SmarterEd

Aussie Maths & Science Teachers: Save your time with SmarterEd

HMS, BM 2012 HSC 18 MC

A timed 100-metre sprint trial to measure speed and power is conducted using several athletes. The same test procedure and conditions are followed for each of these athletes three times.

Which statement is true about the results?

  1. They are valid and reliable.
  2. They are valid but not reliable.
  3. They are reliable but not valid.
  4. They are neither valid nor reliable.
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Consistent procedures ensure reliability, but 100m sprint doesn’t measure power.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Test doesn’t validly measure power, only speed.
  • B is incorrect: Consistent repeated procedures make the test reliable.
  • D is incorrect: The test is reliable due to consistent methodology.

♦♦♦♦♦♦ Mean mark 16%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 1050 MC

A student investigated recovery heart rate patterns after a 3-minute step test in their aerobic training study.

Which method would be most appropriate for presenting the findings to show how heart rate changes during the 10-minute recovery period?

  1. A pie chart showing the percentage of time spent in different heart rate zones
  2. A line graph plotting heart rate measurements against time during recovery
  3. A bar graph comparing the highest heart rate reached by each participant
  4. A table listing each participant's name alongside their final recovery heart rate
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Line graph effectively shows heart rate changes over recovery time.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Pie chart shows proportions, not changes over time.
  • C is incorrect: Bar graph shows discrete comparisons, not recovery patterns.
  • D is incorrect: Table doesn’t visually show recovery patterns over time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 804

After conducting a 4-week study comparing how running, cycling, and swimming affect resting heart rate in high school students, the following results were observed:

\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \textbf{Exercise Type} &  \textbf{Average Decrease in Resting Heart Rate} \\
\hline \text{Running} & \text{7 beats per minute}  \\
\hline \text{Cycling} & \text{5 beats per minute}  \\
\hline \text{Swimming} & \text{8 beats per minute}  \\
\hline
\end{array}

  1. Based on the results in the table, explain two physiological adaptations that likely occurred to cause the decrease in resting heart rate.   (2 marks)
  2. Suggest two follow-up research questions that could be explored based on these results.   (2 marks)
  3. Choose one of your research questions from part (b) and explain how it could be practically implemented in a school setting.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

a.    Any 2 of the following or similar

Increased stroke volume:

  • Aerobic training strengthens the heart muscle, allowing it to pump more blood with each beat.
  • This means fewer beats are needed to circulate the same amount of blood, resulting in a lower resting heart rate.

Increased blood volume:

  • Regular aerobic training increases total blood volume, which improves cardiac filling and allows the heart to pump more efficiently at rest.

Improved cardiac efficiency:

  • Aerobic training makes the heart muscle stronger, allowing it to work less hard during rest and reducing the resting heart rate.

Increased mitochondrial density:

  • Aerobic exercise increases the number of mitochondria in muscle cells, improving oxygen utilization and reducing cardiovascular strain at rest.

b.      Research questions – or similar

  • Question 1: Does combining two forms of aerobic exercise (e.g., swimming and running) in a training program produce greater decreases in resting heart rate than a single exercise type?
  • Question 2: How does the frequency of training (2 days/week vs. 4 days/week) affect the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction across the three exercise types?

c.   For research question 1 combining exercise types:

  • Conduct during regular PDHPE classes over 4 weeks
  • Divide students into four groups (running-only, cycling-only, running+cycling, control)
  • Schedule 30-minute sessions twice weekly
  • Combination group does 15 minutes of each activity
  • Use school oval/track and stationary bikes in the gym
  • PDHPE teacher supervises all sessions
  • Measure resting heart rate at start and end of study
  • Students take own pulse for 60 seconds after sitting quietly for 5 minutes
  • Record data using simple spreadsheet or paper forms
  • Equipment needed: stopwatches and school’s existing bikes or access to gym facilities
Show Worked Solution

Sample answer

a.    Any 2 of the following or similar

Increased stroke volume:

  • Aerobic training strengthens the heart muscle, allowing it to pump more blood with each beat.
  • This means fewer beats are needed to circulate the same amount of blood, resulting in a lower resting heart rate.

Increased blood volume:

  • Regular aerobic training increases total blood volume, which improves cardiac filling and allows the heart to pump more efficiently at rest.

Improved cardiac efficiency:

  • Aerobic training makes the heart muscle stronger, allowing it to work less hard during rest and reducing the resting heart rate.

Increased mitochondrial density:

  • Aerobic exercise increases the number of mitochondria in muscle cells, improving oxygen utilization and reducing cardiovascular strain at rest.

b.      Research questions – or similar

  • Question 1: Does combining two forms of aerobic exercise (e.g., swimming and running) in a training program produce greater decreases in resting heart rate than a single exercise type?
  • Question 2: How does the frequency of training (2 days/week vs. 4 days/week) affect the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction across the three exercise types?

c.    For research question 1 combining exercise types:

  • Conduct during regular PDHPE classes over 4 weeks
  • Divide students into four groups (running-only, cycling-only, running+cycling, control)
  • Schedule 30-minute sessions twice weekly
  • Combination group does 15 minutes of each activity
  • Use school oval/track and stationary bikes in the gym
  • PDHPE teacher supervises all sessions
  • Measure resting heart rate at start and end of study
  • Students take own pulse for 60 seconds after sitting quietly for 5 minutes
  • Record data using simple spreadsheet or paper forms
  • Equipment needed: stopwatches and school’s existing bikes or access to gym facilities

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 802 MC

Based on the heart rate data shown in the table below, which conclusion is MOST supported by the evidence?

\begin{array}{|l|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \textbf{Training Type} & \textbf{Week 1 RHR} & \textbf{Week 2 RHR} & \textbf{Week 4 RHR} & \textbf{Week 4 RHR} \\
\hline \text{Running} & \text{75 bpm} & \text{72 bpm} & \text{69 bpm} & \text{67 bpm} \\
\hline \text{Cycling} & \text{76 bpm} & \text{73 bpm} & \text{69 bpm} & \text{66 bpm} \\
\hline \text{Swimming} & \text{74 bpm} & \text{73 bpm} & \text{71 bpm} & \text{70 bpm} \\ \hline
\end{array}

  1. Swimming is the most effective activity for reducing resting heart rate
  2. All three training types are equally effective at reducing resting heart rate
  3. Both running and cycling produced significantly better reductions in resting heart rate than swimming
  4. The training program was too short to draw any meaningful conclusions
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Running reduced by 8 bpm, cycling by 10 bpm, both much greater than swimming’s 4 bpm.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Swimming actually showed the smallest reduction in RHR.
  • B is incorrect: The activities clearly show different magnitudes of effect.
  • D is incorrect: Clear trends are visible across the 4-week period, making meaningful conclusions possible.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 799

You are investigating the physiological adaptations to different types of aerobic training. Formulate an appropriate research question for this investigation and explain why it meets the criteria for a good research question.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Other research questions are possible

Research question:

  • “Which aerobic training method (continuous running, cycling, or swimming) produces the greatest reduction in recovery heart rate after 4 weeks of training in 16-year-old students?“

Explanation:

  • This leads to specific identification of the physiological response (recovery heart rate) and compares defined training methods.
  • The reason for this is that heart rate can be objectively measured using monitors or manual counting, making it measurable.
  • This creates a practical study timeframe (4 weeks) that works within school settings.
  • Therefore the population is clearly defined (16-year-old students), ensuring the study targets a specific group.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Other research questions are possible

Research question:

  • “Which aerobic training method (continuous running, cycling, or swimming) produces the greatest reduction in recovery heart rate after 4 weeks of training in 16-year-old students?“

Explanation:

  • This leads to specific identification of the physiological response (recovery heart rate) and compares defined training methods.
  • The reason for this is that heart rate can be objectively measured using monitors or manual counting, making it measurable.
  • This creates a practical study timeframe (4 weeks) that works within school settings.
  • Therefore the population is clearly defined (16-year-old students), ensuring the study targets a specific group.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 447

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using tables versus graphs when presenting findings from an investigation on heart rate recovery after aerobic training.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

Similarities:

  • Both tables and graphs effectively present heart rate recovery data from aerobic training investigations.
  • Both formats allow comparison of pre- and post-training values across different time periods.

