Band 5

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 229

Compare how continuous training would be applied differently for an individual sport athlete versus a team sport athlete. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Individual sport athletes

Athletes like marathon runners can maintain longer continuous training durations (60-120 minutes) as they control their own pace during competition.
Individual sport continuous training can be more specific to competition demands as the intensity remains relatively steady (65-75% MHR) throughout performance.
Individual endurance athletes can focus on steady-state exercise that directly mirrors their competition demands.
Can focus solely on aerobic development through continuous training as it closely matches their competition requirements, allowing for precise heart rate monitoring and pacing strategies that directly transfer to competition performance.

Team sport athletes

Typically require shorter continuous training durations (30-45 minutes) due to the stop-start nature of games requiring multiple energy systems.
Intensity varies significantly during play requiring additional high-intensity training methods.
Must consider multiple fitness components alongside continuous training to meet varied game demands such as agility and power.
Need to incorporate skill work alongside continuous training to develop both fitness and technical abilities, often using modified continuous training that includes ball skills or sport-specific movements while maintaining aerobic intensity to improve game-specific endurance.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Individual sport athletes

Athletes like marathon runners can maintain longer continuous training durations (60-120 minutes) as they control their own pace during competition.
Individual sport continuous training can be more specific to competition demands as the intensity remains relatively steady (65-75% MHR) throughout performance.
Individual endurance athletes can focus on steady-state exercise that directly mirrors their competition demands.
Can focus solely on aerobic development through continuous training as it closely matches their competition requirements, allowing for precise heart rate monitoring and pacing strategies that directly transfer to competition performance.

Team sport athletes

Typically require shorter continuous training durations (30-45 minutes) due to the stop-start nature of games requiring multiple energy systems.
Intensity varies significantly during play requiring additional high-intensity training methods.
Must consider multiple fitness components alongside continuous training to meet varied game demands such as agility and power.
Need to incorporate skill work alongside continuous training to develop both fitness and technical abilities, often using modified continuous training that includes ball skills or sport-specific movements while maintaining aerobic intensity to improve game-specific endurance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 228

Explain how a soccer player could use continuous training to improve their aerobic capacity during pre-season. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Long slow distance running at 65-75% MHR for 30-45 mins should be implemented initially, allowing development of the aerobic energy system which is crucial for the 90-minute game duration in soccer, while minimising injury risk during early pre-season.
Duration should be gradually increased from 30 to 45 minutes as fitness improves to ensure progressive overload, with a corresponding increase in distance covered to match the 10-12 km typically run during a soccer match.
Maintaining a steady pace throughout without rest periods enhances cardiorespiratory adaptations by forcing continued oxygen delivery to working muscles, leading to increased stroke volume and improved cardiac output.
Including soccer-specific movements during continuous runs such as gradual directional changes and ball work at a steady pace ensures training specificity while maintaining aerobic development.
As pre-season progresses, intensity can be increased to 75-80% MHR to more closely replicate match conditions, while still maintaining the continuous nature of the training to further develop aerobic capacity.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Long slow distance running at 65-75% MHR for 30-45 mins should be implemented initially, allowing development of the aerobic energy system which is crucial for the 90-minute game duration in soccer, while minimising injury risk during early pre-season.
Duration should be gradually increased from 30 to 45 minutes as fitness improves to ensure progressive overload, with a corresponding increase in distance covered to match the 10-12 km typically run during a soccer match.
Maintaining a steady pace throughout without rest periods enhances cardiorespiratory adaptations by forcing continued oxygen delivery to working muscles, leading to increased stroke volume and improved cardiac output.
Including soccer-specific movements during continuous runs such as gradual directional changes and ball work at a steady pace ensures training specificity while maintaining aerobic development.
As pre-season progresses, intensity can be increased to 75-80% MHR to more closely replicate match conditions, while still maintaining the continuous nature of the training to further develop aerobic capacity.

L&E, 2ADV E1 2024 MET1 6

Solve $2 \log _3(x-4)+\log _3(x)=2$ for $x$. (4 marks)

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$\dfrac{7 + \sqrt{13}}{2}$

Show Worked Solution

$2\log_3(x-4)+\log_3(x)$	$=2$
$\log_3x(x-4)^2$	$=2$
$x(x-4)^2$	$=3^2$
$x(x^2-8x+16)-9$	$=0$
$x^3-8x^2+16x-9$	$=0$

$\text{Find a factor}\ \ \Rightarrow\ \ \text{Test}\ \ x=1:$

$1^3-8(1)^2+16(1)-9=0$

$\therefore\ x-1\ \text{is a factor} $

♦♦ Mean mark 36%.

$(x-1)(x^2-7x+9)=0$

$\text{Using quadratic formula to solve}\ \ x^2-7x+9=0:$

$x$	$=\dfrac{-(-7)\pm\sqrt{(-7)^2-4(1)(9)}}{2(1)}$
	$=\dfrac{7\pm \sqrt{49-36}}{2}$
	$=\dfrac{7\pm \sqrt{13}}{2}$

$ x=1, \dfrac{7- \sqrt{13}}{2}, \dfrac{7 + \sqrt{13}}{2}$

$\text{For }\log_3(x-4)\ \text{to exist}\ x>4$

$\therefore\ \dfrac{7 + \sqrt{13}}{2}\ \text{ is the only possible solution.}$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 219

Evaluate the importance of glycogen loading for aerobic versus anaerobic activities. (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Important for aerobic performance as adequate carbohydrate intake ensures glycogen availability for sustained energy production during extended activities like distance running
Less important for anaerobic activities as these rely primarily on stored ATP and phosphocreatine for energy during short intense efforts like sprinting
Essential for maintaining blood glucose levels during prolonged aerobic activities, allowing continuous energy production through the aerobic system
Beneficial between repeated anaerobic efforts as it helps maintain energy availability for multiple short intense bursts of activity

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Important for aerobic performance as adequate carbohydrate intake ensures glycogen availability for sustained energy production during extended activities like distance running
Less important for anaerobic activities as these rely primarily on stored ATP and phosphocreatine for energy during short intense efforts like sprinting
Essential for maintaining blood glucose levels during prolonged aerobic activities, allowing continuous energy production through the aerobic system
Beneficial between repeated anaerobic efforts as it helps maintain energy availability for multiple short intense bursts of activity

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 218

Analyse how micronutrient requirements vary between aerobic and anaerobic athletes. (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

B vitamins crucial for ATP production: B1 and B2 needed 50% higher in aerobic athletes for sustained energy metabolism
Iron requirements 30-50% higher in aerobic athletes due to increased red blood cell production and oxygen transport
Zinc particularly important for anaerobic athletes as it aids protein synthesis and muscle repair post high-intensity effort
Magnesium requirements increase 20% in both systems: aerobic athletes need it for endurance muscle contraction while anaerobic athletes require it for explosive force production

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

B vitamins crucial for ATP production: B1 and B2 needed 50% higher in aerobic athletes for sustained energy metabolism
Iron requirements 30-50% higher in aerobic athletes due to increased red blood cell production and oxygen transport
Zinc particularly important for anaerobic athletes as it aids protein synthesis and muscle repair post high-intensity effort
Magnesium requirements increase 20% in both systems: aerobic athletes need it for endurance muscle contraction while anaerobic athletes require it for explosive force production

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 204

Compare pre and post-training nutrition requirements for a gymnast. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Pre-training requires low-GI carbohydrates for sustained energy during skills, while post-training needs high-GI carbohydrates for rapid glycogen replenishment needed in artistic gymnastics training
Pre-training protein intake should be moderate (15-20g) to avoid digestive issues during rotations, while post-training requires immediate high-quality protein (20-30g) to support joint and muscle recovery
Pre-training focuses on easily digestible foods to prevent discomfort during high-impact skills, while post-training emphasises nutrient-dense options to replenish minerals depleted in training
Timing pre-training meal 2-3 hours before ensures stable blood sugar during precise skills, while post-training nutrition within 30 minutes maximises the recovery window
Pre-training hydration requires adequate fluid intake for safe skill execution, while post-training electrolyte replacement becomes priority due to intense gymnastic conditioning

