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Aussie Maths & Science Teachers: Save your time with SmarterEd

HMS, BM 2020 HSC 8 MC

An athlete has an awareness of where her body is in space and can perform a range of skills successfully on repeated occasions.

Which pair of characteristics of a skilled performer does this athlete best demonstrate?

  1. Anticipation and ability
  2. Anticipation and consistency
  3. Kinaesthetic sense and ability
  4. Kinaesthetic sense and consistency
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Body awareness shows kinaesthetic sense, repeated success shows consistency.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Body awareness is kinaesthetic sense not anticipation.
  • B is incorrect: Body awareness is kinaesthetic sense not anticipation.
  • C is incorrect: Repeated success indicates consistency not just ability.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 673

  1. Explain what is meant by "performance elements" in skill development.   (2 marks)

  2. Propose three research questions that would enhance understanding of how performance elements should be integrated into soccer skill development.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  1. Performance elements include decision-making aspects that require players to select appropriate responses based on game situations. This means skills must adapt to changing contexts.
  2. Performance elements also include strategic and tactical development because skills must function within team frameworks. This creates complete players rather than isolated technicians.
  3. Research questions – Any THREE of the following (Other questions are possible)
      • At what stage should decision-making elements be introduced for different soccer skills to optimise development?
      • How does defensive pressure affect technique consistency and decision-making quality in soccer skill development?
      • What tactical complexity progressions most effectively develop soccer skills alongside strategic application?
      • How do performance elements differ between individual soccer skills versus combination play development?
      • What ratio of isolated practice to integrated performance practice optimises soccer skill transfer?

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Performance elements include decision-making aspects that require players to select appropriate responses based on game situations. This means skills must adapt to changing contexts.
  2. Performance elements also include strategic and tactical development because skills must function within team frameworks. This creates complete players rather than isolated technicians.
  3. Research questions – Any THREE of the following (Other questions are possible)
      • At what stage should decision-making elements be introduced for different soccer skills to optimise development?
      • How does defensive pressure affect technique consistency and decision-making quality in soccer skill development?
      • What tactical complexity progressions most effectively develop soccer skills alongside strategic application?
      • How do performance elements differ between individual soccer skills versus combination play development?
      • What ratio of isolated practice to integrated performance practice optimises soccer skill transfer?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 672

Research has examined how different types of feedback affect skill acquisition. Propose and justify FOUR further research questions that would significantly advance understanding of feedback optimisation for skill development in swimming.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer – other solutions are possible

Research Question 1:

How does the effectiveness of different feedback types vary based on individual learning preferences in swimming technique development?

Justification: This recognises optimal feedback may need personalisation rather than one-size-fits-all approaches.

Research Question 2:

What is the optimal progression of feedback dependency to independence across learning stages to develop self-regulated swimmers?

Justification: This explores systematic development of swimmer autonomy without creating feedback dependency.

Research Question 3:

How can technology-based feedback systems be effectively integrated with coach feedback to optimise swimming technique development?

Justification: This addresses technology’s growing role while maintaining expert human coaching value.

Research Question 4:

How does emotional state affect a swimmer’s ability to process and implement different types of feedback?

Justification: This investigates the overlooked emotional component of feedback effectiveness in skill learning.

Overall Significance

  • These questions address critical gaps in understanding individualised feedback approaches.
  • Research findings would enable evidence-based frameworks that coaches could adapt to specific swimmers’ needs.
  • This would advance beyond generic feedback principles to context-specific applications.
  • Understanding these relationships would improve both coach education and swimmer development.
  • Thus ultimately creating more effective feedback systems that enhance skill acquisition while developing independent learners.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – other solutions are possible

Research Question 1:

How does the effectiveness of different feedback types vary based on individual learning preferences in swimming technique development?

Justification: This recognises optimal feedback may need personalisation rather than one-size-fits-all approaches.

Research Question 2:

What is the optimal progression of feedback dependency to independence across learning stages to develop self-regulated swimmers?

Justification: This explores systematic development of swimmer autonomy without creating feedback dependency.

Research Question 3:

How can technology-based feedback systems be effectively integrated with coach feedback to optimise swimming technique development?

Justification: This addresses technology’s growing role while maintaining expert human coaching value.

Research Question 4:

How does emotional state affect a swimmer’s ability to process and implement different types of feedback?

Justification: This investigates the overlooked emotional component of feedback effectiveness in skill learning.

Overall Significance

  • These questions address critical gaps in understanding individualised feedback approaches.
  • Research findings would enable evidence-based frameworks that coaches could adapt to specific swimmers’ needs.
  • This would advance beyond generic feedback principles to context-specific applications.
  • Understanding these relationships would improve both coach education and swimmer development.
  • Thus ultimately creating more effective feedback systems that enhance skill acquisition while developing independent learners.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 671

  1. Explain the difference between closed skills and open skills.   (2 marks)

  2. Propose four research questions that would enhance understanding of how to effectively progress volleyball players from closed skill practice to open skill application in game situations.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  1. The difference between closed skills and open skills.
  2. Closed skills are performed in stable, predictable environments where the performer determines when to begin execution and can plan movements in advance, such as a free throw in basketbal.
  3. Open skills are performed in changing, unpredictable environments where the performer must adapt to external factors and timing is often externally paced, such as returning a serve in volleyball.
  4. Research questions – other questions are possible
  5. What specific progressions of environmental variability most effectively develop adaptability while maintaining technique consistency in volleyball skills?
  6. How does the timing of introducing defensive pressure affect skill transfer from practice to game situations for different volleyball techniques?
  7. What practice design approaches most effectively develop the perceptual skills needed for successful open skill execution in volleyball?
  8. How do different approaches to integrating decision-making with technique practice affect skill transfer to game situations across different learning stages?

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. The difference between closed skills and open skills.
  2. Closed skills are performed in stable, predictable environments where the performer determines when to begin execution and can plan movements in advance, such as a free throw in basketbal.
  3. Open skills are performed in changing, unpredictable environments where the performer must adapt to external factors and timing is often externally paced, such as returning a serve in volleyball.
  4. Research questions – other questions are possible
  5. What specific progressions of environmental variability most effectively develop adaptability while maintaining technique consistency in volleyball skills?
  6. How does the timing of introducing defensive pressure affect skill transfer from practice to game situations for different volleyball techniques?
  7. What practice design approaches most effectively develop the perceptual skills needed for successful open skill execution in volleyball?
  8. How do different approaches to integrating decision-making with technique practice affect skill transfer to game situations across different learning stages?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 669

After studying front-on tackling technique in rugby league, propose THREE research questions that would help coaches better understand how to develop this skill in players who lack confidence after previous injury.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer  OR 3 similar questions with appropriate focus 

