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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 436

A student wants to investigate the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on perceived exertion levels during standardized exercise tasks.

Outline ONE appropriate data collection method for this investigation and explain why it would be suitable.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • A survey using the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale would be an appropriate data collection method as it provides a standardised numerical rating of subjective exertion levels that can be administered before, during, and after exercise tasks.
  • This method is suitable because perceived exertion is a subjective experience that cannot be directly observed but can be quantified through structured self-reporting, allowing participants to communicate how hard they feel they are working during the exercise tasks.
  • The RPE scale survey would enable consistent measurement across all participants and across multiple time points, making it possible to track changes in perceived exertion over the 10-week training program and identify patterns within the data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • A survey using the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale would be an appropriate data collection method as it provides a standardised numerical rating of subjective exertion levels that can be administered before, during, and after exercise tasks.
  • This method is suitable because perceived exertion is a subjective experience that cannot be directly observed but can be quantified through structured self-reporting, allowing participants to communicate how hard they feel they are working during the exercise tasks.
  • The RPE scale survey would enable consistent measurement across all participants and across multiple time points, making it possible to track changes in perceived exertion over the 10-week training program and identify patterns within the data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 435 MC

A student is investigating how a 6-week aerobic training program affects participants' motivation to exercise. Which data collection method would provide the most comprehensive understanding of changes in motivation?

  1. Pre-post interviews asking open-ended questions about motivation and experiences
  2. Observation of attendance rates and effort levels during training sessions
  3. Surveys measuring only pre-program motivation levels
  4. Heart rate measurements during exercise sessions
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Pre-post interviews asking open-ended questions about motivation and experiences

  • Pre-post interviews with open-ended questions provide the most comprehensive understanding because they allow participants to express complex changes in motivation in their own words.
  • Interviews can capture unexpected factors, personal insights, and detailed explanations about how and why motivation changed throughout the program, providing rich qualitative data that other methods cannot capture.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Only captures external behaviors (attendance, effort) which may be influenced by factors other than motivation.
  • C is incorrect: Doesn’t measure changes in motivation since it only collects data at one time point.
  • D is incorrect: Measures physiological response to exercise, not psychological factors like motivation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 432

A student investigated how a 6-week aerobic training program affected recovery heart rate in Year 11 students. The results showed an average 9% improvement in 1-minute recovery heart rate following the program.

Identify ONE further research question that could be explored based on these findings and explain why this question would be valuable to investigate.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – or similar question and reasons with required detail

  • “Does the improvement in recovery heart rate correlate with improvements in endurance performance?” would directly build on the positive physiological finding by connecting it to functional outcomes.
    • This question is valuable because it would establish whether the measured physiological adaptation (improved recovery heart rate) translates to meaningful performance benefits that participants can experience in sports or daily activities.
    • Understanding this relationship would help coaches and physical education teachers better communicate the practical benefits of training adaptations to students, potentially improving motivation and program adherence.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – or similar question and reasons with required detail

  • “Does the improvement in recovery heart rate correlate with improvements in endurance performance?” would directly build on the positive physiological finding by connecting it to functional outcomes.
    • This question is valuable because it would establish whether the measured physiological adaptation (improved recovery heart rate) translates to meaningful performance benefits that participants can experience in sports or daily activities.
    • Understanding this relationship would help coaches and physical education teachers better communicate the practical benefits of training adaptations to students, potentially improving motivation and program adherence.

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 7

Points and form a triangle in the Cartesian Plane.

  1. Find the vectors and .    (1 mark)

  2. Find the angle  ,  giving your answer to the nearest degree.     (2 marks)

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a.     
           

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.      
         


 

b.   

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 4 MC

A 2 kg block is placed on a smooth inclined plane angled at 30 to the horizontal. Assume friction is negligible.

What is the most likely motion of the block?

  1. The block will move down the incline with a constant acceleration.
  2. The block will move down the incline with increasing acceleration.
  3. The block will remain at rest.
  4. The block will move down the incline at a constant speed.
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Show Worked Solution

→ The block will experience a constant force down the slope which can be calculated using .

→ As the block is subject to a constant force, it will also experience a constant acceleration down the slope. (Newton’s 2nd Law)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 002

Explain why people give different meanings to health. In your answer, provide two specific examples of different meanings between groups.   (3 marks)

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  • People give different meanings to health based on their personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and socioeconomic circumstances.
  • For example, someone with a chronic illness may define health as being able to manage their condition and maintain independence, while an athlete might define health in terms of optimal physical performance.
  • Cultural values also influence health meanings, with some cultures emphasising spiritual and community aspects of health.
  • Additionally, a person’s age and life stage can affect how they define health, with younger people often focusing on physical capabilities while older individuals may prioritise mental wellbeing and social connections.
Show Worked Solution
  • People give different meanings to health based on their personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and socioeconomic circumstances.
  • For example, someone with a chronic illness may define health as being able to manage their condition and maintain independence, while an athlete might define health in terms of optimal physical performance.
  • Cultural values also influence health meanings, with some cultures emphasising spiritual and community aspects of health.
  • Additionally, a person’s age and life stage can affect how they define health, with younger people often focusing on physical capabilities while older individuals may prioritise mental wellbeing and social connections.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 001

Outline the World Health Organisation's (WHO) definition of health.   (2 marks)

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  • The World Health Organisation defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
  • This definition recognises that health encompasses multiple dimensions beyond just the physical aspect and the absence of illness.
Show Worked Solution
  • The World Health Organisation defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
  • This definition recognises that health encompasses multiple dimensions beyond just the physical aspect and the absence of illness.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 001 MC

Anne states that health is "the complete absence of disease."

James says health is "feeling good about myself and maintaining a positive outlook."

Samira suggests health is "having meaningful connections with others."

Which dimensions of health are Anne, James, and Samira describing in order?