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Pre-training requires low-GI carbohydrates for sustained energy during skills, while post-training needs high-GI carbohydrates for rapid glycogen replenishment needed in artistic gymnastics training
Pre-training protein intake should be moderate (15-20g) to avoid digestive issues during rotations, while post-training requires immediate high-quality protein (20-30g) to support joint and muscle recovery
Pre-training focuses on easily digestible foods to prevent discomfort during high-impact skills, while post-training emphasises nutrient-dense options to replenish minerals depleted in training
Timing pre-training meal 2-3 hours before ensures stable blood sugar during precise skills, while post-training nutrition within 30 minutes maximises the recovery window
Pre-training hydration requires adequate fluid intake for safe skill execution, while post-training electrolyte replacement becomes priority due to intense gymnastic conditioning

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 203

Assess how different types of dietary fat impact an athlete's performance. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Saturated fats provide concentrated energy storage for long-duration low-intensity activities such as ultra-marathons, where fat oxidation becomes a primary fuel source after glycogen depletion
Medium-chain triglycerides offer a quick energy source during moderate-intensity exercise as they are absorbed directly into the bloodstream and transported to the liver for rapid energy conversion
Essential fatty acids support hormone production which affects strength and recovery by maintaining testosterone levels and reducing cortisol, particularly important for power athletes during intense training blocks
Omega-3s reduce exercise-induced inflammation improving recovery between sessions by decreasing inflammatory markers and muscle soreness, allowing athletes to maintain training quality
Dietary fat intake affects fat-soluble vitamin (A,D,E,K) absorption which impacts overall training adaptation through supporting bone health, immune function and antioxidant protection during high training loads

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Saturated fats provide concentrated energy storage for long-duration low-intensity activities such as ultra-marathons, where fat oxidation becomes a primary fuel source after glycogen depletion
Medium-chain triglycerides offer a quick energy source during moderate-intensity exercise as they are absorbed directly into the bloodstream and transported to the liver for rapid energy conversion
Essential fatty acids support hormone production which affects strength and recovery by maintaining testosterone levels and reducing cortisol, particularly important for power athletes during intense training blocks
Omega-3s reduce exercise-induced inflammation improving recovery between sessions by decreasing inflammatory markers and muscle soreness, allowing athletes to maintain training quality
Dietary fat intake affects fat-soluble vitamin (A,D,E,K) absorption which impacts overall training adaptation through supporting bone health, immune function and antioxidant protection during high training loads

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 200 MC

During a 3-hour tennis match in summer, an athlete consumes only water. What micronutrient imbalance is likely to occur first?

Calcium
Sodium
Iron
Vitamin B

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Sodium

Sodium loss through sweating affects fluid balance and muscle function first.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Calcium loss minimal during exercise
C is incorrect: Iron loss not significant in short term
D is incorrect: B vitamins not depleted rapidly

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 197

Compare the nutritional requirements of a sprinter versus a marathon runner in preparation for competition. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Sprinter requires higher protein intake (2.0g/kg) for power/strength maintenance while marathon runners need moderate amounts (1.2-1.4g/kg)
Marathon runner needs greater carbohydrate stores (7-10g/kg) compared to sprinter’s moderate requirements (5-7g/kg)
Sprinter focuses on creatine supplementation to enhance ATP-PCr system while marathon runner emphasises electrolyte balance
Marathon runner emphasises pre-race glycogen loading while sprinter maintains normal carbohydrate intake
Timing of intake varies based on event duration with sprinters eating 2-3 hours pre-event versus marathon carb-loading days before

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Sprinter requires higher protein intake (2.0g/kg) for power/strength maintenance while marathon runners need moderate amounts (1.2-1.4g/kg)
Marathon runner needs greater carbohydrate stores (7-10g/kg) compared to sprinter’s moderate requirements (5-7g/kg)
Sprinter focuses on creatine supplementation to enhance ATP-PC system while marathon runner emphasises electrolyte balance
Marathon runner emphasises pre-race glycogen loading while sprinter maintains normal carbohydrate intake
Timing of intake varies based on event duration with sprinters eating 2-3 hours pre-event versus marathon carb-loading days before

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 196

Assess the importance of iron intake for female endurance athletes. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Prevents anemia which reduces oxygen transport capacity and impairs aerobic performance
Supports increased blood volume during training adaptations by enabling greater hemoglobin production
Compensates for iron loss through menstruation which can lead to decreased performance if not addressed
Essential for aerobic energy system efficiency as iron enables oxygen transport to working muscles
Critical for maintaining training intensity and volume by ensuring adequate oxygen delivery during exercise

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Prevents anemia which reduces oxygen transport capacity and impairs aerobic performance
Supports increased blood volume during training adaptations by enabling greater hemoglobin production
Compensates for iron loss through menstruation which can lead to decreased performance if not addressed
Essential for aerobic energy system efficiency as iron enables oxygen transport to working muscles
Critical for maintaining training intensity and volume by ensuring adequate oxygen delivery during exercise

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 193 MC

A powerlifter notices their muscular strength has declined despite maintaining their training program. Which micronutrient deficiency is most likely causing this issue?

Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Iron
Zinc

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency directly impacts muscle strength and power output.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Primarily impacts connective tissue
C is incorrect: Impacts oxygen transport not direct strength
D is incorrect: Impacts protein synthesis but less direct effect

$\Rightarrow A$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 188

Compare the causes of fatigue between a 400m sprint and a marathon runner. (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

The 400 m sprinter experiences significant lactic acid accumulation as the glycolytic system dominates, causing the blood pH to drop below optimal levels and impacting muscle contraction efficiency.
Marathon runners face severe glycogen depletion after approximately 90 minutes of continuous exercise, leading to a significant decrease in energy availability for working muscles.
The 400 m athlete experiences acute neural fatigue from maximal recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibres, impacting power output and coordination in the latter stages of the race.
Marathon runners face progressive dehydration and electrolyte imbalance over the extended duration, affecting cellular function and muscle contraction capability.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The 400 m sprinter experiences significant lactic acid accumulation as the glycolytic system dominates, causing the blood pH to drop below optimal levels and impacting muscle contraction efficiency.
Marathon runners face severe glycogen depletion after approximately 90 minutes of continuous exercise, leading to a significant decrease in energy availability for working muscles.
The 400 m athlete experiences acute neural fatigue from maximal recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibres, impacting power output and coordination in the latter stages of the race.
Marathon runners face progressive dehydration and electrolyte imbalance over the extended duration, affecting cellular function and muscle contraction capability.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 186 MC

Which row correctly identifies the main cause of fatigue for different duration activities?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{10 second sprint}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textbf{2 minute swim}& \textbf{2 hour run} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{ATP depletion}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{Lactic acid}&\text{Glycogen depletion}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Lactic acid}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Glycogen depletion}&\text{ATP depletion}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Glycogen depletion}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{ATP depletion}&\text{Lactic acid} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Lactic acid}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{ATP depletion}&\text{Glycogen depletion} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

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$A$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: ATP depletion → Lactic acid → Glycogen depletion

ATP-PCr depletes in short efforts, lactic acid accumulates in medium duration activities, and glycogen depletes in endurance events.

Other Options:

B, C and D all incorrect: Energy system fatigue responses for stated durations are incorrect

$\Rightarrow A$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 182

Analyse how the three energy systems interact during a 3-minute boxing round. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

The ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for explosive combinations and power punches in the first 10 seconds of engagement before becoming depleted.
When combinations extend beyond 10 seconds, the lactic acid system becomes the primary energy source allowing the boxer to maintain high-intensity output for up to 60 seconds of sustained fighting.
The aerobic system continuously operates in the background, providing energy during lower intensity movement and enabling quick recovery between exchanges.
Rather than functioning independently, all three energy systems work simultaneously with their relative contributions shifting based on the intensity and duration of fighting sequences.
Brief periods of reduced intensity between combinations allow partial replenishment of the ATP-PCr system, enabling repeated explosive efforts throughout the round.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for explosive combinations and power punches in the first 10 seconds of engagement before becoming depleted.
When combinations extend beyond 10 seconds, the lactic acid system becomes the primary energy source allowing the boxer to maintain high-intensity output for up to 60 seconds of sustained fighting.
The aerobic system continuously operates in the background, providing energy during lower intensity movement and enabling quick recovery between exchanges.
Rather than functioning independently, all three energy systems work simultaneously with their relative contributions shifting based on the intensity and duration of fighting sequences.
Brief periods of reduced intensity between combinations allow partial replenishment of the ATP-PCr system, enabling repeated explosive efforts throughout the round.

