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HMS, BM 2025 HSC 25a

How can goal setting be used by an athlete to enhance motivation?   (3 marks)

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  • Goal setting creates clear targets for achievement. This increases motivation because athletes gain sense of purpose and direction in their training efforts.
  • Measurable goals allow athletes to track progress consistently. For example, a cyclist aiming to improve 5km time trial by 30 seconds experiences increased motivation through visible improvements.
  • Achievable goals generate confidence through successful completion. As a result, athletes remain motivated to pursue increasingly challenging objectives in their sport.
Show Worked Solution
  • Goal setting creates clear targets for achievement. This increases motivation because athletes gain sense of purpose and direction in their training efforts.
  • Measurable goals allow athletes to track progress consistently. For example, a cyclist aiming to improve 5km time trial by 30 seconds experiences increased motivation through visible improvements.
  • Achievable goals generate confidence through successful completion. As a result, athletes remain motivated to pursue increasingly challenging objectives in their sport.

HMS, BM 2012 HSC 26

Describe TWO different types of motivation that can affect performance. Provide examples.   (3 marks)

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Any 2 of the following:

  • Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in activities for personal satisfaction and enjoyment. Athletes participate because they find the sport fulfilling and rewarding. For example, a swimmer training because they love moving through water.
  • Extrinsic motivation involves external rewards or consequences driving participation. Athletes perform to gain prizes, recognition or avoid punishment. For example, a footballer training intensively to earn team selection.
  • Positive motivation drives athletes toward desired outcomes and rewards. Athletes work to achieve success, recognition or personal goals. For example, a tennis player practising serves to win upcoming tournaments and improve rankings.
  • Negative motivation involves avoiding undesirable consequences or failure. Athletes train to prevent disappointing coaches, teammates or losing selection. For example, a cyclist training harder to avoid being dropped from the racing team.
Show Worked Solution

Any 2 of the following:

  • Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in activities for personal satisfaction and enjoyment. Athletes participate because they find the sport fulfilling and rewarding. For example, a swimmer training because they love moving through water.
  • Extrinsic motivation involves external rewards or consequences driving participation. Athletes perform to gain prizes, recognition or avoid punishment. For example, a footballer training intensively to earn team selection.
  • Positive motivation drives athletes toward desired outcomes and rewards. Athletes work to achieve success, recognition or personal goals. For example, a tennis player practising serves to win upcoming tournaments and improve rankings.
  • Negative motivation involves avoiding undesirable consequences or failure. Athletes train to prevent disappointing coaches, teammates or losing selection. For example, a cyclist training harder to avoid being dropped from the racing team.

HMS, BM 2012 HSC 12 MC

During a grand final match, an athlete becomes negatively affected by the pressure and significance of the occasion.

Which of the following is the athlete experiencing?

  1. High self-esteem
  2. High concentration
  3. Trait anxiety
  4. State anxiety
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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: State anxiety is situational stress response to specific events.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: High self-esteem would help cope with pressure.
  • B is incorrect: High concentration would improve performance under pressure.
  • C is incorrect: Trait anxiety is general personality characteristic, not situational.

HMS, BM 2014 HSC 11 MC

A coach tells the squad that a strong performance in its next match will result in individuals being selected for a representative team.

What type of motivation is this?

  1. Positive and intrinsic
  2. Positive and extrinsic
  3. Negative and intrinsic
  4. Negative and extrinsic
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Representative selection is external reward making it positive and extrinsic.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Selection reward comes from outside so not intrinsic.
  • C is incorrect: Opportunity for selection is positive not negative motivation.
  • D is incorrect: This offers reward not punishment so positive not negative.

HMS, BM 2015 HSC 26

Explain how different types of motivation can affect an athlete's performance.   (4 marks)

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  • Intrinsic motivation creates sustained performance improvements because athletes participate for personal satisfaction and enjoyment of their sport. This leads to higher effort levels during training and competition, as internal drive maintains consistency even during challenging periods.
  • Conversely, extrinsic motivation produces short-term performance gains through external rewards like trophies or recognition. However, this can result in decreased performance when rewards are removed because athletes become dependent on external validation rather than internal satisfaction.
  • The underlying reason is that positive motivation enhances confidence and focus, while negative motivation creates anxiety and fear of failure. Therefore, athletes perform optimally when intrinsic motivation combines with appropriate external support, which enables sustainable performance development over time.
Show Worked Solution
  • Intrinsic motivation creates sustained performance improvements because athletes participate for personal satisfaction and enjoyment of their sport. This leads to higher effort levels during training and competition, as internal drive maintains consistency even during challenging periods.
  • Conversely, extrinsic motivation produces short-term performance gains through external rewards like trophies or recognition. However, this can result in decreased performance when rewards are removed because athletes become dependent on external validation rather than internal satisfaction.
  • The underlying reason is that positive motivation enhances confidence and focus, while negative motivation creates anxiety and fear of failure. Therefore, athletes perform optimally when intrinsic motivation combines with appropriate external support, which enables sustainable performance development over time.

HMS, BM 2016 HSC 26

Justify the psychological strategies used by athletes to enhance their motivation and to manage anxiety.   (8 marks)

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Position Statement

  • Psychological strategies are essential for athletic success because they directly address mental barriers that limit performance potential.
  • Goal setting, visualisation and relaxation techniques provide proven methods for optimising motivation and anxiety management.

Goal Setting Effectiveness

  • Goal setting demonstrates substantial evidence for enhancing athlete motivation through clear performance targets and achievement pathways. SMART goals provide specific, measurable objectives that maintain focus during training and competition periods.
  • Research confirms that athletes using systematic goal setting show increased training adherence and performance improvements.
  • For example, marathon runners setting progressive time targets maintain motivation throughout lengthy preparation phases.
  • This strategy works because it provides direction and measurable progress indicators that sustain long-term commitment.

Visualisation and Relaxation Benefits

  • Visualisation techniques prove highly effective for managing pre-competition anxiety whilst enhancing performance confidence levels. Mental rehearsal allows athletes to practice skills and scenarios in controlled environments before actual competition.
  • Progressive muscle relaxation reduces physical tension and cognitive anxiety that impair optimal performance execution.
  • Evidence includes tennis players using imagery to practice serve technique, resulting in improved accuracy under pressure.
  • This approach succeeds because it prepares athletes mentally while reducing physiological stress responses that interfere with skill execution.

Reinforcement

  • The evidence strongly supports implementing multiple psychological strategies to address both motivational and anxiety-related performance barriers effectively.

Show Worked Solution

Position Statement

  • Psychological strategies are essential for athletic success because they directly address mental barriers that limit performance potential.
  • Goal setting, visualisation and relaxation techniques provide proven methods for optimising motivation and anxiety management.

Goal Setting Effectiveness

  • Goal setting demonstrates substantial evidence for enhancing athlete motivation through clear performance targets and achievement pathways. SMART goals provide specific, measurable objectives that maintain focus during training and competition periods.
  • Research confirms that athletes using systematic goal setting show increased training adherence and performance improvements.
  • For example, marathon runners setting progressive time targets maintain motivation throughout lengthy preparation phases.
  • This strategy works because it provides direction and measurable progress indicators that sustain long-term commitment.

Visualisation and Relaxation Benefits

  • Visualisation techniques prove highly effective for managing pre-competition anxiety whilst enhancing performance confidence levels. Mental rehearsal allows athletes to practice skills and scenarios in controlled environments before actual competition.
  • Progressive muscle relaxation reduces physical tension and cognitive anxiety that impair optimal performance execution.
  • Evidence includes tennis players using imagery to practice serve technique, resulting in improved accuracy under pressure.
  • This approach succeeds because it prepares athletes mentally while reducing physiological stress responses that interfere with skill execution.