  • What specific modifications to practice environments are most effective for rebuilding confidence in tackle technique following injury?
  • How does the rate of skill redevelopment after injury compare between different feedback approaches (knowledge of performance versus knowledge of results)?
  • What progression of contact intensity is optimal for safely rebuilding tackling confidence while ensuring proper technique development?
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer  OR THREE similar questions with appropriate focus 

  • What specific modifications to practice environments are most effective for rebuilding confidence in tackle technique following injury?
  • How does the rate of skill redevelopment after injury compare between different feedback approaches (knowledge of performance versus knowledge of results)?
  • What progression of contact intensity is optimal for safely rebuilding tackling confidence while ensuring proper technique development?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 666

Based on research about feedback types in skill development, propose three further research questions that would help coaches better understand how to provide effective feedback for swimming technique development.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 3 of the following or similar

  • At what specific point in skill progression should coaches transition from predominantly knowledge of performance feedback to knowledge of results feedback for maximum technique development?
  • How does the optimal ratio of augmented to task-intrinsic feedback change as swimmers progress from cognitive to associative to autonomous stages of learning?
  • How does the timing of feedback (concurrent versus delayed) affect technique retention and transfer in different swimming strokes?
  • How can coaches effectively develop swimmers’ ability to use task-intrinsic feedback for self-correction during performance?
  • What specific verbal cues are most effective for providing knowledge of performance feedback across different swimming strokes and skill levels?
  • How does feedback frequency affect skill acquisition differently in closed swimming skills (starts, turns) versus continuous swimming strokes?
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 3 of the following or similar

  • At what specific point in skill progression should coaches transition from predominantly knowledge of performance feedback to knowledge of results feedback for maximum technique development?
  • How does the optimal ratio of augmented to task-intrinsic feedback change as swimmers progress from cognitive to associative to autonomous stages of learning?
  • How does the timing of feedback (concurrent versus delayed) affect technique retention and transfer in different swimming strokes?
  • How can coaches effectively develop swimmers’ ability to use task-intrinsic feedback for self-correction during performance?
  • What specific verbal cues are most effective for providing knowledge of performance feedback across different swimming strokes and skill levels?
  • How does feedback frequency affect skill acquisition differently in closed swimming skills (starts, turns) versus continuous swimming strokes?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 665

  1. Identify one learner characteristic that might affect skill acquisition in contact sports.   (1 mark)
  2. Using your response from (a) above, propose two research questions that would explore how different learner characteristics affect the development of technique in contact sports.   (2 marks)
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Sample Answer

a.   Learner characteristic – Any ONE of the following

  • Personality traits such as confidence or risk-taking willingness.
  • Prior experience in similar sports or activities.
  • Physical attributes including size, strength, or body type.
  • Age affecting approach to contact sport skill learning.

b.   Research questions – Questions should correspond to the learner characteristic from (a).

  • If using personality traits:
    • How do risk-taking versus cautious personalities affect technique acquisition and safety in contact sports?
    • What coaching approaches work best for different personality types when developing contact techniques?
  • If using prior experience:
    • How does prior experience affect progression through skill acquisition stages in contact sports?
    • How does non-contact sport experience influence technique development when learning contact skills?
  • If using physical attributes:
    • How do physical differences affect technique adaptations needed for optimal contact sport performance?
    • What relationship exists between physical attributes and learning progression in contact sports?
  • If using age:
    • How does age affect optimal practice complexity progression for contact sport techniques?
    • What feedback types work best for different age groups learning contact sports?
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

a.   Learner characteristic – Any ONE of the following

  • Personality traits such as confidence or risk-taking willingness.
  • Prior experience in similar sports or activities.
  • Physical attributes including size, strength, or body type.
  • Age affecting approach to contact sport skill learning.

b.   Research questions – Questions should correspond to the learner characteristic from (a).

  • If using personality traits:
    • How do risk-taking versus cautious personalities affect technique acquisition and safety in contact sports?
    • What coaching approaches work best for different personality types when developing contact techniques?
  • If using prior experience:
    • How does prior experience affect progression through skill acquisition stages in contact sports?
    • How does non-contact sport experience influence technique development when learning contact skills?
  • If using physical attributes:
    • How do physical differences affect technique adaptations needed for optimal contact sport performance?
    • What relationship exists between physical attributes and learning progression in contact sports?
  • If using age:
    • How does age affect optimal practice complexity progression for contact sport techniques?
    • What feedback types work best for different age groups learning contact sports?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 664

The research plan for front-on tackling in rugby league includes the question: "Does age affect how the front-on tackle should be learnt?"

Suggest two further research questions that could extend understanding of age-appropriate skill development in rugby.   (2 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any TWO of the following or similar

  • How should coaching feedback types be modified for different age groups learning front-on tackling technique to maximise safety and skill development?
  • What modifications to practice environments are most effective for different age groups to develop proper tackling technique while minimising injury risk?
  • At what age should full-contact tackling practice begin, and how should progression differ between younger and older beginners?
  • How do cognitive development stages across different ages affect the optimal sequence for teaching complex tackling technique components?
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any TWO of the following or similar

  • How should coaching feedback types be modified for different age groups learning front-on tackling technique to maximise safety and skill development?
  • What modifications to practice environments are most effective for different age groups to develop proper tackling technique while minimising injury risk?
  • At what age should full-contact tackling practice begin, and how should progression differ between younger and older beginners?
  • How do cognitive development stages across different ages affect the optimal sequence for teaching complex tackling technique components?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 663 MC

After studying basketball shooting technique development, which further research question would BEST explore the influence of learner characteristics?

  1. Which brand of basketball is best for shooting practice?
  2. How does previous experience in throwing sports affect the rate of shooting technique acquisition?
  3. What is the average shooting percentage in high school basketball?
  4. Which shooting technique is most commonly used by professional players?
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Explores how prior experience affects skill learning

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Focuses on equipment not learner characteristics
  • C is incorrect: Addresses performance statistics not learning
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on technique prevalence not learner characteristics

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 661 MC

After studying how swimmers learn butterfly technique, which further research question would provide the MOST valuable information about developing task-intrinsic feedback abilities?

  1. At what age should swimmers begin learning butterfly technique?
  2. How does pool temperature affect butterfly performance?
  3. What is the optimal arm-to-leg length ratio for butterfly swimmers?
  4. How do elite swimmers detect and correct technique errors during performance?
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Addresses elite swimmers’ self-detection and correction abilities.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Age doesn’t address task-intrinsic feedback development.
  • B is incorrect: Environmental conditions not skill development processes.
  • C is incorrect: Physical characteristics not feedback ability development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 660 MC

A netball researcher has studied how beginners learn the chest pass. Which further research question would BEST develop understanding of skill progression?