Networks, STD2 N3 2024 GEN2 14

A manufacturer $(M)$ makes deliveries to the supermarket $(S)$ via a number of storage warehouses, $L, N, O, P, Q$ and $R$. These eight locations are represented as vertices in the network below.

The numbers on the edges represent the maximum number of deliveries that can be made between these locations each day.

When considering the possible flow of deliveries through this network, many different cuts can be made.
Determine the capacity of Cut 1, shown above. (1 mark)

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Determine the maximum number of deliveries that can be made each day from the manufacturer to the supermarket. (2 marks)

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a. $46$

b. $37$

Show Worked Solution

a. $13+18+6+9=46$

$\text{(Reverse flow}\ Q → O\ \text{is not counted.)}$

$\text{Max deliveries (min cut)}\ =13+5+11+8=37$

♦ Mean mark (b) 29%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 174 MC

An athlete trains using different intensities across a session. Which energy system requires the LONGEST recovery period?

ATP-PCr system after a 10-second sprint
Glycolytic system after a 60-second effort
Aerobic system after a 10-minute effort
ATP-PCr and Glycolytic combined after a 20-second effort

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Glycolytic system after a 60-second effort

A 60-second maximal glycolytic effort produces high lactate levels requiring extended recovery time for acid-base balance restoration and lactate removal.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: ATP-PCr recovers relatively quickly
C is incorrect: Aerobic system recovers during activity
D is incorrect: Combined systems don’t extend recovery time

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 170

Analyse how varying durations of training activities affect energy system development in soccer players. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Short duration sprints (0-10s) develop ATP-PCr system for explosive movements like beating defenders, improving both immediate energy availability and phosphocreatine regeneration.
Medium duration high-intensity activities (30-90s) enhance the glycolytic system through attacking play sequences, increasing players’ lactate threshold and repeated sprint ability.
Longer duration aerobic training improves base fitness and oxygen utilisation through small-sided games, enabling sustained performance across 90 minutes and enhanced recovery capacity.
Recovery periods between activities must match energy system demands (3 minutes for ATP-PCr, 5 minutes for lactate clearance) to optimise training adaptations.
Training must integrate varied durations to develop all energy systems simultaneously, meeting soccer’s specific demands from explosive sprints to sustained moderate activity.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Short duration sprints (0-10s) develop ATP-PCr system for explosive movements like beating defenders, improving both immediate energy availability and phosphocreatine regeneration.
Medium duration high-intensity activities (30-90s) enhance the glycolytic system through attacking play sequences, increasing players’ lactate threshold and repeated sprint ability.
Longer duration aerobic training improves base fitness and oxygen utilisation through small-sided games, enabling sustained performance across 90 minutes and enhanced recovery capacity.
Recovery periods between activities must match energy system demands (3 minutes for ATP-PCr, 5 minutes for lactate clearance) to optimise training adaptations.
Training must integrate varied durations to develop all energy systems simultaneously, meeting soccer’s specific demands from explosive sprints to sustained moderate activity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 168 MC

During a marathon run lasting over 3 hours, which energy system contribution would be most accurate?

70% aerobic, 20% glycolytic, 10% ATP-PCr
95% aerobic, 4% glycolytic, 1% ATP-PCr
85% aerobic, 10% glycolytic, 5% ATP-PCr
60% aerobic, 30% glycolytic, 10% ATP-PCr

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 95% aerobic, 4% glycolytic, 1% ATP-PCr

Marathon running is an endurance activity requiring sustained energy production over 3+ hours, which can only be achieved through the aerobic system’s efficient use of oxygen and fuel substrates.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Glycolytic contribution too high for endurance event
C is incorrect: Percentages don’t reflect true duration demands
D is incorrect: Anaerobic contribution too high for marathon

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 164

Analyse how different intensities of training can affect energy system adaptations. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

High intensity interval training increases ATP-PCr stores and enzyme activity for immediate energy production
Training at lactate threshold improves lactate buffering capacity and tolerance during glycolytic system use
Aerobic training at moderate intensities increases mitochondrial density and oxygen utilisation
Varied intensity training improves overall energy system efficiency and interaction between systems
Specific intensity training leads to specific metabolic adaptations within targeted energy system

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

High intensity interval training increases ATP-PCr stores and enzyme activity for immediate energy production
Training at lactate threshold improves lactate buffering capacity and tolerance during glycolytic system use
Aerobic training at moderate intensities increases mitochondrial density and oxygen utilisation
Varied intensity training improves overall energy system efficiency and interaction between systems
Specific intensity training leads to specific metabolic adaptations within targeted energy system

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2004 HSC 28a

A health rating, `R`, is calculated by dividing a person’s weight, `w`, in kilograms by the square of the person’s height, `h`, in metres.

Fred is 150 cm and weighs 72 kg. Calculate Fred’s health rating. (1 mark)

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Over several years, Fred expects to grow 10 cm taller. By this time he wants his health rating to be 25. How much weight should he gain or lose to achieve his aim? Justify your answer with mathematical calculations. (2 marks)

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`32`
`text(8 kg)`

Show Worked Solution

i. `R = w/h^2`

`text(When)\ \ w = 72\ \ and\ \ h = 1.5\ text(m)`

`R`	`= 72/1.5^2`
	`= 32`

ii. `text(Find)\ \ w\ \ text(if)\ \ R = 25\ \ and\ \ h = 1.6`

`25`	`= w/1.6^2`
`w`	`= 25 xx 1.6^2`
	`= 64\ text(kg)`

`:.\ text(Weight Fred should lose)`

`= 72 – 64`

`= 8\ text(kg)`

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2014 HSC 29a

The cost of hiring an open space for a music festival is $120 000. The cost will be shared equally by the people attending the festival, so that `C` (in dollars) is the cost per person when `n` people attend the festival.

Complete the table below by filling in the THREE missing values. (1 mark)
\begin{array} {|l|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Number of people} (n) \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \ 500\ & \ 1000 \ & 1500 \ & 2000 \ & 2500\ & 3000 \ \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Cost per person} (C)\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & & & & 60 & 48\ & 40 \ \\
\hline
\end{array}
Using the values from the table, draw the graph showing the relationship between `n` and `C`. (2 marks)
What equation represents the relationship between `n` and `C`? (1 mark)

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Give ONE limitation of this equation in relation to this context. (1 mark)

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Is it possible for the cost per person to be $94? Support your answer with appropriate calculations. (1 mark)

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\begin{array} {|l|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Number of people} (n) \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \ 500\ & \ 1000 \ & 1500 \ & 2000 \ & 2500\ & 3000 \ \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Cost per person} (C)\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 240 & 120 & 80 & 60 & 48\ & 40 \ \\
\hline
\end{array}

ii.

iii. `C = (120\ 000)/n`

`n\ text(must be a whole number)`

iv. `text(Limitations can include:)`

`•\ n\ text(must be a whole number)`

`•\ C > 0`

v. `text(If)\ C = 94:`

`94`	`= (120\ 000)/n`
`94n`	`= 120\ 000`
`n`	`= (120\ 000)/94`
	`= 1276.595…`

`:.\ text(C)text(ost cannot be $94 per person,)`

`text(because)\ n\ text(isn’t a whole number.)`

Show Worked Solution

ii.

♦ Mean mark (iii) 48%

iii. `C = (120\ 000)/n`

♦♦♦ Mean mark (iv) 7%
COMMENT: When asked for limitations of an equation, look carefully at potential restrictions with respect to both the domain and range.

iv. `text(Limitations can include:)`

`•\ n\ text(must be a whole number)`

`•\ C > 0`

v. `text(If)\ C = 94`

`=> 94`	`= (120\ 000)/n`
`94n`	`= 120\ 000`
`n`	`= (120\ 000)/94`
	`= 1276.595…`

♦ Mean mark (v) 38%

`:.\ text(C)text(ost cannot be $94 per person,)`

`text(because)\ n\ text(isn’t a whole number.)`

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 SM-Bank 10

The number of trees that can be planted along the fence line of a paddock varies inversely with the distance between each tree.