Reinforcement

  • The evidence strongly supports implementing multiple psychological strategies to address both motivational and anxiety-related performance barriers effectively.

HMS, BM 2017 HSC 6 MC

A coach tells her squad that a poor performance in the next match will result in individuals not being considered for a representative team.

What type of motivation is this?

  1. Positive and intrinsic
  2. Positive and extrinsic
  3. Negative and intrinsic
  4. Negative and extrinsic
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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

  • D is correct: Negative extrinsic motivation uses external punishment threat to motivate behaviour.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Positive intrinsic motivation involves internal satisfaction from participation itself.
  • B is incorrect: Positive extrinsic motivation uses rewards, not punishment threats.
  • C is incorrect: Negative intrinsic motivation involves internal fear, not external consequences.

HMS, BM 2018 HSC 3 MC

Which of the following best demonstrates extrinsic motivation?

  1. A swimmer trying to improve his 100-metre freestyle personal best time
  2. A netballer practising goal shooting to win the 'highest goal scorer' trophy
  3. A tennis player working on her serve to achieve a higher percentage of aces
  4. A baseball player focusing on hitting the ball to increase technical efficiency
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

  • B is correct: Practising to win a trophy represents external reward-based extrinsic motivation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Improving personal best demonstrates internal satisfaction and intrinsic motivation.
  • C is incorrect: Achieving higher percentage shows internal skill improvement and intrinsic motivation.
  • D is incorrect: Technical efficiency improvement represents internal mastery and intrinsic motivation.

HMS, BM 2019 HSC 21

Outline how goal setting can influence an athlete's motivation level. Use examples to support your answer.   (3 marks)

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  • Goal setting provides direction and focus for athletes by creating clear pathways towards achievement.
  • Specific goals increase intrinsic motivation through ownership. For example, a basketball player targeting 80% free throw accuracy develops personal investment.
  • Short-term goals maintain motivation through regular achievements. A swimmer reducing 50m freestyle time weekly experiences frequent success.
  • Long-term goals sustain motivation over extended periods. Athletes targeting state representation maintain commitment through challenging phases.
  • Goal achievement triggers positive reinforcement, leading to increased confidence and motivation.

Show Worked Solution

  • Goal setting provides direction and focus for athletes by creating clear pathways towards achievement.
  • Specific goals increase intrinsic motivation through ownership. For example, a basketball player targeting 80% free throw accuracy develops personal investment.
  • Short-term goals maintain motivation through regular achievements. A swimmer reducing 50m freestyle time weekly experiences frequent success.
  • Long-term goals sustain motivation over extended periods. Athletes targeting state representation maintain commitment through challenging phases.
  • Goal achievement triggers positive reinforcement, leading to increased confidence and motivation.

HMS, BM 2020 HSC 3 MC

A player is motivated when, following a pre-season tournament, he is presented with a trophy for being the highest goal scorer and receives cheers and encouragement from the crowd.

Which of the following identifies both the source and type of motivation for this player?

  1. Extrinsic and positive
  2. Extrinsic and negative
  3. Intrinsic and positive
  4. Intrinsic and negative
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: External reward (trophy/cheers) creates positive motivational experience.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Reward and praise create positive not negative motivation.
  • C is incorrect: Trophy and cheers are external not internal motivation.
  • D is incorrect: External source and positive not negative experience.

HMS, BM 2020 HSC 23

An athlete ran in the 100-metre final at an Olympic Games.

  1. In the table below, identify the predominant energy system used by the athlete,
    and the features of that energy system.   (3 marks)

    Predominant energy system used by this athlete  
    Source of fuel  
    Energy system duration  
    Cause of fatigue  
    Rate of recovery  
  2. Compare how anxiety and arousal may have affected the athlete’s performance
    when competing in this 100-metre final. Provide examples to support your
    answer.   (4 marks)

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a.   
 Predominant energy system used by this athlete ATP-PCr system (Alactacid system)
  Source of fuel Creatine phosphate (CP)
  Energy system duration 6-12 seconds
  Cause of fatigue Depletion of creatine phosphate stores
  Rate of recovery 2-3 minutes for complete recovery

b.    Similarities:

  • Both anxiety and arousal can negatively impact the sprinter’s performance if levels become too high.
  • Both factors influence the athlete’s ability to execute optimal technique and can cause muscle tension that restricts smooth movement patterns during the race.

Differences:

  • Anxiety is a psychological state involving fear and worry about competitive outcome. High anxiety may cause the sprinter to overthink race strategy, leading to delayed reaction time from starting blocks and mental distraction affecting stride mechanics.
  • Arousal refers to physiological activation levels. Optimal arousal enhances alertness and muscle readiness for explosive starts. However, excessive arousal creates physical tension that reduces stride length and power output through restricted movement patterns.
Show Worked Solution
a.   
 Predominant energy system used by this athlete ATP-PCr system (Alactacid system)
  Source of fuel Creatine phosphate (CP)
  Energy system duration 6-12 seconds
  Cause of fatigue Depletion of creatine phosphate stores
  Rate of recovery 2-3 minutes for complete recovery

b.    Similarities:

  • Both anxiety and arousal can negatively impact the sprinter’s performance if levels become too high.
  • Both factors influence the athlete’s ability to execute optimal technique and can cause muscle tension that restricts smooth movement patterns during the race.

Differences:

  • Anxiety is a psychological state involving fear and worry about competitive outcome. High anxiety may cause the sprinter to overthink race strategy, leading to delayed reaction time from starting blocks and mental distraction affecting stride mechanics.
  • Arousal refers to physiological activation levels. Optimal arousal enhances alertness and muscle readiness for explosive starts. However, excessive arousal creates physical tension that reduces stride length and power output through restricted movement patterns.

♦♦ Mean mark 49%.

HMS, BM 2021 HSC 23

Describe TWO ways in which extrinsic motivation can affect an athlete's performance. Provide examples to support your answer.   (4 marks)

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  • Positive extrinsic motivation through rewards can enhance performance by increasing effort and focus. Athletes may train harder when pursuing tangible goals like prize money or selection for representative teams. For example, a swimmer aiming for Olympic selection might increase training intensity and technical refinement to achieve qualifying times.
  • However, excessive external pressure can create anxiety and reduce performance quality. When athletes become overly focused on external rewards, they may experience heightened stress levels during competition. For instance, a tennis player competing for a major sponsorship deal might become tense during crucial points, leading to increased unforced errors and poor decision-making under pressure.
Show Worked Solution
  • Positive extrinsic motivation through rewards can enhance performance by increasing effort and focus. Athletes may train harder when pursuing tangible goals like prize money or selection for representative teams. For example, a swimmer aiming for Olympic selection might increase training intensity and technical refinement to achieve qualifying times.
  • However, excessive external pressure can create anxiety and reduce performance quality. When athletes become overly focused on external rewards, they may experience heightened stress levels during competition. For instance, a tennis player competing for a major sponsorship deal might become tense during crucial points, leading to increased unforced errors and poor decision-making under pressure.

HMS, BM 2023 HSC 11 MC

During the regular basketball season, a player recorded a success rate of 75% from the free throw line. In the finals, this player recorded a 50% success rate.

What has most likely led to the decline in the player's shooting performance?

  1. The player altered their use of psychological strategies for the finals.
  2. The player experienced trait anxiety in response to the coach's expectations.
  3. The player's level of state anxiety was increased by the pressure of the finals.
  4. The player's physiological arousal levels were altered by the pressure of the finals.
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: State anxiety increases with high-pressure situations like finals.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: No evidence of altered psychological strategies is provided.
  • B is incorrect: Trait anxiety is a personality characteristic, not situation-specific.
  • D is incorrect: Question focuses on anxiety, not general physiological arousal.