  1. How do successful teams use chest passes in game situations?
  2. Does the height of players affect chest pass technique?
  3. How should practice methods change as players move from cognitive to associative stages of learning?
  4. Which is the most popular pass used in professional netball?
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Explores practice adaptation across learning stages.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Focuses on tactics not skill development.
  • B is incorrect: Addresses physical attributes not learning progression.
  • D is incorrect: Popularity irrelevant to skill development process.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 658

  1. Identify two ways researchers might measure improvement in rugby tackling technique.   (2 marks)

  2. Discuss which measurement approach would provide more useful information for coaches working with beginners.   (2 marks)

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Sample Answer

  1. Researchers could use a technique scoring system where trained observers rate specific components of the tackle like foot position, body height, and shoulder contact.
  2. They could also measure performance outcomes such as success rate of tackles, average ground gained by opponents after contact, or ball dislodgment frequency.

  3. *PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

  • [P] Technique measurement provides valuable feedback for beginners.
  • [E] It identifies specific areas needing improvement like body position or shoulder placement.
  • [Ev] Coaches can target exact weaknesses in fundamental movements.
  • [L] This detailed information guides safe skill developments.
      
  • [P] However, outcome measures also offer benefits.
  • [E] Success rates show if techniques work in practice.
  • [Ev] Beginners gain confidence seeing measurable progress.
  • [L] Performance data motivates continued learning while building competence.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Researchers could use a technique scoring system where trained observers rate specific components of the tackle like foot position, body height, and shoulder contact.
  2. They could also measure performance outcomes such as success rate of tackles, average ground gained by opponents after contact, or ball dislodgment frequency.

  3. *PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

  • [P] Technique measurement provides valuable feedback for beginners.
  • [E] It identifies specific areas needing improvement like body position or shoulder placement.
  • [Ev] Coaches can target exact weaknesses in fundamental movements.
  • [L] This detailed information guides safe skill developments.
      
  • [P] However, outcome measures also offer benefits.
  • [E] Success rates show if techniques work in practice.
  • [Ev] Beginners gain confidence seeing measurable progress.
  • [L] Performance data motivates continued learning while building competence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 657

  1. What is a "control group" in a research study about skill development.   (1 mark)

  2. Explain why a control group might be important when researching the effectiveness of a new coaching approach for soccer dribbling skills.   (2 marks)

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Sample Answer

  1. A control group receives standard training rather than the experimental method, providing a comparison baseline.
  2. A control group helps researchers determine if improvements are actually due to the new coaching approach rather than just from regular practice or other factors.
  3. Without a control group, researchers couldn’t tell if skill improvements happened because the new approach works better or simply because any practice leads to improvement over time.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. A control group receives standard training rather than the experimental method, providing a comparison baseline.
  2. A control group helps researchers determine if improvements are actually due to the new coaching approach rather than just from regular practice or other factors.
  3. Without a control group, researchers couldn’t tell if skill improvements happened because the new approach works better or simply because any practice leads to improvement over time.
  4.  

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 656

  1. Explain what task-intrinsic feedback and augmented feedback are in the context of movement skill acquisition.   (3 marks)

  2. Evaluate how researchers might investigate which type of feedback is most effective at different stages of learning a complex basketball skill.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  1. Task-intrinsic feedback is information received through the body’s proprioceptive mechanisms which occurs naturally when performing skills. This develops internal awareness of movements.
  2. Augmented feedback comes from external sources like coaches or video because learners need outside perspective. This provides information beyond what performers can sense themselves. These types differ as task-intrinsic creates movement “feel” while augmented offers technical corrections.
  3. Evaluation Statement
  4. Longitudinal experimental design would be highly effective for investigating feedback effectiveness across learning stages. Study duration and measurement comprehensiveness serve as key evaluation criteria.
  5. Study Duration
  6. Research spanning 6-12 months strongly meets requirements for tracking skill progression. This timeframe allows researchers to observe participants transitioning through cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages. Extended duration enables valid comparisons of feedback effectiveness as learners develop. This criterion is well-satisfied.
  7. Measurement Comprehensiveness 
  8. Mixed-methods approach excellently fulfils research needs. Combining technique analysis, performance outcomes, and transfer tests provides complete understanding. Including kinaesthetic awareness baselines and pressure scenarios ensures thorough investigation. Qualitative interviews reveal how learners process different feedback types. This comprehensively addresses research questions.
  9. Final Evaluation 
  10. The proposed design highly effectively investigates feedback types across learning stages. Long-term tracking with multiple measurement approaches produces robust findings. While resource-intensive, this methodology generates valuable insights for optimising basketball skill development through appropriate feedback selection.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Task-intrinsic feedback is information received through the body’s proprioceptive mechanisms which occurs naturally when performing skills. This develops internal awareness of movements.
  2. Augmented feedback comes from external sources like coaches or video because learners need outside perspective. This provides information beyond what performers can sense themselves. These types differ as task-intrinsic creates movement “feel” while augmented offers technical corrections.
  3. Evaluation Statement
  4. Longitudinal experimental design would be highly effective for investigating feedback effectiveness across learning stages. Study duration and measurement comprehensiveness serve as key evaluation criteria.
  5. Study Duration
  6. Research spanning 6-12 months strongly meets requirements for tracking skill progression. This timeframe allows researchers to observe participants transitioning through cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages. Extended duration enables valid comparisons of feedback effectiveness as learners develop. This criterion is well-satisfied.
  7. Measurement Comprehensiveness 
  8. Mixed-methods approach excellently fulfils research needs. Combining technique analysis, performance outcomes, and transfer tests provides complete understanding. Including kinaesthetic awareness baselines and pressure scenarios ensures thorough investigation. Qualitative interviews reveal how learners process different feedback types. This comprehensively addresses research questions.
  9. Final Evaluation 
  10. The proposed design highly effectively investigates feedback types across learning stages. Long-term tracking with multiple measurement approaches produces robust findings. While resource-intensive, this methodology generates valuable insights for optimising basketball skill development through appropriate feedback selection.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 654

  1. Identify two characteristics of learners that researchers might study when investigating tennis skill acquisition.   (2 marks)

  2. Explain how these characteristics might affect the research design for a study on serving technique development.   (2 marks)

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Sample Answer

  1. Researchers might study personality traits such as confidence or willingness to take risks when investigating tennis skill acquisition.
  2. Prior experience in similar racquet sports would be another important learner characteristic to study as it could affect transfer of learning.
  3. The research design would assess confidence levels beforehand because this ensures balanced experimental groups. This prevents confidence bias from affecting technique results.
  4. Prior experience documentation becomes essential as racquet sport backgrounds create different starting points. Researchers must control this variable through matched groups or exclusion criteria, ensuring valid technique comparisons.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Researchers might study personality traits such as confidence or willingness to take risks when investigating tennis skill acquisition.
  2. Prior experience in similar racquet sports would be another important learner characteristic to study as it could affect transfer of learning.
  3. The research design would assess confidence levels beforehand because this ensures balanced experimental groups. This prevents confidence bias from affecting technique results.
  4. Prior experience documentation becomes essential as racquet sport backgrounds create different starting points. Researchers must control this variable through matched groups or exclusion criteria, ensuring valid technique comparisons.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 653