  1. Physical, emotional, social
  2. Physical, mental, social
  3. Physical, spiritual, social
  4. Physical, emotional, cultural
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Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct as Anne is describing physical health (absence of disease), James is describing mental health (feeling good, positive outlook), and Samira is describing social health (connections with others).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: James is describing mental health rather than just emotional health.
  • C is incorrect: James’s description aligns with mental health, not spiritual health which relates to purpose and meaning.
  • D is incorrect: James is describing mental health, not emotional health, and Samira is describing social health, not cultural health.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 425

A student investigated how a 6-week aerobic training program affected resting heart rate in Year 11 students. Results showed an average decrease of 7 beats per minute, but some participants showed no change at all.

Identify ONE further research question that could be explored based on these findings and explain why this question would be valuable to investigate.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any ONE of the following or similar with same level of detail

Example 1

  • A valuable follow-up question would be “What factors influenced whether a participant experienced a reduction in resting heart rate?” as this directly addresses the variation in results identified in the original study.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify which participant characteristics (such as initial fitness level, adherence to the program, or genetic factors) determine training responsiveness.
  • Understanding these factors would allow future training programs to be modified or personalised to increase effectiveness for all participants, improving health outcomes for those who didn’t respond to the standard protocol.

Example 2

  • “Does the frequency of aerobic training sessions per week affect the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction?” would be a valuable follow-up question as it investigates whether training volume was a factor in the varied responses.
  • This question is valuable because it directly addresses program design, potentially identifying whether non-responders simply need more frequent training sessions to achieve similar benefits to those who showed improvements.
  • Results could help establish minimum effective training frequencies for resting heart rate adaptations in adolescents, improving the efficiency of school-based physical education programs.

Example 3

  • “Is there a correlation between baseline fitness levels and the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction following a 6-week aerobic training program?” would explore whether initial conditioning predicts responsiveness.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify whether the program was more effective for certain fitness profiles, allowing for better participant screening or customised program durations based on starting fitness.
  • Understanding this relationship would enable more personalised and efficient interventions by helping educators predict which students might need modified programs to achieve cardiovascular adaptations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any ONE of the following or similar with same level of detail

Example 1

  • A valuable follow-up question would be “What factors influenced whether a participant experienced a reduction in resting heart rate?” as this directly addresses the variation in results identified in the original study.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify which participant characteristics (such as initial fitness level, adherence to the program, or genetic factors) determine training responsiveness.
  • Understanding these factors would allow future training programs to be modified or personalised to increase effectiveness for all participants, improving health outcomes for those who didn’t respond to the standard protocol.

Example 2

  • “Does the frequency of aerobic training sessions per week affect the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction?” would be a valuable follow-up question as it investigates whether training volume was a factor in the varied responses.
  • This question is valuable because it directly addresses program design, potentially identifying whether non-responders simply need more frequent training sessions to achieve similar benefits to those who showed improvements.
  • Results could help establish minimum effective training frequencies for resting heart rate adaptations in adolescents, improving the efficiency of school-based physical education programs.

Example 3

  • “Is there a correlation between baseline fitness levels and the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction following a 6-week aerobic training program?” would explore whether initial conditioning predicts responsiveness.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify whether the program was more effective for certain fitness profiles, allowing for better participant screening or customised program durations based on starting fitness.
  • Understanding this relationship would enable more personalised and efficient interventions by helping educators predict which students might need modified programs to achieve cardiovascular adaptations.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 423 MC

A student conducted research on the effects of aerobic training on blood pressure in Year 11 students. The results showed a significant decrease in resting blood pressure after 8 weeks of training for male participants, but minimal changes for female participants.

What would be the most appropriate follow-up research question?

  1. Do females require different types of aerobic training to achieve blood pressure reductions?
  2. Is aerobic training an effective intervention for reducing blood pressure?
  3. How long do blood pressure reductions last after the training program ends?
  4. What is the ideal exercise intensity for blood pressure reduction?
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Do females require different types of aerobic training to achieve blood pressure reductions?

  • This option directly addresses the gender difference observed in the results, seeking to understand why females responded differently to the same training protocol.
  • This builds directly on the findings and could help develop more effective, targeted interventions.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Asks a question that has already been partly answered by the original study (showing effectiveness for males).
  • C is incorrect: Focuses on the duration of effects rather than addressing the gender difference found in the results.
  • D is incorrect: Asks about optimisation without first addressing why the current protocol was ineffective for females.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 421 MC

After completing a 6-week aerobic training program investigating heart rate recovery in teenagers, a student found significant improvements in participants' recovery times but noticed that results varied considerably between individuals.

Which of the following represents the most appropriate further research question based on these findings?

  1. Would a 12-week program show greater improvements in heart rate recovery?
  2. How do different exercise intensities affect heart rate recovery improvements?
  3. Why is heart rate recovery a reliable indicator of cardiovascular fitness?
  4. Does heart rate recovery improve at the same rate for all types of aerobic exercise?
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: How do different exercise intensities affect heart rate recovery improvements?

  • This option directly addresses the variability in the results.
  • By investigating how different exercise intensities affect heart rate recovery improvements, the student could explore why participants responded differently to the same training program, potentially identifying optimal training zones for different individuals.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Simply extends the duration without addressing the variability in results.
  • C is incorrect: Focuses on validation of the measurement method rather than building on the findings.
  • D is incorrect: Too broad and doesn’t specifically address the individual differences noted in the results.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 418

In an aerobic training investigation, a student collected heart rate data immediately after a 12-minute Cooper run test. The student conducted the test on a school oval without marking the exact distance covered.