There will be 108 trees if the distance between them is 5 metres.

How many trees can be planted if the distance between them is 6 metres? (2 marks)

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What is the distance between the trees if 120 trees are planted. (1 mark)

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`90`
`4.5\ text(metres)`

Show Worked Solution

i. `t ∝ 1/d`

`t`	`= k/d`
`108`	`= k/5`
`k`	`= 540`

`text(Find)\ \ t\ \ text(when)\ \ d = 6:`

`t`	`= 540/6`
	`= 90`

ii. `text(Find)\ \ d\ \ text(when)\ \ t = 120:`

`120`	`= 540/d`
`d`	`= 540/120`
	`= 4.5\ text(metres)`

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2022 HSC 24

A student believes that the time it takes for an ice cube to melt (`M` minutes) varies inversely with the room temperature `(T^@ text{C})`. The student observes that at a room temperature of `15^@text{C}` it takes 12 minutes for an ice cube to melt.

Find the equation relating `M` and `T`. (2 marks)

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By first completing this table of values, graph the relationship between temperature and time from `T=5^@C` to `T=30^@ text{C}.` (2 marks)

\begin{array} {|l|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \ T\ \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \ \ \ 5\ \ \ & \ \ 15\ \ \ & \ \ \ 30\ \ \ \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \ M\ \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & & & \\
\hline
\end{array}

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a.	`M`	`prop 1/T`
	`M`	`=k/T`
	`12`	`=k/15`
	`k`	`=15 xx 12`
		`=180`

`:.M=180/T`

\begin{array} {|l|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \ T\ \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \ \ \ 5\ \ \ & \ \ 15\ \ \ & \ \ 30\ \ \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \ M\ \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 36 & 12 & 6 \\
\hline
\end{array}

Show Worked Solution

a.	`M`	`prop 1/T`
	`M`	`=k/T`
	`12`	`=k/15`
	`k`	`=15 xx 12`
		`=180`

`:.M=180/T`

♦♦ Mean mark part (a) 29%.

♦ Mean mark 44%.

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2018 HSC 29c

When people walk in snow, the depth (`D` cm) of each footprint depends on both the area (`A` cm²) of the shoe sole and the weight of the person. The graph shows the relationship between the area of the shoe sole and the depth of the footprint in snow, for a group of people of the same weight.

The graph is a hyperbola because `D` is inversely proportional to `A`. The point `P` lies on the hyperbola.

Find the equation relating `D` and `A`. (2 marks)

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A man from this group walks in snow and the depth of his footprint is 4 cm.

Use your equation from part (i) to calculate the area of his shoe sole. (1 mark)

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Show Answers Only

`D = 4500/A`
`1125\ text(cm²)`

Show Worked Solution

i. `D prop 1/A \ =>\ D = k/A`

♦♦ Mean mark part (i) 22%.

`text(When)\ D = 15, A = 300`

`15`	`= k/300`
`k`	`= 4500`
`:. D`	`=4500/A`

♦♦ Mean mark part (ii) 33%.

ii.	`4`	`= 4500/A`
	`:. A`	`= 4500/4`
		`= 1125\ text(cm²)`

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2011 HSC 28a

The air pressure, `P`, in a bubble varies inversely with the volume, `V`, of the bubble.

Write an equation relating `P`, `V` and `a`, where `a` is a constant. (1 mark)

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It is known that `P = 3` when `V = 2`.

By finding the value of the constant, `a`, find the value of `P` when `V = 4`. (2 marks)

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Sketch a graph to show how `P` varies for different values of `V`.

Use the horizontal axis to represent volume and the vertical axis to represent air pressure. (2 marks)

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`P = a/V`
`P = 1 1/2`

Show Worked Solution

♦ Mean mark (i) 39%
COMMENT: Expressing the proportional relationship `P prop 1/V` as the equation `P=k/V` is a core skill here.

i.	`P`	`prop 1/V`
		`= a/V`

ii.

`text(When)\ P=3,\ V = 2`

`3`	`= a/2`
`a`	`=6`

`text(Need to find)\ P\ text(when)\ V = 4`

♦ Mean mark (ii) 47%

`P`	`=6/4`
	`= 1 1/2`

♦♦ Mean mark (iii) 26%
COMMENT: An inverse relationship is reflected by a hyperbola on the graph.

iii.

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2021 HSC 13 MC

The time taken to clean a warehouse varies inversely with the number of cleaners employed.

It takes 8 cleaners 60 hours to clean a warehouse.

Working at the same rate, how many hours would it take 10 cleaners to clean the same warehouse.

Show Answers Only

`B`

Show Worked Solution

`text{Time to clean}\ (T) prop 1/text{Number of cleaners (C)}`

♦ Mean mark 41%.

`T=k/C`

`text(When)\ \ T=60, C=8`

`60`	`=k/8`
`k`	`=480`

`text{Find}\ \ T\ \ text(when)\ \ C=10:`

`T`	`=480/10`
	`=48\ text(hours)`

`=> B`

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2007 HSC 15 MC

If pressure (`p`) varies inversely with volume (`V`), which formula correctly expresses `p` in terms of `V` and `k`, where `k` is a constant?

`p = k/V`
`p = V/k`
`p = kV`
`p = k + V`

Show Answers Only

`A`

Show Worked Solution

`p prop 1/V`

`p = k/V`

`=> A`

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2010 HSC 13 MC

The number of hours that it takes for a block of ice to melt varies inversely with the temperature. At 30°C it takes 8 hours for a block of ice to melt.

How long will it take the same size block of ice to melt at 12°C?

3.2 hours
20 hours
26 hours
45 hours

Show Answers Only

`B`

Show Worked Solution

♦ Mean mark 50%

`text{Time to melt}\ (T) prop1/text(Temp) \ => \ T=k/text(Temp)`

`text(When) \ T=8, text(Temp = 30)`

`8`	`=k/30`
`k`	`=240`

`text{Find}\ T\ text{when Temp = 12:}`

`T`	`=240/12`
	`=20\ text(hours)`

`=> B`

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 17

A tennis ball machine is being tested by launching a ball straight upward from a height of 1.2 meters. The ball rises to its maximum height and then falls back down, being caught by the machine at the same height of 1.2 meters from where it was launched.

The ball had an initial velocity of 25 ms$^{-1}$. Assume that air friction was negligible and gravity has a downward acceleration of 10 ms$^{-2}$.

Determine the total distance the ball travelled. (2 marks)

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Determine the total flight time of the ball. (2 marks)

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a. $62.5\ \text{m}$

b. $5\ \text{sec}$

Show Worked Solution

a. $\text{Define upwards as the positive direction.}$

$\text{At the top of the ball’s flight}\ \ \Rightarrow \ v=0$

$\text{Since no time of deceleration is given,}$

$\text{Using}\ \ v^2=u^2-2as:$

$0$	$=25^{2}-2 \times -10 \times s$
$s$	$=\dfrac{25^{2}}{2 \times 10}$
	$=31.25\ \text{m}$

$\therefore\ \text{Total distance travelled}\ = 2 \times 31.25 = 62.5\ \text{m}$

b. $\text{Find the final velocity of the ball:}$

$\text{Since motion is symmetrical}\ \ \Rightarrow \ \ v=-25\ \text{ms}^{-1}$

$\text{Find the total flight time:}$

$v$	$=u + at$
$-25$	$=25-10 \times t$
$t$	$=\dfrac{25+25}{10}$
	$=5\ \text{sec}$

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 15

An oil tanker is travelling eastward along a straight shipping route at an initial velocity of 30 ms$^{-1}$. The captain then applies the engines in reverse, causing the tanker to slow down at a constant rate until its velocity decreases to 12 ms$^{-1}$.