Differences:

  • Tables provide exact numerical values for heart rate measurements, enabling precise analysis of recovery rates.
  • Tables require mental processing to identify trends and patterns in heart rate recovery.
  • Graphs clearly show visual trends in heart rate recovery over time, making patterns immediately visible.
  • Graphs sacrifice numerical precision for visual clarity and may require multiple versions to display comprehensive data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 446

Explain the extent to which physiological data collected during a 6-week aerobic training study can be used to draw conclusions about long-term responses to aerobic exercise.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • A 6-week study captures initial improvements in heart rate and recovery time but cannot show the complete range of cardiovascular benefits because longer periods are needed for full development.
  • Short-term studies show direction of change but cannot predict whether improvements will continue due to individual variation in response patterns over extended periods.
  • The reason for this is that individual differences in response become more apparent over time which means 6-week studies might not represent the variety of long-term patterns.
  • Early rapid improvements often slow down as a result of the body adjusting to training loads which limits direct long-term predictions.
  • Therefore a 6-week timeframe provides valid information about immediate responses but requires appropriate caution when drawing conclusions about long-term effects.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A 6-week study captures initial improvements in heart rate and recovery time but cannot show the complete range of cardiovascular benefits because longer periods are needed for full development.
  • Short-term studies show direction of change but cannot predict whether improvements will continue due to individual variation in response patterns over extended periods.
  • The reason for this is that individual differences in response become more apparent over time which means 6-week studies might not represent the variety of long-term patterns.
  • Early rapid improvements often slow down as a result of the body adjusting to training loads which limits direct long-term predictions.
  • Therefore a 6-week timeframe provides valid information about immediate responses but requires appropriate caution when drawing conclusions about long-term effects.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 445

Explain why it is important to acknowledge limitations when presenting the findings of a physiological investigation on aerobic training.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • Acknowledging limitations demonstrates scientific integrity by recognising potential factors that could affect the validity of results, such as sample size constraints or measurement errors.
  • Identifying limitations provides context for interpreting findings, preventing overgeneralisation of conclusions beyond what the data can reasonably support.
  • Recognising limitations creates opportunities for improvement in future investigations by highlighting specific methodological aspects that could be strengthened. This leads to better research design in subsequent studies.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Acknowledging limitations demonstrates scientific integrity by recognising potential factors that could affect the validity of results, such as sample size constraints or measurement errors.
  • Identifying limitations provides context for interpreting findings, preventing overgeneralisation of conclusions beyond what the data can reasonably support.
  • Recognising limitations creates opportunities for improvement in future investigations by highlighting specific methodological aspects that could be strengthened. This leads to better research design in subsequent studies.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 441 MC

When presenting findings from an investigation on the physiological responses to aerobic training, which of the following would be considered a limitation of the study?

  1. Measuring heart rate using the same type of monitor for all participants
  2. Conducting the investigation over a 6-week training period
  3. Recording heart rate, perceived exertion, and recovery time during exercise
  4. Having a small sample size of only 5 participants
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Small sample size limits ability to draw broader conclusions.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Using same monitor type ensures consistency, making it a strength.
  • B is incorrect: Six-week period appropriate timeframe for observing training responses.
  • C is incorrect: Multiple measures provide comprehensive data, making it a strength.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 439 MC

Which of the following is the most appropriate method for presenting findings from a physiological investigation on heart rate recovery after aerobic training?

  1. A pie chart displaying participants' ages
  2. A line graph showing heart rate changes over time
  3. A list of individual participant names and their maximum heart rates
  4. A bar graph comparing average heart rates before and after training
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: A line graph effectively shows changes over time, which is essential for displaying heart rate recovery patterns after aerobic training.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: A pie chart is suitable for showing proportions within a whole, not for displaying physiological changes over time.
  • C is incorrect: A list of names and maximum heart rates doesn’t visually represent patterns or relationships in the data.
  • D is incorrect: A bar graph is better for comparing discrete categories rather than continuous changes over time that occur during recovery.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 437

A student is designing an investigation to examine how a high-intensity interval training program affects recovery time and psychological wellbeing in adolescents.

Evaluate the effectiveness of using a combination of observation, interviews, and surveys as data collection methods for this investigation, considering the validity and reliability of each method.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Data collection methods are moderately effective for investigating recovery time and psychological wellbeing using validity and reliability criteria.

Validity

  • Observation strongly meets validity requirements for measuring recovery time through visible physiological indicators.
  • Heart rate return and breathing normalisation provide direct evidence of physical recovery that accurately reflects training responses.
  • However, observation fails to achieve validity for psychological wellbeing measurement as mental states cannot be directly observed.
  • Interviews adequately fulfil validity for psychological wellbeing by capturing participants’ internal experiences and feelings about training.
  • Surveys partially meet validity requirements by providing standardised psychological measurements but may miss individual differences.

Reliability

  • Observation demonstrates high reliability when using standardised protocols and consistent measurement techniques across all participants.
  • Multiple observers and clear criteria for recovery indicators enhance reliability of physical measurements.
  • Interviews show limited reliability due to subjective interpretation and varying interviewer techniques affecting consistency.
  • Participant responses may change between sessions, reducing reliability of psychological data collection.
  • Surveys achieve superior reliability through standardised questions and consistent administration procedures.

Final Evaluation

  • The combination proves partially effective with observation excelling for physical measures and surveys providing reliable psychological data.
  • Although interviews provide valuable detailed information, their reliability issues limit the overall effectiveness of research findings.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Data collection methods are moderately effective for investigating recovery time and psychological wellbeing using validity and reliability criteria.

Validity

  • Observation strongly meets validity requirements for measuring recovery time through visible physiological indicators.
  • Heart rate return and breathing normalisation provide direct evidence of physical recovery that accurately reflects training responses.
  • However, observation fails to achieve validity for psychological wellbeing measurement as mental states cannot be directly observed.
  • Interviews adequately fulfil validity for psychological wellbeing by capturing participants’ internal experiences and feelings about training.
  • Surveys partially meet validity requirements by providing standardised psychological measurements but may miss individual differences.

Reliability

  • Observation demonstrates high reliability when using standardised protocols and consistent measurement techniques across all participants.
  • Multiple observers and clear criteria for recovery indicators enhance reliability of physical measurements.
  • Interviews show limited reliability due to subjective interpretation and varying interviewer techniques affecting consistency.
  • Participant responses may change between sessions, reducing reliability of psychological data collection.
  • Surveys achieve superior reliability through standardised questions and consistent administration procedures.

Final Evaluation

  • The combination proves partially effective with observation excelling for physical measures and surveys providing reliable psychological data.
  • Although interviews provide valuable detailed information, their reliability issues limit the overall effectiveness of research findings.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 436

A student wants to investigate the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on perceived exertion levels during standardised exercise tasks.

Outline ONE appropriate data collection method for this investigation and explain why it would be suitable.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • A Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale survey would be appropriate as it provides standardised numerical ratings (6-20 scale) of subjective exertion levels during exercise tasks.
  • This method is suitable because perceived exertion cannot be directly observed but can be quantified through structured self-reporting..
  • Therefore, it enables consistent measurement across all participants and provides reliable data for comparing perceived exertion levels before, during and after the training program.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • A Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale survey would be appropriate as it provides standardised numerical ratings (6-20 scale) of subjective exertion levels during exercise tasks.
  • This method is suitable because perceived exertion cannot be directly observed but can be quantified through structured self-reporting..
  • Therefore, it enables consistent measurement across all participants and provides reliable data for comparing perceived exertion levels before, during and after the training program.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 435 MC

A student is investigating how a 6-week aerobic training program affects participants' motivation to exercise. Which data collection method would provide the most comprehensive understanding of changes in motivation?