Identify TWO limitations of this data collection approach and explain how each affects the reliability of the results.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Not marking the exact distance covered creates inconsistency in performance measurement, reducing reliability as participants may run different distances in pre- and post-tests despite similar perceived effort levels.
  • Collecting heart rate only immediately after exercise, rather than at multiple time points during recovery, limits reliability as single measurements are more susceptible to momentary fluctuations and timing errors.
  • Failure to standardise pre-test conditions such as nutrition, hydration, sleep quality, or prior physical activity can lead to physiological variations unrelated to the training intervention, reducing reliability between testing sessions.
  • The absence of consistent environmental controls (temperature, humidity, wind conditions, surface conditions) on the school oval can significantly impact running performance and heart rate responses, creating test-retest variability.
  • Lack of standardised heart rate measurement technique and timing (exact seconds after exercise cessation) leads to inconsistent recovery phase measurements, as heart rate decreases rapidly after exercise stops.
  • Without precise timing protocols, the duration of the test itself might vary slightly between testing sessions, affecting the physiological demands and subsequent heart rate responses.
  • The absence of a standardised warm-up protocol before the test can result in different starting physiological states, influencing both performance and heart rate responses.
  • Failure to account for or control psychological factors like motivation, competition between participants, or external distractions on the school oval could affect effort levels and heart rate responses.
  • Without proper equipment calibration (if using heart rate monitors) or consistent manual pulse-taking technique (if done manually), the heart rate measurements themselves may lack precision and consistency.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Not marking the exact distance covered creates inconsistency in performance measurement, reducing reliability as participants may run different distances in pre- and post-tests despite similar perceived effort levels.
  • Collecting heart rate only immediately after exercise, rather than at multiple time points during recovery, limits reliability as single measurements are more susceptible to momentary fluctuations and timing errors.
  • Failure to standardise pre-test conditions such as nutrition, hydration, sleep quality, or prior physical activity can lead to physiological variations unrelated to the training intervention, reducing reliability between testing sessions.
  • The absence of consistent environmental controls (temperature, humidity, wind conditions, surface conditions) on the school oval can significantly impact running performance and heart rate responses, creating test-retest variability.
  • Lack of standardised heart rate measurement technique and timing (exact seconds after exercise cessation) leads to inconsistent recovery phase measurements, as heart rate decreases rapidly after exercise stops.
  • Without precise timing protocols, the duration of the test itself might vary slightly between testing sessions, affecting the physiological demands and subsequent heart rate responses.
  • The absence of a standardised warm-up protocol before the test can result in different starting physiological states, influencing both performance and heart rate responses.
  • Failure to account for or control psychological factors like motivation, competition between participants, or external distractions on the school oval could affect effort levels and heart rate responses.
  • Without proper equipment calibration (if using heart rate monitors) or consistent manual pulse-taking technique (if done manually), the heart rate measurements themselves may lack precision and consistency.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 411

When investigating physiological responses to aerobic training, a researcher must consider the validity of their data collection methods.

Outline TWO factors that could impact the validity of heart rate measurements during an aerobic training investigation.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can affect heart rate responses, potentially invalidating results if not controlled for, as they may influence the physiological variable being measured rather than the training itself.
  • Psychological factors including anxiety or nervousness around testing equipment can artificially elevate heart rate measurements, reducing validity as the numbers reflect stress responses rather than true training adaptations.
  • Measurement technique or equipment issues, such as incorrect placement of heart rate monitors, use of different monitoring devices between tests, or equipment malfunction/calibration errors, can result in inaccurate readings that don’t reflect true physiological responses.
  • Prior activity and lifestyle factors including recent food intake, caffeine consumption, medication use, or physical activity before testing can artificially alter heart rate responses, reducing the validity of measurements as indicators of training adaptations.
  • Subject-specific physiological variables like hydration status, illness, fatigue levels, or hormonal fluctuations (particularly in female participants) can significantly affect heart rate measurements, compromising validity if not controlled or accounted for.
  • Testing protocol inconsistencies including variations in warm-up procedures, exercise intensity, duration of measurement periods, or recovery intervals between testing components can invalidate comparisons between pre- and post-training measurements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can affect heart rate responses, potentially invalidating results if not controlled for, as they may influence the physiological variable being measured rather than the training itself.
  • Psychological factors including anxiety or nervousness around testing equipment can artificially elevate heart rate measurements, reducing validity as the numbers reflect stress responses rather than true training adaptations.
  • Measurement technique or equipment issues, such as incorrect placement of heart rate monitors, use of different monitoring devices between tests, or equipment malfunction/calibration errors, can result in inaccurate readings that don’t reflect true physiological responses.
  • Prior activity and lifestyle factors including recent food intake, caffeine consumption, medication use, or physical activity before testing can artificially alter heart rate responses, reducing the validity of measurements as indicators of training adaptations.
  • Subject-specific physiological variables like hydration status, illness, fatigue levels, or hormonal fluctuations (particularly in female participants) can significantly affect heart rate measurements, compromising validity if not controlled or accounted for.
  • Testing protocol inconsistencies including variations in warm-up procedures, exercise intensity, duration of measurement periods, or recovery intervals between testing components can invalidate comparisons between pre- and post-training measurements.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 5 MC

A student throws a ball with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of 40° above the horizontal. What are the horizontal and vertical components of the ball’s velocity?

  1. Horizontal: 15.3 m/s, Vertical: 12.9 m/s
  2. Horizontal: 12.9 m/s, Vertical: 15.3 m/s
  3. Horizontal: 20.0 m/s, Vertical: 0.0 m/s
  4. Horizontal: 17.1 m/s, Vertical: 17.1 m/s
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Show Worked Solution

 
 
 
 

 

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 16

A small plane is flying due south at 80 m/s. It makes a smooth 90° turn over 20 seconds and ends up flying due east at 60 m/s.

  1. Draw a vector diagram showing the change in velocity vector of the small plane.   (2 marks) 
  1. Calculate the average acceleration (magnitude and direction) during the turn.   (2 marks) 
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a.    
             

b.    .

Show Worked Solution

a.   
 

b.    
   
   

 

 
 

 
The average acceleration of the plane is .

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 407 MC

A student conducted an investigation on heart rate recovery after aerobic exercise by measuring participants' heart rates at 1-minute intervals following a step test. The student found that measurements varied significantly when using different pulse-taking methods (wrist, neck, and chest monitor).

Which statement best explains the issue with the data collection method?