HMS, BM 2024 HSC 21

Outline TWO sources of stress that can affect an athlete’s performance in a grand final game.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Competition pressure:

  • In a grand final, an athlete may feel intense pressure to perform well due to the significance of the match and expectations from coaches, teammates, and supporters.
  • This external pressure can create anxiety that affects decision-making and skill execution.

Fear of failure:

  • Athletes may experience apprehension about making mistakes during crucial moments of a grand final.
  • This internal pressure stems from concerns about letting teammates down or failing to meet personal performance standards, which can lead to hesitation during execution.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Competition pressure:

  • In a grand final, an athlete may feel intense pressure to perform well due to the significance of the match and expectations from coaches, teammates, and supporters.
  • This external pressure can create anxiety that affects decision-making and skill execution.

Fear of failure:

  • Athletes may experience apprehension about making mistakes during crucial moments of a grand final.
  • This internal pressure stems from concerns about letting teammates down or failing to meet personal performance standards, which can lead to hesitation during execution.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 719

Explain the role of self-efficacy in developing effective self-regulation for sports performance and exercise behaviour change.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Self-efficacy provides the foundational confidence needed for effective self-regulation. Athletes with strong belief in their abilities are more likely to persist through challenging self-control situations during competition.
  • High self-efficacy influences goal-setting quality for both sports and exercise contexts. This occurs because confident individuals set challenging but achievable targets that optimise self-regulation demands rather than avoiding difficult tasks.
  • Successful self-regulation experiences strengthen self-efficacy through positive feedback loops. As a result, athletes who effectively control emotions during pressure situations develop greater confidence in their regulatory abilities for future challenges.
  • In exercise contexts, self-efficacy determines whether individuals believe they can successfully incorporate physical activity into their lifestyle. Beginning exercisers with low confidence often quit when facing initial discomfort or slow progress.
  • The relationship creates a positive cycle where effective self-regulation leads to performance success. Subsequently, enhanced self-efficacy from these achievements enables even stronger self-regulatory capacity, creating sustained improvement in both sports performance and exercise adherence over time.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-efficacy provides the foundational confidence needed for effective self-regulation. Athletes with strong belief in their abilities are more likely to persist through challenging self-control situations during competition.
  • High self-efficacy influences goal-setting quality for both sports and exercise contexts. This occurs because confident individuals set challenging but achievable targets that optimise self-regulation demands rather than avoiding difficult tasks.
  • Successful self-regulation experiences strengthen self-efficacy through positive feedback loops. As a result, athletes who effectively control emotions during pressure situations develop greater confidence in their regulatory abilities for future challenges.
  • In exercise contexts, self-efficacy determines whether individuals believe they can successfully incorporate physical activity into their lifestyle. Beginning exercisers with low confidence often quit when facing initial discomfort or slow progress.
  • The relationship creates a positive cycle where effective self-regulation leads to performance success. Subsequently, enhanced self-efficacy from these achievements enables even stronger self-regulatory capacity, creating sustained improvement in both sports performance and exercise adherence over time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 718

Evaluate the effectiveness of self-regulation strategies for both elite athletes and beginning exercisers. Provide examples to support your answer.   (8 marks)

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Evaluation Statement

  • Self-regulation strategies are highly effective for elite athletes but only moderately effective for beginning exercisers.
  • This evaluation examines two criteria; consistency of application and long-term adherence rates.

Criterion 1 – Consistency of Application

  • Elite athletes strongly meet consistency requirements through established self-regulation habits.
  • Tennis players maintain composure after bad calls while basketball players adjust tactics mid-game without losing focus.
  • Years of practice create automatic self-regulation responses even under extreme pressure.
  • Beginning exercisers partially fulfil consistency needs.
  • They successfully self-regulate initially but struggle maintaining strategies when motivation drops.
  • New runners might skip morning sessions after two weeks despite good intentions.
  • This criterion reveals major effectiveness differences between groups.

Criterion 2 – Long-term Adherence

  • Elite athletes demonstrate excellent long-term adherence to self-regulation strategies.
  • Professional swimmers follow strict nutrition and sleep protocols for years despite social temptations.
  • Self-regulation becomes integrated into their athletic identity.
  • Beginning exercisers show limited long-term success rates.
  • Research indicates 80% abandon exercise routines within three months when relying solely on self-regulation.
  • Those combining self-regulation with social support show better outcomes.
  • This stark contrast in adherence rates significantly impacts overall effectiveness.

Final Evaluation

  • Self-regulation proves highly effective for elite athletes due to ingrained habits and identity integration.
  • For beginners, moderate effectiveness requires supplementary support systems.
  • Implications suggest beginners need external accountability while developing self-regulation skills.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • Self-regulation strategies are highly effective for elite athletes but only moderately effective for beginning exercisers.
  • This evaluation examines two criteria; consistency of application and long-term adherence rates.

Criterion 1 – Consistency of Application

  • Elite athletes strongly meet consistency requirements through established self-regulation habits.
  • Tennis players maintain composure after bad calls while basketball players adjust tactics mid-game without losing focus.
  • Years of practice create automatic self-regulation responses even under extreme pressure.
  • Beginning exercisers partially fulfil consistency needs.
  • They successfully self-regulate initially but struggle maintaining strategies when motivation drops.
  • New runners might skip morning sessions after two weeks despite good intentions.
  • This criterion reveals major effectiveness differences between groups.

Criterion 2 – Long-term Adherence

  • Elite athletes demonstrate excellent long-term adherence to self-regulation strategies.
  • Professional swimmers follow strict nutrition and sleep protocols for years despite social temptations.
  • Self-regulation becomes integrated into their athletic identity.
  • Beginning exercisers show limited long-term success rates.
  • Research indicates 80% abandon exercise routines within three months when relying solely on self-regulation.
  • Those combining self-regulation with social support show better outcomes.
  • This stark contrast in adherence rates significantly impacts overall effectiveness.

Final Evaluation

  • Self-regulation proves highly effective for elite athletes due to ingrained habits and identity integration.
  • For beginners, moderate effectiveness requires supplementary support systems.
  • Implications suggest beginners need external accountability while developing self-regulation skills.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 716

Explain how sports environments can challenge an athlete's self-regulation and the consequences of self-regulation failure.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Sports environments frequently generate intense emotions that test an athlete’s self-regulation capacity.
  • Competitive situations require managing anxiety, frustration, and pressure while maintaining focus.
  • Unfavourable referee decisions or opponent behaviours trigger emotional responses that challenge self-regulation abilities.
  • As a result, athletes must suppress immediate emotional reactions to maintain strategic focus and performance standards.
  • When self-regulation fails, emotional outbursts disrupt performance and undermine competitive effectiveness.
  • This leads to poor decision-making as emotions override strategic thinking and tactical awareness.
  • Consequently, performance deterioration aoccurs when ttention diverts from task-relevant cues to emotional reactions.
  • Furthermore, team cohesion suffers if an individual’s self-regulation breakdown affects group dynamics and team morale.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Sports environments frequently generate intense emotions that test an athlete’s self-regulation capacity.
  • Competitive situations require managing anxiety, frustration, and pressure while maintaining focus.
  • Unfavourable referee decisions or opponent behaviours trigger emotional responses that challenge self-regulation abilities.
  • As a result, athletes must suppress immediate emotional reactions to maintain strategic focus and performance standards.
  • When self-regulation fails, emotional outbursts disrupt performance and undermine competitive effectiveness.
  • This leads to poor decision-making as emotions override strategic thinking and tactical awareness.
  • Consequently, performance deterioration aoccurs when ttention diverts from task-relevant cues to emotional reactions.
  • Furthermore, team cohesion suffers if an individual’s self-regulation breakdown affects group dynamics and team morale.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 714