  1. Pre-post interviews asking open-ended questions about motivation and experiences
  2. Observation of attendance rates and effort levels during training sessions
  3. Surveys measuring only pre-program motivation levels
  4. Heart rate measurements during exercise sessions
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:

  • Pre-post interviews with open-ended questions provide the most comprehensive understanding because they allow participants to express complex changes in motivation in their own words.
  • Interviews can uncover unexpected factors, personal insights, and detailed explanations about how and why motivation changed throughout the program, providing useful qualitative data that other methods cannot capture.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Only captures external behaviors (attendance, effort) which may be influenced by factors other than motivation.
  • C is incorrect: Doesn’t measure changes in motivation since it only collects data at one time point.
  • D is incorrect: Measures physiological response to exercise, not psychological factors like motivation.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 428

A student investigated changes in lactate threshold following an 8-week high-intensity interval training program in recreational runners. The results showed an average 9% improvement in the speed at lactate threshold, but no significant change in maximum heart rate.

Identify TWO further research questions that could be explored based on these findings, explaining how each builds on the original study.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “Would a longer duration training program (e.g., 12 or 16 weeks) continue to improve lactate threshold at the same rate?” This question directly builds on the findings by exploring the duration aspect of the training program and whether improvements would plateau or continue over extended periods.
  • “How do these improvements in lactate threshold relate to changes in submaximal exercise performance during activities like 5km running or cycling tests?” This question connects the physiological measurement to practical outcomes that are observable and measurable in real-world aerobic training scenarios and performance.
  • “Would different types of high-intensity interval training (varying work-to-rest ratios) produce different improvements in lactate threshold compared to the original training protocol?” This question examines how modifying the exercise protocol might influence the physiological responses observed in the original study and training effects.
  • “Is there a correlation between initial fitness levels and the magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold following the 8-week training program in recreational runners?” This question explores individual differences in physiological responses to the same training stimulus and factors that might predict training success and improvement.
  • “Would the same high-intensity interval training program produce similar lactate threshold improvements in untrained individuals compared to the recreational runners in the study?” This question investigates whether fitness level affects the magnitude of physiological responses to interval training protocols and aerobic capacity improvements across different populations.
  • “How do changes in lactate threshold relate to improvements in other physiological markers such as VO2 max, resting heart rate, stroke volume, or recovery time?” This question examines the relationship between different physiological responses and whether lactate threshold improvements correspond with other cardiovascular and respiratory training responses.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “Would a longer duration training program (e.g., 12 or 16 weeks) continue to improve lactate threshold at the same rate?” This question directly builds on the findings by exploring the duration aspect of the training program and whether improvements would plateau or continue over extended periods.
  • “How do these improvements in lactate threshold relate to changes in submaximal exercise performance during activities like 5km running or cycling tests?” This question connects the physiological measurement to practical outcomes that are observable and measurable in real-world aerobic training scenarios and performance.
  • “Would different types of high-intensity interval training (varying work-to-rest ratios) produce different improvements in lactate threshold compared to the original training protocol?” This question examines how modifying the exercise protocol might influence the physiological responses observed in the original study and training effects.
  • “Is there a correlation between initial fitness levels and the magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold following the 8-week training program in recreational runners?” This question explores individual differences in physiological responses to the same training stimulus and factors that might predict training success and improvement.
  • “Would the same high-intensity interval training program produce similar lactate threshold improvements in untrained individuals compared to the recreational runners in the study?” This question investigates whether fitness level affects the magnitude of physiological responses to interval training protocols and aerobic capacity improvements across different populations.
  • “How do changes in lactate threshold relate to improvements in other physiological markers such as VO2 max, resting heart rate, stroke volume, or recovery time?” This question examines the relationship between different physiological responses and whether lactate threshold improvements correspond with other cardiovascular and respiratory training responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 424 MC

A student conducted a 4-week investigation comparing the effects of running and cycling on resting heart rate in Year 11 students. The results showed that both activities reduced resting heart rate, but running showed a greater decrease (6 beats per minute) compared to cycling (3 beats per minute).

Which of the following represents the most appropriate further research question based on these findings?

  1. Does swimming also reduce resting heart rate in Year 11 students?
  2. Would a longer 8-week training program show even greater differences between running and cycling?
  3. What factors might explain why running produced a greater reduction in resting heart rate than cycling?
  4. Do Year 12 students show similar heart rate responses to running and cycling?
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Investigates underlying reasons for observed differences, building analytically on findings.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Simply adds another activity without building on observed differences.
  • B is incorrect: Extends duration but doesn’t explore why differences occurred.
  • D is incorrect: Changes population rather than investigating the key finding.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 421 MC

After completing a 6-week aerobic training program investigating heart rate recovery in teenagers, a student found significant improvements in participants' recovery times but noticed that results varied considerably between individuals.

Which of the following represents the most appropriate further research question based on these findings?

  1. Would a 12-week program show greater improvements in heart rate recovery?
  2. How do different exercise intensities affect heart rate recovery improvements?
  3. Why is heart rate recovery a reliable indicator of cardiovascular fitness?
  4. Does heart rate recovery improve at the same rate for all types of aerobic exercise?
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • This option directly addresses the variability in the results.
  • By investigating how different exercise intensities affect heart rate recovery improvements, the student could explore why participants responded differently to the same training program, potentially identifying optimal training zones for different individuals.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Simply extends the duration without addressing the variability in results.
  • C is incorrect: Focuses on validation of the measurement method rather than building on the findings.
  • D is incorrect: Too broad and doesn’t specifically address the individual differences noted in the results.

\(\Rightarrow B\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 420

During an investigation into aerobic training responses, a researcher collected data on participants' maximum heart rates using a variety of consumer fitness watches.

Explain the potential impact of this approach on the validity, reliability and credibility of the investigation. Provide recommendations for improvement.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • Using various consumer fitness watches creates significant reliability issues because inconsistent measurement algorithms between devices lead to systematic errors when comparing participants’ data.
  • The reason for this is that different watch brands use varying sensor technologies and calculation methods which results in unreliable heart rate measurements across the study.
  • Consumer watches typically prioritise comfort and battery life over precision which causes validity problems as they may underestimate true maximum heart rates during intense exercise.
  • This leads to compromised credibility because non-research-grade equipment lacks established validity against criterion measures like chest strap monitors.
  • To improve reliability researchers should standardise by using identical devices for all participants which ensures consistent measurement methods throughout the investigation.
  • Therefore validity would be enhanced by validating selected devices against criterion measures during pilot testing or selecting research-validated consumer devices with documented accuracy.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Using various consumer fitness watches creates significant reliability issues because inconsistent measurement algorithms between devices lead to systematic errors when comparing participants’ data.
  • The reason for this is that different watch brands use varying sensor technologies and calculation methods which results in unreliable heart rate measurements across the study.
  • Consumer watches typically prioritise comfort and battery life over precision which causes validity problems as they may underestimate true maximum heart rates during intense exercise.
  • This leads to compromised credibility because non-research-grade equipment lacks established validity against criterion measures like chest strap monitors.
  • To improve reliability researchers should standardise by using identical devices for all participants which ensures consistent measurement methods throughout the investigation.
  • Therefore validity would be enhanced by validating selected devices against criterion measures during pilot testing or selecting research-validated consumer devices with documented accuracy.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 418

In an aerobic training investigation, a student collected heart rate data immediately after a 12-minute Cooper run test. The student conducted the test on a school oval without marking the exact distance covered.