  1. The investigation lacks credibility because heart rate recovery isn't a valid measure of aerobic fitness.
  2. The investigation lacks validity because different pulse-taking methods were not calibrated against each other.
  3. The investigation lacks reliability because inconsistent measuring techniques were used across participants.
  4. The investigation lacks credibility because a step test isn't an appropriate activity for testing aerobic fitness.
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Consider Option C: 

  • The investigation lacks reliability because using different pulse-taking methods without standardisation creates inconsistency in the measurements.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of results when repeated measurements are taken, and in this case, the varying methods reduce the reliability of the data.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Heart rate recovery is a valid measure of aerobic fitness; the issue is not with the validity of what’s being measured.
  • B is incorrect: While calibration is important, the primary issue here is the inconsistent application of measuring techniques (a reliability issue), not validity.
  • D is incorrect: Step tests are widely accepted as appropriate for testing aerobic fitness; the credibility of the method itself is not in question.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 3 MC

Two birds take off from the same point at the same time.

    • Bird A flies due north at a speed of 12 m/s.

    • Bird B flies due east at a speed of 16 m/s.

What is the magnitude of the velocity of Bird A relative to Bird B?

  1. 20 m/s
  2. 12.8 m/s
  3. 8 m/s
  4. 28 m/s
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Show Worked Solution


 

Magnitude of

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 14

A boat is trying to cross a river that is 200 meters wide. The boat’s speed in still water is 5 m/s. The river flows eastward with a current of 3 m/s.

  1. If the boat heads straight north (perpendicular to the current), using a vector diagram. determine the magnitude and direction of its velocity relative to the ground?   (3 marks)

  1. How far downstream (east) will the boat have drifted by the time it reaches the opposite bank?   (1 mark)

  1. At what angle should the boat be aimed (relative to north) so that it reaches directly across from its starting point?   (2 marks)

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a.    The velocity of the boat relative to the ground is 5.83 m/s N31E.

b.   

c.    The boat should head N36.9W.

Show Worked Solution

a.    Using the vector diagrams below

  The velocity of the boat relative to the ground is 5.83 m/s N31E.
 

b.    
         

 
 
   

 
c.    
         

  The boat should head N36.9W.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 406

Explain the ethical considerations when using video recording to analyse breathing patterns during an aerobic training investigation.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Specific consent for video recording must be obtained separately from general participation consent, clearly explaining how the footage will be used, stored, and eventually destroyed.
  • Participant privacy must be protected by recording in an appropriate setting away from uninvolved observers and ensuring the camera angle focuses only on relevant areas (chest/torso) for breathing analysis.
  • Access to video recordings should be strictly limited to those directly involved in the analysis process to maintain confidentiality.
  • Participants should be given the option to review their own footage and request deletion if they feel uncomfortable with the recording, respecting their ongoing right to control their personal data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Specific consent for video recording must be obtained separately from general participation consent, clearly explaining how the footage will be used, stored, and eventually destroyed.
  • Participant privacy must be protected by recording in an appropriate setting away from uninvolved observers and ensuring the camera angle focuses only on relevant areas (chest/torso) for breathing analysis.
  • Access to video recordings should be strictly limited to those directly involved in the analysis process to maintain confidentiality.
  • Participants should be given the option to review their own footage and request deletion if they feel uncomfortable with the recording, respecting their ongoing right to control their personal data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 405

Outline the ethical responsibilities researchers have when collecting data from participants during an aerobic training investigation.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Researchers must obtain voluntary informed consent from all participants (or parents/guardians for minors) before collecting any physiological data.
  • Participant safety must be prioritized through appropriate screening, monitoring during exercise, and immediate cessation of activity if adverse responses occur.
  • All data collected must be handled confidentially and stored securely to protect participant privacy throughout and after the investigation.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Researchers must obtain voluntary informed consent from all participants (or parents/guardians for minors) before collecting any physiological data.
  • Participant safety must be prioritized through appropriate screening, monitoring during exercise, and immediate cessation of activity if adverse responses occur.
  • All data collected must be handled confidentially and stored securely to protect participant privacy throughout and after the investigation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 400

Explain ethical considerations when using a control group in an investigation of how aerobic training affects recovery heart rate.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The control group should not be disadvantaged by participation, which means they should receive an alternative appropriate activity rather than simply sitting idle.
  • All participants (both experimental and control groups) must receive full information about the group they are in and what their participation involves before giving consent.
  • If the aerobic training shows clear benefits during the investigation, there may be an ethical obligation to offer the control group similar training opportunities after the investigation concludes.
  • Random assignment to groups rather than selective placement ensures fairness and scientific validity while reducing potential bias.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The control group should not be disadvantaged by participation, which means they should receive an alternative appropriate activity rather than simply sitting idle.
  • All participants (both experimental and control groups) must receive full information about the group they are in and what their participation involves before giving consent.
  • If the aerobic training shows clear benefits during the investigation, there may be an ethical obligation to offer the control group similar training opportunities after the investigation concludes.
  • Random assignment to groups rather than selective placement ensures fairness and scientific validity while reducing potential bias.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 398

Explain why maintaining confidentiality is an important ethical consideration when collecting physiological data during aerobic training investigations.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Physiological data such as heart rate, ventilation rate, and fitness levels are personal health information that participants have a right to keep private.
  • Breaches in confidentiality could lead to embarrassment or stigma if individual fitness levels or physiological responses are shared with others without permission.
  • Maintaining confidentiality builds trust with participants, encouraging honest participation and more reliable data collection during the investigation.
  • Practical measures to ensure confidentiality include using participant codes instead of names, storing data securely, and only presenting aggregated or de-identified results when sharing findings.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Physiological data such as heart rate, ventilation rate, and fitness levels are personal health information that participants have a right to keep private.
  • Breaches in confidentiality could lead to embarrassment or stigma if individual fitness levels or physiological responses are shared with others without permission.
  • Maintaining confidentiality builds trust with participants, encouraging honest participation and more reliable data collection during the investigation.
  • Practical measures to ensure confidentiality include using participant codes instead of names, storing data securely, and only presenting aggregated or de-identified results when sharing findings.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 393 MC

When investigating heart rate responses to aerobic training in classmates, which of the following is the most important ethical consideration?