  1. What is meant by "modifying the environment" when teaching movement skills?   (1 mark)

  2. Explain how a researcher could study its effectiveness for teaching a golf swing.   (2 marks)

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Sample Answer

  1. Modifying the environment means changing learning conditions like equipment, complexity or space to suit the learner’s stage.
  2. Researchers could compare beginners using standard versus modified clubs (lighter, shorter) because equipment changes affect technique development.
  3. Measuring technique elements like grip, stance, and follow-through rather than just distance would reveal how environmental modifications facilitate skill acquisition. This determines whether simplified conditions lead to better fundamental technique development.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Modifying the environment means changing learning conditions like equipment, complexity or space to suit the learner’s stage.
  2. Researchers could compare beginners using standard versus modified clubs (lighter, shorter) because equipment changes affect technique development.
  3. Measuring technique elements like grip, stance, and follow-through rather than just distance would reveal how environmental modifications facilitate skill acquisition. This determines whether simplified conditions lead to better fundamental technique development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 651 MC

A researcher is investigating how decision-making elements should be integrated with technique practice in basketball. Which research approach would provide the MOST comprehensive understanding?

  1. A laboratory study measuring shooting accuracy under controlled conditions
  2. A survey of basketball coaches about their preferred teaching methods
  3. A longitudinal study tracking scoring statistics of players over a competitive season
  4. A mixed-methods approach combining performance measurements with qualitative observations of game transfer
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Mixed methods measure skills and game transfer.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Lab studies miss real game decision-making.
  • B is incorrect: Coach opinions aren’t direct learning evidence.
  • C is incorrect: Scoring stats don’t show skill development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 650 MC

When researching the effectiveness of different feedback types for swimming technique development, which factor would be MOST important to control in the study design?

  1. The swimming stroke being taught
  2. The size of the swimming pool
  3. The brand of swimwear used
  4. The time of day lessons are conducted
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Different strokes have varying complexity affecting feedback.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Pool size less critical than skill type.
  • C is incorrect: Swimwear brand irrelevant to feedback effectiveness.
  • D is incorrect: Time affects energy not feedback processing.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 649 MC

What is the MAIN purpose of researching movement skill acquisition in sports?

  1. To identify talented athletes for elite development
  2. To develop better ways of teaching and learning skills
  3. To compare different sports and their techniques
  4. To create more complex sporting competitions
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Research aims to improve teaching and learning methods

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Talent identification uses research but isn’t main purpose
  • C is incorrect: Technique comparison isn’t central purpose
  • D is incorrect: Competition development not related to skill acquisition

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 648 MC

A researcher wants to study how different types of feedback affect gymnastics skill learning. Which method would give the clearest evidence?

  1. Forms where gymnasts rate which feedback they like best
  2. Direct observation using a checklist of technique points
  3. Talking with gymnastics coaches about what feedback they use
  4. Looking at competition scores from gymnasts who got different feedback
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Direct observation measures actual skill development objectively.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Shows preference not learning effectiveness.
  • C is incorrect: Provides opinions not measured evidence.
  • D is incorrect: Too many variables affect competition scores.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 647 MC

Which research design would be MOST suitable for studying whether distributed practice works better than massed practice for developing tennis serves?

  1. A case study following one tennis player
  2. A survey asking tennis coaches what they think
  3. An experiment comparing two groups using different practice methods
  4. Interviews with tennis students about their experiences
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Experiment allows direct comparison with controlled variables

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Case study lacks comparison between methods
  • B is incorrect: Surveys provide opinions not measured evidence
  • D is incorrect: Interviews lack direct comparison needed

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 644

Describe TWO ways researchers could study which types of feedback work best for beginners learning to tackle in rugby league.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any TWO of the following

  • Researchers could compare two beginner groups learning tackling with different feedback types. One receives knowledge of performance feedback, another receives knowledge of results feedback, then measure technique improvement.
  • Researchers could observe coaching sessions, recording feedback types given and tracking players’ technique development afterwards to identify which feedback produces better outcomes.
  • Researchers could use video analysis to compare tackling technique development between groups receiving immediate feedback versus delayed feedback after practice sessions.
  • Researchers could conduct surveys and interviews with players about their preferred feedback types, then correlate preferences with actual technique improvement measurements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Researchers could compare two beginner groups learning tackling with different feedback types. One receives knowledge of performance feedback, another receives knowledge of results feedback, then measure technique improvement.
  • Researchers could observe coaching sessions, recording feedback types given and tracking players’ technique development afterwards to identify which feedback produces better outcomes.
  • Researchers could use video analysis to compare tackling technique development between groups receiving immediate feedback versus delayed feedback after practice sessions.
  • Researchers could conduct surveys and interviews with players about their preferred feedback types, then correlate preferences with actual technique improvement measurements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 643

Research shows different practice approaches improve technique acquisition. Explain how an archery coach would apply this research when developing proper shooting technique.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The coach would apply research on whole versus part practice by teaching the stance and grip as separate components before integrating them because this builds fundamental skills progressively.
  • Research on massed versus distributed practice would be applied by scheduling short, focused practice sessions with appropriate rest periods to maintain concentration and prevent fatigue that impairs learning.
  • The coach would implement research on blocked practice for cognitive stage learners by having them repeat the same shot multiple times as this establishes consistent technique through repetition.
  • Research on feedback would be applied by transitioning from augmented feedback during early learning to promoting task-intrinsic feedback as the archer develops proprioceptive awareness. This creates independent, skilled performers.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The coach would apply research on whole versus part practice by teaching the stance and grip as separate components before integrating them because this builds fundamental skills progressively.
  • Research on massed versus distributed practice would be applied by scheduling short, focused practice sessions with appropriate rest periods to maintain concentration and prevent fatigue that impairs learning.
  • The coach would implement research on blocked practice for cognitive stage learners by having them repeat the same shot multiple times as this establishes consistent technique through repetition.
  • Research on feedback would be applied by transitioning from augmented feedback during early learning to promoting task-intrinsic feedback as the archer develops proprioceptive awareness. This creates independent, skilled performers.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 640

