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HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 003

Explain why people from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health.

In your answer, discuss how cultural, socioeconomic and individual factors influence these different perspectives.   (5 marks)

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  • People from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health because health is a social construct rather than a universally agreed concept.
  • WHO’s comprehensive definition aims to encompass these diverse viewpoints.

Cultural factors significantly shape health definitions:

  • Indigenous cultures often view health holistically, emphasising connection to Country, community and spiritual wellbeing, rather than just physical absence of disease.
  • In contrast, Western cultures traditionally emphasise a biomedical view focused primarily on physical functioning.

Socioeconomic circumstances influence health priorities:

  • People with limited resources may define health functionally as the ability to work and provide for family, prioritising immediate functional capacity over long-term wellbeing.
  • Their definition centres on absence of illness that prevents work. Meanwhile, those with greater resources might define health more comprehensively to include optimal fitness and mental wellbeing.

Individual factors such as age also influence health definitions:

  • Younger people might emphasise physical performance aspects, while older individuals may focus on independence and mobility.
  • People who have experienced chronic illness often develop more nuanced definitions that accommodate living well despite health challenges.
Show Worked Solution
  • People from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health because health is a social construct rather than a universally agreed concept.
  • WHO’s comprehensive definition aims to encompass these diverse viewpoints.

Cultural factors significantly shape health definitions:

  • Indigenous cultures often view health holistically, emphasising connection to Country, community and spiritual wellbeing, rather than just physical absence of disease.
  • In contrast, Western cultures traditionally emphasise a biomedical view focused primarily on physical functioning.

Socioeconomic circumstances influence health priorities:

  • People with limited resources may define health functionally as the ability to work and provide for family, prioritising immediate functional capacity over long-term wellbeing.
  • Their definition centres on absence of illness that prevents work. Meanwhile, those with greater resources might define health more comprehensively to include optimal fitness and mental wellbeing.

Individual factors such as age also influence health definitions:

  • Younger people might emphasise physical performance aspects, while older individuals may focus on independence and mobility.
  • People who have experienced chronic illness often develop more nuanced definitions that accommodate living well despite health challenges.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 006

Analyse how an individual's circumstances might affect the dynamic interactions between different dimensions of health.   (4 marks)

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Socioeconomic circumstances:

  • Can directly affect all dimensions – low income may limit access to nutritious food (physical health), create financial stress (mental health), restrict participation in social activities (social health), and reduce sense of purpose (spiritual health).
  • These effects compound each other as poor mental health can lead to reduced physical activity, further diminishing physical health.

Geographic location:

  • Can similarly create cascading effects – living in a remote area may restrict access to healthcare services (affecting physical health), reduce employment opportunities (impacting mental wellbeing through financial stress), limit social connections (affecting social health), and potentially disconnect individuals from cultural practices (spiritual health).

Major life transitions:

  • Transitions like job loss demonstrate temporal aspects of health’s dynamic nature – the immediate impact might be financial and mental stress, which over time can lead to reduced self-care behaviours, potentially causing physical health decline, social withdrawal, and questioning of life purpose.
  • This illustrates how circumstances create complex, interconnected patterns of health effects rather than isolated impacts on single dimensions.
Show Worked Solution

Socioeconomic circumstances:

  • Can directly affect all dimensions – low income may limit access to nutritious food (physical health), create financial stress (mental health), restrict participation in social activities (social health), and reduce sense of purpose (spiritual health).
  • These effects compound each other as poor mental health can lead to reduced physical activity, further diminishing physical health.

Geographic location:

  • Can similarly create cascading effects – living in a remote area may restrict access to healthcare services (affecting physical health), reduce employment opportunities (impacting mental wellbeing through financial stress), limit social connections (affecting social health), and potentially disconnect individuals from cultural practices (spiritual health).

Major life transitions:

  • Transitions like job loss demonstrate temporal aspects of health’s dynamic nature – the immediate impact might be financial and mental stress, which over time can lead to reduced self-care behaviours, potentially causing physical health decline, social withdrawal, and questioning of life purpose.
  • This illustrates how circumstances create complex, interconnected patterns of health effects rather than isolated impacts on single dimensions.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 006 MC

A researcher is studying how health patterns change throughout life. The table shows health measurements for one participant across three time periods.

Which conclusion BEST illustrates the concept of the health continuum and the dynamic nature of health?

  1. Once overall health declines from excellent to fair, it cannot return to a better state.
  2. Physical activity is the dominant determinant of overall health status regardless of other dimensions.
  3. Mental wellbeing correlates directly with social connections, showing these dimensions are interdependent.
  4. The interactions between dimensions of health create different overall health outcomes at different life stages.
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Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct as it recognises how the interactions between different dimensions of health (physical, social, mental) create different overall health outcomes at different life stages.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect as it contradicts the dynamic nature of health by suggesting health cannot improve once it declines, whereas the data shows movement from “Fair” to “Good” between ages 35 and 45.
  • B is incorrect as it overemphasises physical activity; the data shows that at age 45, overall health was “Good” despite “Low” physical activity, suggesting other dimensions compensated.
  • C is incorrect as it oversimplifies the relationship between mental wellbeing and social connections; at age 45, both are positive, but at age 35, they differ (limited social connections but stressed mental wellbeing).

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 3

Two squares and , are drawn in the diagram below, with    and    where  .

Let    and 
 

  1. Using vector methods, show  .    (2 marks)

  2. Using vector methods, show that if and are collinear,  .    (3 marks)

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a.   

b.  