If it travelled 9000 metres while decelerating, determine

the magnitude and direction of the tanker's acceleration. (2 marks)

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the time over which the tanker changed its velocity. (2 marks)

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Show Answers Only

a. $a=-0.042\ \text{ms}^{-2}$

b. $674\ \text{sec}$

Show Worked Solution

a. $\Delta v = 30-12=-18\ \text{ms}^{-1}$

$s=9\ \text{km}\ = 9000\ \text{m}$

$\text{Since no time of deceleration is given,}$

$\text{Using}\ \ v^2=u^2-2as:$

$a=\dfrac{v^2-u^2}{2s} = \dfrac{12^2-30^2}{2 \times 9000} = -0.042\ \text{ms}^{-2}$

$\therefore a=0.042\ \text{ms}^{-2}\ \text{in the opposite direction to initial velocity.}$

b. $\text{Find time of deceleration:}$

$v$	$=u + at$
$t$	$=\dfrac{v-u}{a}$
	$=\dfrac{12-30}{-0.042}$
	$=428.6\ \text{sec (1 d.p.)}$

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 12

A drone is travelling in a straight line at 56 ms$^{-1}$ and then slows down at a constant rate until its velocity reaches 18 ms$^{-1}$.

If it travelled 400 metres while decelerating, determine

the magnitude and direction of the drone's acceleration. (2 marks)

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the time over which the drone changed its velocity. (2 marks)

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a. $a=-3.515\ \text{ms}^{-2}$

b. $10.8\ \text{sec}$

Show Worked Solution

a. $\Delta v = 56-18=-38\ \text{ms}^{-1}$

$\text{Since no time of deceleration is given,}$

$\text{Using}\ \ v^2=u^2-2as:$

$a=\dfrac{v^2-u^2}{2s} = \dfrac{18^2-56^2}{2 \times 400} = -3.515\ \text{ms}^{-2}$

$\therefore a=3.515\ \text{ms}^{-2}\ \text{in the opposite direction to initial velocity.}$

b. $\text{Find time of deceleration:}$

$v$	$=u + at$
$t$	$=\dfrac{v-u}{a}$
	$=\dfrac{18-56}{-3.515}$
	$=10.8\ \text{sec (1 d.p.)}$

Trigonometry, 2ADV T3 EQ-Bank 8

A function is defined as $f(x)=-2\cos\Big( \dfrac{\pi x}{3} \Big). $

Determine the amplitude and period of the function. (2 marks)
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Sketch the function over the domain $ {0 \leq x \leq 2\pi}$. On your sketch, label any $x$-axis intersections. (3 marks)
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a. $\text{Amplitude}\ = 2$

$\text{Period}\ (T) = 6 $

Show Worked Solution

a. $\text{Amplitude}\ = 2$

$\text{Period}\ (T) = \dfrac{2\pi}{n} = \dfrac{2\pi}{\frac{\pi}{3}} = 6 $

Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2024 GEN1 20*

Dainika invested $2000 for three years at 4.4% per annum, compounding quarterly.

To earn the same amount of interest in three years in a simple interest account, determine the annual simple interest rate. Give your as a percentage, correct to two decimal places. (3 marks)

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Show Answers Only

$4.68\%$

Show Worked Solution

$\text{Interest rate (per compounding period)} = \dfrac{4.4}{4} = 1.1 \%$

$\text{Compounding periods}\ =3\times4=12$

$FV=PV(1+r)^{n} = 2000(1+0.011)^{12}=$2280.57$

$\text{Annual interest}\ = \dfrac{280.57}{3}=$93.52$

$\text{S.I. rate}\ =\dfrac{93.52}{2000}\times 100\%=4.676\dots=4.68\%\ \text{(2 d.p.)}$

♦ Mean mark 48%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 159

Explain how the rate of ATP production affects an athlete's performance in a 200 m sprint. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

The ATP-PCr system produces ATP rapidly from creatine phosphate to power explosive acceleration in the first 10-15 m of the race.
The glycolytic system becomes the main ATP producer through rapid glucose breakdown, allowing continued high-intensity effort through the middle section.
The aerobic system contributes minimal ATP due to its slow production rate and the oxygen deficit created during maximal sprinting.
The glycolytic system’s rapid ATP production creates lactic acid as a by-product, which begins to interfere with energy production.
Enzyme function and muscle contraction become impaired as lactic acid accumulates, reducing the rate of ATP production.
Running speed decreases in the final 50 m as the rate of ATP production can no longer support maximal sprint intensity.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The ATP-PCr system produces ATP rapidly from creatine phosphate to power explosive acceleration in the first 10-15 m of the race.
The glycolytic system becomes the main ATP producer through rapid glucose breakdown, allowing continued high-intensity effort through the middle section.
The aerobic system contributes minimal ATP due to its slow production rate and the oxygen deficit created during maximal sprinting.
The glycolytic system’s rapid ATP production creates lactic acid as a by-product, which begins to interfere with energy production.
Enzyme function and muscle contraction become impaired as lactic acid accumulates, reducing the rate of ATP production.
Running speed decreases in the final 50 m as the rate of ATP production can no longer support maximal sprint intensity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 158

Explain how the three energy systems provide ATP during a 1500 m race. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

The ATP-PCr system provides immediate ATP for the race start and tactical surges through rapid breakdown of stored creatine phosphate in muscle cells.
The glycolytic system becomes dominant by producing ATP rapidly from glucose breakdown, though accumulating lactic acid affects performance.
The aerobic system becomes the main ATP provider by completely breaking down glucose with oxygen in the mitochondria to power the middle section.
Accumulated lactic acid from the glycolytic system reduces running efficiency while the aerobic system maintains steady ATP production.
The three energy systems work together with varying contributions depending on race intensity and tactical requirements.
ATP for the final sprint comes from remaining ATP-PCr stores and glycolytic system despite accumulated fatigue.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The ATP-PCr system provides immediate ATP for the race start and tactical surges through rapid breakdown of stored creatine phosphate in muscle cells.
The glycolytic system becomes dominant by producing ATP rapidly from glucose breakdown, though accumulating lactic acid affects performance.
The aerobic system becomes the main ATP provider by completely breaking down glucose with oxygen in the mitochondria to power the middle section.
Accumulated lactic acid from the glycolytic system reduces running efficiency while the aerobic system maintains steady ATP production.
The three energy systems work together with varying contributions depending on race intensity and tactical requirements.
ATP for the final sprint comes from remaining ATP-PCr stores and glycolytic system despite accumulated fatigue.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 152

Describe the process of mobilising fat as a fuel source during submaximal exercise. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

During submaximal exercise, stored triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol in response to hormonal stimulation.
The mobilisation process is oxygen-dependent and requires specific enzymes which enables fatty acid transport across cellular membranes.
Specialised transport proteins actively move fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane where energy production occurs.
Once inside the mitochondria, beta oxidation breaks down fatty acids producing acetyl-CoA.
This process provides substantial energy for prolonged submaximal exercise (< 65% VO₂ max), yielding more ATP per molecule than glucose but requiring greater oxygen availability and processing time.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

During submaximal exercise, stored triglycerides are broken down into free fatty acids and glycerol in response to hormonal stimulation.
The mobilisation process is oxygen-dependent and requires specific enzymes which enables fatty acid transport across cellular membranes.
Specialised transport proteins actively move fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane where energy production occurs.
Once inside the mitochondria, beta oxidation breaks down fatty acids producing acetyl-CoA.
This process provides substantial energy for prolonged submaximal exercise (< 65% VO₂ max), yielding more ATP per molecule than glucose but requiring greater oxygen availability and processing time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 149 MC

Which statement best describes why fatty acids cannot be the primary fuel source for high-intensity exercise?