Outline how elite athletes apply self-regulation to improve their performance.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Elite athletes have better awareness of their strengths and weaknesses, which helps them direct training efforts effectively.
  • They can manipulate playing situations to capitalise on their strengths while avoiding weaknesses.
  • Elite athletes control their thoughts and feelings during competition, directing energy toward achieving goals rather than dwelling on obstacles.
  • They reflect objectively on performance to identify improvement areas without being clouded by negative emotions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Elite athletes have better awareness of their strengths and weaknesses, which helps them direct training efforts effectively.
  • They can manipulate playing situations to capitalise on their strengths while avoiding weaknesses.
  • Elite athletes control their thoughts and feelings during competition, directing energy toward achieving goals rather than dwelling on obstacles.
  • They reflect objectively on performance to identify improvement areas without being clouded by negative emotions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 713

Discuss the factors that can positively and negatively impact self-regulation for sports performance and exercise behaviour change.   (8 marks)

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*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer:

Benefits of Supportive Conditions:

  • [P] Adequate sleep and recovery form the foundation for effective self-regulation in both sports and exercise contexts.
  • [E] Well-rested individuals maintain optimal mental resources needed for self-control during challenging situations.
  • [Ev] Elite swimmers who prioritise 8+ hours sleep demonstrate superior emotional control during high-pressure races compared to sleep-deprived competitors.
  • [L] This demonstrates how physiological factors directly support psychological self-regulation abilities.
      
  • [P] Social support systems further strengthen self-regulatory capacity when personal resources become strained.
  • [E] External accountability from coaches, trainers and peers provides crucial reinforcement during moments of low motivation.
  • [Ev] Recreational exercisers with personal trainers maintain programme adherence rates 60% higher than those training independently.
  • [L] Therefore, environmental support significantly enhances individual self-regulation efforts.

Challenges Undermining Self-Regulation:

  • [P] However, the absence of these supportive conditions creates substantial barriers to effective self-regulation.
  • [E] Sleep deprivation directly undermines the cognitive resources required for self-control and strategic decision-making.
  • [Ev] Athletes training on less than six hours sleep frequently exhibit emotional outbursts and poor tactical choices during competition.
  • [L] This reveals how compromised recovery sabotages even well-developed self-regulatory skills.
      
  • [P] Similarly, excessive demands can overwhelm self-regulatory capacity regardless of external support.
  • [E] Unrealistic exercise programmes place unsustainable strain on willpower without allowing gradual skill development.
  • [Ev] Beginning exercisers attempting intensive daily routines typically abandon programmes within three weeks due to self-regulation fatigue.
  • [L] Consequently, poorly structured demands can undermine long-term behaviour change despite initial motivation.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Benefits of Supportive Conditions:

  • [P] Adequate sleep and recovery form the foundation for effective self-regulation in both sports and exercise contexts.
  • [E] Well-rested individuals maintain optimal mental resources needed for self-control during challenging situations.
  • [Ev] Elite swimmers who prioritise 8+ hours sleep demonstrate superior emotional control during high-pressure races compared to sleep-deprived competitors.
  • [L] This demonstrates how physiological factors directly support psychological self-regulation abilities.
      
  • [P] Social support systems further strengthen self-regulatory capacity when personal resources become strained.
  • [E] External accountability from coaches, trainers and peers provides crucial reinforcement during moments of low motivation.
  • [Ev] Recreational exercisers with personal trainers maintain programme adherence rates 60% higher than those training independently.
  • [L] Therefore, environmental support significantly enhances individual self-regulation efforts.

Challenges Undermining Self-Regulation:

  • [P] However, the absence of these supportive conditions creates substantial barriers to effective self-regulation.
  • [E] Sleep deprivation directly undermines the cognitive resources required for self-control and strategic decision-making.
  • [Ev] Athletes training on less than six hours sleep frequently exhibit emotional outbursts and poor tactical choices during competition.
  • [L] This reveals how compromised recovery sabotages even well-developed self-regulatory skills.
      
  • [P] Similarly, excessive demands can overwhelm self-regulatory capacity regardless of external support.
  • [E] Unrealistic exercise programmes place unsustainable strain on willpower without allowing gradual skill development.
  • [Ev] Beginning exercisers attempting intensive daily routines typically abandon programmes within three weeks due to self-regulation fatigue.
  • [L] Consequently, poorly structured demands can undermine long-term behaviour change despite initial motivation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 711

Explain the concept of ego depletion and its impact on an athlete's performance.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Ego depletion refers to the depletion of mental resources after repeated self-regulation efforts.
  • This occurs because self-regulation is viewed as a limited resource that can be exhausted through repeated use.
  • As a result, an athlete experiencing ego depletion may struggle to maintain performance standards due to diminished capacity to control thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.
  • Factors that contribute to ego depletion include sleep deprivation, intense training, travel, illness, and high-pressure situations, which deplete mental resources.
  • Consequently, when experiencing ego depletion, athletes may display poor decision-making, emotional outbursts or decreased adherence to strategy, which undermines overall performance effectiveness.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Ego depletion refers to the depletion of mental resources after repeated self-regulation efforts.
  • This occurs because self-regulation is viewed as a limited resource that can be exhausted through repeated use.
  • As a result, an athlete experiencing ego depletion may struggle to maintain performance standards due to diminished capacity to control thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.
  • Factors that contribute to ego depletion include sleep deprivation, intense training, travel, illness, and high-pressure situations, which deplete mental resources.
  • Consequently, when experiencing ego depletion, athletes may display poor decision-making, emotional outbursts or decreased adherence to strategy, which undermines overall performance effectiveness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 709 MC

Which statement best describes the relationship between ego depletion and exercise adherence?

  1. People are less likely to engage in exercise after situations requiring high self-regulation
  2. People who experience ego depletion are more likely to intensify their exercise routines
  3. Ego depletion has no impact on a person's ability to adhere to exercise plans
  4. Ego depletion only affects elite athletes, not recreational exercisers
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Depleted mental resources reduce ability to overcome exercise resistance.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Ego depletion typically reduces exercise adherence, not intensifies it.
  • C is incorrect: Ego depletion significantly impacts exercise adherence capacity.
  • D is incorrect: Affects everyone, not just elite athletes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 708 MC

A person who has been sedentary decides to start exercising regularly. After a few weeks, they find it easier to maintain their exercise routine despite initial resistance.

This example illustrates:

  1. Ego depletion
  2. Self-efficacy development
  3. The elimination of all barriers to exercise
  4. Habit formation through continued self-regulation
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Continued self-regulation creates automatic exercise behaviours and habits.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Describes mental resource depletion, not habit formation.
  • B is incorrect: Scenario primarily demonstrates habit formation through self-regulation.
  • C is incorrect: Barriers become easier to overcome, not eliminated.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 707 MC

Elite athletes demonstrate better self-regulatory skills than novices because they:

  1. Can better reflect on performance without negative emotions clouding judgment
  2. Never experience ego depletion
  3. Are less affected by sleep deprivation and illness
  4. Are motivated exclusively by intrinsic factors
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Elite athletes have developed superior self-regulation which enables objective performance analysis.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Even elite athletes experience ego depletion.
  • C is incorrect: Physical factors affect everyone, including elite athletes.
  • D is incorrect: Elite athletes can be motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 706 MC

Which of the following best explains why self-regulation is essential for maintaining a new exercise routine?