Show Worked Solution

a.   

  

 

b.    


 


 

 
.

Trigonometry, EXT1 T3 EQ-Bank 2

The tides in Ulladulla Harbour can be modelled to the equation

where is the height of the tide in metres and is the time in hours after midnight.

Large fishing vessels can only enter or leave the harbour when the tide is at least 2 meters high.

Determine the first time after midnight that large shipping vessels can no longer enter or exit the harbour and when access is again possible, giving your answers to the nearest minute?   (4 marks)

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Show Worked Solution


 


 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 451

A student conducted an 8-week investigation on how aerobic training affects resting heart rate, recording measurements every 2 weeks. Assess the most appropriate ways to present these findings and draw conclusions that accurately reflect the changes observed.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A line graph showing the average resting heart rate at each 2-week interval would visually demonstrate the pattern of change over time, making it clear whether improvements were steady or occurred primarily during specific periods.
  • Including individual data points or separate lines for each participant would show the range of responses, allowing conclusions about consistency of effects across different individuals.
  • Calculating and presenting the percentage change in resting heart rate would provide context about the magnitude of improvement, helping to determine whether the changes were significant enough to be meaningful.
  • Comparing the findings to expected changes based on research would allow for conclusions about whether the training program was effective relative to established norms.
  • Acknowledging limitations such as sample size and factors that might have influenced results (like participant adherence to the program) ensures honest and realistic conclusions about the observed changes.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A line graph showing the average resting heart rate at each 2-week interval would visually demonstrate the pattern of change over time, making it clear whether improvements were steady or occurred primarily during specific periods.
  • Including individual data points or separate lines for each participant would show the range of responses, allowing conclusions about consistency of effects across different individuals.
  • Calculating and presenting the percentage change in resting heart rate would provide context about the magnitude of improvement, helping to determine whether the changes were significant enough to be meaningful.
  • Comparing the findings to expected changes based on research would allow for conclusions about whether the training program was effective relative to established norms.
  • Acknowledging limitations such as sample size and factors that might have influenced results (like participant adherence to the program) ensures honest and realistic conclusions about the observed changes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 449

Critically analyse how different presentation methods could affect the interpretation of findings from an investigation comparing the effects of continuous versus interval aerobic training on VO₂ max improvement.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Bar graphs showing average improvements could visually emphasise differences between training methods, but without error bars might exaggerate small differences that aren’t statistically significant.
  • Scatter plots showing individual data points would transparently reveal the distribution of responses in both groups, preventing misinterpretation of averages that might mask substantial overlap between methods.
  • Line graphs tracking changes over time would effectively show the rate of improvement for each method, revealing whether one method produces faster initial gains versus greater long-term improvements.
  • Line graphs tracking changes over time would effectively show the rate of improvement for each method, revealing whether one method produces faster initial gains versus greater long-term improvements.
  • Using percentage change rather than absolute values could alter interpretation by normalising improvements relative to baseline, potentially favoring the method that works better for initially less-fit individuals.
  • Selectively highlighting specific time points or variables where differences are greatest could create bias toward one method, whereas comprehensive data presentation with effect sizes would provide a more balanced interpretation of relative effectiveness.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Bar graphs showing average improvements could visually emphasise differences between training methods, but without error bars might exaggerate small differences that aren’t statistically significant.
  • Scatter plots showing individual data points would transparently reveal the distribution of responses in both groups, preventing misinterpretation of averages that might mask substantial overlap between methods.
  • Line graphs tracking changes over time would effectively show the rate of improvement for each method, revealing whether one method produces faster initial gains versus greater long-term improvements.
  • Line graphs tracking changes over time would effectively show the rate of improvement for each method, revealing whether one method produces faster initial gains versus greater long-term improvements.
  • Using percentage change rather than absolute values could alter interpretation by normalising improvements relative to baseline, potentially favoring the method that works better for initially less-fit individuals.
  • Selectively highlighting specific time points or variables where differences are greatest could create bias toward one method, whereas comprehensive data presentation with effect sizes would provide a more balanced interpretation of relative effectiveness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 446

Evaluate the extent to which physiological data collected during a 6-week aerobic training study can be used to draw conclusions about long-term adaptations to aerobic exercise.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A 6-week study can capture initial improvements in heart rate and recovery time, but may not show the complete range of cardiovascular benefits that develop over longer periods.
  • Short-term studies show direction of change but cannot accurately predict whether improvements will continue at the same rate, plateau, or progress differently over extended periods.
  • Individual differences in response to training become more apparent over time, meaning a 6-week study might not fully represent the variety of adaptation patterns.
  • The principle of diminishing returns suggests that the rapid improvements often seen in short-term studies typically slow down over longer periods, limiting the ability to make direct long-term projections.
  • A 6-week timeframe provides valid information about immediate responses to aerobic training, but conclusions about long-term effects should be presented with appropriate caution about sustainability and continued progression.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A 6-week study can capture initial improvements in heart rate and recovery time, but may not show the complete range of cardiovascular benefits that develop over longer periods.
  • Short-term studies show direction of change but cannot accurately predict whether improvements will continue at the same rate, plateau, or progress differently over extended periods.
  • Individual differences in response to training become more apparent over time, meaning a 6-week study might not fully represent the variety of adaptation patterns.
  • The principle of diminishing returns suggests that the rapid improvements often seen in short-term studies typically slow down over longer periods, limiting the ability to make direct long-term projections.
  • A 6-week timeframe provides valid information about immediate responses to aerobic training, but conclusions about long-term effects should be presented with appropriate caution about sustainability and continued progression.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 444