Research has established the importance of understanding skill classification for effective teaching. Explain how a volleyball coach would apply this research when developing an effective serving technique program.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The coach would apply discrete skill research by implementing clear start and finish points because this helps learners understand complete serving technique. Each serve has distinct preparation, execution, and follow-through phases that create consistent movement patterns.
  • Research on self-paced skills guides practice design as players control serving timing. This allows coaches to teach pre-serve routines that develop consistency. Unlike externally-paced skills, servers determine when to initiate movement, enabling focus on technique refinement.
  • Closed skill classification influences initial practice design through stable, predictable environments. This facilitates technique development before adding variables. Progressive transition to open conditions occurs when players face different court positions and game pressures, ensuring skills transfer effectively.
  • Gross motor skill research leads to whole-body coordination emphasis because serving requires integrated movements. Large muscle groups working together produce powerful, accurate serves. This understanding results in practice activities targeting full-body mechanics.
  • Coaches apply classification knowledge by linking closed-skill serves to open-skill rally play. This connection ensures serving technique remains effective under match conditions, creating complete volleyball players.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The coach would apply discrete skill research by implementing clear start and finish points because this helps learners understand complete serving technique. Each serve has distinct preparation, execution, and follow-through phases that create consistent movement patterns.
  • Research on self-paced skills guides practice design as players control serving timing. This allows coaches to teach pre-serve routines that develop consistency. Unlike externally-paced skills, servers determine when to initiate movement, enabling focus on technique refinement.
  • Closed skill classification influences initial practice design through stable, predictable environments. This facilitates technique development before adding variables. Progressive transition to open conditions occurs when players face different court positions and game pressures, ensuring skills transfer effectively.
  • Gross motor skill research leads to whole-body coordination emphasis because serving requires integrated movements. Large muscle groups working together produce powerful, accurate serves. This understanding results in practice activities targeting full-body mechanics.
  • Coaches apply classification knowledge by linking closed-skill serves to open-skill rally play. This connection ensures serving technique remains effective under match conditions, creating complete volleyball players.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 639

Research indicates that characteristics of learners influence skill acquisition. Analyse how a gymnastics coach might apply this research when adapting teaching approaches for cartwheel technique with diverse learners.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview statement

  • Research reveals learner characteristics interact with teaching approaches to influence cartwheel acquisition.
  • Confidence, physical abilities, and prior experience create different learning needs, requiring individualised coaching modifications.

Component Relationship 1

  • Confidence levels directly affect physical risk-taking in gymnastics skills.
  • Risk-averse learners require additional visual demonstrations and progressive achievement scales that build confidence gradually.
  • This contrasts with confident learners who benefit from immediate physical attempts.
  • Physical support systems connect to confidence development, enabling gradual independence as psychological readiness aligns with technical ability.
  • This relationship shows that emotional factors determine physical progression rates more than capability alone.

Component Relationship 2

  • Prior experience influences motor pattern recognition and skill transfer.
  • Learners with dance or martial arts backgrounds possess rotational movement patterns that accelerate cartwheel learning.
  • This creates different starting points requiring varied teaching approaches.
  • Experience also affects feedback preferences, as novices need external guidance while experienced movers utilise internal awareness.
  • The pattern reveals that movement history shapes both learning speed and instructional needs.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships demonstrate that effective gymnastics coaching requires characteristic-responsive teaching.
  • The interconnection between confidence, ability and experience necessitates flexible progressions.
  • Therefore, one-size-fits-all teaching fails different learners, while individual approaches help everyone learn cartwheels successfully.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Overview statement

  • Research reveals learner characteristics interact with teaching approaches to influence cartwheel acquisition.
  • Confidence, physical abilities, and prior experience create different learning needs, requiring individualised coaching modifications.

Component Relationship 1

  • Confidence levels directly affect physical risk-taking in gymnastics skills.
  • Risk-averse learners require additional visual demonstrations and progressive achievement scales that build confidence gradually.
  • This contrasts with confident learners who benefit from immediate physical attempts.
  • Physical support systems connect to confidence development, enabling gradual independence as psychological readiness aligns with technical ability.
  • This relationship shows that emotional factors determine physical progression rates more than capability alone.

Component Relationship 2

  • Prior experience influences motor pattern recognition and skill transfer.
  • Learners with dance or martial arts backgrounds possess rotational movement patterns that accelerate cartwheel learning.
  • This creates different starting points requiring varied teaching approaches.
  • Experience also affects feedback preferences, as novices need external guidance while experienced movers utilise internal awareness.
  • The pattern reveals that movement history shapes both learning speed and instructional needs.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships demonstrate that effective gymnastics coaching requires characteristic-responsive teaching.
  • The interconnection between confidence, ability and experience necessitates flexible progressions.
  • Therefore, one-size-fits-all teaching fails different learners, while individual approaches help everyone learn cartwheels successfully.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 637

Research demonstrates that the integration of technique and decision-making elements enhances skill transfer to competition.

Evaluate how a basketball coach might apply this specific research finding when developing shooting skills across different learning stages.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Integrating technique with decision-making proves highly effective for developing basketball shooting skills across all learning stages.
  • Stage-appropriate progression and game transfer effectiveness are the key criteria for evaluation.

Stage-Appropriate Progression

  • The coaching approach strongly meets learning stage requirements.
  • For cognitive learners, separating technique from decisions prevents overload and allows fundamental skill development.
  • Simple “shoot or pass” choices introduce decision-making gradually without disrupting technique.
  • Associative learners benefit from increased defensive pressure that forces technique adjustments naturally.
  • Autonomous players face complex game scenarios that maintain skills under pressure.
  • This progression perfectly matches research on cognitive capacity at each stage.

Game Transfer Effectiveness

  • Integration methods excellently promote skill transfer to competition.
  • Early blocked practice establishes consistent technique that provides a foundation for later complexity.
  • Progressive addition of defenders creates game-like conditions that enhance transfer.
  • Practice scenarios requiring defensive reads develop anticipation skills essential for matches.
  • By autonomous stage, continuous adaptation requirements mirror actual game demands.
  • Research confirms this systematic approach produces players who perform effectively in competition.

Final Evaluation

  • This coaching approach successfully implements the research findings about integrating technique with decision-making.
  • Progressive complexity matched to learning stages ensures both skill development and competitive transfer.
  • This evidence-based approach optimises shooting development by building technical foundations before adding decision-making elements, creating complete basketball players.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Evaluation Statement

  • Integrating technique with decision-making proves highly effective for developing basketball shooting skills across all learning stages.
  • Stage-appropriate progression and game transfer effectiveness are the key criteria for evaluation.

Stage-Appropriate Progression

  • The coaching approach strongly meets learning stage requirements.
  • For cognitive learners, separating technique from decisions prevents overload and allows fundamental skill development.
  • Simple “shoot or pass” choices introduce decision-making gradually without disrupting technique.
  • Associative learners benefit from increased defensive pressure that forces technique adjustments naturally.
  • Autonomous players face complex game scenarios that maintain skills under pressure.
  • This progression perfectly matches research on cognitive capacity at each stage.