Fatty acids require too much oxygen for breakdown
Fatty acids are not stored in muscle tissue
Fatty acids produce less ATP than glucose
Fatty acids are too complex to break down quickly

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Fatty acids require too much oxygen for breakdown

Fatty acid metabolism requires significant oxygen

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Fatty acids are stored as intramuscular triglycerides
C is incorrect: Fatty acids actually produce more ATP than glucose
D is incorrect: Complexity isn’t the primary limitation

$\Rightarrow A$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 147

Describe the relationship between energy system efficiency and ATP production. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

ATP-PCr most efficient for immediate energy but limited ATP yield (1-2 ATP)
Glycolytic system produces moderate ATP (2-3 ATP) but accumulates lactic acid
Aerobic system most efficient producing 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Efficiency decreases as intensity increases due to oxygen availability
ATP production rate highest in ATP-PCr but duration limited by CP stores

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

ATP-PCr most efficient for immediate energy but limited ATP yield (1-2 ATP)
Glycolytic system produces moderate ATP (2-3 ATP) but accumulates lactic acid
Aerobic system most efficient producing 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Efficiency decreases as intensity increases due to oxygen availability
ATP production rate highest in ATP-PCr but duration limited by CP stores

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 146

Explain how the three energy systems interplay during a 400 m sprint race. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

First 10 seconds: ATP-PCr system dominates providing immediate energy for explosive start
10-30 seconds: Glycolytic system becomes predominant as ATP-PCr depletes
30-60 seconds: Continued dominance of glycolytic system with increasing aerobic contribution
Systems operate simultaneously but with varying contributions throughout race
Accumulation of lactic acid leads to fatigue in final stages
Recovery requires replenishment of ATP-PCr stores and removal of lactic acid

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

First 10 seconds: ATP-PCr system dominates providing immediate energy for explosive start
10-30 seconds: Glycolytic system becomes predominant as ATP-PCr depletes
30-60 seconds: Continued dominance of glycolytic system with increasing aerobic contribution
Systems operate simultaneously but with varying contributions throughout race
Accumulation of lactic acid leads to fatigue in final stages
Recovery requires replenishment of ATP-PCr stores and removal of lactic acid

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 139

Analyse how multiple body systems are impacted when a long-distance runner continues competing with inefficient running style, and evaluate appropriate first aid responses. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

The muscular system experiences increased fatigue due to poor biomechanical loading, particularly in the quadriceps and calves, leading to reduced force production and potential strain injuries.
The skeletal system absorbs irregular impact forces through misaligned joints, especially in the ankles, knees and hips, which increases the risk of stress fractures and joint inflammation.
The circulatory system works harder than necessary to maintain oxygen delivery as inefficient movement patterns require greater energy expenditure, potentially leading to early onset of cardiovascular fatigue.
The respiratory system struggles with increased oxygen demand due to biomechanical inefficiency causing greater energy requirements and faster onset of anaerobic threshold.
Immediate first aid requires monitoring vital signs including heart rate, blood pressure and signs of heat exhaustion or dehydration to prevent system failure.
Secondary first aid responses must address specific muscular and joint injuries through the RICER protocol while assessing for more serious conditions like compartment syndrome.
Long-term management protocols should include technique analysis and correction through video assessment and professional coaching to prevent recurring system stress.
Prevention strategies need to incorporate proper warm-up routines, regular technique checks and appropriate training loads to maintain efficient movement patterns and reduce system strain.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The muscular system experiences increased fatigue due to poor biomechanical loading, particularly in the quadriceps and calves, leading to reduced force production and potential strain injuries.
The skeletal system absorbs irregular impact forces through misaligned joints, especially in the ankles, knees and hips, which increases the risk of stress fractures and joint inflammation.
The circulatory system works harder than necessary to maintain oxygen delivery as inefficient movement patterns require greater energy expenditure, potentially leading to early onset of cardiovascular fatigue.
The respiratory system struggles with increased oxygen demand due to biomechanical inefficiency causing greater energy requirements and faster onset of anaerobic threshold.
Immediate first aid requires monitoring vital signs including heart rate, blood pressure and signs of heat exhaustion or dehydration to prevent system failure.
Secondary first aid responses must address specific muscular and joint injuries through the RICER protocol while assessing for more serious conditions like compartment syndrome.
Long-term management protocols should include technique analysis and correction through video assessment and professional coaching to prevent recurring system stress.
Prevention strategies need to incorporate proper warm-up routines, regular technique checks and appropriate training loads to maintain efficient movement patterns and reduce system strain.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 137 MC

During a sprint race, an athlete's running technique deteriorates, causing them to collapse. Which system response requires IMMEDIATE first aid attention?

Respiratory system failure
Circulatory system overload
Muscular system fatigue
Nervous system shutdown

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Circulatory system overload

Circulatory system overload requires immediate attention due to risk of cardiac issues.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: While breathing may be laboured, circulation is priority
C is incorrect: Muscle fatigue alone wouldn’t cause collapse
D is incorrect: Neural fatigue isn’t immediately life-threatening

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 134

Analyse how multiple body systems are affected by dehydration during endurance events and evaluate appropriate first aid management strategies. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Systems Affected:

Circulatory:

Reduced plasma volume
Increased blood viscosity
Compromised cardiac output

Muscular:

Reduced oxygen delivery
Electrolyte imbalance
Increased risk of cramping

Thermoregulatory:

Decreased sweating efficiency
Reduced cooling capacity
Elevated core temperature

Nervous:

Altered coordination
Reduced concentration
Potential confusion

First Aid Management:

Immediate Response:

Activity cessation
Vital sign assessment
Core temperature monitoring
Conscious state check

Treatment Protocol:

Controlled rehydration strategy
Electrolyte replacement
Cooling measures if needed
Regular reassessment
Emergency services for severe cases

Prevention Strategies:

Pre-event hydration protocols
Regular fluid intake monitoring
Early intervention when symptoms present
Education about system responses

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Systems Affected:

Circulatory:

Reduced plasma volume
Increased blood viscosity
Compromised cardiac output

Muscular:

Reduced oxygen delivery
Electrolyte imbalance
Increased risk of cramping

Thermoregulatory:

Decreased sweating efficiency
Reduced cooling capacity
Elevated core temperature

Nervous:

Altered coordination
Reduced concentration
Potential confusion

First Aid Management:

Immediate Response:

Activity cessation
Vital sign assessment
Core temperature monitoring
Conscious state check

Treatment Protocol:

Controlled rehydration strategy
Electrolyte replacement
Cooling measures if needed
Regular reassessment
Emergency services for severe cases

Prevention Strategies:

Pre-event hydration protocols
Regular fluid intake monitoring
Early intervention when symptoms present
Education about system responses

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 132 MC

A tennis player in a five-set match shows signs of severe dehydration. Which combination of symptoms indicates critical nervous system involvement requiring emergency first aid?

Dizziness and disorientation
Headache and nausea
Thirst and dark urine
Muscle cramps and weakness

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Dizziness and disorientation

Dizziness and disorientation indicate severe nervous system compromise from dehydration requiring immediate intervention.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Early dehydration signs
C is incorrect: Digestive/renal system signs
D is incorrect: Muscular system response

$\Rightarrow A$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 126 MC

During a marathon at the 30km mark, an athlete shows signs of digestive and endocrine system stress. Which combination of symptoms requires immediate first aid intervention?

Excessive sweating and mild nausea
Severe stomach cramps and confusion
Muscle fatigue and thirst
Light-headedness and hunger

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Severe stomach cramps and confusion

Severe stomach cramps indicate significant digestive distress while confusion suggests hormonal imbalance affecting blood glucose regulation.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Normal physiological response to endurance exercise
C is incorrect: Expected symptoms during endurance events
D is incorrect: Common symptoms that can be managed through normal race nutrition

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 121 MC

A swimmer's circulatory system shows signs of overload during training. Which response would a first aider prioritise?

Monitor respiratory rate
Check pulse and skin color
Assess muscle strength
Test joint mobility

Show Answers Only

$B$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Check pulse and skin color

Circulatory System

Pulse and skin color are primary indicators of circulatory system status.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Secondary indicator only of circulatory function
C is incorrect: Not directly related to circulatory system status
D is incorrect: Not related to immediate circulatory concerns

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 116

Evaluate how the circulatory, respiratory and muscular systems interact during recovery between swimming races. (7 marks)

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Sample Answer

Initial Recovery:

Circulatory system maintains elevated blood flow while respiratory rate gradually decreases; muscles begin waste removal
Heart rate remains elevated to support oxygen delivery while breathing pattern normalises and muscles start repair
Blood flow redistributes as breathing depth reduces and muscle tension decreases

Mid Recovery:

Blood flow optimises waste removal while respiratory rate stabilises and muscles replenish energy stores
Circulatory system supports temperature regulation while breathing efficiency improves and muscle fatigue reduces
Oxygen-rich blood delivery continues as ventilation normalises and muscle function restores

Late Recovery:

Heart rate approaches resting as breathing returns to normal and muscles complete recovery
Blood flow patterns normalise while respiratory efficiency returns and muscle readiness peaks
Circulatory function balances with steady breathing rate and muscle preparation for next race

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Initial Recovery:

Circulatory system maintains elevated blood flow while respiratory rate gradually decreases; muscles begin waste removal
Heart rate remains elevated to support oxygen delivery while breathing pattern normalises and muscles start repair
Blood flow redistributes as breathing depth reduces and muscle tension decreases

Mid Recovery:

Blood flow optimises waste removal while respiratory rate stabilises and muscles replenish energy stores
Circulatory system supports temperature regulation while breathing efficiency improves and muscle fatigue reduces
Oxygen-rich blood delivery continues as ventilation normalises and muscle function restores

Late Recovery:

Heart rate approaches resting as breathing returns to normal and muscles complete recovery
Blood flow patterns normalise while respiratory efficiency returns and muscle readiness peaks
Circulatory function balances with steady breathing rate and muscle preparation for next race

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 112

Analyse how THREE body systems work together to maintain balance during a gymnastics beam routine. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Static Position:

Inner ear sensors trigger muscle contractions while skeleton provides stable base
Proprioceptors monitor joint positions as muscles adjust around skeletal framework

Dynamic Movement:

Neural pathways coordinate muscle activation through skeletal levers for controlled transitions
Nervous system integrates sensory input while muscles respond through bone leverage points

Balance Recovery:

Position changes detected by nervous system trigger rapid muscle responses around skeletal points
Neural feedback adjusts muscle tension while skeleton maintains center of gravity

Performance:

All three systems integrate for smooth transitions between skills
Continuous system cooperation allows sustained balance control

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Static Position:

Inner ear sensors trigger muscle contractions while skeleton provides stable base
Proprioceptors monitor joint positions as muscles adjust around skeletal framework

Dynamic Movement:

Neural pathways coordinate muscle activation through skeletal levers for controlled transitions
Nervous system integrates sensory input while muscles respond through bone leverage points

Balance Recovery:

Position changes detected by nervous system trigger rapid muscle responses around skeletal points
Neural feedback adjusts muscle tension while skeleton maintains center of gravity

Performance:

All three systems integrate for smooth transitions between skills
Continuous system cooperation allows sustained balance control

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 107 MC

An athlete performs a complex gymnastics routine. How do the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems interact to maintain balance?

Skeletal system provides leverage while muscles and nerves are inactive
Muscles contract randomly while nerves send signals to bones
Nerves receive sensory input, muscles respond, and skeleton provides stability
Bones move independently of muscular and nervous input

Show Answers Only

$A$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Delivers oxygen and removes waste products from active muscles

The nervous system

processes sensory information about body position
signals muscles to contract appropriately

The skeletal system

provides the stable base needed to maintain balance throughout the routine

Other Options:

B is incorrect: Ignores continuous system interaction
C is incorrect: Misses coordinated nature of response
D is incorrect: Contradicts integrated system function

$\Rightarrow A$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 101

Compare how the nervous system controls movement in power activities versus endurance activities. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Power activities:

Rapid recruitment of large motor units
Maximal force production
Short duration neural activation
High threshold motor unit engagement

Endurance activities:

Sequential recruitment of smaller motor units
Sustained submaximal activation
Rotation of motor unit recruitment
Fatigue resistance emphasis

Movement outcomes:

Different patterns of muscle activation
Varying energy system demands
Distinct feedback requirements
Specific adaptation patterns

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Power activities:

Rapid recruitment of large motor units
Maximal force production
Short duration neural activation
High threshold motor unit engagement

Endurance activities:

Sequential recruitment of smaller motor units
Sustained submaximal activation
Rotation of motor unit recruitment
Fatigue resistance emphasis

Movement outcomes:

Different patterns of muscle activation
Varying energy system demands
Distinct feedback requirements
Specific adaptation patterns

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 100

Analyse how the nervous system's control of movement differs between novice and elite table tennis players. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Novice players:

Greater conscious control required
Slower processing of visual information
Less efficient motor unit recruitment
Limited anticipation ability

Elite players:

Automated movement patterns
Rapid processing of opponent movements
Efficient muscle activation sequences
Enhanced anticipatory responses

Neural adaptations:

Strengthened movement pathways through practice
More effective use of feedback
Better coordination between visual input and motor output
Improved timing of responses

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Novice players:

Greater conscious control required
Slower processing of visual information
Less efficient motor unit recruitment
Limited anticipation ability

Elite players:

Automated movement patterns
Rapid processing of opponent movements
Efficient muscle activation sequences
Enhanced anticipatory responses

Neural adaptations:

Strengthened movement pathways through practice
More effective use of feedback
Better coordination between visual input and motor output
Improved timing of responses

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 96

Analyse the nervous system's role in producing both fine and gross motor movements during a gymnastics floor routine. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Fine motor movements:

Require precise control of small muscle groups
Involve high numbers of motor neurons per muscle fibre
Utilise specific areas of the motor cortex for detailed movement control
Need constant sensory feedback for accuracy

Gross motor movements:

Involve large muscle groups working together
Require coordination between multiple neural pathways
Use fewer motor neurons per muscle fibre
Rely on balance centres in the cerebellum

The nervous system must:

Integrate both types of movement seamlessly
Coordinate timing through the cerebellum
Maintain postural control while executing movements
Process continuous feedback to adjust movements

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Fine motor movements:

Require precise control of small muscle groups
Involve high numbers of motor neurons per muscle fibre
Utilise specific areas of the motor cortex for detailed movement control
Need constant sensory feedback for accuracy

Gross motor movements:

Involve large muscle groups working together
Require coordination between multiple neural pathways
Use fewer motor neurons per muscle fibre
Rely on balance centres in the cerebellum

The nervous system must:

Integrate both types of movement seamlessly
Coordinate timing through the cerebellum
Maintain postural control while executing movements
Process continuous feedback to adjust movements

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 91 MC

The diagram shows a neuron.

Which structure allows for rapid transmission of nerve impulses?

Cell body
Dendrites
Myelin sheath
Node of Ranvier

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$C$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Myelin sheath

The myelin sheath insulates the axon and allows for saltatory conduction, enabling rapid transmission of nerve impulses.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Processes information but doesn’t speed transmission
B is incorrect: Receive signals but don’t speed transmission
D is incorrect: Gaps in myelin, don’t provide insulation

$\Rightarrow C$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 83

Discuss how protein intake affects muscle function and movement efficiency. Include reference to timing of intake in your response. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Protein intake significantly affects muscle function and movement efficiency through several mechanisms.

The digestive system

breaks down proteins into amino acids, which are essential for muscle repair and growth.
Timing of intake is crucial – consuming protein within 30 minutes post-exercise optimises muscle recovery and adaptation.
Pre-exercise protein consumption helps maintain positive nitrogen balance during activity.

The endocrine system

responds to protein intake by releasing hormones like insulin and growth hormone that regulate protein synthesis.
This hormonal response enhances muscle repair and strengthening, leading to improved movement efficiency over time.
Inadequate protein intake can result in reduced muscle mass and compromised movement patterns due to insufficient resources for repair and maintenance.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Protein intake significantly affects muscle function and movement efficiency through several mechanisms.

The digestive system

breaks down proteins into amino acids, which are essential for muscle repair and growth.
Timing of intake is crucial – consuming protein within 30 minutes post-exercise optimises muscle recovery and adaptation.
Pre-exercise protein consumption helps maintain positive nitrogen balance during activity.

The endocrine system

responds to protein intake by releasing hormones like insulin and growth hormone that regulate protein synthesis.
This hormonal response enhances muscle repair and strengthening, leading to improved movement efficiency over time.
Inadequate protein intake can result in reduced muscle mass and compromised movement patterns due to insufficient resources for repair and maintenance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 81 MC

A netball player has been diagnosed with low iron levels.
Which macronutrient combination would best support iron absorption to improve their movement efficiency?

Lean red meat with leafy green vegetables
Brown rice with kidney beans
Yoghurt with fresh fruit
Pasta with cheese sauce

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$A$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Lean red meat with leafy green vegetables

Lean red meat provides haem iron while vitamin C from green vegetables aids absorption.
This combination optimises the digestive system’s ability to absorb iron for improved oxygen transport and movement efficiency.