Analyse how the presentation of data collected during a 12-week aerobic training investigation can influence the conclusions drawn about improvements in cardiovascular efficiency.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Presenting data as percentage change from baseline rather than raw numbers highlights relative improvements, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between participants with different starting fitness levels.
  • Including both average group results and individual case studies provides a balanced view of overall trends while acknowledging that not all participants respond to aerobic training at the same rate or magnitude.
  • Displaying progressive measurements (at 4, 8, and 12 weeks) rather than just pre/post data reveals the timeline of adaptations, showing whether improvements occur steadily or plateau at certain points.
  • Comparing multiple cardiovascular measurements (resting heart rate, recovery time, blood pressure) creates a comprehensive picture of efficiency improvements rather than relying on a single measure that might not tell the complete story.
  • Using clear visuals like line graphs with consistent scales prevents misinterpretation of the magnitude of improvements, ensuring conclusions accurately reflect the actual physiological changes observed.
  • Separating data by relevant participant characteristics (age groups, initial fitness levels) allows for more precise conclusions about which populations might benefit most from similar aerobic training programs.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Presenting data as percentage change from baseline rather than raw numbers highlights relative improvements, allowing for more meaningful comparisons between participants with different starting fitness levels.
  • Including both average group results and individual case studies provides a balanced view of overall trends while acknowledging that not all participants respond to aerobic training at the same rate or magnitude.
  • Displaying progressive measurements (at 4, 8, and 12 weeks) rather than just pre/post data reveals the timeline of adaptations, showing whether improvements occur steadily or plateau at certain points.
  • Comparing multiple cardiovascular measurements (resting heart rate, recovery time, blood pressure) creates a comprehensive picture of efficiency improvements rather than relying on a single measure that might not tell the complete story.
  • Using clear visuals like line graphs with consistent scales prevents misinterpretation of the magnitude of improvements, ensuring conclusions accurately reflect the actual physiological changes observed.
  • Separating data by relevant participant characteristics (age groups, initial fitness levels) allows for more precise conclusions about which populations might benefit most from similar aerobic training programs.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 437

A student is designing an investigation to examine how a high-intensity interval training program affects recovery time and psychological wellbeing in adolescents.

Evaluate the strengths and limitations of using a combination of observation and interviews as data collection methods for this investigation.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Observation provides objective measurements of recovery time through visible physiological indicators (like heart rate return to baseline and normalised breathing rate), allowing for precise quantitative data about physical adaptations to training.
  • However, observation has limitations for measuring psychological wellbeing as many aspects of mental health are internal states that cannot be directly observed, potentially missing important data about participants’ experiences.
  • Interviews provide rich, detailed information about participants’ psychological experiences during and after training, including unexpected benefits or challenges that might not be captured through predetermined measurement tools.
  • Interviews can explore the relationship between observed physical recovery and perceived mental wellbeing, helping to establish connections between physiological and psychological adaptations to training.
  • A significant limitation of interviews is potential response bias, as participants might provide answers they believe the researcher wants to hear rather than accurately reporting their experiences.
  • Using both methods together creates complementary data sets that address each other’s weaknesses – observations provide objective measurements of recovery while interviews capture subjective experiences of wellbeing, creating a more comprehensive understanding of training effects.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Observation provides objective measurements of recovery time through visible physiological indicators (like heart rate return to baseline and normalised breathing rate), allowing for precise quantitative data about physical adaptations to training.
  • However, observation has limitations for measuring psychological wellbeing as many aspects of mental health are internal states that cannot be directly observed, potentially missing important data about participants’ experiences.
  • Interviews provide rich, detailed information about participants’ psychological experiences during and after training, including unexpected benefits or challenges that might not be captured through predetermined measurement tools.
  • Interviews can explore the relationship between observed physical recovery and perceived mental wellbeing, helping to establish connections between physiological and psychological adaptations to training.
  • A significant limitation of interviews is potential response bias, as participants might provide answers they believe the researcher wants to hear rather than accurately reporting their experiences.
  • Using both methods together creates complementary data sets that address each other’s weaknesses – observations provide objective measurements of recovery while interviews capture subjective experiences of wellbeing, creating a more comprehensive understanding of training effects.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 427

A student conducted research investigating the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation levels following a 12-minute Cooper test. The results showed a moderate correlation between faster heart rate recovery and higher oxygen saturation during exercise, but significant individual variation remained unexplained.

Propose THREE further research questions that would logically build on these findings. Explain the purpose and potential value of each question.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer – Other answers are possible.

  • “How does respiratory efficiency affect the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation during aerobic exercise?” would explore physiological mechanisms that might explain the correlation found in the original study.
  • This question has value because understanding the underlying mechanisms would allow for more targeted training interventions that specifically enhance the physiological systems most responsible for the observed relationship.
  • “Do individuals with different aerobic training backgrounds (e.g., endurance athletes versus team sport athletes) show different relationships between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation?” would investigate how training specificity affects these physiological parameters.
  • This question would help coaches and athletes develop more sport-specific training programs that optimise both cardiovascular recovery and oxygen utilisation for their particular needs.
  • “How consistent is the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation across different exercise intensities and durations?” would examine whether the moderate correlation holds under various exercise conditions.
  • Understanding intensity-specific relationships would enable more precise training prescriptions for individuals with different fitness goals, from health improvement to competitive performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Other answers are possible.