Identify TWO limitations of this data collection approach and explain how each affects the reliability of the results.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Not marking the exact distance covered creates inconsistency in performance measurement. This reduces reliability because participants may run different distances in pre- and post-tests despite similar perceived effort levels.
  • Collecting heart rate only immediately after exercise, rather than at multiple time points during recovery. This limits reliability because single measurements are more susceptible to momentary fluctuations and timing errors.
  • Failure to standardise pre-test conditions such as nutrition, hydration, sleep quality, or prior physical activity. This reduces reliability because physiological variations unrelated to training intervention occur between testing sessions.
  • The absence of consistent environmental controls (temperature, humidity, wind conditions, surface conditions) on the school oval. This creates test-retest variability because environmental factors significantly impact running performance and heart rate responses.
  • Lack of standardised heart rate measurement technique and timing (exact seconds after exercise cessation). This leads to inconsistent recovery phase measurements, as heart rate decreases rapidly after exercise stops.
  • Without precise timing protocols, the duration of the test itself might vary slightly between testing sessions. This affects reliability because different durations change the physiological demands and subsequent heart rate responses.
  • The absence of a standardised warm-up protocol before the test. This results in different starting physiological states, which influences both performance and heart rate responses.
  • Failure to account for or control psychological factors like motivation, competition between participants, or external distractions on the school oval. This affects reliability because these factors influence effort levels and heart rate responses.
  • Without proper equipment calibration (if using heart rate monitors) or consistent manual pulse-taking technique (if done manually). This reduces precision because the heart rate measurements themselves may lack accuracy and consistency.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Not marking the exact distance covered creates inconsistency in performance measurement. This reduces reliability because participants may run different distances in pre- and post-tests despite similar perceived effort levels.
  • Collecting heart rate only immediately after exercise, rather than at multiple time points during recovery. This limits reliability because single measurements are more susceptible to momentary fluctuations and timing errors.
  • Failure to standardise pre-test conditions such as nutrition, hydration, sleep quality, or prior physical activity. This reduces reliability because physiological variations unrelated to training intervention occur between testing sessions.
  • The absence of consistent environmental controls (temperature, humidity, wind conditions, surface conditions) on the school oval. This creates test-retest variability because environmental factors significantly impact running performance and heart rate responses.
  • Lack of standardised heart rate measurement technique and timing (exact seconds after exercise cessation). This leads to inconsistent recovery phase measurements, as heart rate decreases rapidly after exercise stops.
  • Without precise timing protocols, the duration of the test itself might vary slightly between testing sessions. This affects reliability because different durations change the physiological demands and subsequent heart rate responses.
  • The absence of a standardised warm-up protocol before the test. This results in different starting physiological states, which influences both performance and heart rate responses.
  • Failure to account for or control psychological factors like motivation, competition between participants, or external distractions on the school oval. This affects reliability because these factors influence effort levels and heart rate responses.
  • Without proper equipment calibration (if using heart rate monitors) or consistent manual pulse-taking technique (if done manually). This reduces precision because the heart rate measurements themselves may lack accuracy and consistency.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 416

A research team is investigating the relationship between aerobic training and blood pressure responses.

Explain why it is important to use valid and reliable data collection methods when investigating physiological responses to aerobic training.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Valid data collection methods are important because they ensure that physiological variables being measured genuinely reflect aerobic training adaptations. This prevents extraneous factors like measurement timing or technique from affecting results. For example, consistent blood pressure measurement protocols eliminate variations from cuff placement or environmental conditions. Therefore, researchers can confidently attribute observed changes to training intervention rather than measurement errors.
  • Reliable methods are essential because they enable accurate quantification of training effects across multiple testing sessions. This consistency eliminates variations from measurement technique, equipment performance, or observer differences. As a result, researchers can identify true physiological adaptations that occur due to aerobic training rather than random variations.
  • Using valid and reliable methods is crucial because it ensures scientific credibility and enables practical applications. This accuracy leads to appropriate exercise prescriptions for health outcomes like blood pressure reduction. In contrast, invalid or unreliable methods could result in incorrect conclusions about training.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Valid data collection methods are important because they ensure that physiological variables being measured genuinely reflect aerobic training adaptations. This prevents extraneous factors like measurement timing or technique from affecting results. For example, consistent blood pressure measurement protocols eliminate variations from cuff placement or environmental conditions. Therefore, researchers can confidently attribute observed changes to training intervention rather than measurement errors.
  • Reliable methods are essential because they enable accurate quantification of training effects across multiple testing sessions. This consistency eliminates variations from measurement technique, equipment performance, or observer differences. As a result, researchers can identify true physiological adaptations that occur due to aerobic training rather than random variations.
  • Using valid and reliable methods is crucial because it ensures scientific credibility and enables practical applications. This accuracy leads to appropriate exercise prescriptions for health outcomes like blood pressure reduction. In contrast, invalid or unreliable methods could result in incorrect conclusions about training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 414

A student is investigating changes in respiratory rate during submaximal exercise following an 8-week aerobic training program.

Compare the validity and reliability in the context of this physiological investigation.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both validity and reliability are essential concepts for accurate assessment of respiratory rate changes following aerobic training.
  • Both require standardised protocols to produce meaningful data.

Differences:

  • Validity refers to whether respiratory rate measurements accurately reflect physiological adaptations. This requires ensuring the exercise protocol adequately challenges the respiratory system.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements across multiple testing sessions. This requires consistent counting methods.
  • Validity focuses on accuracy of what is measured, while reliability focuses on consistency.
  • Validity might be compromised if measurements occur during inappropriate intensities.
  • Reliability might be compromised if different methods are used consistently.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both validity and reliability are essential concepts for accurate assessment of respiratory rate changes following aerobic training.
  • Both require standardised protocols to produce meaningful data.

Differences:

  • Validity refers to whether respiratory rate measurements accurately reflect physiological adaptations. This requires ensuring the exercise protocol adequately challenges the respiratory system.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements across multiple testing sessions. This requires consistent counting methods.
  • Validity focuses on accuracy of what is measured, while reliability focuses on consistency.
  • Validity might be compromised if measurements occur during inappropriate intensities.
  • Reliability might be compromised if different methods are used consistently.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 413

When discussing the credibility of data collection in physiological investigations, researchers must consider multiple factors.

Explain THREE factors that influence the credibility of data in an investigation measuring VO₂ max changes following an aerobic training program.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any 3 of the following

Factor 1: Researcher Qualifications

  • The reason for this is that researcher qualifications and expertise directly impact credibility when administering fitness tests.
  • Proper protocol execution requires technical knowledge and experience with testing equipment to ensure accurate measurements.
  • This leads to more reliable data collection and creates trustworthy results that other researchers can accept.

Factor 2: Equipment Quality

  • This occurs because equipment reputation and calibration status significantly affects data credibility in fitness investigations.
  • Validated, regularly calibrated equipment provides more trusted results compared to uncalibrated or consumer-grade alternatives.
  • Therefore equipment quality influences whether other researchers will believe and use the investigation findings.

Factor 3: Sample Size and Selection

  • Sample size and selection methods influence the credibility of aerobic training investigation findings significantly.
  • Larger, representative samples with appropriate criteria yield more believable results than convenient or biased participant selections.
  • This demonstrates that proper sampling methods enable stronger conclusions about aerobic training program effectiveness.

Factor 4: Reporting Transparency

  • Transparency in reporting methods enhances credibility by allowing external scrutiny of investigation procedures.
  • Detailed documentation of protocols and conditions enables other researchers to evaluate and replicate the aerobic training study.
  • This creates opportunities for verification and builds confidence in the investigation’s findings and conclusions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 3 of the following

Factor 1: Researcher Qualifications

  • The reason for this is that researcher qualifications and expertise directly impact credibility when administering fitness tests.
  • Proper protocol execution requires technical knowledge and experience with testing equipment to ensure accurate measurements.
  • This leads to more reliable data collection and creates trustworthy results that other researchers can accept.

Factor 2: Equipment Quality

  • This occurs because equipment reputation and calibration status significantly affects data credibility in fitness investigations.
  • Validated, regularly calibrated equipment provides more trusted results compared to uncalibrated or consumer-grade alternatives.
  • Therefore equipment quality influences whether other researchers will believe and use the investigation findings.