  1. It increases physical energy reserves
  2. It replaces external motivation with intrinsic motivation
  3. It enables individuals to overcome habitual behaviours that conflict with exercise goals
  4. It eliminates the need for support from peers or trainers
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Enables overcoming habitual behaviours conflicting with exercise goals.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Self-regulation affects mental resources, not physical energy reserves.
  • B is incorrect: Doesn’t necessarily convert external to intrinsic motivation.
  • D is incorrect: Peer and trainer support remains valuable regardless.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 705 MC

During a football grand final, a player experiences frustration when the opposition scores. The player struggles to maintain focus and begins making poor decisions.

This scenario demonstrates:

  1. The importance of positive self-talk
  2. Ego depletion
  3. Goal-directed behavior
  4. Self-efficacy
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Mental resources exhausted after repeated self-regulation efforts.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The scenario doesn’t specifically mention this technique.
  • C is incorrect: Shows breakdown rather than demonstrating goal-directed behaviour.
  • D is incorrect: Self-efficacy refers to belief, not inability to regulate.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 703

Discuss why intrinsic motivation is generally considered more sustainable than extrinsic motivation for long-term sport participation.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Intrinsic motivation is more sustainable for long-term participation:

  • [P] Intrinsic motivation self-perpetuates through internal satisfaction.
  • [E] Athletes continue participating because they enjoy the activity itself, regardless of external rewards.
  • [Ev] Masters swimmers train daily for decades simply because they love being in the water.
  • [L] Therefore, intrinsic motivation provides sustainable drive for long-term sport involvement.
     
  • [P] Internal motivation promotes deeper skill development.
  • [E] Athletes focus on mastering techniques for personal satisfaction rather than prizes.
  • [Ev] Rock climbers spend years perfecting routes purely for the challenge and accomplishment.
  • [L] This self-directed improvement maintains lifelong engagement in sport.

Extrinsic motivation can support participation in some cases:

  • [P] External rewards effectively initiate sport participation.
  • [E] Prizes and recognition attract beginners who later develop intrinsic motivation.
  • [Ev] Children start playing soccer for trophies but continue as adults for enjoyment.
  • [L] Thus, extrinsic motivation serves as a gateway to long-term participation.
     
  • [P] Some athletes thrive on external validation throughout careers.
  • [E] Professional athletes maintain high performance driven by contracts and sponsorships.
  • [Ev] Olympic athletes train intensively for medals and national recognition for decades.
  • [L] Therefore, extrinsic motivation can sustain participation when rewards remain meaningful and achievable.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Intrinsic motivation is more sustainable for long-term participation:

  • [P] Intrinsic motivation self-perpetuates through internal satisfaction.
  • [E] Athletes continue participating because they enjoy the activity itself, regardless of external rewards.
  • [Ev] Masters swimmers train daily for decades simply because they love being in the water.
  • [L] Therefore, intrinsic motivation provides sustainable drive for long-term sport involvement.
     
  • [P] Internal motivation promotes deeper skill development.
  • [E] Athletes focus on mastering techniques for personal satisfaction rather than prizes.
  • [Ev] Rock climbers spend years perfecting routes purely for the challenge and accomplishment.
  • [L] This self-directed improvement maintains lifelong engagement in sport.

Extrinsic motivation can support participation in some cases:

  • [P] External rewards effectively initiate sport participation.
  • [E] Prizes and recognition attract beginners who later develop intrinsic motivation.
  • [Ev] Children start playing soccer for trophies but continue as adults for enjoyment.
  • [L] Thus, extrinsic motivation serves as a gateway to long-term participation.
     
  • [P] Some athletes thrive on external validation throughout careers.
  • [E] Professional athletes maintain high performance driven by contracts and sponsorships.
  • [Ev] Olympic athletes train intensively for medals and national recognition for decades.
  • [L] Therefore, extrinsic motivation can sustain participation when rewards remain meaningful and achievable.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 700

Explain how task orientation and ego orientation reflect different motivational approaches in sport.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Task orientation reflects intrinsic motivation where athletes focus on skill mastery and personal improvement, which leads to sustained effort regardless of competitive outcomes.
  • This approach results in athletes evaluating their performance against personal standards and previous achievements, maintaining motivation through visible improvement rather than competitive ranking.
  • In contrast, ego orientation aligns with extrinsic motivation where success is defined by outperforming others or achieving external recognition.
  • Consequently, this orientation can undermine persistence when winning becomes unlikely, as athletes may avoid valuable development opportunities that risk failure.
  • Therefore, ego-oriented athletes tend to select competitions where success is guaranteed when confidence is low, limiting their long-term growth potential because they prioritise outcomes over skill development.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Task orientation reflects intrinsic motivation where athletes focus on skill mastery and personal improvement, which leads to sustained effort regardless of competitive outcomes.
  • This approach results in athletes evaluating their performance against personal standards and previous achievements, maintaining motivation through visible improvement rather than competitive ranking.
  • In contrast, ego orientation aligns with extrinsic motivation where success is defined by outperforming others or achieving external recognition.
  • Consequently, this orientation can undermine persistence when winning becomes unlikely, as athletes may avoid valuable development opportunities that risk failure.
  • Therefore, ego-oriented athletes tend to select competitions where success is guaranteed when confidence is low, limiting their long-term growth potential because they prioritise outcomes over skill development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 699

Explain how negative motivation affects an athlete's performance and participation in sport.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Negative motivation creates immediate psychological pressure during competition. This leads to athletes focusing on avoiding failure rather than achieving success, which results in indecision and risk aversion.
  • The fear associated with negative approaches causes reduced creativity in performance. Athletes default to safe, predictable strategies because they prioritise avoiding punishment over optimal execution.
  • Performance anxiety increases when athletes are motivated by threats or criticism. Consequently, physical symptoms like muscle tension develop that directly impair technical skills and decision-making abilities.
  • While negative motivation may produce short-term improvements, sustained use erodes athlete confidence over time. The underlying reason is that constant fear undermines self-belief and creates a destructive cycle of declining performance.
  • Long-term participation suffers because intrinsic enjoyment becomes diminished. Athletes are more likely to discontinue sport when external pressures are removed, as they have learned to associate performance with avoiding consequences rather than personal satisfaction.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Negative motivation creates immediate psychological pressure during competition. This leads to athletes focusing on avoiding failure rather than achieving success, which results in indecision and risk aversion.
  • The fear associated with negative approaches causes reduced creativity in performance. Athletes default to safe, predictable strategies because they prioritise avoiding punishment over optimal execution.
  • Performance anxiety increases when athletes are motivated by threats or criticism. Consequently, physical symptoms like muscle tension develop that directly impair technical skills and decision-making abilities.
  • While negative motivation may produce short-term improvements, sustained use erodes athlete confidence over time. The underlying reason is that constant fear undermines self-belief and creates a destructive cycle of declining performance.
  • Long-term participation suffers because intrinsic enjoyment becomes diminished. Athletes are more likely to discontinue sport when external pressures are removed, as they have learned to associate performance with avoiding consequences rather than personal satisfaction.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 698

Analyse how both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors can be effectively applied to enhance participation at different stages of an athlete's development. Use examples in your response.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors interact with athlete development through complementary rather than competing roles.
  • The key components include initial engagement, skill development reinforcement and long-term participation sustainability. These components connect to create optimal motivational environments at different developmental stages.

Component Relationship 1

  • Extrinsic rewards effectively initiate participation during early developmental stages while coaches simultaneously nurture intrinsic enjoyment.
  • Swimming programmes using skill progression badges (extrinsic) while emphasising personal swimming enjoyment (intrinsic) achieve greater retention rates than single-approach methods.
  • This relationship shows how external and internal motivations work together rather than replacing each other during beginner phases.