  • “How does respiratory efficiency affect the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation during aerobic exercise?” would explore physiological mechanisms that might explain the correlation found in the original study.
  • This question has value because understanding the underlying mechanisms would allow for more targeted training interventions that specifically enhance the physiological systems most responsible for the observed relationship.
  • “Do individuals with different aerobic training backgrounds (e.g., endurance athletes versus team sport athletes) show different relationships between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation?” would investigate how training specificity affects these physiological parameters.
  • This question would help coaches and athletes develop more sport-specific training programs that optimise both cardiovascular recovery and oxygen utilisation for their particular needs.
  • “How consistent is the relationship between heart rate recovery and oxygen saturation across different exercise intensities and durations?” would examine whether the moderate correlation holds under various exercise conditions.
  • Understanding intensity-specific relationships would enable more precise training prescriptions for individuals with different fitness goals, from health improvement to competitive performance.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 4

A 2 kg crate is being pushed up a rough incline that is angled at 30 to the horizontal. The frictional force acting between the crate and the surface is 10 N.

  1. On the diagram provided, draw and label all the forces acting on the crate as it is pushed up the incline.   (3 marks)
       

  1. Calculate the magnitude of the applied force required to accelerate the crate up the incline at 0.8 ms   (2 marks)
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a.    
     

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    
       

→ The frictional force acts down the slope in this scenario because frictional forces oppose the direction of motion.
 

b.    Weight force acting down slope

→ Total force down the slope    (weight force down slope + frictional force)

 
 
   

 
→ The force, , acting up slope needs to be .

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 3 MC

Two balls are dropped vertically from a cliff. Ball is dropped first. One second later, Ball , which has half the mass of Ball , is also dropped from the same height. Assume air resistance is negligible and both balls are dropped from rest.

Which of the following is correct?

  1. Ball will hit the ground with twice the speed of Ball .
  2. Ball will accelerate slower because it has less mass.
  3. The balls will strike the ground more than one second apart.
  4. The distance between the balls increases while they are falling.
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Show Worked Solution

→ Both balls will experience the same acceleration as they are both being acted on by gravity .

→ The distance the balls fall during flight is given by  .

→ When 

Distance travelled by Ball

Distance travelled by Ball (distance between balls = 4.9 m)

→ When 

Distance travelled by Ball  

Distance travelled by Ball (distance between the balls = 14.7 m)

→ Due to the factor of in the distance equation, the distance between the balls will increase while they are falling.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 424 MC

A research study investigating the relationship between aerobic training and stress hormone levels found that participants with the greatest improvements in aerobic capacity also showed the largest reductions in cortisol levels at rest. However, the study didn't measure cortisol levels during exercise.

Which of the following represents the most sophisticated further research question based on these findings?

  1. Does aerobic training reduce stress hormone levels during everyday activities?
  2. Are cortisol reductions maintained if aerobic training is discontinued?
  3. Would resistance training show similar effects on cortisol levels as aerobic training?
  4. How do changes in cortisol during exercise relate to improvements in resting cortisol levels following aerobic training?
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D:  How do changes in cortisol during exercise relate to improvements in resting cortisol levels following aerobic training?

  • This option directly represents the most sophisticated further research question as it builds directly on the gap identified in the original study (not measuring cortisol during exercise) while maintaining focus on the relationship between aerobic capacity improvements and cortisol regulation.
  • This question seeks to understand the physiological mechanisms that link training adaptations to hormone regulation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Broadens the scope to everyday activities rather than focusing on understanding the exercise-specific response.
  • B is incorrect: Looks at maintenance effects rather than deepening understanding of the mechanisms.
  • C is incorrect: Shifts focus to a different type of training rather than building on the findings about aerobic training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 420

During an investigation into aerobic training responses, a researcher collected data on participants' maximum heart rates using a variety of consumer fitness watches.

Assess the potential impact of this approach on the validity, reliability, and credibility of the investigation. Provide recommendations for improvement.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Using various consumer fitness watches introduces significant reliability issues through inconsistent measurement algorithms and sensor technologies between devices, creating systematic error in comparing participants’ data.
  • The validity of consumer watches for maximum heart rate measurement is questionable as they typically prioritise comfort and battery life over measurement precision, potentially underestimating true maximum heart rates during intense exercise.
  • The credibility of the investigation is compromised when using non-research-grade equipment without established validity against criterion measures like ECG, particularly for maximum heart rates where accuracy is most critical.
  • To improve reliability, the researcher should standardise by using identical devices for all participants and conduct preliminary testing to establish the consistency of measurements across multiple trials.
  • Validity would be enhanced by validating the selected device against a criterion measure (such as ECG or chest strap monitor) during a pilot study, or by selecting a research-validated consumer device with documented accuracy during high-intensity exercise.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Using various consumer fitness watches introduces significant reliability issues through inconsistent measurement algorithms and sensor technologies between devices, creating systematic error in comparing participants’ data.
  • The validity of consumer watches for maximum heart rate measurement is questionable as they typically prioritise comfort and battery life over measurement precision, potentially underestimating true maximum heart rates during intense exercise.
  • The credibility of the investigation is compromised when using non-research-grade equipment without established validity against criterion measures like ECG, particularly for maximum heart rates where accuracy is most critical.
  • To improve reliability, the researcher should standardise by using identical devices for all participants and conduct preliminary testing to establish the consistency of measurements across multiple trials.
  • Validity would be enhanced by validating the selected device against a criterion measure (such as ECG or chest strap monitor) during a pilot study, or by selecting a research-validated consumer device with documented accuracy during high-intensity exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 417

A student is designing an investigation to measure changes in stroke volume following an 8-week high-intensity interval training program.