Factor 3: Sample Size and Selection

  • Sample size and selection methods influence the credibility of aerobic training investigation findings significantly.
  • Larger, representative samples with appropriate criteria yield more believable results than convenient or biased participant selections.
  • This demonstrates that proper sampling methods enable stronger conclusions about aerobic training program effectiveness.

Factor 4: Reporting Transparency

  • Transparency in reporting methods enhances credibility by allowing external scrutiny of investigation procedures.
  • Detailed documentation of protocols and conditions enables other researchers to evaluate and replicate the aerobic training study.
  • This creates opportunities for verification and builds confidence in the investigation’s findings and conclusions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 409 MC

A student investigated the effects of aerobic training on perceived exertion levels using RPE scales. However, the student discovered that different participants were given different instructions on how to use the scale, and some participants weren't familiar with the 6-20 rating system.

Which statement best describes the issue with this data collection approach?

  1. The data lacks reliability because participants used inconsistent rating methods.
  2. The data lacks validity because RPE scales don't measure physiological responses.
  3. The data lacks credibility because perceived exertion is too subjective to measure.
  4. The data lacks accuracy because the aerobic training program was inappropriate.
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Inconsistent instructions and unfamiliarity create measurement inconsistency (reliability).

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: RPE scales valid for measuring perceived exertion responses.
  • C is incorrect: Perceived exertion can be measured credibly using standardized scales.
  • D is incorrect: Issue relates to scale usage, not training program design.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 408 MC

A researcher is investigating the impact of aerobic training on resting heart rate over an 8-week period. Which of the following data collection approaches would most significantly improve the validity of the research?

  1. Testing participants using the same equipment at the same time of day for each measurement.
  2. Having participants rest quietly for 5 minutes before taking heart rate measurements.
  3. Recruiting participants from different age groups and fitness levels.
  4. Taking multiple heart rate readings and calculating the average for each participant.
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Same equipment and timing ensures consistent measurement conditions.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Good practice but doesn’t address consistency between measurement sessions.
  • C is incorrect: Different groups increase variability, reducing reliability.
  • D is incorrect: Multiple readings improve accuracy but don’t address session consistency.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 407 MC

A student conducted an investigation on heart rate recovery after aerobic exercise by measuring participants' heart rates at 1-minute intervals following a step test. The student found that measurements varied significantly when using different pulse-taking methods (wrist, neck, and chest monitor).

Which statement best explains the issue with the data collection method?

  1. The investigation lacks credibility because heart rate recovery isn't a valid measure of aerobic fitness.
  2. The investigation lacks validity because different pulse-taking methods were not calibrated against each other.
  3. The investigation lacks reliability because inconsistent measuring techniques were used across participants.
  4. The investigation lacks credibility because a step test isn't an appropriate activity for testing aerobic fitness.
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • The investigation lacks reliability because using different pulse-taking methods without standardisation creates inconsistency in the measurements.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of results when repeated measurements are taken, and in this case, the varying methods reduce the reliability of the data.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Heart rate recovery is a valid measure of aerobic fitness; the issue is not with the validity of what’s being measured.
  • B is incorrect: While calibration is important, the primary issue here is the inconsistent application of measuring techniques (a reliability issue), not validity.
  • D is incorrect: Step tests are widely accepted as appropriate for testing aerobic fitness; the credibility of the method itself is not in question.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 405

Outline the ethical responsibilities researchers have when collecting data from participants during an aerobic training investigation.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Researchers must obtain voluntary informed consent from all participants (or parents/guardians for minors) before collecting physiological data, clearly explaining procedures and risks.
  • Participant safety must be prioritised through appropriate screening, monitoring during exercise and immediate cessation of activity if adverse responses occur.
  • All data must be handled confidentially and stored securely to protect participant privacy throughout and after the investigation.
  • Participants must be informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Researchers must obtain voluntary informed consent from all participants (or parents/guardians for minors) before collecting physiological data, clearly explaining procedures and risks.
  • Participant safety must be prioritised through appropriate screening, monitoring during exercise and immediate cessation of activity if adverse responses occur.
  • All data must be handled confidentially and stored securely to protect participant privacy throughout and after the investigation.
  • Participants must be informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 402

A student is planning an investigation into how aerobic training affects heart rate and perceived exertion (RPE) responses, requiring heart rate monitoring and completion of rating scales during exercise sessions. Discuss the ethical considerations that should be addressed in this investigation.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Benefits of Non-Invasive Monitoring

  • P] Heart rate monitoring and perceived exertion scales provide valuable physiological data without invasive procedures.
  • [E] Non-invasive methods enable researchers to collect meaningful data while maintaining participant comfort and safety.
  • [Ev] Heart rate monitors and rating scales are accessible school equipment that students can use safely.
  • [L] Therefore these methods offer practical advantages for school-based aerobic training investigations.

However, this approach still presents ethical considerations

  • [P] Continuous heart rate monitoring during exercise may cause self-consciousness and anxiety about performance.
  • [E] Participant discomfort raises ethical concerns about privacy and psychological wellbeing during physical activity.
  • [Ev] Some participants may feel embarrassed about fitness levels or alter natural exercise behaviour when monitored.
  • [L] Consequently researchers must ensure participants understand monitoring purposes and maintain respectful observation practices.

Alternative Perspective on Implementation

  • [P] Clear informed consent and voluntary participation create ethical conditions for heart rate monitoring investigations.
  • [E] Transparent communication creates better understanding and reduces participant anxiety about monitoring procedures.
  • [Ev] However researchers must provide withdrawal options if participants experience unexpected discomfort during monitoring.
  • [L] Despite this ethical school research prioritises student comfort while maintaining valuable learning opportunities.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Benefits of Non-Invasive Monitoring

  • P] Heart rate monitoring and perceived exertion scales provide valuable physiological data without invasive procedures.
  • [E] Non-invasive methods enable researchers to collect meaningful data while maintaining participant comfort and safety.
  • [Ev] Heart rate monitors and rating scales are accessible school equipment that students can use safely.
  • [L] Therefore these methods offer practical advantages for school-based aerobic training investigations.

However, this approach still presents ethical considerations

  • [P] Continuous heart rate monitoring during exercise may cause self-consciousness and anxiety about performance.
  • [E] Participant discomfort raises ethical concerns about privacy and psychological wellbeing during physical activity.
  • [Ev] Some participants may feel embarrassed about fitness levels or alter natural exercise behaviour when monitored.
  • [L] Consequently researchers must ensure participants understand monitoring purposes and maintain respectful observation practices.

Alternative Perspective on Implementation

  • [P] Clear informed consent and voluntary participation create ethical conditions for heart rate monitoring investigations.
  • [E] Transparent communication creates better understanding and reduces participant anxiety about monitoring procedures.
  • [Ev] However researchers must provide withdrawal options if participants experience unexpected discomfort during monitoring.
  • [L] Despite this ethical school research prioritises student comfort while maintaining valuable learning opportunities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 401

Discuss the ethical implications of using observation and survey methods to measure physiological responses during an investigation of aerobic training.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Benefits of Direct Observation Methods

  • [P] Direct observation of breathing patterns and physical signs provides accessible data collection during aerobic training sessions.
  • [E] Observing breathing rate, skin colour changes, and sweating patterns enables researchers to gather physiological response data.
  • [Ev] Visual assessment methods ensure no equipment barriers and allow continuous monitoring throughout exercise sessions.
  • [L] Therefore observation methods offer practical advantages for school-based aerobic training investigations without expensive equipment.

However, this approach presents ethical challenges

  • [P] Continuous observation during exercise can make participants feel self-conscious, uncomfortable, and anxious about their performance.
  • [E] Participant discomfort raises serious ethical concerns about privacy and dignity during physical exercise sessions.
  • [Ev] Some participants may alter their natural exercise behaviour or feel embarrassed about visible signs of exertion.
  • [L] Consequently researchers must carefully consider participant consent and ensure respectful, non-intrusive observation methods.

