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Aussie Maths & Science Teachers: Save your time with SmarterEd

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 480 MC

Which of the following factors is MOST likely to reduce the reliability of a fitness test outcome?

  1. Using a different administrator from the pre-test to the post-test
  2. Testing at the same time of day as the previous test
  3. Providing the same warm-up protocol as the previous test
  4. Maintaining similar environmental conditions to the previous test
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Using a different administrator from the pre-test to the post-test

  • This can introduce inconsistencies in instruction, measurement techniques, and encouragement levels, all of which can significantly affect reliability.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Testing at the same time of day as a previous test actually enhances reliability by controlling for diurnal variations in performance.
  • C is incorrect: Providing the same warm-up protocol helps control variables and increases reliability rather than reducing it.
  • D is incorrect: Maintaining similar environmental conditions eliminates the variable impact of temperature, humidity, and air movement on performance, thus enhancing reliability.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 478

Explain how the purpose of fitness testing changes across different phases of an athlete's annual training cycle. Provide specific examples to support your answer.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the off-season phase, fitness testing primarily identifies areas requiring improvement and establishes baseline measurements, with comprehensive assessment across all relevant fitness components to inform the subsequent pre-season program design.
  • Pre-season testing shifts purpose toward tracking progress in targeted components and fine-tuning position-specific requirements, with assessments becoming more sport-specific such as using yo-yo intermittent recovery tests for team sport athletes.
  • In-season testing narrows focus to maintenance of key fitness attributes while minimising fatigue, often utilising abbreviated testing protocols that monitor essential components without compromising competitive performance.
  • Testing immediately prior to major competitions serves to confirm readiness and provide final confidence boosts, focusing on performance indicators rather than physiological assessment.
  • Post-season testing completes the annual cycle by providing comprehensive comparison to pre-season baselines, identifying which program elements were most effective and informing adjustments for the next annual plan.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • During the off-season phase, fitness testing primarily identifies areas requiring improvement and establishes baseline measurements, with comprehensive assessment across all relevant fitness components to inform the subsequent pre-season program design.
  • Pre-season testing shifts purpose toward tracking progress in targeted components and fine-tuning position-specific requirements, with assessments becoming more sport-specific such as using yo-yo intermittent recovery tests for team sport athletes.
  • In-season testing narrows focus to maintenance of key fitness attributes while minimising fatigue, often utilising abbreviated testing protocols that monitor essential components without compromising competitive performance.
  • Testing immediately prior to major competitions serves to confirm readiness and provide final confidence boosts, focusing on performance indicators rather than physiological assessment.
  • Post-season testing completes the annual cycle by providing comprehensive comparison to pre-season baselines, identifying which program elements were most effective and informing adjustments for the next annual plan.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 474

Compare the purposes of conducting fitness testing during a training program versus after completion of the program.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Testing during training provides ongoing feedback about program effectiveness, allowing for immediate adjustments if expected improvements aren’t occurring, whereas post-program testing focuses on final evaluation of overall program success.
  • During-training testing serves a motivational function by showing incremental progress toward goals, while post-program testing evaluates whether ultimate goals were achieved and informs future goal-setting.
  • The timing of during-training assessments allows for program modifications without waiting for complete program completion, whereas post-training assessment occurs too late for modifications to the current program.
  • During-training testing can help maintain athlete motivation through periods of difficult training by demonstrating improvements that might not be subjectively apparent, while post-program testing provides a comprehensive view of the entire training period.
  • Testing during the program allows coaches to adjust training variables such as intensity, volume, or frequency based on individual responses, whereas post-program testing primarily informs the design of subsequent training cycles.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Testing during training provides ongoing feedback about program effectiveness, allowing for immediate adjustments if expected improvements aren’t occurring, whereas post-program testing focuses on final evaluation of overall program success.
  • During-training testing serves a motivational function by showing incremental progress toward goals, while post-program testing evaluates whether ultimate goals were achieved and informs future goal-setting.
  • The timing of during-training assessments allows for program modifications without waiting for complete program completion, whereas post-training assessment occurs too late for modifications to the current program.
  • During-training testing can help maintain athlete motivation through periods of difficult training by demonstrating improvements that might not be subjectively apparent, while post-program testing provides a comprehensive view of the entire training period.
  • Testing during the program allows coaches to adjust training variables such as intensity, volume, or frequency based on individual responses, whereas post-program testing primarily informs the design of subsequent training cycles.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 473

Explain TWO ways that pre-training fitness testing can benefit an athlete beginning a new training program.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar with appropriate detail

  • Pre-training testing establishes baseline measurements of initial fitness levels, allowing for objective comparison points to determine whether improvements are occurring during subsequent testing phases.
  • Testing identifies specific strengths and weaknesses across relevant fitness components, enabling the creation of targeted training programs that maintain strengths while prioritising improvement in areas of weakness.
  • Pre-training assessment helps determine an athlete’s suitability for particular positions within team sports based on their fitness profile, such as placing a player with high cardiorespiratory endurance in a position requiring extensive movement.
  • Initial testing provides motivational benefits by establishing clear, measurable goals for improvement that can enhance training adherence and effort.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar with appropriate detail

  • Pre-training testing establishes baseline measurements of initial fitness levels, allowing for objective comparison points to determine whether improvements are occurring during subsequent testing phases.
  • Testing identifies specific strengths and weaknesses across relevant fitness components, enabling the creation of targeted training programs that maintain strengths while prioritising improvement in areas of weakness.
  • Pre-training assessment helps determine an athlete’s suitability for particular positions within team sports based on their fitness profile, such as placing a player with high cardiorespiratory endurance in a position requiring extensive movement.
  • Initial testing provides motivational benefits by establishing clear, measurable goals for improvement that can enhance training adherence and effort.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 470

Compare and contrast the use of health-related and skill-related fitness testing in the context of a secondary school physical education program.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Health-related component testing provides crucial baseline data about students’ overall physical wellbeing, whereas skill-related testing is more focused on athletic performance capabilities relevant to specific sports.
  • Testing of health-related components such as cardiorespiratory endurance using the multi-stage fitness test can identify students at risk for cardiovascular health issues, while skill-related testing generally doesn’t provide health risk information.
  • Skill-related component testing using assessments like the Illinois agility run can help direct students toward sports that match their natural abilities, which may increase participation and enjoyment compared to health-only assessment.
  • Privacy considerations differ, with body composition testing using skin fold calipers requiring particularly sensitive handling to avoid negative body image impacts, whereas skill-related tests like reaction time typically carry less psychological risk.
  • Health-related fitness testing results have lifelong relevance for students’ wellbeing beyond school, while the applicability of skill-related testing may be more limited to those who continue with athletic pursuits.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Health-related component testing provides crucial baseline data about students’ overall physical wellbeing, whereas skill-related testing is more focused on athletic performance capabilities relevant to specific sports.
  • Testing of health-related components such as cardiorespiratory endurance using the multi-stage fitness test can identify students at risk for cardiovascular health issues, while skill-related testing generally doesn’t provide health risk information.
  • Skill-related component testing using assessments like the Illinois agility run can help direct students toward sports that match their natural abilities, which may increase participation and enjoyment compared to health-only assessment.
  • Privacy considerations differ, with body composition testing using skin fold calipers requiring particularly sensitive handling to avoid negative body image impacts, whereas skill-related tests like reaction time typically carry less psychological risk.
  • Health-related fitness testing results have lifelong relevance for students’ wellbeing beyond school, while the applicability of skill-related testing may be more limited to those who continue with athletic pursuits.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 469