Game Transfer Effectiveness

  • Integration methods excellently promote skill transfer to competition.
  • Early blocked practice establishes consistent technique that provides a foundation for later complexity.
  • Progressive addition of defenders creates game-like conditions that enhance transfer.
  • Practice scenarios requiring defensive reads develop anticipation skills essential for matches.
  • By autonomous stage, continuous adaptation requirements mirror actual game demands.
  • Research confirms this systematic approach produces players who perform effectively in competition.

Final Evaluation

  • This coaching approach successfully implements the research findings about integrating technique with decision-making.
  • Progressive complexity matched to learning stages ensures both skill development and competitive transfer.
  • This evidence-based approach optimises shooting development by building technical foundations before adding decision-making elements, creating complete basketball players.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 635

Research indicates that learners progress through cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages when acquiring skills. Analyse how a swimming coach would apply this specific research to develop effective feedback approaches for butterfly stroke technique.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Research on learning stages connects to feedback approaches in butterfly stroke development.
  • The relationship between stage characteristics and feedback needs determines coaching effectiveness, with implications for skill progression.

Component Relationship 1

  • Cognitive stage limitations influence feedback delivery methods significantly.
  • Swimmers’ inability to process complex information requires simplified, delayed feedback focusing on single elements.
  • This contrasts with concurrent feedback that overwhelms beginners attempting butterfly’s demanding coordination.
  • Augmented feedback dominates this stage because learners lack internal awareness.
  • This relationship reveals that cognitive overload prevents skill acquisition when feedback complexity exceeds processing capacity.

Component Relationship 2

  • Proprioceptive development interacts with feedback transitions across stages.
  • Associative swimmers’ growing kinaesthetic awareness enables gradual shift from augmented to task-intrinsic feedback.
  • This progression accelerates as swimmers reach autonomous stage, where internal feedback becomes primary.
  • Feedback frequency decreases as self-detection abilities increase.
  • This pattern demonstrates that feedback dependency inversely relates to skill development level.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships establish that effective butterfly coaching requires stage-matched feedback strategies.
  • The interconnection between cognitive capacity and proprioceptive development creates natural progression pathways.
  • Therefore, coaches must adjust feedback type, timing, and frequency to match learners’ evolving capabilities.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Overview Statement

  • Research on learning stages connects to feedback approaches in butterfly stroke development.
  • The relationship between stage characteristics and feedback needs determines coaching effectiveness, with implications for skill progression.

Component Relationship 1

  • Cognitive stage limitations influence feedback delivery methods significantly.
  • Swimmers’ inability to process complex information requires simplified, delayed feedback focusing on single elements.
  • This contrasts with concurrent feedback that overwhelms beginners attempting butterfly’s demanding coordination.
  • Augmented feedback dominates this stage because learners lack internal awareness.
  • This relationship reveals that cognitive overload prevents skill acquisition when feedback complexity exceeds processing capacity.

Component Relationship 2

  • Proprioceptive development interacts with feedback transitions across stages.
  • Associative swimmers’ growing kinaesthetic awareness enables gradual shift from augmented to task-intrinsic feedback.
  • This progression accelerates as swimmers reach autonomous stage, where internal feedback becomes primary.
  • Feedback frequency decreases as self-detection abilities increase.
  • This pattern demonstrates that feedback dependency inversely relates to skill development level.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships establish that effective butterfly coaching requires stage-matched feedback strategies.
  • The interconnection between cognitive capacity and proprioceptive development creates natural progression pathways.
  • Therefore, coaches must adjust feedback type, timing, and frequency to match learners’ evolving capabilities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 634

Research shows that distributed practice is more effective than massed practice for complex skills. Explain how a golf coach would apply this research finding when developing putting skills in beginners.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The coach would implement multiple short putting sessions (5-7 minutes) with rest periods because distributed practice allows better skill consolidation than massed practice.
  • Short practice blocks enable learners to maintain focus and attention, leading to more effective technique development. This prevents fatigue that causes poor movement patterns
  • Brief reflection periods between blocks facilitate cognitive processing, allowing beginners to mentally rehearse corrections. This results in improved motor learning and faster skill acquisition.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The coach would implement multiple short putting sessions (5-7 minutes) with rest periods because distributed practice allows better skill consolidation than massed practice.
  • Short practice blocks enable learners to maintain focus and attention, leading to more effective technique development. This prevents fatigue that causes poor movement patterns
  • Brief reflection periods between blocks facilitate cognitive processing, allowing beginners to mentally rehearse corrections. This results in improved motor learning and faster skill acquisition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 633 MC

Research demonstrates that feedback frequency should decrease as skill level increases. How would a gymnastics coach BEST apply this research finding with advancing athletes?

  1. Providing feedback after every attempt regardless of skill level
  2. Gradually reducing feedback frequency and shifting toward self-analysis as skills develop
  3. Completely eliminating feedback once basic competence is achieved
  4. Maintaining high-frequency feedback but changing the delivery method
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Research shows progressively reducing feedback promotes self-regulation as athletes advance

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Constant feedback creates dependency and inhibits self-regulation
  • C is incorrect: Complete feedback elimination is detrimental for advanced performers.
  • D is incorrect: Frequency reduction, not delivery changes, develops autonomy.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 632 MC

Research indicates decision-making capacity is enhanced when perceptual cues are integrated with technique practice. How would an elite soccer coach BEST apply this research finding?

  1. Training players to execute techniques perfectly before introducing any tactical elements
  2. Using video analysis focusing exclusively on biomechanical efficiency
  3. Designing practice scenarios where players must identify defensive positioning before selecting appropriate shooting techniques
  4. Conducting separate sessions for technique practice and tactical understanding
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Players learn to read defenders before shooting.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Perfect technique first doesn’t help games.
  • B is incorrect: Video only shows movement not decision-making.
  • D is incorrect: Separate sessions don’t link skills together.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 631 MC

Research shows variable practice conditions enhance skill adaptability. How would a tennis coach BEST apply this research when working with intermediate players on their serve?

  1. Having players practice one specific serve type repeatedly until perfected
  2. Having players serve from the same court position to different targets in each session
  3. Teaching players to analyse their opponents' serving strategies
  4. Having players practice different serve types, speeds, and spins within the same session
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Multiple serve variations enhance adaptability and transfer.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Blocked practice limits adaptability.
  • B is incorrect: Limited variability insufficient for comprehensive skill development.
  • C is incorrect: Strategic analysis not technique practice.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 630 MC

Research has shown that environmental modification enhances early skill acquisition. How is this research finding BEST applied when teaching the front crawl swimming technique?

  1. Having beginners use kickboards to isolate leg movements before integrating full stroke
  2. Teaching swimming exclusively through land-based simulations
  3. Having beginners immediately practice in competition conditions
  4. Focusing only on perfecting arm technique in deep water
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Kickboards reduce complexity while maintaining water environment

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Removing water environment limits learning transfer
  • C is incorrect: Competition conditions overwhelm cognitive learners
  • D is incorrect: Deep water creates anxiety interfering with learning

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 629 MC

Research has demonstrated that novice learners benefit from knowledge of performance feedback. How would a basketball coach BEST apply this research when teaching shooting technique?