Other Options:

B is incorrect: While both contain iron, this combination contains only non-haem iron which is less readily absorbed, and lacks vitamin C to enhance absorption.
C is incorrect: While fruit provides vitamin C, dairy calcium can actually inhibit iron absorption, making this a poor combination for improving iron levels.
D is incorrect: This combination contains minimal iron and the calcium in cheese can inhibit iron absorption from other dietary sources.

$\Rightarrow A$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 78

Discuss the relationship between dehydration, digestive function and hormonal balance during a 400 m sprint race. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

The sprint creates multiple system interactions:

Pre-race:

Stress hormones increase
Digestive processes slow
Blood flow redirects

During race:

ADH levels rise with dehydration
Digestive activity minimises
Electrolyte balance changes

Recovery phase:

Hormone levels normalise
Digestive function returns
Rehydration enables system recovery

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The sprint creates multiple system interactions:

Pre-race:

Stress hormones increase
Digestive processes slow
Blood flow redirects

During race:

ADH levels rise with dehydration
Digestive activity minimises
Electrolyte balance changes

Recovery phase:

Hormone levels normalise
Digestive function returns
Rehydration enables system recovery

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 77

Analyse how iron deficiency could affect both the endocrine and digestive systems during endurance training. (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Iron deficiency impacts multiple systems during endurance training:

Endocrine Effects:

Reduced thyroid hormone production affecting metabolism
Impaired growth hormone function affecting recovery
Altered cortisol response to exercise stress

Digestive Effects:

Decreased enzyme production affecting nutrient breakdown
Reduced nutrient absorption capacity
Impaired energy availability for gut function

These combined effects lead to:

Reduced training capacity
Impaired recovery
Compromised adaptation to training load

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Iron deficiency impacts multiple systems during endurance training:

Endocrine Effects:

Reduced thyroid hormone production affecting metabolism
Impaired growth hormone function affecting recovery
Altered cortisol response to exercise stress

Digestive Effects:

Decreased enzyme production affecting nutrient breakdown
Reduced nutrient absorption capacity
Impaired energy availability for gut function

These combined effects lead to:

Reduced training capacity
Impaired recovery
Compromised adaptation to training load

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 73 MC

Which statement best explains how chronic stress affects zinc absorption?

Increases intestinal permeability
Reduces absorption efficiency
Enhances enzyme production
Improves nutrient transport

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$B$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Reduces absorption efficiency

Chronic stress impairs nutrient absorption through multiple mechanisms.

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Stress typically decreases intestinal absorption capability.
C is incorrect: Stress impairs digestive enzyme production.
D is incorrect: Stress compromises rather than improves nutrient transport.

$\Rightarrow B$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 68

Analyse how iron deficiency anemia impacts both submaximal and maximal exercise performance, and explain two strategies that could be implemented to minimise these effects. (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity effects:

Iron deficiency reduces hemoglobin concentration, significantly decreasing the blood’s ability to transport oxygen to working muscles during both rest and exercise.

Impact on aerobic energy system:

The reduced oxygen delivery to muscles forces greater reliance on anaerobic energy systems, leading to earlier onset of fatigue and increased lactate production during exercise.

Increased heart rate at submaximal intensities:

To compensate for reduced oxygen carrying capacity, the heart rate increases more than normal at any given submaximal workload to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to tissues.

Decreased VO₂ max:

Maximum oxygen uptake is significantly reduced due to the limited oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, typically decreasing by 10 – 20% depending on the severity of anemia.

Dietary iron supplementation strategy:

Iron supplementation should be prescribed by a healthcare provider, typically starting with 65 – 100mg of elemental iron daily, preferably in the form of ferrous sulfate.

Timing of iron-rich meals with vitamin C:

Iron-rich foods (like lean red meat, legumes, and leafy greens) alongside vitamin C sources (citrus fruits, bell peppers) enhances iron absorption by up to 300%.

Training modifications during treatment:

Exercise intensity and duration should be reduced during initial treatment phases, with a gradual return to normal training loads as hemoglobin levels improve over 4 – 8 weeks.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity effects:

Iron deficiency reduces hemoglobin concentration, significantly decreasing the blood’s ability to transport oxygen to working muscles during both rest and exercise.

Impact on aerobic energy system:

The reduced oxygen delivery to muscles forces greater reliance on anaerobic energy systems, leading to earlier onset of fatigue and increased lactate production during exercise.

Increased heart rate at submaximal intensities:

To compensate for reduced oxygen carrying capacity, the heart rate increases more than normal at any given submaximal workload to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to tissues.

Decreased VO₂ max:

Maximum oxygen uptake is significantly reduced due to the limited oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, typically decreasing by 10 – 20% depending on the severity of anemia.

Dietary iron supplementation strategy:

Iron supplementation should be prescribed by a healthcare provider, typically starting with 65 – 100mg of elemental iron daily, preferably in the form of ferrous sulfate.

Timing of iron-rich meals with vitamin C:

Iron-rich foods (like lean red meat, legumes, and leafy greens) alongside vitamin C sources (citrus fruits, bell peppers) enhances iron absorption by up to 300%.

Training modifications during treatment:

Exercise intensity and duration should be reduced during initial treatment phases, with a gradual return to normal training loads as hemoglobin levels improve over 4 – 8 weeks.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 65 MC

An athlete with iron deficiency anemia would most likely experience:

Decreased stroke volume only
Decreased ventilation rate only
Increased blood pressure and decreased cardiac output
Increased heart rate and decreased oxygen carrying capacity

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$D$

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Increased heart rate and decreased oxygen carrying capacity

Lower haemoglobin leads to reduced oxygen carrying capacity, heart rate increases to compensate

Other Options:

A is incorrect: Stroke volume isn’t directly affected by iron deficiency
B is incorrect: Capillarisation is a long-term adaptation
C is incorrect: Blood pressure typically decreases in anemia

$\Rightarrow D$

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 62

Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to support an athlete during a 5 km run. (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

During a 5 km run:

Respiratory and circulatory systems work together to meet increased oxygen demands and remove waste products.

Respiratory system

increases breathing rate and depth to enhance oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through the alveoli.
Simultaneously, the circulatory system increases heart rate and stroke volume to transport more oxygenated blood to working muscles through the systemic circulation.

The pulmonary circulation

facilitates efficient gas exchange as deoxygenated blood from working muscles enters the pulmonary arteries
flows through capillaries surrounding alveoli where it becomes oxygenated then returns to the heart via pulmonary veins
oxygenated blood is then pumped through the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to the working muscles and remove metabolic waste products

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

During a 5 km run:

Respiratory and circulatory systems work together to meet increased oxygen demands and remove waste products.

Respiratory system

Respiratory system increases breathing rate and depth to enhance oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal through the alveoli.

The circulatory system

Simultaneously, increases heart rate and stroke volume to transport more oxygenated blood to working muscles through the systemic circulation.
The pulmonary circulation facilitates efficient gas exchange as deoxygenated blood from working muscles enters the pulmonary arteries
flows through capillaries surrounding alveoli where it becomes oxygenated then returns to the heart via pulmonary veins
oxygenated blood is then pumped through the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to the working muscles and remove metabolic waste products

\(2\log_3(x-4)+\log_3(x)\)	\(=2\)
\(\log_3x(x-4)^2\)	\(=2\)
\(x(x-4)^2\)	\(=3^2\)
\(x(x^2-8x+16)-9\)	\(=0\)
\(x^3-8x^2+16x-9\)	\(=0\)

\(x\)	\(=\dfrac{-(-7)\pm\sqrt{(-7)^2-4(1)(9)}}{2(1)}\)
	\(=\dfrac{7\pm \sqrt{49-36}}{2}\)
	\(=\dfrac{7\pm \sqrt{13}}{2}\)

\(0\)	\(=25^{2}-2 \times -10 \times s\)
\(s\)	\(=\dfrac{25^{2}}{2 \times 10}\)
	\(=31.25\ \text{m}\)

\(v\)	\(=u + at\)
\(-25\)	\(=25-10 \times t\)
\(t\)	\(=\dfrac{25+25}{10}\)
	\(=5\ \text{sec}\)

\(v\)	\(=u + at\)
\(t\)	\(=\dfrac{v-u}{a}\)
	\(=\dfrac{12-30}{-0.042}\)
	\(=428.6\ \text{sec (1 d.p.)}\)