Explain how TWO specific fitness tests from the Components of Fitness table below might need modification when used to assess elderly populations.   (4 marks)

Components of Fitness
Cardio endurance Multi-stage fitness test
Flexibility Sit-and-reach test
Muscular endurance 1-minute sit-up text
Balance Balance board text
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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • The multi-stage fitness test
    • Significant modification required for elderly populations due to high impact on joints
    • Potential alternatives including a 6-minute walk test or submaximal bicycle ergometry that reduces fall risk and joint stress while still assessing cardiorespiratory endurance.
  • The sit-and-reach test
    • Could be modified by having seniors perform the test while seated in a chair rather than on the floor.
    • This would account for mobility limitations and reduce injury risk, while still effectively measuring hamstring and lower back flexibility.
  • The 1-minute sit-up test
    • May be inappropriate for elderly individuals with back issues
    • Could be replaced with a partial curl-up test or a plank hold for a shorter duration to assess core muscular endurance while minimising strain on the spine.
  • Balance assessment using the balance board test
    • Would need modified scoring standards
    • Appropriate support structures would be needed nearby to prevent falls, as balance naturally declines with age but remains crucial for functional independence.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • The multi-stage fitness test
    • Significant modification required for elderly populations due to high impact on joints
    • Potential alternatives including a 6-minute walk test or submaximal bicycle ergometry that reduces fall risk and joint stress while still assessing cardiorespiratory endurance.
  • The sit-and-reach test
    • Could be modified by having seniors perform the test while seated in a chair rather than on the floor.
    • This would account for mobility limitations and reduce injury risk, while still effectively measuring hamstring and lower back flexibility.
  • The 1-minute sit-up test
    • May be inappropriate for elderly individuals with back issues
    • Could be replaced with a partial curl-up test or a plank hold for a shorter duration to assess core muscular endurance while minimising strain on the spine.
  • Balance assessment using the balance board test
    • Would need modified scoring standards
    • Appropriate support structures would be needed nearby to prevent falls, as balance naturally declines with age but remains crucial for functional independence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 466 MC

A group of 65-year-old adults is being assessed for fall risk. Which fitness component test would provide the MOST relevant information for this purpose?

  1. 50 metre sprint test
  2. Balance board test
  3. 1-minute sit-up test
  4. Vertical jump test
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Balance board test

  • Assesses balance, which is directly related to fall risk in older adults.
  • Poor balance is one of the primary contributors to falls in this population.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Measures speed, which is less relevant for fall prevention than balance in older adults.
  • C is incorrect: While core strength has some relevance to stability, it doesn’t directly assess the balance component most critical for fall risk.
  • D is incorrect: Measures power, which is less relevant for fall prevention than balance ability in older adults.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 465

Describe TWO ways fitness testing could be used to improve community health programs.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar with equivalent depth

  • Fitness testing can identify specific health-related fitness deficiencies within a community, allowing program developers to design targeted interventions that address the most critical needs rather than using generic approaches.
  • Baseline and follow-up testing provides objective data to evaluate program effectiveness, helping justify continued funding by demonstrating measurable health improvements to stakeholders and policymakers.
  • Aggregate testing data can help identify demographic groups within the community who are not being effectively reached by current programming, enabling outreach strategies to improve participation among underserved populations.
  • Regular testing creates opportunities for health education as participants learn about different fitness components and their relationship to health, increasing health literacy within the community.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar with equivalent depth

  • Fitness testing can identify specific health-related fitness deficiencies within a community, allowing program developers to design targeted interventions that address the most critical needs rather than using generic approaches.
  • Baseline and follow-up testing provides objective data to evaluate program effectiveness, helping justify continued funding by demonstrating measurable health improvements to stakeholders and policymakers.
  • Aggregate testing data can help identify demographic groups within the community who are not being effectively reached by current programming, enabling outreach strategies to improve participation among underserved populations.
  • Regular testing creates opportunities for health education as participants learn about different fitness components and their relationship to health, increasing health literacy within the community.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 462

Outline THREE potential outcomes of fitness testing for individuals with chronic health conditions.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Appropriate testing can establish safe exercise parameters that minimise risk of exacerbating the condition while maximising health benefits, particularly important for conditions like heart disease or diabetes.
  • Testing results provide objective data to track improvements resulting from exercise interventions, which can be motivating and reinforce adherence to prescribed programs.
  • Regular assessment allows healthcare providers to adjust treatment and exercise recommendations based on changing fitness levels, leading to more personalised care.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Appropriate testing can establish safe exercise parameters that minimise risk of exacerbating the condition while maximising health benefits, particularly important for conditions like heart disease or diabetes.
  • Testing results provide objective data to track improvements resulting from exercise interventions, which can be motivating and reinforce adherence to prescribed programs.
  • Regular assessment allows healthcare providers to adjust treatment and exercise recommendations based on changing fitness levels, leading to more personalised care.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 460

Compare the purpose and outcomes of fitness testing for a recreational sports team versus an elite athletic program.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Recreational teams primarily use fitness testing to establish baseline fitness levels and track general improvements, whereas elite programs use testing for talent identification and highly specialised training prescription.
  • Testing frequency is typically lower for recreational teams (perhaps 1-2 times per season) compared to elite programs where regular monitoring may occur weekly or monthly.
  • Test selection for recreational teams focuses on general health and fitness components relevant to the sport, while elite programs employ sport-specific tests that closely mimic competitive demands.
  • Outcomes for recreational teams emphasise participation, enjoyment, and overall health benefits, whereas elite programs focus on performance optimisation and competitive advantage.
  • Data interpretation differs significantly, with recreational teams using results broadly to guide general training, while elite programs analyse detailed metrics to make precise training adjustments.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Recreational teams primarily use fitness testing to establish baseline fitness levels and track general improvements, whereas elite programs use testing for talent identification and highly specialised training prescription.
  • Testing frequency is typically lower for recreational teams (perhaps 1-2 times per season) compared to elite programs where regular monitoring may occur weekly or monthly.
  • Test selection for recreational teams focuses on general health and fitness components relevant to the sport, while elite programs employ sport-specific tests that closely mimic competitive demands.
  • Outcomes for recreational teams emphasise participation, enjoyment, and overall health benefits, whereas elite programs focus on performance optimisation and competitive advantage.
  • Data interpretation differs significantly, with recreational teams using results broadly to guide general training, while elite programs analyse detailed metrics to make precise training adjustments.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 458