  1. Providing immediate feedback on shot outcomes (makes/misses)
  2. Focusing feedback on specific technique elements like elbow positioning and follow-through
  3. Having players count their successful shots during practice
  4. Using only peer feedback during shooting drills
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Knowledge of performance focuses on technique elements

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: This is knowledge of results not performance
  • C is incorrect: Emphasises outcome counting not technique feedback
  • D is incorrect: Coach expertise more valuable than peer feedback

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 628

Explain what research tells us about how a learner's personality traits influence their movement skill acquisition in swimming technique.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Research indicates learners with high persistence traits progress more effectively through technique plateaus because they maintain practice commitment during difficult phases. This leads to breakthrough moments in stroke development.
  • Studies show risk-taking personality traits positively influence complex skill acquisition as these learners attempt challenging techniques like diving and tumble turns. This results in faster progression through skill stages.
  • Evidence demonstrates that receptiveness to feedback significantly predicts swimming technique improvement because open learners actively implement corrections. This creates accelerated skill refinement across all learning stages.
  • Research reveals anxiety-prone personalities benefit from structured approaches as predictable progressions reduce fear responses. This enables focus on technique rather than managing stress.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research indicates learners with high persistence traits progress more effectively through technique plateaus because they maintain practice commitment during difficult phases. This leads to breakthrough moments in stroke development.
  • Studies show risk-taking personality traits positively influence complex skill acquisition as these learners attempt challenging techniques like diving and tumble turns. This results in faster progression through skill stages.
  • Evidence demonstrates that receptiveness to feedback significantly predicts swimming technique improvement because open learners actively implement corrections. This creates accelerated skill refinement across all learning stages.
  • Research reveals anxiety-prone personalities benefit from structured approaches as predictable progressions reduce fear responses. This enables focus on technique rather than managing stress.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 627

Analyse what research tells us about the effectiveness of different types of feedback during the acquisition and development of a complex gymnastics skill like the handspring vault.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Research reveals feedback effectiveness in handspring vault acquisition depends on learning stage, feedback type and timing.
  • These components interact to shape skill development, with implications for coaching approaches.

Component Relationship 1

  • Knowledge of performance feedback connects to safety-critical learning in cognitive stage gymnasts.
  • Research shows this feedback type enables learners to understand body positioning before attempting complex movements.
  • This prevents dangerous technique errors that knowledge of results alone cannot address.
  • Video analysis enhances this relationship by providing visual confirmation of body positions that occur too rapidly for real-time awareness.
  • This reveals that feedback type selection directly affects both safety and skill foundation development.

Component Relationship 2

  • Feedback timing interacts with learner autonomy across developmental stages.
  • Delayed feedback dominates cognitive stage learning because it allows processing time without overwhelming beginners.
  • As gymnasts progress, concurrent feedback becomes valuable as their capacity increases.
  • This progression leads to autonomous gymnasts self-selecting feedback moments.
  • The pattern indicates that timing flexibility enables individualised learning rates while maintaining technique quality.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships demonstrate that effective feedback must change with learner development.
  • The interconnection between type, timing and stage creates a flexible coaching framework.
  • Therefore, rigid feedback approaches limit skill acquisition, while feedback that adjusts to learners optimises handspring vault development across all learning phases.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Overview Statement

  • Research reveals feedback effectiveness in handspring vault acquisition depends on learning stage, feedback type and timing.
  • These components interact to shape skill development, with implications for coaching approaches.

Component Relationship 1

  • Knowledge of performance feedback connects to safety-critical learning in cognitive stage gymnasts.
  • Research shows this feedback type enables learners to understand body positioning before attempting complex movements.
  • This prevents dangerous technique errors that knowledge of results alone cannot address.
  • Video analysis enhances this relationship by providing visual confirmation of body positions that occur too rapidly for real-time awareness.
  • This reveals that feedback type selection directly affects both safety and skill foundation development.

Component Relationship 2

  • Feedback timing interacts with learner autonomy across developmental stages.
  • Delayed feedback dominates cognitive stage learning because it allows processing time without overwhelming beginners.
  • As gymnasts progress, concurrent feedback becomes valuable as their capacity increases.
  • This progression leads to autonomous gymnasts self-selecting feedback moments.
  • The pattern indicates that timing flexibility enables individualised learning rates while maintaining technique quality.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships demonstrate that effective feedback must change with learner development.
  • The interconnection between type, timing and stage creates a flexible coaching framework.
  • Therefore, rigid feedback approaches limit skill acquisition, while feedback that adjusts to learners optimises handspring vault development across all learning phases.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 626

Critically evaluate what research tells us about the influence of a learner's prior experience and ability on movement skill acquisition, using examples from golf swing technique development.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Research clearly shows that both prior experience and ability affect how people learn golf swings.
  • The evaluation will examine how helpful past sports experience is and whether natural abilities matter more.

Past Sports Experience

  • Prior experience can really help or hurt golf learning.
  • Research shows baseball and tennis players learn golf swings faster because the rotating movements are similar.
  • But bad habits from other sports create problems that take longer to fix than starting with no prior sports experience.
  • Studies show experience only helps during early learning stages, then stops being significant.
  • This shows mixed results – sometimes helpful, sometimes not.

Natural Abilities for Golf

  • Physical abilities match golf’s needs very well.
  • Research proves that good hand-eye coordination and body awareness predict success better than just being athletic.
  • Learners with these abilities pick up consistent swings quicker and move through learning stages faster.
  • Good motor control stays important even at advanced levels.
  • Unlike experience, natural abilities keep helping throughout all stages of learning.
  • This shows natural talents are extremely important.

Final Evaluation

  • Research convincingly shows natural abilities matter more than prior experience for learning golf.
  • While past sports experience gives some early help or problems, having good coordination and body awareness leads to better long-term results.
  • The evidence strongly suggests coaches should focus more on identifying natural abilities than being concerned about previous sports experience.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Evaluation Statement

  • Research clearly shows that both prior experience and ability affect how people learn golf swings.
  • The evaluation will examine how helpful past sports experience is and whether natural abilities matter more.

Past Sports Experience

  • Prior experience can really help or hurt golf learning.
  • Research shows baseball and tennis players learn golf swings faster because the rotating movements are similar.
  • But bad habits from other sports create problems that take longer to fix than starting with no prior sports experience.
  • Studies show experience only helps during early learning stages, then stops being significant.
  • This shows mixed results – sometimes helpful, sometimes not.