Alternative Perspective on Survey Methods

  • [P] Post-exercise surveys asking about perceived exertion and breathing difficulty are less invasive and more private.
  • [E] Survey methods create better ethical conditions by allowing participants to self-report their experiences privately.
  • [Ev] However these methods rely on subjective responses that may be less accurate than direct observation.
  • [L] Despite this ethical research prioritises participant comfort and privacy while maintaining useful data collection.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Benefits of Direct Observation Methods

  • [P] Direct observation of breathing patterns and physical signs provides accessible data collection during aerobic training sessions.
  • [E] Observing breathing rate, skin colour changes, and sweating patterns enables researchers to gather physiological response data.
  • [Ev] Visual assessment methods ensure no equipment barriers and allow continuous monitoring throughout exercise sessions.
  • [L] Therefore observation methods offer practical advantages for school-based aerobic training investigations without expensive equipment.

However, this approach presents ethical challenges

  • [P] Continuous observation during exercise can make participants feel self-conscious, uncomfortable, and anxious about their performance.
  • [E] Participant discomfort raises serious ethical concerns about privacy and dignity during physical exercise sessions.
  • [Ev] Some participants may alter their natural exercise behaviour or feel embarrassed about visible signs of exertion.
  • [L] Consequently researchers must carefully consider participant consent and ensure respectful, non-intrusive observation methods.

Alternative Perspective on Survey Methods

  • [P] Post-exercise surveys asking about perceived exertion and breathing difficulty are less invasive and more private.
  • [E] Survey methods create better ethical conditions by allowing participants to self-report their experiences privately.
  • [Ev] However these methods rely on subjective responses that may be less accurate than direct observation.
  • [L] Despite this ethical research prioritises participant comfort and privacy while maintaining useful data collection.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 398

Explain why maintaining confidentiality is an important ethical consideration when collecting physiological data during aerobic training investigations.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Physiological data such as heart rate and fitness levels are personal health information that participants have a right to keep private. Breaches in confidentiality could lead to embarrassment or stigma if individual responses are shared without permission.
  • Maintaining confidentiality builds trust with participants, encouraging honest participation and more reliable data collection. This trust is essential because participants may feel vulnerable when fitness levels are measured.
  • Practical measures to ensure confidentiality include using participant codes instead of names, storing data securely, and presenting only aggregated results. These procedures help protect participants from potential psychological harm or discrimination based on their physiological responses.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Physiological data such as heart rate and fitness levels are personal health information that participants have a right to keep private. Breaches in confidentiality could lead to embarrassment or stigma if individual responses are shared without permission.
  • Maintaining confidentiality builds trust with participants, encouraging honest participation and more reliable data collection. This trust is essential because participants may feel vulnerable when fitness levels are measured.
  • Practical measures to ensure confidentiality include using participant codes instead of names, storing data securely, and presenting only aggregated results. These procedures help protect participants from potential psychological harm or discrimination based on their physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 397

Outline TWO ethical considerations when investigating heart rate responses to aerobic training using student participants.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Informed consent must be obtained from all participants and parents/guardians if under 18 years of age. This includes clearly explaining the investigation’s purpose, heart rate monitoring procedures, potential physical discomforts, data usage and participant rights throughout the study.
  • Confidentiality of personal health data must be strictly maintained by using participant codes instead of real names. All heart rate records should be secured in password-protected files with restricted access, and only aggregated results presented in findings.
  • Participants must have the absolute right to withdraw from the investigation at any time without penalty, negative consequences, or need for detailed explanation. Researchers must respect withdrawal decisions and immediately cease data collection from those participants.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Informed consent must be obtained from all participants and parents/guardians if under 18 years of age. This includes clearly explaining the investigation’s purpose, heart rate monitoring procedures, potential physical discomforts, data usage and participant rights throughout the study.
  • Confidentiality of personal health data must be strictly maintained by using participant codes instead of real names. All heart rate records should be secured in password-protected files with restricted access, and only aggregated results presented in findings.
  • Participants must have the absolute right to withdraw from the investigation at any time without penalty, negative consequences, or need for detailed explanation. Researchers must respect withdrawal decisions and immediately cease data collection from those participants.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 396 MC

When collecting respiratory rate data during aerobic training investigation, which of the following represents appropriate ethical practice?

  1. Recording participants without their knowledge
  2. Sharing identified personal data with the whole class
  3. Allowing participants to withdraw at any time
  4. Requiring participants to complete the investigation regardless of discomfort
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Respecting participants’ right to withdraw at any time without penalty is a fundamental ethical principle in human research.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Recording without knowledge violates informed consent principles.
  • B is incorrect: Sharing identified data breaches confidentiality.
  • D is incorrect: Requiring completion despite discomfort disrespects participant autonomy and wellbeing.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 394 MC

A university sports science student wants to conduct a study on lactate levels during aerobic training at a local high school. Which of the following represents the most significant ethical concern?

  1. The cost of blood sampling equipment
  2. The time required to analyse blood samples
  3. The need for specialised laboratory equipment
  4. The invasive nature of the procedure and participant discomfort
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Invasive nature raises ethical concerns about participant discomfort and harm.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Cost is a practical consideration, not primarily an ethical concern.
  • B is incorrect: Time requirements are logistical concerns, not ethical issues.
  • C is incorrect: Equipment needs are methodological considerations, not ethical concerns.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 392

A student wants to investigate the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure responses during a 20-minute aerobic training session. Analyse suitable methods for collecting this data and explain potential challenges they might face.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

Overview Statement

  • Investigating heart rate and blood pressure during aerobic training involves comparing continuous versus interval measurement methods.
  • These methods differ in accuracy and practical challenges during exercise sessions.

Method 1: Heart Rate Monitoring

  • Heart rate monitors provide continuous data collection throughout the entire 20-minute aerobic session without interruption.
  • Continuous monitoring enables uninterrupted cardiovascular tracking that connects to real-time exercise responses without stopping physical activity.
  • The relationship between continuous monitoring and exercise intensity means accurate heart rate patterns and recovery phases can be recorded.
  • Data collection results in comprehensive cardiovascular information but creates challenges with equipment positioning, battery life, and signal interference during vigorous movement.
  • However, this leads to potential skin irritation issues and requires proper chest strap fitting for accurate readings.

Method 2: Blood Pressure Measurement

  • Digital blood pressure cuffs require exercise interruption at regular intervals to obtain accurate systolic and diastolic readings.
  • Measurement gaps create interruptions that affect continuous data collection and may alter natural exercise responses during the session.
  • The interaction between exercise stoppage and blood pressure readings leads to potential recovery effects and cooling between measurements.
  • Equipment setup generates practical challenges including timing coordination, participant positioning difficulties, and cuff size variations.
  • Therefore timing becomes critical to balance data collection needs with maintaining exercise intensity levels.

Implications and Challenges

  • The significance is that combining both methods reveals important cardiovascular relationships but creates coordination, timing, and accuracy challenges.
  • Students must balance comprehensive data quality with practical measurement limitations using accessible school equipment and proper technique.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Investigating heart rate and blood pressure during aerobic training involves comparing continuous versus interval measurement methods.
  • These methods differ in accuracy and practical challenges during exercise sessions.

Method 1: Heart Rate Monitoring

  • Heart rate monitors provide continuous data collection throughout the entire 20-minute aerobic session without interruption.
  • Continuous monitoring enables uninterrupted cardiovascular tracking that connects to real-time exercise responses without stopping physical activity.
  • The relationship between continuous monitoring and exercise intensity means accurate heart rate patterns and recovery phases can be recorded.
  • Data collection results in comprehensive cardiovascular information but creates challenges with equipment positioning, battery life, and signal interference during vigorous movement.
  • However, this leads to potential skin irritation issues and requires proper chest strap fitting for accurate readings.