Explain how fitness testing might be adapted for elderly populations to ensure both safety and meaningful results.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Traditional high-intensity tests should be replaced with lower-impact assessments such as the 6-minute walk test instead of running tests to reduce injury risk and accommodate reduced mobility.
  • Tests should focus on functional fitness components directly relevant to daily living activities such as sit-to-stand tests and balance assessments rather than maximal performance measures.
  • Rest periods between test components should be extended compared to younger populations to allow for adequate recovery and accurate measurement of capabilities.
  • Medical screening prior to testing is essential for elderly populations to identify contraindications and establish appropriate testing parameters based on individual health conditions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Traditional high-intensity tests should be replaced with lower-impact assessments such as the 6-minute walk test instead of running tests to reduce injury risk and accommodate reduced mobility.
  • Tests should focus on functional fitness components directly relevant to daily living activities such as sit-to-stand tests and balance assessments rather than maximal performance measures.
  • Rest periods between test components should be extended compared to younger populations to allow for adequate recovery and accurate measurement of capabilities.
  • Medical screening prior to testing is essential for elderly populations to identify contraindications and establish appropriate testing parameters based on individual health conditions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 457

Outline TWO benefits of conducting regular fitness testing for high school students.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • Fitness testing provides baseline measurements allowing students to track their progress over time, helping them set realistic goals for improvement and increase motivation.
  • Testing helps physical education teachers identify students who may need additional support or modified activities, ensuring more inclusive and effective programs.
  • Regular assessment helps identify strengths and weaknesses in the school’s physical education program, allowing for evidence-based curriculum adjustments.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • Fitness testing provides baseline measurements allowing students to track their progress over time, helping them set realistic goals for improvement and increase motivation.
  • Testing helps physical education teachers identify students who may need additional support or modified activities, ensuring more inclusive and effective programs.
  • Regular assessment helps identify strengths and weaknesses in the school’s physical education program, allowing for evidence-based curriculum adjustments.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 452 MC

Which of the following is the MOST important reason for conducting physical fitness testing in an adolescent population?

  1. To assign overall fitness rankings that determine athletic scholarships
  2. To help identify areas for improvement in physical education programs
  3. To ensure all students meet standardised minimum fitness thresholds
  4. To create competition between students to promote engagement
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: To help identify areas for improvement in physical education programs

  • Physical fitness testing in adolescents helps identify strengths and weaknesses in current physical education programs, allowing educators to make evidence-based adjustments to improve student outcomes.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Ranking students and determining scholarships is not the primary purpose of fitness testing in schools; this would create an inappropriate competitive environment.
  • C is incorrect: Enforcing standardised minimum thresholds fails to account for individual differences and may discourage rather than encourage participation.
  • D is incorrect: Creating competition between students may discourage less physically capable students and does not align with inclusive physical education goals.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 007

Australia's Health 2024 report states that 

Over the last century there have been substantial decreases in child and infant mortality rates, contributing to increases in overall life expectancy. For example, death rates for children under 5 declined by 97% between 1907 and 2022.

Outline how the decrease in infant mortality rates in Australia over the past century has contributed to increased life expectancy.   (2 marks)

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  • The significant decrease in infant mortality rates in Australia has contributed to increased life expectancy by reducing deaths in the early years of life.
  • As more children survive past their first year, the average life expectancy of the population increases because fewer lives are being cut short in infancy.
Show Worked Solution
  • The significant decrease in infant mortality rates in Australia has contributed to increased life expectancy by reducing deaths in the early years of life.
  • As more children survive past their first year, the average life expectancy of the population increases because fewer lives are being cut short in infancy.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 004 MC

Which of the following best represents the dynamic nature of health?

  1. Health is fixed and unchanging throughout life.
  2. Health can only be measured by the absence of disease.
  3. Health is determined solely by genetic factors.
  4. Health changes over time and is influenced by various factors.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider option D:

  • D is correct as it accurately reflects the dynamic nature of health, which recognises that health changes over time and is influenced by both personal and environmental factors.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect as it contradicts the dynamic nature of health by suggesting health is fixed and unchanging.
  • B is incorrect as it presents a limited view of health, focusing only on disease, while the dynamic nature of health encompasses all dimensions of wellbeing.
  • C is incorrect as it suggests health is determined by only one factor (genetics), whereas the dynamic nature of health recognizes multiple influences.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 448

A student investigated the impact of a 4-week aerobic training program on participants' recovery heart rates. Describe how the student could effectively present their findings to demonstrate individual variability in training responses.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Individual line graphs could be presented showing each participant’s recovery heart rate profile before and after training, highlighting the unique magnitude and pattern of improvement for each person.
  • Box plots could display the distribution of recovery heart rates at different time points, visually demonstrating the range and variability of responses while showing the overall group trend.
  • A table organising participants into responder categories (high, moderate, low) based on percentage improvement in recovery heart rate would effectively quantify and categorise individual variability while maintaining data organisation.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Individual line graphs could be presented showing each participant’s recovery heart rate profile before and after training, highlighting the unique magnitude and pattern of improvement for each person.
  • Box plots could display the distribution of recovery heart rates at different time points, visually demonstrating the range and variability of responses while showing the overall group trend.
  • A table organising participants into responder categories (high, moderate, low) based on percentage improvement in recovery heart rate would effectively quantify and categorise individual variability while maintaining data organisation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 445

Explain why it is important to acknowledge limitations when presenting the findings of a physiological investigation on aerobic training.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Acknowledging limitations demonstrates scientific integrity by recognising potential factors that could affect the validity of results, such as sample size constraints or measurement errors.
  • Identifying limitations provides context for interpreting findings, preventing overgeneralisation of conclusions beyond what the data can reasonably support.
  • Recognising limitations creates opportunities for improvement in future investigations by highlighting specific methodological aspects that could be strengthened.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Acknowledging limitations demonstrates scientific integrity by recognising potential factors that could affect the validity of results, such as sample size constraints or measurement errors.
  • Identifying limitations provides context for interpreting findings, preventing overgeneralisation of conclusions beyond what the data can reasonably support.
  • Recognising limitations creates opportunities for improvement in future investigations by highlighting specific methodological aspects that could be strengthened.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 442

Outline the purpose of including a visual representation of data when presenting findings from an investigation on physiological responses to aerobic training.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Visual representations such as graphs quickly communicate patterns in physiological data that might not be apparent in numerical tables.
  • Visuals allow for easier comparison of pre-training and post-training measurements, highlighting the magnitude of physiological adaptations.
  • Appropriate visual aids enhance audience understanding, particularly when presenting complex relationships between variables such as heart rate recovery time and training duration.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Visual representations such as graphs quickly communicate patterns in physiological data that might not be apparent in numerical tables.
  • Visuals allow for easier comparison of pre-training and post-training measurements, highlighting the magnitude of physiological adaptations.
  • Appropriate visual aids enhance audience understanding, particularly when presenting complex relationships between variables such as heart rate recovery time and training duration.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 439 MC

Which of the following is the most appropriate method for presenting findings from a physiological investigation on heart rate recovery after aerobic training?