Natural Abilities for Golf

  • Physical abilities match golf’s needs very well.
  • Research proves that good hand-eye coordination and body awareness predict success better than just being athletic.
  • Learners with these abilities pick up consistent swings quicker and move through learning stages faster.
  • Good motor control stays important even at advanced levels.
  • Unlike experience, natural abilities keep helping throughout all stages of learning.
  • This shows natural talents are extremely important.

Final Evaluation

  • Research convincingly shows natural abilities matter more than prior experience for learning golf.
  • While past sports experience gives some early help or problems, having good coordination and body awareness leads to better long-term results.
  • The evidence strongly suggests coaches should focus more on identifying natural abilities than being concerned about previous sports experience.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 625

Explain what research tells us about how decision-making elements should be integrated into the acquisition of tennis groundstroke technique.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Research demonstrates decision-making elements should be minimised during cognitive stage because thinking about too many things prevents beginners from learning basic stroke technique. Learners need to establish movement patterns before adding complexity.
  • Studies show associative stage learners benefit from progressive tactical decisions as this creates realistic practice conditions. Simple directional choices lead to improved court awareness while maintaining technique quality. This allows skill refinement alongside tactical development.
  • Evidence indicates introducing opponent positioning cues enables learners to develop anticipatory skills that facilitate game transfer. This progression results in groundstrokes that adapt to match demands rather than remaining rigid patterns.
  • Research reveals perceptual-cognitive challenges must increase gradually to prevent technique breakdown. When decision-making complexity matches skill level, this produces effective integration of technical and tactical elements.
  • Studies demonstrate that systematic progression creates players who execute groundstrokes effectively under game pressure. This approach ensures technical proficiency develops alongside decision-making abilities, resulting in complete skill acquisition.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research demonstrates decision-making elements should be minimised during cognitive stage because thinking about too many things prevents beginners from learning basic stroke technique. Learners need to establish movement patterns before adding complexity.
  • Studies show associative stage learners benefit from progressive tactical decisions as this creates realistic practice conditions. Simple directional choices lead to improved court awareness while maintaining technique quality. This allows skill refinement alongside tactical development.
  • Evidence indicates introducing opponent positioning cues enables learners to develop anticipatory skills that facilitate game transfer. This progression results in groundstrokes that adapt to match demands rather than remaining rigid patterns.
  • Research reveals perceptual-cognitive challenges must increase gradually to prevent technique breakdown. When decision-making complexity matches skill level, this produces effective integration of technical and tactical elements.
  • Studies demonstrate that systematic progression creates players who execute groundstrokes effectively under game pressure. This approach ensures technical proficiency develops alongside decision-making abilities, resulting in complete skill acquisition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 621

Explain what research tells us about the effectiveness of different practice methods when developing volleyball serving technique.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Research indicates distributed practice produces superior volleyball serving technique acquisition compared to massed practice due to fatigue reduction and enhanced information processing between attempts.
  • Studies show whole practice methods are more effective than part practice for volleyball serving as the coordination between preparatory stance, toss, and striking motion represents a unified motor program.
  • Evidence demonstrates blocked practice benefits cognitive stage learners by establishing fundamental serving patterns before transitioning to random practice. This creates consistent technique before adding variability.
  • Research reveals that variable practice conditions (serving from different court positions) enhance technique adaptability for associative and autonomous stage volleyball players. This develops match-ready serving skills.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research indicates distributed practice produces superior volleyball serving technique acquisition compared to massed practice due to fatigue reduction and enhanced information processing between attempts.
  • Studies show whole practice methods are more effective than part practice for volleyball serving as the coordination between preparatory stance, toss, and striking motion represents a unified motor program.
  • Evidence demonstrates blocked practice benefits cognitive stage learners by establishing fundamental serving patterns before transitioning to random practice. This creates consistent technique before adding variability.
  • Research reveals that variable practice conditions (serving from different court positions) enhance technique adaptability for associative and autonomous stage volleyball players. This develops match-ready serving skills.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 619

Outline what research tells us about how a learner's heredity characteristics influence their acquisition of a power-based skill such as a javelin throw.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Research indicates that favourable somatotype characteristics (particularly mesomorphic traits) significantly influence initial skill acquisition for power-based skills like javelin throwing.
  • Studies show higher proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibres create genetic predisposition for rapid force production necessary for effective javelin technique.
  • Research demonstrates that natural strength-to-weight ratios affect the rate of skill acquisition, with learners possessing advantageous ratios progressing more rapidly through initial movement pattern development.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research indicates that favourable somatotype characteristics (particularly mesomorphic traits) significantly influence initial skill acquisition for power-based skills like javelin throwing.
  • Studies show higher proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibres create genetic predisposition for rapid force production necessary for effective javelin technique.
  • Research demonstrates that natural strength-to-weight ratios affect the rate of skill acquisition, with learners possessing advantageous ratios progressing more rapidly through initial movement pattern development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 617 MC

Recent research on motor learning in basketball shooting technique has found that the development of perceptual-cognitive skills is most enhanced by:

  1. Extended periods of blocked practice
  2. Visual demonstration without physical practice
  3. Isolated fine motor skill development
  4. Decision-making elements integrated with technique practice
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Decision-making integrated with technique enhances perceptual-cognitive skills.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Blocked practice limits adaptability and decision-making.
  • B is incorrect: Observation alone has limited effectiveness.
  • C is incorrect: Isolation ignores perceptual and decision-making components.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 616 MC

Research on elite swimmers acquiring new stroke techniques indicates that the transition from associative to autonomous stage is most effectively facilitated by:

  1. Exclusively using task-intrinsic feedback
  2. Focusing on the final race time results
  3. Integrating knowledge of performance with developing proprioception
  4. Maintaining a closed, controlled practice environment
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Integrating Knowledge of Performance with proprioception enables self-regulation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Exclusive task-intrinsic feedback is premature.
  • B is incorrect: Race times alone limit technique refinement.
  • D is incorrect: Closed environments prevent skill mastery progression.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 615 MC

According to skill acquisition research, when learning a complex tennis serve, which practice method would be most beneficial during the cognitive stage?

  1. Distributed whole practice
  2. Random practice with various strokes
  3. Massed part practice
  4. Variable practice across different courts
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Distributed whole practice allows rest and maintains movement integrity

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Random practice suits later learning stages
  • C is incorrect: Massed practice causes fatigue in complex skills
  • D is incorrect: Variable practice suits later stages for adaptability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 614 MC

Research on acquiring sprint technique in track and field suggests that the most significant factor affecting a novice's progression through the cognitive stage of learning is:

  1. The athlete's aerobic capacity
  2. The athlete's personality traits and receptiveness to feedback
  3. The coach's experience level
  4. The training facility's equipment quality
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Receptiveness to feedback crucial for cognitive stage

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Aerobic capacity affects endurance not technique acquisition
  • C is incorrect: Research emphasises learner over coach characteristics
  • D is incorrect: Equipment has minimal impact on technique acquisition