Method 2: Blood Pressure Measurement

  • Digital blood pressure cuffs require exercise interruption at regular intervals to obtain accurate systolic and diastolic readings.
  • Measurement gaps create interruptions that affect continuous data collection and may alter natural exercise responses during the session.
  • The interaction between exercise stoppage and blood pressure readings leads to potential recovery effects and cooling between measurements.
  • Equipment setup generates practical challenges including timing coordination, participant positioning difficulties, and cuff size variations.
  • Therefore timing becomes critical to balance data collection needs with maintaining exercise intensity levels.

Implications and Challenges

  • The significance is that combining both methods reveals important cardiovascular relationships but creates coordination, timing, and accuracy challenges.
  • Students must balance comprehensive data quality with practical measurement limitations using accessible school equipment and proper technique.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 391

Compare TWO different methods for collecting data on physiological responses during aerobic training.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

Similarities:

  • Both methods aim to assess aerobic training responses by measuring physiological indicators during exercise sessions.
  • Both require initial setup and preparation to ensure accurate data collection during aerobic training.
  • Both provide information that can be used to evaluate training intensity and effectiveness.

Differences:

  • A heart rate monitor provides continuous, objective measurement of heart rate throughout aerobic training sessions, giving precise data on cardiovascular responses.
  • Observation method relies on visual assessment of breathing patterns, perceived exertion signs, and recovery indicators, providing subjective evaluation.
  • Heart rate monitors offer real-time numerical data that can be recorded and analysed for patterns, making it easier to track adaptations.
  • Observation method requires trained observers to identify physiological signs like breathing rate changes, skin colour, and fatigue indicators.
  • Heart rate monitors provide consistent, standardised measurements that reduce human error and enable comparison across training sessions.
  • Observation method allows assessment of multiple physiological indicators simultaneously but may lack precision in quantifying responses.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both methods aim to assess aerobic training responses by measuring physiological indicators during exercise sessions.
  • Both require initial setup and preparation to ensure accurate data collection during aerobic training.
  • Both provide information that can be used to evaluate training intensity and effectiveness.

Differences:

  • A heart rate monitor provides continuous, objective measurement of heart rate throughout aerobic training sessions, giving precise data on cardiovascular responses.
  • Observation method relies on visual assessment of breathing patterns, perceived exertion signs, and recovery indicators, providing subjective evaluation.
  • Heart rate monitors offer real-time numerical data that can be recorded and analysed for patterns, making it easier to track adaptations.
  • Observation method requires trained observers to identify physiological signs like breathing rate changes, skin colour, and fatigue indicators.
  • Heart rate monitors provide consistent, standardised measurements that reduce human error and enable comparison across training sessions.
  • Observation method allows assessment of multiple physiological indicators simultaneously but may lack precision in quantifying responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 389

A student wants to investigate how environmental conditions affect body temperature during a 30-minute aerobic training session. Analyse TWO different environmental conditions they could use to collect this data.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

Overview Statement

  • Investigating environmental effects on body temperature during aerobic training involves comparing indoor versus outdoor exercise conditions.
  • These conditions differ in heat exposure and how hard the body works to control temperature.

Condition 1: Indoor Training Environment

  • Students perform aerobic exercises in a controlled indoor space with steady temperature and no extra heat sources.
  • This enables stable conditions that reduce outside temperature factors affecting body temperature changes.
  • The relationship between controlled conditions and measurement accuracy means more reliable temperature data collection.
  • This approach results in easier digital thermometer readings without weather problems or extra heat stress.

Condition 2: Outdoor Training Environment

  • Students perform identical aerobic exercises outdoors on a warm day with direct sun exposure.
  • This creates extra environmental heat stress that influences how the body controls temperature during exercise.
  • The interaction between outside heat and internal exercise heat leads to higher body temperature readings.
  • However, this generates extra factors like wind and humidity that affect how the body cools itself.

Implications

  • The significance is that comparing both environments reveals how outside conditions impact body temperature responses.
  • Therefore this method enables students to understand environmental effects using simple digital thermometer equipment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Investigating environmental effects on body temperature during aerobic training involves comparing indoor versus outdoor exercise conditions.
  • These conditions differ in heat exposure and how hard the body works to control temperature.

Condition 1: Indoor Training Environment

  • Students perform aerobic exercises in a controlled indoor space with steady temperature and no extra heat sources.
  • This enables stable conditions that reduce outside temperature factors affecting body temperature changes.
  • The relationship between controlled conditions and measurement accuracy means more reliable temperature data collection.
  • This approach results in easier digital thermometer readings without weather problems or extra heat stress.

Condition 2: Outdoor Training Environment

  • Students perform identical aerobic exercises outdoors on a warm day with direct sun exposure.
  • This creates extra environmental heat stress that influences how the body controls temperature during exercise.
  • The interaction between outside heat and internal exercise heat leads to higher body temperature readings.
  • However, this generates extra factors like wind and humidity that affect how the body cools itself.

Implications

  • The significance is that comparing both environments reveals how outside conditions impact body temperature responses.
  • Therefore this method enables students to understand environmental effects using simple digital thermometer equipment.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 388

Explain how a student could collect data on recovery heart rate following a 15-minute aerobic exercise session.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • Record baseline resting heart rate before exercise to establish a comparison point for recovery analysis.
  • Immediately upon completion of the 15-minute session, measure heart rate using a heart rate monitor or manual pulse check. This provides the starting point for recovery measurement.
  • Continue monitoring heart rate at regular intervals (1-minute, 3-minute, 5-minute marks) during recovery. A systematic approach such as this tracks cardiovascular return to baseline.
  • Have participants remain seated in consistent position throughout monitoring to standardise conditions and eliminate variables.
  • Record measurements systematically using a data collection sheet. This enables creation of a recovery profile showing when heart rate returns to resting levels.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Record baseline resting heart rate before exercise to establish a comparison point for recovery analysis.
  • Immediately upon completion of the 15-minute session, measure heart rate using a heart rate monitor or manual pulse check. This provides the starting point for recovery measurement.
  • Continue monitoring heart rate at regular intervals (1-minute, 3-minute, 5-minute marks) during recovery. A systematic approach such as this tracks cardiovascular return to baseline.
  • Have participants remain seated in consistent position throughout monitoring to standardise conditions and eliminate variables.
  • Record measurements systematically using a data collection sheet. This enables creation of a recovery profile showing when heart rate returns to resting levels.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 387

Explain the advantages and limitations of using a Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale when collecting data on aerobic training responses.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • The RPE scale provides subjective data on exercise intensity without requiring specialised equipment, making it accessible for all research settings. This accessibility is beneficial because it reduces costs and enables widespread use.
  • Participants can provide RPE ratings without interrupting their exercise, allowing continuous data collection throughout an aerobic session. This enables researchers to track intensity changes.
  • The scale’s portability enables data collection in natural training environments where laboratory equipment is impractical. This creates more realistic training conditions.
  • However, the subjective nature of RPE introduces potential reliability issues as perception varies between individuals based on fitness levels, pain tolerance and motivation. This variability can affect consistency of results.
  • Prior training of participants in using the RPE scale correctly is essential to ensure consistency in how ratings are assigned. This training requirement adds time and complexity.
  • RPE provides valuable complementary data when used alongside objective physiological measures, creating a complete picture.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The RPE scale provides subjective data on exercise intensity without requiring specialised equipment, making it accessible for all research settings. This accessibility is beneficial because it reduces costs and enables widespread use.
  • Participants can provide RPE ratings without interrupting their exercise, allowing continuous data collection throughout an aerobic session. This enables researchers to track intensity changes.
  • The scale’s portability enables data collection in natural training environments where laboratory equipment is impractical. This creates more realistic training conditions.
  • However, the subjective nature of RPE introduces potential reliability issues as perception varies between individuals based on fitness levels, pain tolerance and motivation. This variability can affect consistency of results.
  • Prior training of participants in using the RPE scale correctly is essential to ensure consistency in how ratings are assigned. This training requirement adds time and complexity.
  • RPE provides valuable complementary data when used alongside objective physiological measures, creating a complete picture.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 384 MC

Which of the following is the most practical method for a student to collect data on perceived exertion during aerobic training?