  1. A pie chart displaying participants' ages
  2. A line graph showing heart rate changes over time
  3. A list of individual participant names and their maximum heart rates
  4. A bar graph comparing average heart rates before and after training
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: A line graph showing heart rate changes over time

  • A line graph effectively shows changes over time, which is essential for displaying heart rate recovery patterns after aerobic training.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: A pie chart is suitable for showing proportions within a whole, not for displaying physiological changes over time.
  • C is incorrect: A list of names and maximum heart rates doesn’t visually represent patterns or relationships in the data.
  • D is incorrect: A bar graph is better for comparing discrete categories rather than continuous changes over time that occur during recovery.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 436

A student wants to investigate the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on perceived exertion levels during standardized exercise tasks.

Outline ONE appropriate data collection method for this investigation and explain why it would be suitable.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • A survey using the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale would be an appropriate data collection method as it provides a standardised numerical rating of subjective exertion levels that can be administered before, during, and after exercise tasks.
  • This method is suitable because perceived exertion is a subjective experience that cannot be directly observed but can be quantified through structured self-reporting, allowing participants to communicate how hard they feel they are working during the exercise tasks.
  • The RPE scale survey would enable consistent measurement across all participants and across multiple time points, making it possible to track changes in perceived exertion over the 10-week training program and identify patterns within the data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • A survey using the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale would be an appropriate data collection method as it provides a standardised numerical rating of subjective exertion levels that can be administered before, during, and after exercise tasks.
  • This method is suitable because perceived exertion is a subjective experience that cannot be directly observed but can be quantified through structured self-reporting, allowing participants to communicate how hard they feel they are working during the exercise tasks.
  • The RPE scale survey would enable consistent measurement across all participants and across multiple time points, making it possible to track changes in perceived exertion over the 10-week training program and identify patterns within the data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 435 MC

A student is investigating how a 6-week aerobic training program affects participants' motivation to exercise. Which data collection method would provide the most comprehensive understanding of changes in motivation?

  1. Pre-post interviews asking open-ended questions about motivation and experiences
  2. Observation of attendance rates and effort levels during training sessions
  3. Surveys measuring only pre-program motivation levels
  4. Heart rate measurements during exercise sessions
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Pre-post interviews asking open-ended questions about motivation and experiences

  • Pre-post interviews with open-ended questions provide the most comprehensive understanding because they allow participants to express complex changes in motivation in their own words.
  • Interviews can capture unexpected factors, personal insights, and detailed explanations about how and why motivation changed throughout the program, providing rich qualitative data that other methods cannot capture.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Only captures external behaviors (attendance, effort) which may be influenced by factors other than motivation.
  • C is incorrect: Doesn’t measure changes in motivation since it only collects data at one time point.
  • D is incorrect: Measures physiological response to exercise, not psychological factors like motivation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 432

A student investigated how a 6-week aerobic training program affected recovery heart rate in Year 11 students. The results showed an average 9% improvement in 1-minute recovery heart rate following the program.

Identify ONE further research question that could be explored based on these findings and explain why this question would be valuable to investigate.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – or similar question and reasons with required detail

  • “Does the improvement in recovery heart rate correlate with improvements in endurance performance?” would directly build on the positive physiological finding by connecting it to functional outcomes.
    • This question is valuable because it would establish whether the measured physiological adaptation (improved recovery heart rate) translates to meaningful performance benefits that participants can experience in sports or daily activities.
    • Understanding this relationship would help coaches and physical education teachers better communicate the practical benefits of training adaptations to students, potentially improving motivation and program adherence.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – or similar question and reasons with required detail

  • “Does the improvement in recovery heart rate correlate with improvements in endurance performance?” would directly build on the positive physiological finding by connecting it to functional outcomes.
    • This question is valuable because it would establish whether the measured physiological adaptation (improved recovery heart rate) translates to meaningful performance benefits that participants can experience in sports or daily activities.
    • Understanding this relationship would help coaches and physical education teachers better communicate the practical benefits of training adaptations to students, potentially improving motivation and program adherence.

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 7

Points and form a triangle in the Cartesian Plane.

  1. Find the vectors and .    (1 mark)

  2. Find the angle  ,  giving your answer to the nearest degree.     (2 marks)

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a.     
           

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.      
         


 

b.   

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 4 MC

A 2 kg block is placed on a smooth inclined plane angled at 30 to the horizontal. Assume friction is negligible.

What is the most likely motion of the block?

  1. The block will move down the incline with a constant acceleration.
  2. The block will move down the incline with increasing acceleration.
  3. The block will remain at rest.
  4. The block will move down the incline at a constant speed.
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Show Worked Solution

→ The block will experience a constant force down the slope which can be calculated using .

→ As the block is subject to a constant force, it will also experience a constant acceleration down the slope (Newton’s 2nd Law).

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 002

Explain why people give different meanings to health. In your answer, provide two specific examples of different meanings between groups.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • People give different meanings to health based on their personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and socioeconomic circumstances.
  • For example, someone with a chronic illness may define health as being able to manage their condition and maintain independence, while an athlete might define health in terms of optimal physical performance.
  • Cultural values also influence health meanings, with some cultures emphasising spiritual and community aspects of health.
  • Additionally, a person’s age and life stage can affect how they define health, with younger people often focusing on physical capabilities while older individuals may prioritise mental wellbeing and social connections.
Show Worked Solution
  • People give different meanings to health based on their personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and socioeconomic circumstances.
  • For example, someone with a chronic illness may define health as being able to manage their condition and maintain independence, while an athlete might define health in terms of optimal physical performance.
  • Cultural values also influence health meanings, with some cultures emphasising spiritual and community aspects of health.
  • Additionally, a person’s age and life stage can affect how they define health, with younger people often focusing on physical capabilities while older individuals may prioritise mental wellbeing and social connections.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 001

Outline the World Health Organisation's (WHO) definition of health.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The World Health Organisation defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
  • This definition recognises that health encompasses multiple dimensions beyond just the physical aspect and the absence of illness.
Show Worked Solution
  • The World Health Organisation defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
  • This definition recognises that health encompasses multiple dimensions beyond just the physical aspect and the absence of illness.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 001 MC

Anne states that health is "the complete absence of disease."

James says health is "feeling good about myself and maintaining a positive outlook."

Samira suggests health is "having meaningful connections with others."

Which dimensions of health are Anne, James, and Samira describing in order?