Component Relationship 2

  • As athletes progress, well-designed extrinsic recognition can strengthen intrinsic motivation when highlighting personal growth rather than outcomes.
  • Basketball coaches praising decision-making quality regardless of shot success increases players’ love for strategic thinking.
  • However, over-reliance on external rewards damages intrinsic drive, as junior tennis players paid for wins often quit when scholarships end while those playing for enjoyment continue.

Implications and Synthesis

  • The significance is that effective motivation requires intrinsic foundation with strategic extrinsic elements throughout development.
  • Marathon runners train for personal satisfaction but use prize money as extra motivation for specific races.
  • Therefore, optimal participation occurs when intrinsic motivation dominates while extrinsic factors complement without controlling, creating sustainable engagement across all developmental stages.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors interact with athlete development through complementary rather than competing roles.
  • The key components include initial engagement, skill development reinforcement and long-term participation sustainability. These components connect to create optimal motivational environments at different developmental stages.

Component Relationship 1

  • Extrinsic rewards effectively initiate participation during early developmental stages while coaches simultaneously nurture intrinsic enjoyment.
  • Swimming programmes using skill progression badges (extrinsic) while emphasising personal swimming enjoyment (intrinsic) achieve greater retention rates than single-approach methods.
  • This relationship shows how external and internal motivations work together rather than replacing each other during beginner phases.

Component Relationship 2

  • As athletes progress, well-designed extrinsic recognition can strengthen intrinsic motivation when highlighting personal growth rather than outcomes.
  • Basketball coaches praising decision-making quality regardless of shot success increases players’ love for strategic thinking.
  • However, over-reliance on external rewards damages intrinsic drive, as junior tennis players paid for wins often quit when scholarships end while those playing for enjoyment continue.

Implications and Synthesis

  • The significance is that effective motivation requires intrinsic foundation with strategic extrinsic elements throughout development.
  • Marathon runners train for personal satisfaction but use prize money as extra motivation for specific races.
  • Therefore, optimal participation occurs when intrinsic motivation dominates while extrinsic factors complement without controlling, creating sustainable engagement across all developmental stages.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 697

Describe two ways intrinsic motivation supports long-term participation in sport.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Intrinsic motivation is self-sustaining as it generates satisfaction from the activity itself, enabling athletes to continue participation even without external recognition or rewards.
  • Athletes who are intrinsically motivated focus on personal improvement and competence development, which creates an ongoing cycle of challenge and achievement that sustains interest.
  • Because intrinsic motivation is tied to enjoyment of the process rather than outcomes, it creates resilience that helps athletes persevere through setbacks or plateaus in performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Intrinsic motivation is self-sustaining as it generates satisfaction from the activity itself, enabling athletes to continue participation even without external recognition or rewards.
  • Athletes who are intrinsically motivated focus on personal improvement and competence development, which creates an ongoing cycle of challenge and achievement that sustains interest.
  • Because intrinsic motivation is tied to enjoyment of the process rather than outcomes, it creates resilience that helps athletes persevere through setbacks or plateaus in performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 696

Explain how coaches can effectively use positive extrinsic motivation to enhance sport participation.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Coaches can provide verbal praise and recognition when athletes perform skills correctly, which reinforces desired behaviours and builds confidence. This leads to athletes feeling valued and appreciated, encouraging continued participation through positive emotional responses.
  • Creating visual progress charts demonstrates skill development and provides tangible evidence of improvement. As a result, athletes become motivated to continue striving for measurable goals because they can see their advancement.
  • Implementing achievement recognition systems such as “player of the match” awards acknowledges effort and skill development. Therefore, these external rewards create a desire for continued participation as athletes seek further recognition and validation.
  • Facilitating supportive spectator environments generates positive crowd feedback that enhances performance satisfaction. Consequently, this external reinforcement strengthens athletes’ enjoyment and increases their participation desire.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Coaches can provide verbal praise and recognition when athletes perform skills correctly, which reinforces desired behaviours and builds confidence. This leads to athletes feeling valued and appreciated, encouraging continued participation through positive emotional responses.
  • Creating visual progress charts demonstrates skill development and provides tangible evidence of improvement. As a result, athletes become motivated to continue striving for measurable goals because they can see their advancement.
  • Implementing achievement recognition systems such as “player of the match” awards acknowledges effort and skill development. Therefore, these external rewards create a desire for continued participation as athletes seek further recognition and validation.
  • Facilitating supportive spectator environments generates positive crowd feedback that enhances performance satisfaction. Consequently, this external reinforcement strengthens athletes’ enjoyment and increases their participation desire.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 695

Outline the difference between positive and negative motivation in sport.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Positive motivation involves performing well because of rewards or positive reinforcement, such as praise from a coach or feeling good about improvement, creating a sustainable drive for participation.
  • Negative motivation occurs when athletes perform to avoid negative consequences, such as being dropped from a team or criticised, which can undermine confidence and creativity.
  • While both motivational types may produce short-term performance improvements, positive motivation is generally more effective for sustained participation as it builds confidence rather than fear of failure.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Positive motivation involves performing well because of rewards or positive reinforcement, such as praise from a coach or feeling good about improvement, creating a sustainable drive for participation.
  • Negative motivation occurs when athletes perform to avoid negative consequences, such as being dropped from a team or criticised, which can undermine confidence and creativity.
  • While both motivational types may produce short-term performance improvements, positive motivation is generally more effective for sustained participation as it builds confidence rather than fear of failure.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 693 MC

Research indicates that athletes with high intrinsic motivation typically:

  1. Require continuous external rewards to maintain participation
  2. Perform better when threatened with negative consequences
  3. Prefer competing against opponents they know they can defeat
  4. Seek challenges that match their abilities with those of similar capability
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Intrinsically motivated athletes typically seek appropriately challenging competitions against similarly skilled opponents.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Intrinsically motivated athletes derive satisfaction internally, not from external rewards.
  • B is incorrect: Negative approaches undermine performance and enjoyment for most athletes.
  • C is incorrect: Easy competition option are more characteristic of lower confidence or achievement motivation and lack meaningful challenge for growth.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 692 MC

A young tennis player initially joined the sport to win trophies but has gradually come to enjoy the game itself and the feeling of improvement.

This player's motivational shift can best be described as moving from:

  1. Task orientation to ego orientation
  2. Extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation
  3. Negative motivation to positive motivation
  4. Positive extrinsic motivation to negative intrinsic motivation
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: External rewards (trophies) shifted to internal satisfaction.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Actually ego to task orientation shift described.
  • C is incorrect: Both motivations are positive, not negative shift.
  • D is incorrect: Later motivation is positive intrinsic, not negative.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 691 MC

Which statement about motivation in sport is MOST accurate?

  1. Motivation levels remain consistent throughout an athlete's career
  2. Negative consequences are more effective for long-term development than positive reinforcement
  3. Motivation can be influenced to help athletes reach their potential
  4. External rewards provide more sustainable motivation than internal satisfaction
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Motivation can be shaped to enhance performance.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Motivation fluctuates based on success and challenges.
  • B is incorrect: Positive approaches generally produce better long-term results.
  • D is incorrect: Internal satisfaction provides more sustainable motivation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 690 MC

A swim coach tells his team that those who don't improve their times in the next race will have to do extra training sessions on the weekend.