Evaluate the challenges in ensuring valid, reliable, and credible data collection when measuring complex physiological responses to aerobic training.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Measuring stroke volume accurately is difficult in a school setting because it requires special equipment that most schools don’t have, so students often use less accurate methods that might not show the true physiological changes.
  • Many factors like whether participants had food or water before testing, how much they exercised recently, or even if they’re nervous can affect heart measurements, making it hard to get reliable results unless these factors are strictly controlled.
  • Students might not try their hardest during testing if they know they’re being observed, which affects how valid the results are because the measurements won’t show their true maximum capacity.
  • Heart measurements like stroke volume naturally change from day to day in the same person, which makes it hard to tell if changes are from the training program or just normal variation.
  • Schools usually can’t access the best measurement tools (like heart imaging machines), so they have to use simpler methods that might not be as trusted by scientists.
  • To deal with these challenges, students should use multiple ways to measure the same thing, keep testing conditions as similar as possible each time, and be honest about the limitations of their methods.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Measuring stroke volume accurately is difficult in a school setting because it requires special equipment that most schools don’t have, so students often use less accurate methods that might not show the true physiological changes.
  • Many factors like whether participants had food or water before testing, how much they exercised recently, or even if they’re nervous can affect heart measurements, making it hard to get reliable results unless these factors are strictly controlled.
  • Students might not try their hardest during testing if they know they’re being observed, which affects how valid the results are because the measurements won’t show their true maximum capacity.
  • Heart measurements like stroke volume naturally change from day to day in the same person, which makes it hard to tell if changes are from the training program or just normal variation.
  • Schools usually can’t access the best measurement tools (like heart imaging machines), so they have to use simpler methods that might not be as trusted by scientists.
  • To deal with these challenges, students should use multiple ways to measure the same thing, keep testing conditions as similar as possible each time, and be honest about the limitations of their methods.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 17

Two boats begin their journey from the same dock at the same time.

    • Boat A travels at m/s due north.
    • Boat B travels at m/s due east.

Determine whether the magnitude of the velocity of Boat A relative to Boat B would change if both boats doubled their speeds but continued in their original direction. Explain your reasoning.   (2 marks)

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→
 

→ When the velocities of both Boat A and Boat B are doubled the new relative velocity is:

→ The magnitude of the velocity of Boat A relative to Boat B is doubled when the boats double their speed.

Show Worked Solution

→
 

→ When the velocities of both Boat A and Boat B are doubled the new relative velocity is:

→ The magnitude of the velocity of Boat A relative to Boat B is doubled when the boats double their speed.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 6 MC

A skier launches off a small ramp that is 2.0 m above the ground, moving horizontally. She lands 16 m away from the base of the ramp, and it takes her 0.8 seconds to reach the ground.

Assume air resistance is negligible and the horizontal velocity remains constant throughout the jump.

What was her speed at take-off, rounded to the nearest integer?

  1. 2.5 m/s
  2. 12.8 m/s
  3. 15 m/s
  4. 20 m/s
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Show Worked Solution

→ The increasing vertical velocity of the skier is not required when calculating the skier’s initial horizontal velocity.

→ The horizontal velocity of the skier can be calculated:

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 413

When discussing the credibility of data collection in physiological investigations, researchers must consider multiple factors.

Explain THREE factors that influence the credibility of data in an investigation measuring VO₂ max changes following an aerobic training program.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 3 of the following

  • The qualifications and expertise of the researcher administering the tests directly impacts credibility, as proper protocol execution requires technical knowledge and experience with specialised equipment to ensure accurate VO₂ max measurements.
  • The reputation and calibration status of testing equipment significantly affects credibility, as validated, regularly calibrated equipment provides more trusted results than uncalibrated or consumer-grade alternatives.
  • Sample size and selection methods influence the credibility of findings, as larger, representative samples with appropriate inclusion/exclusion criteria yield more believable results than convenient or biassed selections.
  • Transparency in reporting of methods, including detailed documentation of testing protocols, environmental conditions, and any deviations from planned procedures, enhances the credibility of the collected data by allowing for external scrutiny.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 3 of the following

  • The qualifications and expertise of the researcher administering the tests directly impacts credibility, as proper protocol execution requires technical knowledge and experience with specialised equipment to ensure accurate VO₂ max measurements.
  • The reputation and calibration status of testing equipment significantly affects credibility, as validated, regularly calibrated equipment provides more trusted results than uncalibrated or consumer-grade alternatives.
  • Sample size and selection methods influence the credibility of findings, as larger, representative samples with appropriate inclusion/exclusion criteria yield more believable results than convenient or biassed selections.
  • Transparency in reporting of methods, including detailed documentation of testing protocols, environmental conditions, and any deviations from planned procedures, enhances the credibility of the collected data by allowing for external scrutiny.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 409 MC

A student conducted a study measuring changes in oxygen uptake during a 10-week aerobic training program, but the data showed unusual fluctuations. Upon review, it was discovered that the testing was performed in varying environmental conditions (different room temperatures, humidity levels, and times of day).

Which statement best describes the issue with this data collection approach?