  1. Physical, emotional, social
  2. Physical, mental, social
  3. Physical, spiritual, social
  4. Physical, emotional, cultural
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Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct as Anne is describing physical health (absence of disease), James is describing mental health (feeling good, positive outlook), and Samira is describing social health (connections with others).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: James is describing mental health rather than just emotional health.
  • C is incorrect: James’s description aligns with mental health, not spiritual health which relates to purpose and meaning.
  • D is incorrect: James is describing mental health, not emotional health, and Samira is describing social health, not cultural health.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 425

A student investigated how a 6-week aerobic training program affected resting heart rate in Year 11 students. Results showed an average decrease of 7 beats per minute, but some participants showed no change at all.

Identify ONE further research question that could be explored based on these findings and explain why this question would be valuable to investigate.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any ONE of the following or similar with same level of detail

Example 1

  • A valuable follow-up question would be “What factors influenced whether a participant experienced a reduction in resting heart rate?” as this directly addresses the variation in results identified in the original study.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify which participant characteristics (such as initial fitness level, adherence to the program, or genetic factors) determine training responsiveness.
  • Understanding these factors would allow future training programs to be modified or personalised to increase effectiveness for all participants, improving health outcomes for those who didn’t respond to the standard protocol.

Example 2

  • “Does the frequency of aerobic training sessions per week affect the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction?” would be a valuable follow-up question as it investigates whether training volume was a factor in the varied responses.
  • This question is valuable because it directly addresses program design, potentially identifying whether non-responders simply need more frequent training sessions to achieve similar benefits to those who showed improvements.
  • Results could help establish minimum effective training frequencies for resting heart rate adaptations in adolescents, improving the efficiency of school-based physical education programs.

Example 3

  • “Is there a correlation between baseline fitness levels and the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction following a 6-week aerobic training program?” would explore whether initial conditioning predicts responsiveness.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify whether the program was more effective for certain fitness profiles, allowing for better participant screening or customised program durations based on starting fitness.
  • Understanding this relationship would enable more personalised and efficient interventions by helping educators predict which students might need modified programs to achieve cardiovascular adaptations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any ONE of the following or similar with same level of detail

Example 1

  • A valuable follow-up question would be “What factors influenced whether a participant experienced a reduction in resting heart rate?” as this directly addresses the variation in results identified in the original study.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify which participant characteristics (such as initial fitness level, adherence to the program, or genetic factors) determine training responsiveness.
  • Understanding these factors would allow future training programs to be modified or personalised to increase effectiveness for all participants, improving health outcomes for those who didn’t respond to the standard protocol.

Example 2

  • “Does the frequency of aerobic training sessions per week affect the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction?” would be a valuable follow-up question as it investigates whether training volume was a factor in the varied responses.
  • This question is valuable because it directly addresses program design, potentially identifying whether non-responders simply need more frequent training sessions to achieve similar benefits to those who showed improvements.
  • Results could help establish minimum effective training frequencies for resting heart rate adaptations in adolescents, improving the efficiency of school-based physical education programs.

Example 3

  • “Is there a correlation between baseline fitness levels and the magnitude of resting heart rate reduction following a 6-week aerobic training program?” would explore whether initial conditioning predicts responsiveness.
  • This question is valuable because it would help identify whether the program was more effective for certain fitness profiles, allowing for better participant screening or customised program durations based on starting fitness.
  • Understanding this relationship would enable more personalised and efficient interventions by helping educators predict which students might need modified programs to achieve cardiovascular adaptations.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 423 MC

A student conducted research on the effects of aerobic training on blood pressure in Year 11 students. The results showed a significant decrease in resting blood pressure after 8 weeks of training for male participants, but minimal changes for female participants.

What would be the most appropriate follow-up research question?

  1. Do females require different types of aerobic training to achieve blood pressure reductions?
  2. Is aerobic training an effective intervention for reducing blood pressure?
  3. How long do blood pressure reductions last after the training program ends?
  4. What is the ideal exercise intensity for blood pressure reduction?
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Do females require different types of aerobic training to achieve blood pressure reductions?

  • This option directly addresses the gender difference observed in the results, seeking to understand why females responded differently to the same training protocol.
  • This builds directly on the findings and could help develop more effective, targeted interventions.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Asks a question that has already been partly answered by the original study (showing effectiveness for males).
  • C is incorrect: Focuses on the duration of effects rather than addressing the gender difference found in the results.
  • D is incorrect: Asks about optimisation without first addressing why the current protocol was ineffective for females.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 421 MC

After completing a 6-week aerobic training program investigating heart rate recovery in teenagers, a student found significant improvements in participants' recovery times but noticed that results varied considerably between individuals.

Which of the following represents the most appropriate further research question based on these findings?

  1. Would a 12-week program show greater improvements in heart rate recovery?
  2. How do different exercise intensities affect heart rate recovery improvements?
  3. Why is heart rate recovery a reliable indicator of cardiovascular fitness?
  4. Does heart rate recovery improve at the same rate for all types of aerobic exercise?
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: How do different exercise intensities affect heart rate recovery improvements?

  • This option directly addresses the variability in the results.
  • By investigating how different exercise intensities affect heart rate recovery improvements, the student could explore why participants responded differently to the same training program, potentially identifying optimal training zones for different individuals.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Simply extends the duration without addressing the variability in results.
  • C is incorrect: Focuses on validation of the measurement method rather than building on the findings.
  • D is incorrect: Too broad and doesn’t specifically address the individual differences noted in the results.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 418

In an aerobic training investigation, a student collected heart rate data immediately after a 12-minute Cooper run test. The student conducted the test on a school oval without marking the exact distance covered.