  1. Getting permission from the school principal
  2. Obtaining informed consent from participants
  3. Using the latest heart rate monitoring technology
  4. Publishing the results in a school newsletter
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Obtaining informed consent from participants

  • Obtaining informed consent ensures participants understand the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw from the investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: While administrative approval may be required, participant consent is the primary ethical consideration.
  • C is incorrect: Technology choice is a methodological decision, not a primary ethical consideration.
  • D is incorrect: Publication decisions come after data collection and are secondary to participant consent.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 388

Explain how a student could collect data on recovery heart rate following a 15-minute aerobic exercise session.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Record the heart rate immediately upon completion of the 15-minute exercise session using a heart rate monitor or manual pulse check.
  • Continue monitoring heart rate at regular intervals (e.g., 1-minute, 3-minute, 5-minute, and 10-minute marks) during the recovery period.
  • Have participants remain seated in a consistent position throughout the recovery monitoring to standardise conditions.
  • Create a recovery heart rate profile by plotting the heart rate values against time to visualise the rate of recovery and identify when heart rate returns to near-resting levels.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Record the heart rate immediately upon completion of the 15-minute exercise session using a heart rate monitor or manual pulse check.
  • Continue monitoring heart rate at regular intervals (e.g., 1-minute, 3-minute, 5-minute, and 10-minute marks) during the recovery period.
  • Have participants remain seated in a consistent position throughout the recovery monitoring to standardise conditions.
  • Create a recovery heart rate profile by plotting the heart rate values against time to visualise the rate of recovery and identify when heart rate returns to near-resting levels.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 386

A student has access to a respiratory rate monitor with a chest strap sensor to investigate ventilation responses during aerobic training. Describe how this equipment should be used to collect ventilation rate data during a 20-minute aerobic exercise session.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • The chest strap sensor should be calibrated and securely fastened around the participant’s chest before beginning the exercise session to ensure accurate measurement.
  • The device should be set to record breath frequency continuously throughout the 20-minute session with data stored automatically at preset intervals (every 30 seconds).
  • The participant’s baseline ventilation rate should be recorded during a 2-minute rest period before commencing exercise to establish individual reference values.
  • After completing the aerobic session, ventilation rate should continue to be monitored for a 5-minute recovery period to observe how quickly breathing returns to baseline levels.
  • All collected data should be transferred to a spreadsheet for analysis, allowing calculation of average rates, maximum rates, and recovery patterns.
  • Consistent placement of the chest strap sensor between participants and testing sessions is essential to ensure reliable and comparable data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The chest strap sensor should be calibrated and securely fastened around the participant’s chest before beginning the exercise session to ensure accurate measurement.
  • The device should be set to record breath frequency continuously throughout the 20-minute session with data stored automatically at preset intervals (every 30 seconds).
  • The participant’s baseline ventilation rate should be recorded during a 2-minute rest period before commencing exercise to establish individual reference values.
  • After completing the aerobic session, ventilation rate should continue to be monitored for a 5-minute recovery period to observe how quickly breathing returns to baseline levels.
  • All collected data should be transferred to a spreadsheet for analysis, allowing calculation of average rates, maximum rates, and recovery patterns.
  • Consistent placement of the chest strap sensor between participants and testing sessions is essential to ensure reliable and comparable data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 381 MC

A student wants to collect data on the immediate cardiovascular response to a 10-minute jog. Which method would be most appropriate?

  1. Blood sample analysis
  2. Heart rate monitoring
  3. Muscle biopsy
  4. Bone density scan
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Heart rate monitoring

  • Heart rate monitoring provides immediate, non-invasive data about cardiovascular responses during aerobic exercise.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Blood sample analysis is invasive and better suited for measuring metabolic markers, not immediate cardiovascular responses.
  • C is incorrect: Muscle biopsy is highly invasive and measures muscle tissue changes, not immediate cardiovascular responses.
  • D is incorrect: Bone density scanning measures skeletal characteristics, not cardiovascular responses to exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 379

A student is studying physiological responses to aerobic training. Outline the steps they should take to develop a focused research question on this topic.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Identify a specific physiological response of interest (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, body temperature) that can be reliably measured.
  • Determine the exact aerobic training activity or protocol to be studied, including details of duration and intensity.
  • Consider the particular aspect of the response to investigate (immediate changes, recovery patterns, or adaptations over time).
  • Formulate a question that establishes a clear relationship between the training and the physiological response, using precise language and avoiding ambiguity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Identify a specific physiological response of interest (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, body temperature) that can be reliably measured.
  • Determine the exact aerobic training activity or protocol to be studied, including details of duration and intensity.
  • Consider the particular aspect of the response to investigate (immediate changes, recovery patterns, or adaptations over time).
  • Formulate a question that establishes a clear relationship between the training and the physiological response, using precise language and avoiding ambiguity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 372

Describe the key components that should be included when creating a research question about physiological responses to aerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Specific physiological response being measured (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, blood lactate levels) must be clearly identified.
  • Type of aerobic training or exercise protocol should be defined with specific parameters such as duration, intensity, or frequency.
  • Target population or participant group should be specified if the research is focused on a particular demographic.
  • Relationship or effect being investigated should be clearly articulated (e.g., immediate response, recovery pattern, or training adaptation).
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Specific physiological response being measured (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, blood lactate levels) must be clearly identified.
  • Type of aerobic training or exercise protocol should be defined with specific parameters such as duration, intensity, or frequency.
  • Target population or participant group should be specified if the research is focused on a particular demographic.
  • Relationship or effect being investigated should be clearly articulated (e.g., immediate response, recovery pattern, or training adaptation).

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 370 MC

Which of the following research questions would best allow investigation of a physiological response to aerobic training?

  1. "How many students participate in school aerobic activities?"
  2. "What is the most popular aerobic activity among teenagers?"
  3. "Why do some people prefer swimming to running?"
  4. "How does a 20-minute cycling session affect cardiac output?"
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: “How does a 20-minute cycling session affect cardiac output?”

  • Specifically identifies both the aerobic training stimulus (20-minute cycling) and the physiological response being measured (cardiac output).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Measures participation rates, not physiological responses.
  • B is incorrect: Examines popularity of activities, not physiological responses.
  • C is incorrect: Investigates psychological preferences, not physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 367 MC

When creating a research question about physiological responses to aerobic training, which of the following would be most appropriate?