  1. Blood lactate analyser
  2. Electromyography (EMG)
  3. Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale
  4. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: RPE scale simple, inexpensive, no specialised equipment needed.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Blood lactate analysers expensive, invasive, require specialised training.
  • B is incorrect: EMG equipment expensive, complex to operate and interpret.
  • D is incorrect: ECG equipment expensive, requires technical expertise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 381 MC

A student wants to collect data on the immediate cardiovascular response to a 10-minute jog. Which method would be most appropriate?

  1. Blood sample analysis
  2. Heart rate monitoring
  3. Muscle biopsy
  4. Bone density scan
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Heart rate monitoring provides immediate, non-invasive data about cardiovascular responses during aerobic exercise.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Blood sample analysis is invasive and better suited for measuring metabolic markers, not immediate cardiovascular responses.
  • C is incorrect: Muscle biopsy is highly invasive and measures muscle tissue changes, not immediate cardiovascular responses.
  • D is incorrect: Bone density scanning measures skeletal characteristics, not cardiovascular responses to exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 378 MC

A student wants to investigate how heart rate responds to aerobic training. Which of the following is the most well-structured research question?

  1. "Does exercise affect heart rate?"
  2. "What happens to the body during a 30-minute jog?"
  3. "How does the average heart rate during a 10-minute step test compare between students who regularly participate in aerobic training and those who don't?"
  4. "Why do heart rates increase when we exercise?"
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Specific about physiological parameter, exercise protocol, and comparison groups.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too vague, lacking specific detail about exercise type and heart rate measurement.
  • B is incorrect: Too broad, covering multiple potential physiological responses without specificity.
  • D is incorrect: Asks “why” which is explanatory rather than investigative.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 376

A student wants to investigate how heart rate changes during a 5km run. Explain how they could refine this initial idea into a well-structured research question for investigating physiological responses to aerobic training.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • Specify the exact physiological response by focusing on particular aspects of heart rate (resting, maximum, recovery rate). Refinement such as this is necessary because it provides measurable and specific variables for investigation.
  • Define the exercise conditions clearly, including the pace of the run (time-based or percentage of maximum effort). Thus ensuring standardised conditions and enables reliable data collection.
  • Consider participant characteristics that might be relevant (age, fitness level, training experience). This helps control variables that could influence heart rate responses and improves validity.
  • Identify whether the question will examine immediate responses or adaptations over multiple training sessions. Making distinctions like this is important because it determines study design.
  • Include measurement timing and control variables such as environmental conditions and warm-up protocols. This creates a comprehensive framework.
  • A refined research question might be: “How does heart rate respond and recover in 16-18 year old students when completing a 5km run at 70% estimated maximum?”

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Specify the exact physiological response by focusing on particular aspects of heart rate (resting, maximum, recovery rate). Refinement such as this is necessary because it provides measurable and specific variables for investigation.
  • Define the exercise conditions clearly, including the pace of the run (time-based or percentage of maximum effort). Thus ensuring standardised conditions and enables reliable data collection.
  • Consider participant characteristics that might be relevant (age, fitness level, training experience). This helps control variables that could influence heart rate responses and improves validity.
  • Identify whether the question will examine immediate responses or adaptations over multiple training sessions. Making distinctions like this is important because it determines study design.
  • Include measurement timing and control variables such as environmental conditions and warm-up protocols. This creates a comprehensive framework.
  • A refined research question might be: “How does heart rate respond and recover in 16-18 year old students when completing a 5km run at 70% estimated maximum?”

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 372

Describe the key components that should be included when creating a research question about physiological responses to aerobic training.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • Specific physiological response being measured must be clearly identified (e.g., resting heart rate, ventilation rate, blood lactate levels).
  • Type of aerobic training should be defined with specific characteristics including duration, intensity, frequency, and mode of exercise.
  • Target population characteristics should be specified including age range, fitness level, and health status.
  • Timeframe and measurement points must be established, indicating when data will be collected (e.g., pre-training, post-exercise).
  • Control variables that could affect results should be identified, such as environmental conditions and prior exercise history.
  • Measurability considerations should ensure the investigation can be practically conducted.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Specific physiological response being measured must be clearly identified (e.g., resting heart rate, ventilation rate, blood lactate levels).
  • Type of aerobic training should be defined with specific characteristics including duration, intensity, frequency, and mode of exercise.
  • Target population characteristics should be specified including age range, fitness level, and health status.
  • Timeframe and measurement points must be established, indicating when data will be collected (e.g., pre-training, post-exercise).
  • Control variables that could affect results should be identified, such as environmental conditions and prior exercise history.
  • Measurability considerations should ensure the investigation can be practically conducted.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 369 MC

A student is researching the effect of aerobic training on lactate threshold. Which method would provide the most valid data for this investigation?

  1. Taking blood samples to measure lactate levels at various exercise intensities
  2. Interviewing participants about how tired they feel after training
  3. Surveying participants about their preferred aerobic activities
  4. Observing participants' facial expressions during exercise
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Taking blood samples to measure lactate concentration at different exercise intensities provides direct, objective data about lactate threshold.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Subjective feedback about tiredness is not a direct measure of lactate threshold.
  • C is incorrect: Preferences for activities don’t provide data about physiological lactate responses.
  • D is incorrect: Facial expressions are subjective and not related to measuring lactate thresholds.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 367 MC

When creating a research question about physiological responses to aerobic training, which of the following would be most appropriate?

  1. "Does aerobic training make you tired?"
  2. "How does heart rate respond to a 12-minute aerobic fitness test?"
  3. "Is aerobic exercise better than weight training?"
  4. "Why do people enjoy aerobic training?"
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: This option is specific, measurable, and directly investigates a physiological response (heart rate) to a defined aerobic training activity.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too vague and subjective without specifying a physiological response.
  • C is incorrect: Compares different exercise types rather than investigating a physiological response.
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on psychological aspects rather than physiological responses

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 364

A student is conducting research on their physiological responses to a 30-minute jog. Outline what data they should collect and how they could analyse the results to understand their aerobic training responses.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

  • Collect baseline resting heart rate and ventilation rate before the jog to establish comparison points for aerobic training responses.
  • Monitor heart rate continuously during the 30-minute jog using a heart rate monitor to track cardiovascular response patterns and training zones.
  • Measure ventilation rate by counting breaths per minute at 5-minute intervals during exercise to assess respiratory system responses.
  • Record ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on a scale of 6-20 every 10 minutes to correlate physiological responses with subjective feelings.
  • Track recovery time by measuring how long it takes for heart rate to return to within 10% of resting levels after exercise.
  • Note environmental conditions (temperature, humidity) that might influence physiological responses and training adaptations.
  • Analyse data by creating line graphs showing heart rate and ventilation rate changes over time, calculating average values for each phase (rest, exercise, recovery).
  • Compare results to established aerobic training norms and previous personal results to identify improvements in cardiovascular fitness.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Collect baseline resting heart rate and ventilation rate before the jog to establish comparison points for aerobic training responses.
  • Monitor heart rate continuously during the 30-minute jog using a heart rate monitor to track cardiovascular response patterns and training zones.
  • Measure ventilation rate by counting breaths per minute at 5-minute intervals during exercise to assess respiratory system responses.
  • Record ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on a scale of 6-20 every 10 minutes to correlate physiological responses with subjective feelings.
  • Track recovery time by measuring how long it takes for heart rate to return to within 10% of resting levels after exercise.
  • Note environmental conditions (temperature, humidity) that might influence physiological responses and training adaptations.
  • Analyse data by creating line graphs showing heart rate and ventilation rate changes over time, calculating average values for each phase (rest, exercise, recovery).
  • Compare results to established aerobic training norms and previous personal results to identify improvements in cardiovascular fitness.