Identify TWO limitations of this data collection approach and explain how each affects the reliability of the results.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Not marking the exact distance covered creates inconsistency in performance measurement, reducing reliability as participants may run different distances in pre- and post-tests despite similar perceived effort levels.
  • Collecting heart rate only immediately after exercise, rather than at multiple time points during recovery, limits reliability as single measurements are more susceptible to momentary fluctuations and timing errors.
  • Failure to standardise pre-test conditions such as nutrition, hydration, sleep quality, or prior physical activity can lead to physiological variations unrelated to the training intervention, reducing reliability between testing sessions.
  • The absence of consistent environmental controls (temperature, humidity, wind conditions, surface conditions) on the school oval can significantly impact running performance and heart rate responses, creating test-retest variability.
  • Lack of standardised heart rate measurement technique and timing (exact seconds after exercise cessation) leads to inconsistent recovery phase measurements, as heart rate decreases rapidly after exercise stops.
  • Without precise timing protocols, the duration of the test itself might vary slightly between testing sessions, affecting the physiological demands and subsequent heart rate responses.
  • The absence of a standardised warm-up protocol before the test can result in different starting physiological states, influencing both performance and heart rate responses.
  • Failure to account for or control psychological factors like motivation, competition between participants, or external distractions on the school oval could affect effort levels and heart rate responses.
  • Without proper equipment calibration (if using heart rate monitors) or consistent manual pulse-taking technique (if done manually), the heart rate measurements themselves may lack precision and consistency.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Not marking the exact distance covered creates inconsistency in performance measurement, reducing reliability as participants may run different distances in pre- and post-tests despite similar perceived effort levels.
  • Collecting heart rate only immediately after exercise, rather than at multiple time points during recovery, limits reliability as single measurements are more susceptible to momentary fluctuations and timing errors.
  • Failure to standardise pre-test conditions such as nutrition, hydration, sleep quality, or prior physical activity can lead to physiological variations unrelated to the training intervention, reducing reliability between testing sessions.
  • The absence of consistent environmental controls (temperature, humidity, wind conditions, surface conditions) on the school oval can significantly impact running performance and heart rate responses, creating test-retest variability.
  • Lack of standardised heart rate measurement technique and timing (exact seconds after exercise cessation) leads to inconsistent recovery phase measurements, as heart rate decreases rapidly after exercise stops.
  • Without precise timing protocols, the duration of the test itself might vary slightly between testing sessions, affecting the physiological demands and subsequent heart rate responses.
  • The absence of a standardised warm-up protocol before the test can result in different starting physiological states, influencing both performance and heart rate responses.
  • Failure to account for or control psychological factors like motivation, competition between participants, or external distractions on the school oval could affect effort levels and heart rate responses.
  • Without proper equipment calibration (if using heart rate monitors) or consistent manual pulse-taking technique (if done manually), the heart rate measurements themselves may lack precision and consistency.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 411

When investigating physiological responses to aerobic training, a researcher must consider the validity of their data collection methods.

Outline TWO factors that could impact the validity of heart rate measurements during an aerobic training investigation.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can affect heart rate responses, potentially invalidating results if not controlled for, as they may influence the physiological variable being measured rather than the training itself.
  • Psychological factors including anxiety or nervousness around testing equipment can artificially elevate heart rate measurements, reducing validity as the numbers reflect stress responses rather than true training adaptations.
  • Measurement technique or equipment issues, such as incorrect placement of heart rate monitors, use of different monitoring devices between tests, or equipment malfunction/calibration errors, can result in inaccurate readings that don’t reflect true physiological responses.
  • Prior activity and lifestyle factors including recent food intake, caffeine consumption, medication use, or physical activity before testing can artificially alter heart rate responses, reducing the validity of measurements as indicators of training adaptations.
  • Subject-specific physiological variables like hydration status, illness, fatigue levels, or hormonal fluctuations (particularly in female participants) can significantly affect heart rate measurements, compromising validity if not controlled or accounted for.
  • Testing protocol inconsistencies including variations in warm-up procedures, exercise intensity, duration of measurement periods, or recovery intervals between testing components can invalidate comparisons between pre- and post-training measurements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can affect heart rate responses, potentially invalidating results if not controlled for, as they may influence the physiological variable being measured rather than the training itself.
  • Psychological factors including anxiety or nervousness around testing equipment can artificially elevate heart rate measurements, reducing validity as the numbers reflect stress responses rather than true training adaptations.
  • Measurement technique or equipment issues, such as incorrect placement of heart rate monitors, use of different monitoring devices between tests, or equipment malfunction/calibration errors, can result in inaccurate readings that don’t reflect true physiological responses.
  • Prior activity and lifestyle factors including recent food intake, caffeine consumption, medication use, or physical activity before testing can artificially alter heart rate responses, reducing the validity of measurements as indicators of training adaptations.
  • Subject-specific physiological variables like hydration status, illness, fatigue levels, or hormonal fluctuations (particularly in female participants) can significantly affect heart rate measurements, compromising validity if not controlled or accounted for.
  • Testing protocol inconsistencies including variations in warm-up procedures, exercise intensity, duration of measurement periods, or recovery intervals between testing components can invalidate comparisons between pre- and post-training measurements.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 5 MC

A student throws a ball with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of 40° above the horizontal. What are the horizontal and vertical components of the ball’s velocity?

  1. Horizontal: 15.3 m/s, Vertical: 12.9 m/s
  2. Horizontal: 12.9 m/s, Vertical: 15.3 m/s
  3. Horizontal: 20.0 m/s, Vertical: 0.0 m/s
  4. Horizontal: 17.1 m/s, Vertical: 17.1 m/s
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Show Worked Solution

 
 
 
 

 

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 16

A small plane is flying due south at 80 m/s. It makes a smooth 90° turn over 20 seconds and ends up flying due east at 60 m/s.

  1. Draw a vector diagram showing the change in velocity vector of the small plane.   (2 marks) 
  1. Calculate the average acceleration (magnitude and direction) during the turn.   (2 marks) 
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a.    
             

b.    .

Show Worked Solution

a.   
 

b.    
   
   

 

 
 

 
The average acceleration of the plane is .

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 407 MC

A student conducted an investigation on heart rate recovery after aerobic exercise by measuring participants' heart rates at 1-minute intervals following a step test. The student found that measurements varied significantly when using different pulse-taking methods (wrist, neck, and chest monitor).

Which statement best explains the issue with the data collection method?

  1. The investigation lacks credibility because heart rate recovery isn't a valid measure of aerobic fitness.
  2. The investigation lacks validity because different pulse-taking methods were not calibrated against each other.
  3. The investigation lacks reliability because inconsistent measuring techniques were used across participants.
  4. The investigation lacks credibility because a step test isn't an appropriate activity for testing aerobic fitness.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • The investigation lacks reliability because using different pulse-taking methods without standardisation creates inconsistency in the measurements.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of results when repeated measurements are taken, and in this case, the varying methods reduce the reliability of the data.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Heart rate recovery is a valid measure of aerobic fitness; the issue is not with the validity of what’s being measured.
  • B is incorrect: While calibration is important, the primary issue here is the inconsistent application of measuring techniques (a reliability issue), not validity.
  • D is incorrect: Step tests are widely accepted as appropriate for testing aerobic fitness; the credibility of the method itself is not in question.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 3 MC

Two birds take off from the same point at the same time.

    • Bird A flies due north at a speed of 12 m/s.

    • Bird B flies due east at a speed of 16 m/s.

What is the magnitude of the velocity of Bird A relative to Bird B?

  1. 20 m/s
  2. 12.8 m/s
  3. 8 m/s
  4. 28 m/s
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Show Worked Solution


 

Magnitude of

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 14

A boat is trying to cross a river that is 200 meters wide. The boat’s speed in still water is 5 m/s. The river flows eastward with a current of 3 m/s.