This approach primarily represents:

  1. Negative extrinsic motivation
  2. Positive intrinsic motivation
  3. Positive extrinsic motivation
  4. Negative intrinsic motivation
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: External threat of punishment (extra training) from coach.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: External source and punishment-based, not intrinsic/positive.
  • C is incorrect: The motivation is based on avoiding punishment rather than receiving rewards.
  • D is incorrect: External source (coach), not internal feelings.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 689 MC

A basketball player practices shooting free throws every day after school because she enjoys the feeling of mastery when the ball goes through the hoop perfectly.

Which type of motivation is this player primarily demonstrating?

  1. Positive extrinsic motivation
  2. Negative intrinsic motivation
  3. Positive intrinsic motivation
  4. Negative extrinsic motivation
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Internal enjoyment of mastery, not external rewards.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: No external rewards mentioned in scenario.
  • B is incorrect: Positive feelings described, not negative avoidance.
  • D is incorrect: No external punishment or negative consequence avoided.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 688

Discuss how an individual's personal identity as an athlete affects their response to injury and rehabilitation.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Benefits of Strong Athletic Identity:

  • [P] Strong athletic identity enhances rehabilitation adherence.
  • [E] Athletes who view sport as central to their identity demonstrate greater commitment to recovery.
  • [Ev] Elite swimmers complete rehabilitation sessions religiously, pushing through discomfort to return to competition.
  • [L] This demonstrates how athletic identity positively drives rehabilitation efforts.
      
  • [P] Athletic identity provides clear purpose during recovery.
  • [E] When sport defines self-concept, rehabilitation becomes meaningful rather than tedious.
  • [Ev] Professional footballers maintain intense focus during ACL rehabilitation to restore their core identity.
  • [L] Therefore, athletic identity sustains motivation throughout lengthy rehabilitation.

Challenges of Strong Athletic Identity:

  • [P] However, exclusive athletic identity creates psychological distress when injured.
  • [E] Athletes lacking alternative identities experience threats to their fundamental self-concept.
  • [Ev] Tennis players defining themselves solely through sport develop depression during shoulder injuries.
  • [L] This reveals how narrow identity focus negatively impacts mental health.
  • [P] Conversely, athletes may rush rehabilitation when athletic identity dominates.
  • [E] The psychological need to restore their defining activity overrides medical advice.
  • [Ev] Runners frequently return prematurely, causing re-injury to hamstrings.
  • [L] Consequently, strong athletic identity impedes proper rehabilitation when athletes prioritise identity restoration over recovery.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Benefits of Strong Athletic Identity:

  • [P] Strong athletic identity enhances rehabilitation adherence.
  • [E] Athletes who view sport as central to their identity demonstrate greater commitment to recovery.
  • [Ev] Elite swimmers complete rehabilitation sessions religiously, pushing through discomfort to return to competition.
  • [L] This demonstrates how athletic identity positively drives rehabilitation efforts.
      
  • [P] Athletic identity provides clear purpose during recovery.
  • [E] When sport defines self-concept, rehabilitation becomes meaningful rather than tedious.
  • [Ev] Professional footballers maintain intense focus during ACL rehabilitation to restore their core identity.
  • [L] Therefore, athletic identity sustains motivation throughout lengthy rehabilitation.

Challenges of Strong Athletic Identity:

  • [P] However, exclusive athletic identity creates psychological distress when injured.
  • [E] Athletes lacking alternative identities experience threats to their fundamental self-concept.
  • [Ev] Tennis players defining themselves solely through sport develop depression during shoulder injuries.
  • [L] This reveals how narrow identity focus negatively impacts mental health.
  • [P] Conversely, athletes may rush rehabilitation when athletic identity dominates.
  • [E] The psychological need to restore their defining activity overrides medical advice.
  • [Ev] Runners frequently return prematurely, causing re-injury to hamstrings.
  • [L] Consequently, strong athletic identity impedes proper rehabilitation when athletes prioritise identity restoration over recovery.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 686

Analyse how positive and negative self-confidence can influence participation and performance in sport.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Overview Statement

  • Self-confidence directly influences participation decisions, goal-setting behaviours, and competition performance.
  • These components interact to create reinforcing cycles that determine long-term sport involvement.

Component Relationship 1

  • Positive self-confidence encourages initial sport participation while negative self-confidence creates avoidance behaviours.
  • Confident students volunteer for school basketball tryouts whereas unconfident students avoid team selections fearing embarrassment.
  • This participation gateway leads to different levels of skill development and experience.
  • Early participation enables further opportunities for growth and achievement.
  • Therefore, initial confidence levels determine whether individuals enter sport environments.

Component Relationship 2

  • Self-confidence affects goal-setting which directly impacts performance outcomes.
  • Confident athletes set challenging goals that drive improvement while those lacking confidence limit themselves.
  • Confident swimmers target state championships resulting in higher training intensity versus unconfident swimmers settling for participation certificates.
  • Competition performance varies dramatically based on confidence under pressure.
  • Consequently, confidence levels shape the trajectory of athletic development.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Self-confidence creates self-perpetuating cycles that reinforce participation patterns.
  • Success builds positive confidence encouraging continued involvement while failure reinforces negative beliefs causing dropout.
  • Therefore, these interconnected components demonstrate how confidence becomes the primary determinant of sustained sport participation.
Show Worked Solution

Overview Statement

  • Self-confidence directly influences participation decisions, goal-setting behaviours, and competition performance.
  • These components interact to create reinforcing cycles that determine long-term sport involvement.

Component Relationship 1

  • Positive self-confidence encourages initial sport participation while negative self-confidence creates avoidance behaviours.
  • Confident students volunteer for school basketball tryouts whereas unconfident students avoid team selections fearing embarrassment.
  • This participation gateway leads to different levels of skill development and experience.
  • Early participation enables further opportunities for growth and achievement.
  • Therefore, initial confidence levels determine whether individuals enter sport environments.

Component Relationship 2

  • Self-confidence affects goal-setting which directly impacts performance outcomes.
  • Confident athletes set challenging goals that drive improvement while those lacking confidence limit themselves.
  • Confident swimmers target state championships resulting in higher training intensity versus unconfident swimmers settling for participation certificates.
  • Competition performance varies dramatically based on confidence under pressure.
  • Consequently, confidence levels shape the trajectory of athletic development.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Self-confidence creates self-perpetuating cycles that reinforce participation patterns.
  • Success builds positive confidence encouraging continued involvement while failure reinforces negative beliefs causing dropout.
  • Therefore, these interconnected components demonstrate how confidence becomes the primary determinant of sustained sport participation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 685

Analyse how an individual's self-concept influences their sport selection and level of performance. Support your answer with examples.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Self-concept interacts with sport selection and performance through identity alignment, feedback interpretation, and commitment levels.
  • The key components include initial sport choice, performance dedication, and learning capacity, all of which connect to create significant performance differences.

Component Relationship 1

  • Self-concept directly influences initial sport selection by directing individuals toward activities matching their self-view.
  • Students viewing themselves as “strong” are drawn to weightlifting while those seeing themselves as “graceful” choose dance or gymnastics.
  • This relationship shows how personal identity acts as a filter determining sport participation.
  • Athletic identity strength then affects performance through dedication levels. Marathon runners identifying as “runners” train through injuries while casual joggers may quit at first discomfort.

Component Relationship 2

  • Performance feedback interpretation depends on self-concept strength and creates different learning outcomes.
  • Elite swimmers with strong athletic identities actively seek technical corrections, viewing criticism as growth opportunities. Recreational swimmers typically avoid detailed feedback due to weaker sport-specific identity.
  • This pattern reveals how self-concept shapes learning capacity and subsequent improvement rates across different participation levels.