  1. The data lacks reliability because measurements were taken under inconsistent conditions.
  2. The data lacks validity because oxygen uptake doesn't measure aerobic adaptations.
  3. The data lacks credibility because the testing equipment wasn't properly calibrated.
  4. The data lacks accuracy because the training program was too short to show results.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: 

  • The data lacks reliability because measurements were taken under inconsistent conditions.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of results, and when environmental conditions vary (temperature, humidity, time of day), they act as confounding variables that reduce the consistency of the measurements.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Oxygen uptake is a valid measure of aerobic adaptation; the issue isn’t with what’s being measured.
  • C is incorrect: There’s no indication in the scenario that the equipment wasn’t calibrated; the issue is with the inconsistent testing conditions.
  • D is incorrect: A 10-week program is typically sufficient to observe aerobic adaptations; the issue is with the varying testing conditions, not the length of the program.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 4 MC

A rescue drone is flying with a velocity of 30 m/s, N30°E, relative to the ground. The wind is blowing at 15 m/s in an eastern direction, relative to the ground.

What is the magnitude of the drone’s velocity relative to the wind?

  1. 15.0 m/s
  2. 20.2 m/s
  3. 26 m/s
  4. 33.2 m/s
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Show Worked Solution

→ Split the vector of the drone into its vector components:
 

 
 

→ Velocity of the drone relative to the wind:


 

Velocity of the drone relative to the wind

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 404

A student wants to investigate how different body types respond to the same aerobic training protocol by measuring heart rate, ventilation rate, and perceived exertion. Analyse the ethical considerations related to body type classification and data presentation in this investigation.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Classification of participants by body type must use objective, scientifically-based criteria rather than subjective judgments to avoid stigmatisation or reinforcement of negative body stereotypes.
  • The language used in all aspects of the investigation (recruitment, protocols, and reporting) must be neutral and respectful, avoiding terms that could cause embarrassment or perpetuate weight bias.
  • Informed consent must clearly explain how body type will be determined and how this information will be used in the investigation to ensure participants understand what they are agreeing to.
  • Data presentation should focus on physiological responses rather than emphasising body type differences in ways that might reinforce stereotypes or cause participant discomfort when results are shared.
  • Group data should be used wherever possible to minimise identification of individuals, particularly for sensitive measures or when small numbers of participants represent specific body types.
  • Privacy during physical measurements related to body type determination (height, weight, circumference) must be strictly maintained to respect participant dignity.
  • Researchers should anticipate and mitigate potential psychological impacts of body type classification by emphasising the diversity of healthy body compositions and focusing on functional physiological responses rather than appearance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Classification of participants by body type must use objective, scientifically-based criteria rather than subjective judgments to avoid stigmatisation or reinforcement of negative body stereotypes.
  • The language used in all aspects of the investigation (recruitment, protocols, and reporting) must be neutral and respectful, avoiding terms that could cause embarrassment or perpetuate weight bias.
  • Informed consent must clearly explain how body type will be determined and how this information will be used in the investigation to ensure participants understand what they are agreeing to.
  • Data presentation should focus on physiological responses rather than emphasising body type differences in ways that might reinforce stereotypes or cause participant discomfort when results are shared.
  • Group data should be used wherever possible to minimise identification of individuals, particularly for sensitive measures or when small numbers of participants represent specific body types.
  • Privacy during physical measurements related to body type determination (height, weight, circumference) must be strictly maintained to respect participant dignity.
  • Researchers should anticipate and mitigate potential psychological impacts of body type classification by emphasising the diversity of healthy body compositions and focusing on functional physiological responses rather than appearance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 401

Analyse the ethical implications of using different methods to measure oxygen consumption during an investigation of aerobic training responses.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Direct measurement using metabolic carts with masks can provide accurate data but restrict normal breathing patterns, raising ethical concerns about participant comfort and potential anxiety during exercise.
  • Indirect estimation methods like heart rate monitoring are less invasive but provide less accurate data, creating an ethical dilemma between participant comfort and scientific validity.
  • For adolescent participants, the use of face masks for direct measurement may cause greater psychological discomfort than for adults, requiring additional sensitivity and clear explanation of procedures.
  • Researchers must carefully balance the scientific need for accurate physiological data against the ethical principle of minimizing participant discomfort or distress.
  • Pilot testing of measurement methods with a small group before full implementation allows researchers to identify unexpected discomforts or anxieties and modify protocols accordingly.
  • Providing participants with options between measurement methods where scientifically viable respects their autonomy while still enabling valuable data collection.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Direct measurement using metabolic carts with masks can provide accurate data but restrict normal breathing patterns, raising ethical concerns about participant comfort and potential anxiety during exercise.
  • Indirect estimation methods like heart rate monitoring are less invasive but provide less accurate data, creating an ethical dilemma between participant comfort and scientific validity.
  • For adolescent participants, the use of face masks for direct measurement may cause greater psychological discomfort than for adults, requiring additional sensitivity and clear explanation of procedures.
  • Researchers must carefully balance the scientific need for accurate physiological data against the ethical principle of minimizing participant discomfort or distress.
  • Pilot testing of measurement methods with a small group before full implementation allows researchers to identify unexpected discomforts or anxieties and modify protocols accordingly.
  • Providing participants with options between measurement methods where scientifically viable respects their autonomy while still enabling valuable data collection.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 395 MC

Which of the following would NOT typically be included in an informed consent form for an investigation into physiological responses to aerobic training?

