary functions like heart rate 
  • D is incorrect: Part of autonomic system, fight/flight response only