  1. "Does aerobic training make you tired?"
  2. "How does heart rate respond to a 12-minute aerobic fitness test?"
  3. "Is aerobic exercise better than weight training?"
  4. "Why do people enjoy aerobic training?"
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: “How does heart rate respond to a 12-minute aerobic fitness test?”

  • This option is specific, measurable, and directly investigates a physiological response (heart rate) to a defined aerobic training activity.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too vague and subjective without specifying a physiological response.
  • C is incorrect: Compares different exercise types rather than investigating a physiological response.
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on psychological aspects rather than physiological responses

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 363

Explain what happens to blood lactate levels during aerobic training of increasing intensity.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • At rest, blood lactate levels remain low at approximately 1-2 mmol/L
  • During light to moderate aerobic exercise, lactate production increases slightly but remains in equilibrium with clearance
  • When exercise intensity increases to the aerobic threshold, lactate levels begin to rise gradually but remain manageable
  • At the lactate threshold/inflection point, lactate production exceeds the body’s ability to clear it effectively
  • Beyond this point, lactate accumulates rapidly, contributing to fatigue and limiting performance duration
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • At rest, blood lactate levels remain low at approximately 1-2 mmol/L
  • During light to moderate aerobic exercise, lactate production increases slightly but remains in equilibrium with clearance
  • When exercise intensity increases to the aerobic threshold, lactate levels begin to rise gradually but remain manageable
  • At the lactate threshold/inflection point, lactate production exceeds the body’s ability to clear it effectively
  • Beyond this point, lactate accumulates rapidly, contributing to fatigue and limiting performance duration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 361

Explain how the body adjusts ventilation during aerobic exercise.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Ventilation rate increases to take in more oxygen needed for aerobic energy production
  • Breathing becomes deeper to increase lung volume and oxygen intake capacity
  • Carbon dioxide removal increases through higher ventilation to prevent acid-base imbalance
  • Respiratory muscles work harder, particularly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to facilitate increased air movement
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Ventilation rate increases to take in more oxygen needed for aerobic energy production
  • Breathing becomes deeper to increase lung volume and oxygen intake capacity
  • Carbon dioxide removal increases through higher ventilation to prevent acid-base imbalance
  • Respiratory muscles work harder, particularly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to facilitate increased air movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 357 MC

During a 30 minute jog, a student recorded an increase in their cardiac output. This change is primarily due to:

  1. Decreased blood pressure
  2. Increased respiratory rate
  3. Increased heart rate and stroke volume
  4. Decreased peripheral resistance
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Increased heart rate and stroke volume

  • Cardiac output increases during aerobic exercise due to both increased heart rate and stroke volume.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Blood pressure typically increases (not decreases) during exercise.
  • B is incorrect: Respiratory rate increases but doesn’t directly cause cardiac output increase.
  • D is incorrect: Peripheral resistance decreases but isn’t the primary cause of increased cardiac output.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 348

Outline the relationship between exercise intensity and lactate levels during training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Lactate levels remain relatively stable during low-intensity exercise as the aerobic system can meet energy demands without significant lactate production
  • As exercise intensity increases, the body begins to produce more lactate as the glycolytic energy system becomes more active
  • At the lactate threshold, production of lactate exceeds the body’s ability to remove it, causing a sharp rise in blood lactate concentration
  • During high-intensity exercise, lactate levels continue to rise significantly, contributing to muscle fatigue and limiting performance duration
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Lactate levels remain relatively stable during low-intensity exercise as the aerobic system can meet energy demands without significant lactate production
  • As exercise intensity increases, the body begins to produce more lactate as the glycolytic energy system becomes more active
  • At the lactate threshold, production of lactate exceeds the body’s ability to remove it, causing a sharp rise in blood lactate concentration
  • During high-intensity exercise, lactate levels continue to rise significantly, contributing to muscle fatigue and limiting performance duration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 346 MC

During a 400-metre sprint, an athlete experiences a rapid increase in lactate levels. Which statement correctly explains what happens to the athlete's body during this activity?

  1. The aerobic energy system is the primary energy provider, resulting in decreased lactate levels
  2. Lactate production increases as the body relies on the ATP-PCr system for energy
  3. The athlete's muscles use more oxygen, which reduces lactate production in the bloodstream
  4. Lactate accumulates in the muscles as the glycolytic system produces energy without sufficient oxygen
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Lactate accumulates in the muscles as the glycolytic system produces energy without sufficient oxygen

  • During high-intensity activities like a 400-metre sprint, the body relies heavily on the glycolytic energy system, which produces lactate as a by-product when working anaerobically (without sufficient oxygen).
  • Lactate then accumulates in the muscles and bloodstream.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The aerobic system is not the primary energy provider during a sprint and would not result in decreased lactate levels
  • B is incorrect: The ATP-PCr system does not produce lactate as a by-product
  • C is incorrect: The muscles are unable to use enough oxygen during high-intensity exercise, leading to increased (not reduced) lactate production

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 342

Describe how cardiac output changes during a moderate aerobic training session and explain its relationship to oxygen delivery to muscles.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Cardiac output increases immediately at the onset of aerobic training from approximately 5 L/min at rest
  • This increase is due to a rise in both heart rate and stroke volume
  • Heart rate increases from resting rate of about 70 bpm to 120-150 bpm during moderate exercise
  • Stroke volume increases from approximately 70 mL at rest to 100-120 mL during exercise
  • The increased cardiac output allows for greater oxygen delivery to working muscles
  • This supports the aerobic energy system to produce ATP required for continued muscle contractions
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Cardiac output increases immediately at the onset of aerobic training from approximately 5 L/min at rest
  • This increase is due to a rise in both heart rate and stroke volume
  • Heart rate increases from resting rate of about 70 bpm to 120-150 bpm during moderate exercise
  • Stroke volume increases from approximately 70 mL at rest to 100-120 mL during exercise
  • The increased cardiac output allows for greater oxygen delivery to working muscles
  • This supports the aerobic energy system to produce ATP required for continued muscle contractions

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 339 MC

During a moderate-intensity training session, a swimmer has a heart rate of 130 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 120 mL. What is her cardiac output during this exercise?