  1. Disclosure of potential risks and discomforts
  2. Description of data collection procedures
  3. Guarantee of superior fitness results from participation
  4. Information about confidentiality of collected data
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Guarantee of superior fitness results from participation

  • Promising specific fitness benefits would be misleading and unethical, as investigations cannot guarantee results to participants.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Risk disclosure is an essential component of ethical informed consent.
  • B is incorrect: Procedure descriptions are necessary for participants to make informed decisions.
  • D is incorrect: Confidentiality information is a critical ethical component of informed consent.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 392

A student wants to investigate the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure responses during a 20-minute aerobic training session. Analyse suitable methods for collecting this data and explain potential challenges they might face.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A continuous heart rate monitor with chest strap would provide uninterrupted heart rate data throughout the session without disturbing the exercise rhythm or intensity.
  • Blood pressure measurement using an automated cuff would require the participant to momentarily pause or reduce intensity to obtain readings, potentially affecting the natural physiological response.
  • Taking blood pressure readings at set intervals (pre-exercise, 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes, and recovery) would provide trend data without excessive disruption to the exercise session.
  • Body movement during exercise creates artifacts in both heart rate and blood pressure measurements, requiring careful technique and possibly repeated measurements for accuracy.
  • Environmental factors like temperature and humidity should be recorded as they influence both heart rate and blood pressure responses independently of exercise intensity.
  • Positioning of the blood pressure cuff must remain consistent to ensure comparable readings, which can be challenging during dynamic movements in aerobic training.
  • Synchronising the timing of heart rate and blood pressure data points is essential for valid correlation analysis, requiring precise coordination of measurement protocols.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • A continuous heart rate monitor with chest strap would provide uninterrupted heart rate data throughout the session without disturbing the exercise rhythm or intensity.
  • Blood pressure measurement using an automated cuff would require the participant to momentarily pause or reduce intensity to obtain readings, potentially affecting the natural physiological response.
  • Taking blood pressure readings at set intervals (pre-exercise, 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes, and recovery) would provide trend data without excessive disruption to the exercise session.
  • Body movement during exercise creates artifacts in both heart rate and blood pressure measurements, requiring careful technique and possibly repeated measurements for accuracy.
  • Environmental factors like temperature and humidity should be recorded as they influence both heart rate and blood pressure responses independently of exercise intensity.
  • Positioning of the blood pressure cuff must remain consistent to ensure comparable readings, which can be challenging during dynamic movements in aerobic training.
  • Synchronising the timing of heart rate and blood pressure data points is essential for valid correlation analysis, requiring precise coordination of measurement protocols.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 389

A student wants to investigate how body temperature changes during a 30-minute aerobic training session performed outdoors on a warm day. Analyse TWO different methods they could use to collect this data.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A tympanic (ear) thermometer provides quick readings of body temperature at selected intervals without significantly disrupting the exercise but only gives instantaneous measurements rather than continuous monitoring.
  • This method is practical and minimally invasive but may be less accurate during exercise due to increased perspiration and environmental factors affecting ear temperature.

OR

  • A skin-mounted temperature sensor with wireless connectivity provides continuous temperature monitoring throughout the entire session without requiring the participant to stop exercising.
  • This method gives more comprehensive data about temperature fluctuations but requires more expensive equipment and technical expertise to implement correctly.

For both methods

  • Environmental temperature should be monitored simultaneously with either method to account for ambient conditions affecting body temperature responses.
  • Data collection points should include baseline (pre-exercise), multiple points during exercise (e.g., 10, 20, and 30 minutes), and recovery period to capture the complete temperature response profile.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • A tympanic (ear) thermometer provides quick readings of body temperature at selected intervals without significantly disrupting the exercise but only gives instantaneous measurements rather than continuous monitoring.
  • This method is practical and minimally invasive but may be less accurate during exercise due to increased perspiration and environmental factors affecting ear temperature.

OR

  • A skin-mounted temperature sensor with wireless connectivity provides continuous temperature monitoring throughout the entire session without requiring the participant to stop exercising.
  • This method gives more comprehensive data about temperature fluctuations but requires more expensive equipment and technical expertise to implement correctly.

For both methods

  • Environmental temperature should be monitored simultaneously with either method to account for ambient conditions affecting body temperature responses.
  • Data collection points should include baseline (pre-exercise), multiple points during exercise (e.g., 10, 20, and 30 minutes), and recovery period to capture the complete temperature response profile.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 383 MC

A student is collecting data about how lactate levels change during a 30-minute aerobic training session. Which data collection timeline would provide the most useful information?

  1. Measurement at 5-minute intervals during exercise and once during recovery
  2. Measurement before exercise and 30 minutes after completion
  3. Measurement only at the point of maximum perceived exertion
  4. Measurement once before exercise and once immediately after completion
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Measurement at 5-minute intervals during exercise and once during recovery

  • Taking measurements at regular intervals during exercise and recovery provides data on how lactate changes throughout the session and into recovery.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Misses all changes during exercise and most of recovery.
  • C is incorrect: Single measurement provides minimal data about lactate changes over time.
  • D is incorrect: Only captures beginning and endpoint, missing lactate dynamics during exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 380