  1. If the boat heads straight north (perpendicular to the current), using a vector diagram. determine the magnitude and direction of its velocity relative to the ground?   (3 marks)

  1. How far downstream (east) will the boat have drifted by the time it reaches the opposite bank?   (1 mark)

  1. At what angle should the boat be aimed (relative to north) so that it reaches directly across from its starting point?   (2 marks)

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a.    The velocity of the boat relative to the ground is 5.83 m/s N31E.

b.   

c.    The boat should head N36.9W.

Show Worked Solution

a.    Using the vector diagrams below

  The velocity of the boat relative to the ground is 5.83 m/s N31E.
 

b.    
         

 
 
   

 
c.    
         

  The boat should head N36.9W.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 406

Explain the ethical considerations when using video recording to analyse breathing patterns during an aerobic training investigation.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Specific consent for video recording must be obtained separately from general participation consent, clearly explaining how the footage will be used, stored, and eventually destroyed.
  • Participant privacy must be protected by recording in an appropriate setting away from uninvolved observers and ensuring the camera angle focuses only on relevant areas (chest/torso) for breathing analysis.
  • Access to video recordings should be strictly limited to those directly involved in the analysis process to maintain confidentiality.
  • Participants should be given the option to review their own footage and request deletion if they feel uncomfortable with the recording, respecting their ongoing right to control their personal data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Specific consent for video recording must be obtained separately from general participation consent, clearly explaining how the footage will be used, stored, and eventually destroyed.
  • Participant privacy must be protected by recording in an appropriate setting away from uninvolved observers and ensuring the camera angle focuses only on relevant areas (chest/torso) for breathing analysis.
  • Access to video recordings should be strictly limited to those directly involved in the analysis process to maintain confidentiality.
  • Participants should be given the option to review their own footage and request deletion if they feel uncomfortable with the recording, respecting their ongoing right to control their personal data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 405

Outline the ethical responsibilities researchers have when collecting data from participants during an aerobic training investigation.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Researchers must obtain voluntary informed consent from all participants (or parents/guardians for minors) before collecting any physiological data.
  • Participant safety must be prioritized through appropriate screening, monitoring during exercise, and immediate cessation of activity if adverse responses occur.
  • All data collected must be handled confidentially and stored securely to protect participant privacy throughout and after the investigation.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Researchers must obtain voluntary informed consent from all participants (or parents/guardians for minors) before collecting any physiological data.
  • Participant safety must be prioritized through appropriate screening, monitoring during exercise, and immediate cessation of activity if adverse responses occur.
  • All data collected must be handled confidentially and stored securely to protect participant privacy throughout and after the investigation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 400

Explain ethical considerations when using a control group in an investigation of how aerobic training affects recovery heart rate.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The control group should not be disadvantaged by participation, which means they should receive an alternative appropriate activity rather than simply sitting idle.
  • All participants (both experimental and control groups) must receive full information about the group they are in and what their participation involves before giving consent.
  • If the aerobic training shows clear benefits during the investigation, there may be an ethical obligation to offer the control group similar training opportunities after the investigation concludes.
  • Random assignment to groups rather than selective placement ensures fairness and scientific validity while reducing potential bias.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The control group should not be disadvantaged by participation, which means they should receive an alternative appropriate activity rather than simply sitting idle.
  • All participants (both experimental and control groups) must receive full information about the group they are in and what their participation involves before giving consent.
  • If the aerobic training shows clear benefits during the investigation, there may be an ethical obligation to offer the control group similar training opportunities after the investigation concludes.
  • Random assignment to groups rather than selective placement ensures fairness and scientific validity while reducing potential bias.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 398

Explain why maintaining confidentiality is an important ethical consideration when collecting physiological data during aerobic training investigations.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Physiological data such as heart rate, ventilation rate, and fitness levels are personal health information that participants have a right to keep private.
  • Breaches in confidentiality could lead to embarrassment or stigma if individual fitness levels or physiological responses are shared with others without permission.
  • Maintaining confidentiality builds trust with participants, encouraging honest participation and more reliable data collection during the investigation.
  • Practical measures to ensure confidentiality include using participant codes instead of names, storing data securely, and only presenting aggregated or de-identified results when sharing findings.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Physiological data such as heart rate, ventilation rate, and fitness levels are personal health information that participants have a right to keep private.
  • Breaches in confidentiality could lead to embarrassment or stigma if individual fitness levels or physiological responses are shared with others without permission.
  • Maintaining confidentiality builds trust with participants, encouraging honest participation and more reliable data collection during the investigation.
  • Practical measures to ensure confidentiality include using participant codes instead of names, storing data securely, and only presenting aggregated or de-identified results when sharing findings.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 393 MC

When investigating heart rate responses to aerobic training in classmates, which of the following is the most important ethical consideration?

  1. Getting permission from the school principal
  2. Obtaining informed consent from participants
  3. Using the latest heart rate monitoring technology
  4. Publishing the results in a school newsletter
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Obtaining informed consent from participants

  • Obtaining informed consent ensures participants understand the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw from the investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: While administrative approval may be required, participant consent is the primary ethical consideration.
  • C is incorrect: Technology choice is a methodological decision, not a primary ethical consideration.
  • D is incorrect: Publication decisions come after data collection and are secondary to participant consent.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 388

Explain how a student could collect data on recovery heart rate following a 15-minute aerobic exercise session.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Record the heart rate immediately upon completion of the 15-minute exercise session using a heart rate monitor or manual pulse check.
  • Continue monitoring heart rate at regular intervals (e.g., 1-minute, 3-minute, 5-minute, and 10-minute marks) during the recovery period.
  • Have participants remain seated in a consistent position throughout the recovery monitoring to standardise conditions.
  • Create a recovery heart rate profile by plotting the heart rate values against time to visualise the rate of recovery and identify when heart rate returns to near-resting levels.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Record the heart rate immediately upon completion of the 15-minute exercise session using a heart rate monitor or manual pulse check.
  • Continue monitoring heart rate at regular intervals (e.g., 1-minute, 3-minute, 5-minute, and 10-minute marks) during the recovery period.
  • Have participants remain seated in a consistent position throughout the recovery monitoring to standardise conditions.
  • Create a recovery heart rate profile by plotting the heart rate values against time to visualise the rate of recovery and identify when heart rate returns to near-resting levels.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 386

A student has access to a respiratory rate monitor with a chest strap sensor to investigate ventilation responses during aerobic training. Describe how this equipment should be used to collect ventilation rate data during a 20-minute aerobic exercise session.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • The chest strap sensor should be calibrated and securely fastened around the participant’s chest before beginning the exercise session to ensure accurate measurement.
  • The device should be set to record breath frequency continuously throughout the 20-minute session with data stored automatically at preset intervals (every 30 seconds).
  • The participant’s baseline ventilation rate should be recorded during a 2-minute rest period before commencing exercise to establish individual reference values.
  • After completing the aerobic session, ventilation rate should continue to be monitored for a 5-minute recovery period to observe how quickly breathing returns to baseline levels.
  • All collected data should be transferred to a spreadsheet for analysis, allowing calculation of average rates, maximum rates, and recovery patterns.
  • Consistent placement of the chest strap sensor between participants and testing sessions is essential to ensure reliable and comparable data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The chest strap sensor should be calibrated and securely fastened around the participant’s chest before beginning the exercise session to ensure accurate measurement.
  • The device should be set to record breath frequency continuously throughout the 20-minute session with data stored automatically at preset intervals (every 30 seconds).
  • The participant’s baseline ventilation rate should be recorded during a 2-minute rest period before commencing exercise to establish individual reference values.
  • After completing the aerobic session, ventilation rate should continue to be monitored for a 5-minute recovery period to observe how quickly breathing returns to baseline levels.
  • All collected data should be transferred to a spreadsheet for analysis, allowing calculation of average rates, maximum rates, and recovery patterns.
  • Consistent placement of the chest strap sensor between participants and testing sessions is essential to ensure reliable and comparable data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 381 MC

A student wants to collect data on the immediate cardiovascular response to a 10-minute jog. Which method would be most appropriate?