  1. 120 L/min
  2. 15.6 L/min
  3. 1.56 L/min
  4. 250 L/min
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 15.6 L/min

 
 
 

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Incorrect calculation of cardiac output
  • C is incorrect: Incorrect conversion from mL to L
  • D is incorrect: Incorrect calculation of cardiac output

Calculus, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 3

A pollutant, at time days, begins to enter a pond of still, unpolluted water at a rate of  , where is the volume of pollutant, in cubic metres, in the pond after days.

The pollutant does not dissolve or mix, and spreads across the pond, maintaining the shape of a thin circular disc of radius metres and constant depth of 1 millimetre.

  1. What is the maximum rate, in cubic metres per day, at which the pollutant will enter the pond, and for what value of will this rate occur?   (1 mark)

  2. At what rate is the radius of the disc increasing after days, where it may be assumed that the radius of the disc is 6.54 m ?
  3. Give your answer in metres per day correct to two decimal places.   (3 marks)

    1. Use the substitution    to express    as an integral involving only the variable .   (1 mark)

    2. Hence, or otherwise, find, in terms of , the total volume m of pollutant that has entered the pond after days.
    3. Give your answer in the form ,  where  .    (1 mark)

  5. What surface area of the pond would the coverage of the pollutant approach?
  6. Give your answer in square metres correct to two decimal places.  (2 marks)

  7. The clean-up of the pond begins after five days, where the pollutant is removed at a constant rate of 0.05 cubic metres per day until the pond is free of pollutant. However, efforts to stem the flow are unsuccessful and the pollutant continues to enter the pond at a rate of    cubic metres per day.
  8. After how many days, from the start of the clean-up, will the pond be free of pollutant? Give your answer in days correct to one decimal place.  (2 marks)

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a.    \(\dfrac{dV}{dt} \text{(max)}=\dfrac{1}{20} \ \text{m/day.}\)

b. 

c.i. 

c.ii. 

d.   

e.  

Show Worked Solution

a.   


 

b.   


 

c.i. 


 

c.ii. 
   
   
   

 

d.   

♦♦♦ Mean mark (d) 22%.

e.   

♦♦♦ Mean mark (e) 13%.

Complex Numbers, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 2

  1. Express the relation    in the form  , where  ,   and  .   (2 marks)

  2. The line segment from    to    is the diameter of a circle.
  3. Find the equation of this circle in the form , where is the centre of the circle and is the radius.   (2 marks)

  4. A second circle is given by  .
  5. Sketch this circle on the Argand diagram below, labelling the imaginary axis intercepts with their values.  (2 marks)
     

     

  1. A ray originating at the point    passes through the point  ,  cutting the second circle into two segments.
    1. Sketch the ray on the Argand diagram provided in part c.  (1 mark)

    2. Find the equation of the ray in the form   where  and is measured in radians in terms of .  (1 mark)

  3. Find the area of the minor segment formed by the intersection of the ray and the circle.  (2 marks)

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a.   

b.   

c.    

d.i.   

d.ii.   

e.   

Show Worked Solution

a.   

 

 

b.   


 


 


 

c.   


 

d.i.   

d.ii.   

Mean mark (d.ii.) 56%.

e.   

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 334

Outline the relationship between stroke volume and training intensity during exercise.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Stroke volume increases as exercise intensity increases, up to approximately 40-60% of maximum intensity.
  • Beyond this point, stroke volume tends to plateau even if intensity continues to increase.
  • At very high intensities, stroke volume may decrease slightly due to reduced ventricular filling time (as heart rate becomes very high).
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Stroke volume increases as exercise intensity increases, up to approximately 40-60% of maximum intensity.
  • Beyond this point, stroke volume tends to plateau even if intensity continues to increase.
  • At very high intensities, stroke volume may decrease slightly due to reduced ventricular filling time (as heart rate becomes very high).

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 332 MC

During a training session, an athlete experiences an increase in stroke volume. Which of the following best explains this physiological response?

  1. The number of times the heart beats per minute has increased
  2. The volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart has increased
  3. The amount of oxygen the lungs can absorb has increased
  4. The amount of blood circulating through the body has increased
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: The volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart has increased

  • Stroke volume refers to the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: This describes heart rate, not stroke volume
  • C is incorrect: This describes oxygen uptake, not stroke volume
  • D is incorrect: This describes blood volume, not stroke volume

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 328

Compare the ventilation rate response during a 100 m sprint with that of a 5 km run.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • 100 m sprint causes a sharp, rapid increase in ventilation rate due to the high-intensity anaerobic nature of the activity, reaching up to 40-50 breaths per minute.
  • In contrast, the 5 km run produces a more gradual but sustained increase in ventilation rate, typically stabilising around 30-40 breaths per minute once steady state is achieved.
  • The sprint creates an oxygen debt with ventilation rate remaining elevated post-exercise to repay this debt.
  • The 5 km run maintains a more consistent ventilation rate throughout with a more gradual recovery.
  • The sprint primarily uses the anaerobic energy system.
  • The 5 km run relies more on the aerobic system, affecting the timing and magnitude of ventilation rate changes.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • 100 m sprint causes a sharp, rapid increase in ventilation rate due to the high-intensity anaerobic nature of the activity, reaching up to 40-50 breaths per minute.
  • In contrast, the 5 km run produces a more gradual but sustained increase in ventilation rate, typically stabilising around 30-40 breaths per minute once steady state is achieved.
  • The sprint creates an oxygen debt with ventilation rate remaining elevated post-exercise to repay this debt.
  • The 5 km run maintains a more consistent ventilation rate throughout with a more gradual recovery.
  • The sprint primarily uses the anaerobic energy system.
  • The 5 km run relies more on the aerobic system, affecting the timing and magnitude of ventilation rate changes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 325 MC

During a high-intensity interval training session, a netball player experiences several physiological responses. Which of the following best describes what happens to the player's ventilation rate during the active phases?