Implications and Synthesis

  • The significance is that self-concept creates reinforcing cycles affecting long-term sport involvement.
  • Strong identity alignment enables peak performance during crucial moments, as basketball players deeply identifying as “ballers” report instinctive play without overthinking.
  • Therefore, self-concept functions as both gateway and sustaining force. It determines initial sport choice and ongoing performance development through identity-driven persistence and learning receptivity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Self-concept interacts with sport selection and performance through identity alignment, feedback interpretation, and commitment levels.
  • The key components include initial sport choice, performance dedication, and learning capacity, all of which connect to create significant performance differences.

Component Relationship 1

  • Self-concept directly influences initial sport selection by directing individuals toward activities matching their self-view.
  • Students viewing themselves as “strong” are drawn to weightlifting while those seeing themselves as “graceful” choose dance or gymnastics.
  • This relationship shows how personal identity acts as a filter determining sport participation.
  • Athletic identity strength then affects performance through dedication levels. Marathon runners identifying as “runners” train through injuries while casual joggers may quit at first discomfort.

Component Relationship 2

  • Performance feedback interpretation depends on self-concept strength and creates different learning outcomes.
  • Elite swimmers with strong athletic identities actively seek technical corrections, viewing criticism as growth opportunities. Recreational swimmers typically avoid detailed feedback due to weaker sport-specific identity.
  • This pattern reveals how self-concept shapes learning capacity and subsequent improvement rates across different participation levels.

Implications and Synthesis

  • The significance is that self-concept creates reinforcing cycles affecting long-term sport involvement.
  • Strong identity alignment enables peak performance during crucial moments, as basketball players deeply identifying as “ballers” report instinctive play without overthinking.
  • Therefore, self-concept functions as both gateway and sustaining force. It determines initial sport choice and ongoing performance development through identity-driven persistence and learning receptivity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 684

Explain how personal characteristics affect an individual's sport performance.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Self-confidence directly influences performance under pressure because confident athletes view challenging situations as opportunities rather than threats. This leads to better decision-making and skill execution during crucial moments.
  • Resilience enables athletes to recover quickly from setbacks as a result of their ability to maintain perspective on poor performances. Consequently, resilient athletes maintain consistent performance levels across an entire season.
  • Goal-orientation creates structured training approaches because focused individuals prioritise improvement and outcomes. Subsequently, athletes develop more purposeful skills and enhanced performance capacity.
  • High self-efficacy encourages athletes to attempt challenging techniques due to their belief in their abilities. Therefore, individuals with strong self-efficacy often achieve higher performance levels than those with similar physical abilities but lower confidence.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-confidence directly influences performance under pressure because confident athletes view challenging situations as opportunities rather than threats. This leads to better decision-making and skill execution during crucial moments.
  • Resilience enables athletes to recover quickly from setbacks as a result of their ability to maintain perspective on poor performances. Consequently, resilient athletes maintain consistent performance levels across an entire season.
  • Goal-orientation creates structured training approaches because focused individuals prioritise improvement and outcomes. Subsequently, athletes develop more purposeful skills and enhanced performance capacity.
  • High self-efficacy encourages athletes to attempt challenging techniques due to their belief in their abilities. Therefore, individuals with strong self-efficacy often achieve higher performance levels than those with similar physical abilities but lower confidence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 683

Explain how family influence can shape an individual's participation and performance in sport.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Families model values and attitudes toward sport through their own participation or viewership, which leads to active parents typically raising children who value physical activity.
  • This foundation enables early sport exposure as parents provide practical resources including transportation, equipment and registration fees that facilitate participation opportunities.
  • Family emotional support during setbacks and challenges helps athletes develop resilience and perseverance, which is essential for continued participation and performance improvement.
  • Additionally, family expectations can create positive pressure that motivates athletes to excel. However, excessive expectations may generate performance anxiety that undermines performance.
  • Furthermore, cultural sporting traditions within families often direct children toward specific sports, resulting in early skill development and establishing sport-specific identity that enhances long-term commitment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Families model values and attitudes toward sport through their own participation or viewership, which leads to active parents typically raising children who value physical activity.
  • This foundation enables early sport exposure as parents provide practical resources including transportation, equipment and registration fees that facilitate participation opportunities.
  • Family emotional support during setbacks and challenges helps athletes develop resilience and perseverance, which is essential for continued participation and performance improvement.
  • Additionally, family expectations can create positive pressure that motivates athletes to excel. However, excessive expectations may generate performance anxiety that undermines performance.
  • Furthermore, cultural sporting traditions within families often direct children toward specific sports, resulting in early skill development and establishing sport-specific identity that enhances long-term commitment.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 679

Outline how an individual's knowledge and attitudes towards sport can influence their participation.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Knowledge of available sports and their benefits provides individuals with options and motivation to participate, while lack of knowledge acts as a barrier.
  • Positive attitudes toward sport, such as valuing physical activity for health benefits, increases likelihood of regular participation.
  • Negative attitudes, such as believing one lacks time for sport or that it’s not important, reduces prioritisation of physical activity in daily life.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Knowledge of available sports and their benefits provides individuals with options and motivation to participate, while lack of knowledge acts as a barrier.
  • Positive attitudes toward sport, such as valuing physical activity for health benefits, increases likelihood of regular participation.
  • Negative attitudes, such as believing one lacks time for sport or that it’s not important, reduces prioritisation of physical activity in daily life.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 677 MC

Research shows four primary sources that influence an individual's self-efficacy in sport. A young tennis player successfully performs a difficult serve during practice and feels more confident about using it in a match.

This scenario represents which source of self-efficacy?

  1. Vicarious experiences
  2. Past performance accomplishments
  3. Verbal persuasion
  4. Emotional arousal
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Past successful performance increases confidence for future attempts.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Vicarious experiences involve observing others perform successfully.
  • C is incorrect: Verbal persuasion involves encouragement or feedback from others.
  • D is incorrect: Emotional arousal refers to physiological states affecting confidence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 675 MC

Jamal has been playing basketball since childhood. Despite struggling with a recent injury, he continues to practice and compete because he identifies as "a basketball player" and can't imagine himself not playing.

Which aspect of personal identity is most directly influencing Jamal's continued participation?

  1. Viewing sport as a core part of his self-concept
  2. Knowledge of basketball techniques
  3. External pressure from coaches
  4. Financial investment in the sport
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

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  • A is correct: Sport integral to his self-concept and identity.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Identity connection emphasized, not technical knowledge.
  • C is incorrect: No external pressure from coaches mentioned.
  • D is incorrect: Financial investment is not mentioned as a factor.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 674 MC

Maya loves swimming because her parents were competitive swimmers and took her to lessons from a young age. She values the sport both for relaxation and competitive opportunity.

This scenario best illustrates which influence on Maya's personal identity affecting her sport participation?

  1. Peer pressure
  2. Knowledge of sport benefits
  3. Family influence
  4. Self-confidence
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\(C\)

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  • C is correct: Parents shaped her values by introducing swimming early.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: No peers mentioned in the scenario.
  • B is incorrect: Family background emphasized, not knowledge of benefits.
  • D is incorrect: Self-confidence not specifically mentioned in scenario.

HMS, BM 2022 HSC 7 MC

Which of the following is an example of an athlete using negative, intrinsic motivation?

  1. Receiving criticism from their coach to help them improve
  2. Ignoring social media comments from club supporters after a loss
  3. Seeking to avoid repeating the feeling of despair following a defeat
  4. Training harder to enhance their chances of selection in a representative team
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\(C\)

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  • C is correct: Avoiding despair feeling is internally driven negative motivation

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Coach criticism is external feedback, not intrinsic.
  • B is incorrect: Ignoring comments is coping strategy, not motivation.
  • D is incorrect: Selection goal is positive motivation, not negative.