  1. Blood sample analysis
  2. Heart rate monitoring
  3. Muscle biopsy
  4. Bone density scan
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Heart rate monitoring

  • Heart rate monitoring provides immediate, non-invasive data about cardiovascular responses during aerobic exercise.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Blood sample analysis is invasive and better suited for measuring metabolic markers, not immediate cardiovascular responses.
  • C is incorrect: Muscle biopsy is highly invasive and measures muscle tissue changes, not immediate cardiovascular responses.
  • D is incorrect: Bone density scanning measures skeletal characteristics, not cardiovascular responses to exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 379

A student is studying physiological responses to aerobic training. Outline the steps they should take to develop a focused research question on this topic.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Identify a specific physiological response of interest (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, body temperature) that can be reliably measured.
  • Determine the exact aerobic training activity or protocol to be studied, including details of duration and intensity.
  • Consider the particular aspect of the response to investigate (immediate changes, recovery patterns, or adaptations over time).
  • Formulate a question that establishes a clear relationship between the training and the physiological response, using precise language and avoiding ambiguity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Identify a specific physiological response of interest (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, body temperature) that can be reliably measured.
  • Determine the exact aerobic training activity or protocol to be studied, including details of duration and intensity.
  • Consider the particular aspect of the response to investigate (immediate changes, recovery patterns, or adaptations over time).
  • Formulate a question that establishes a clear relationship between the training and the physiological response, using precise language and avoiding ambiguity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 372

Describe the key components that should be included when creating a research question about physiological responses to aerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Specific physiological response being measured (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, blood lactate levels) must be clearly identified.
  • Type of aerobic training or exercise protocol should be defined with specific parameters such as duration, intensity, or frequency.
  • Target population or participant group should be specified if the research is focused on a particular demographic.
  • Relationship or effect being investigated should be clearly articulated (e.g., immediate response, recovery pattern, or training adaptation).
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Specific physiological response being measured (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, blood lactate levels) must be clearly identified.
  • Type of aerobic training or exercise protocol should be defined with specific parameters such as duration, intensity, or frequency.
  • Target population or participant group should be specified if the research is focused on a particular demographic.
  • Relationship or effect being investigated should be clearly articulated (e.g., immediate response, recovery pattern, or training adaptation).

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 370 MC

Which of the following research questions would best allow investigation of a physiological response to aerobic training?

  1. "How many students participate in school aerobic activities?"
  2. "What is the most popular aerobic activity among teenagers?"
  3. "Why do some people prefer swimming to running?"
  4. "How does a 20-minute cycling session affect cardiac output?"
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: “How does a 20-minute cycling session affect cardiac output?”

  • Specifically identifies both the aerobic training stimulus (20-minute cycling) and the physiological response being measured (cardiac output).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Measures participation rates, not physiological responses.
  • B is incorrect: Examines popularity of activities, not physiological responses.
  • C is incorrect: Investigates psychological preferences, not physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 367 MC

When creating a research question about physiological responses to aerobic training, which of the following would be most appropriate?

  1. "Does aerobic training make you tired?"
  2. "How does heart rate respond to a 12-minute aerobic fitness test?"
  3. "Is aerobic exercise better than weight training?"
  4. "Why do people enjoy aerobic training?"
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: “How does heart rate respond to a 12-minute aerobic fitness test?”

  • This option is specific, measurable, and directly investigates a physiological response (heart rate) to a defined aerobic training activity.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too vague and subjective without specifying a physiological response.
  • C is incorrect: Compares different exercise types rather than investigating a physiological response.
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on psychological aspects rather than physiological responses

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 363

Explain what happens to blood lactate levels during aerobic training of increasing intensity.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • At rest, blood lactate levels remain low at approximately 1-2 mmol/L
  • During light to moderate aerobic exercise, lactate production increases slightly but remains in equilibrium with clearance
  • When exercise intensity increases to the aerobic threshold, lactate levels begin to rise gradually but remain manageable
  • At the lactate threshold/inflection point, lactate production exceeds the body’s ability to clear it effectively
  • Beyond this point, lactate accumulates rapidly, contributing to fatigue and limiting performance duration
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • At rest, blood lactate levels remain low at approximately 1-2 mmol/L
  • During light to moderate aerobic exercise, lactate production increases slightly but remains in equilibrium with clearance
  • When exercise intensity increases to the aerobic threshold, lactate levels begin to rise gradually but remain manageable
  • At the lactate threshold/inflection point, lactate production exceeds the body’s ability to clear it effectively
  • Beyond this point, lactate accumulates rapidly, contributing to fatigue and limiting performance duration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 361

Explain how the body adjusts ventilation during aerobic exercise.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Ventilation rate increases to take in more oxygen needed for aerobic energy production
  • Breathing becomes deeper to increase lung volume and oxygen intake capacity
  • Carbon dioxide removal increases through higher ventilation to prevent acid-base imbalance
  • Respiratory muscles work harder, particularly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to facilitate increased air movement
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Ventilation rate increases to take in more oxygen needed for aerobic energy production
  • Breathing becomes deeper to increase lung volume and oxygen intake capacity
  • Carbon dioxide removal increases through higher ventilation to prevent acid-base imbalance
  • Respiratory muscles work harder, particularly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to facilitate increased air movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 357 MC

During a 30 minute jog, a student recorded an increase in their cardiac output. This change is primarily due to:

  1. Decreased blood pressure
  2. Increased respiratory rate
  3. Increased heart rate and stroke volume
  4. Decreased peripheral resistance
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Increased heart rate and stroke volume

  • Cardiac output increases during aerobic exercise due to both increased heart rate and stroke volume.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Blood pressure typically increases (not decreases) during exercise.
  • B is incorrect: Respiratory rate increases but doesn’t directly cause cardiac output increase.
  • D is incorrect: Peripheral resistance decreases but isn’t the primary cause of increased cardiac output.