  1. Increases to provide more oxygen to working muscles
  2. Decreases to conserve energy for explosive movements
  3. Remains constant regardless of exercise intensity
  4. Cycles between high and low rates regardless of activity level
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Increases to provide more oxygen to working muscles

  • Ventilation rate increases during exercise to supply more oxygen to muscles and remove carbon dioxide.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Ventilation rate does not decrease during exercise; this would limit oxygen delivery.
  • C is incorrect: Ventilation rate varies directly with exercise intensity, not remaining constant.
  • D is incorrect: Ventilation rate responds to physiological demands, not cycling independently.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 321

Compare the heart rate responses to aerobic and anaerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Aerobic training

  • HR increases steadily and is maintained at a moderate level (approximately 60-80% of maximum heart rate).
  • For example, during a 30-minute jog, heart rate may increase to 140-160 bpm and remain relatively stable.
  • HR can be sustained at moderate levels for extended periods as the body can continuously supply oxygen to meet energy demands.

Anaerobic training

  • HR increases rapidly to near-maximum levels (approximately 80-95% of maximum heart rate).
  • For example, during sprint intervals, heart rate may quickly rise to 170-190 bpm.
  • As HR quickly reach near-maximal levels they can only be maintained briefly as oxygen demand exceeds supply, causing rapid fatigue.

Recovery heart rate

  • After aerobic training HR typically returns to normal more quickly than after intense anaerobic training.
  • HR during aerobic training is more sustainable for longer periods, whereas anaerobic training can only be maintained for shorter durations due to rapid fatigue and oxygen debt.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Aerobic training

  • HR increases steadily and is maintained at a moderate level (approximately 60-80% of maximum heart rate).
  • For example, during a 30-minute jog, heart rate may increase to 140-160 bpm and remain relatively stable.
  • HR can be sustained at moderate levels for extended periods as the body can continuously supply oxygen to meet energy demands.

Anaerobic training

  • HR increases rapidly to near-maximum levels (approximately 80-95% of maximum heart rate).
  • For example, during sprint intervals, heart rate may quickly rise to 170-190 bpm.
  • As HR quickly reach near-maximal levels they can only be maintained briefly as oxygen demand exceeds supply, causing rapid fatigue.

Recovery heart rate

  • After aerobic training HR typically returns to normal more quickly than after intense anaerobic training.
  • HR during aerobic training is more sustainable for longer periods, whereas anaerobic training can only be maintained for shorter durations due to rapid fatigue and oxygen debt.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 318 MC

During an athletics training session, a coach observes a sprinter's heart rate. Which of the following is the most likely immediate physiological response to high-intensity sprint training?

  1. Decreased heart rate
  2. Increased heart rate
  3. Decreased cardiac output
  4. No change in heart rate
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Increased heart rate

  • Immediate increase in heart rate to supply working muscles with oxygen and nutrients.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Heart rate increases not decreases during exercise.
  • C is incorrect: Cardiac output increases not decreases during exercise.
  • D is incorrect: Heart rate changes in response to exercise, it does not remain the same.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 312

Explain the immediate changes to lactate levels that occur during high-intensity sprint training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • At the onset of high-intensity sprint training, lactate levels begin to rise rapidly as the body uses the lactic acid energy system for immediate energy production.
  • During sprinting, the body produces lactate faster than it can remove it, causing lactate to build up in the blood and muscles.
  • As lactate accumulates during repeated sprints, it leads to increased acidity in the muscles, affecting performance and contributing to fatigue.
  • Between sprint intervals, lactate levels may slightly decrease during recovery periods but generally continue to rise throughout the training session.
  • Immediately after the training session, lactate levels remain high before gradually returning to normal during the recovery period.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • At the onset of high-intensity sprint training, lactate levels begin to rise rapidly as the body uses the lactic acid energy system for immediate energy production.
  • During sprinting, the body produces lactate faster than it can remove it, causing lactate to build up in the blood and muscles.
  • As lactate accumulates during repeated sprints, it leads to increased acidity in the muscles, affecting performance and contributing to fatigue.
  • Between sprint intervals, lactate levels may slightly decrease during recovery periods but generally continue to rise throughout the training session.
  • Immediately after the training session, lactate levels remain high before gradually returning to normal during the recovery period.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 307 MC

During an intense training session, an athlete's ventilation rate increases. What is the primary reason for this immediate physiological response?

  1. To increase oxygen delivery to working muscles and remove carbon dioxide
  2. To increase oxygen delivery to the lungs
  3. To decrease carbon dioxide levels in the blood
  4. To reduce heart rate during exercise
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  To increase oxygen delivery to working muscles and remove carbon dioxide

  • Ventilation rate increases to deliver more oxygen to working muscles and remove carbon dioxide produced during exercise.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Ventilation increases oxygen delivery to working muscles, not just the lungs
  • C is incorrect: Ventilation increases to remove carbon dioxide and deliver oxygen, not just decrease carbon dioxide.
  • D is incorrect: Increased ventilation doesn’t reduce heart rate during exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 293

Describe how you would apply the FITT principle to design an aerobic training program for a beginner jogger.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Frequency

  • 3 sessions per week allowing for adequate recovery between sessions for a beginner.

Intensity

  • Low to moderate intensity (50-60% of maximum heart rate) to build an aerobic base without causing excessive fatigue.

Time

  • Start with 20-30 minutes per session and gradually increase as fitness improves.
  • The program would start with shorter sessions that incorporate walking breaks when needed to build the participant’s confidence and avoid injury.

Type

  • Continuous jogging at a steady pace on flat terrain to develop basic aerobic endurance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Frequency

  • 3 sessions per week allowing for adequate recovery between sessions for a beginner.

Intensity

  • Low to moderate intensity (50-60% of maximum heart rate) to build an aerobic base without causing excessive fatigue.

Time

  • Start with 20 – 30 minutes per session and gradually increase as fitness improves.
  • The program would start with shorter sessions that incorporate walking breaks when needed to build the participant’s confidence and avoid injury.

Type

  • Continuous jogging at a steady pace on flat terrain to develop basic aerobic endurance.