A group of students observed different rates of recovery after their physical education class. Develop a research question to investigate this observation, and explain how you could ensure this question addresses the physiological responses to aerobic training.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A suitable research question would be: “How does recovery heart rate over a 5-minute period following a standardised 15-minute aerobic circuit differ between students who participate in regular sport and those who don’t?”
  • This question specifies the physiological response being measured (recovery heart rate) over a defined time period (5 minutes).
  • The aerobic stimulus is clearly identified (15-minute standardized circuit) to ensure consistency across all participants.
  • The question establishes comparative groups (regular sport participants vs. non-participants) to investigate potential differences in physiological responses.
  • To ensure the question addresses physiological responses to aerobic training, heart rate measurements would be taken at consistent intervals during recovery (e.g., immediately after exercise, then at 1, 3, and 5 minutes).
  • The question is designed to be measurable using accessible equipment such as heart rate monitors or manual pulse measurement techniques.
  • Results would provide insight into cardiovascular recovery efficiency, which is a key physiological adaptation to regular aerobic training.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A suitable research question would be: “How does recovery heart rate over a 5-minute period following a standardised 15-minute aerobic circuit differ between students who participate in regular sport and those who don’t?”
  • This question specifies the physiological response being measured (recovery heart rate) over a defined time period (5 minutes).
  • The aerobic stimulus is clearly identified (15-minute standardized circuit) to ensure consistency across all participants.
  • The question establishes comparative groups (regular sport participants vs. non-participants) to investigate potential differences in physiological responses.
  • To ensure the question addresses physiological responses to aerobic training, heart rate measurements would be taken at consistent intervals during recovery (e.g., immediately after exercise, then at 1, 3, and 5 minutes).
  • The question is designed to be measurable using accessible equipment such as heart rate monitors or manual pulse measurement techniques.
  • Results would provide insight into cardiovascular recovery efficiency, which is a key physiological adaptation to regular aerobic training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 378 MC

A student wants to investigate how heart rate responds to aerobic training. Which of the following is the most well-structured research question?

  1. "Does exercise affect heart rate?"
  2. "What happens to the body during a 30-minute jog?"
  3. "How does the average heart rate during a 10-minute step test compare between students who regularly participate in aerobic training and those who don't?"
  4. "Why do heart rates increase when we exercise?"
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  “How does the average heart rate during a 10-minute step test compare between students who regularly participate in aerobic training and those who don’t?”

  • Specific about the physiological parameter (heart rate), the exercise protocol (10-minute step test), and comparison groups (regular vs. non-regular aerobic training participants).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too vague, lacking specificity about the type of exercise and heart rate measurement.
  • B is incorrect: Too broad, covering multiple potential physiological responses without specificity.
  • D is incorrect: Asks “why” which is explanatory rather than investigative for measuring responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 374

A student is interested in comparing different aerobic activities and their effects on oxygen consumption. Analyse how they should formulate their research question to ensure it is appropriate for scientific investigation.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • The research question should specify exactly which aerobic activities will be compared (e.g., running, cycling, swimming) to maintain a focused scope.
  • The question must clearly define oxygen consumption measurement (VO₂, L/min or ml/kg/min) and whether peak or average values will be analysed.
  • Exercise intensity parameters must be standardised across activities (e.g., same percentage of maximum heart rate or perceived exertion) to enable valid comparisons.
  • Duration of each activity should be consistent and specified in the question to control for differences in energy expenditure.
  • The question should avoid directional bias or assumptions about which activity might produce higher oxygen consumption.
  • A well-formulated question might be: “How does oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min) compare between 20-minute sessions of running, cycling, and rowing when performed at 65-70% of maximum heart rate?”
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The research question should specify exactly which aerobic activities will be compared (e.g., running, cycling, swimming) to maintain a focused scope.
  • The question must clearly define oxygen consumption measurement (VO₂, L/min or ml/kg/min) and whether peak or average values will be analysed.
  • Exercise intensity parameters must be standardised across activities (e.g., same percentage of maximum heart rate or perceived exertion) to enable valid comparisons.
  • Duration of each activity should be consistent and specified in the question to control for differences in energy expenditure.
  • The question should avoid directional bias or assumptions about which activity might produce higher oxygen consumption.
  • A well-formulated question might be: “How does oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min) compare between 20-minute sessions of running, cycling, and rowing when performed at 65-70% of maximum heart rate?”

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 368 MC

A student wants to investigate the relationship between exercise intensity and ventilation rate during aerobic training. Which of the following ethical considerations is LEAST relevant to this investigation?

  1. Obtaining informed consent from participants
  2. Ensuring participant confidentiality
  3. Receiving intellectual property rights for the research
  4. Screening participants for pre-existing respiratory conditions
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Receiving intellectual property rights for the research

  • Intellectual property rights are not a primary ethical concern in a student investigation of physiological responses, while other options are critical ethical considerations.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Informed consent is essential for ethical research involving human participants.
  • B is incorrect: Maintaining participant confidentiality is a fundamental ethical requirement.
  • D is incorrect: Screening for pre-existing conditions is crucial for participant safety.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 365

Explain how understanding physiological responses to aerobic training could be applied to design an effective aerobic training program for a beginner.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Set initial intensity below the lactate threshold to prevent excessive fatigue and promote adherence
  • Gradually increase duration before intensity to develop basic cardiorespiratory endurance
  • Include monitoring of heart rate to ensure training occurs at appropriate intensity (e.g., 60-70% of maximum heart rate)
  • Design rest periods based on ventilation and heart rate recovery to ensure adequate recovery between sessions
  • Apply the principle of progressive overload by incrementally increasing exercise demands as physiological adaptations occur
  • Incorporate variety in training modalities to address all components of the cardiorespiratory system while maintaining motivation
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Set initial intensity below the lactate threshold to prevent excessive fatigue and promote adherence
  • Gradually increase duration before intensity to develop basic cardiorespiratory endurance
  • Include monitoring of heart rate to ensure training occurs at appropriate intensity (e.g., 60-70% of maximum heart rate)
  • Design rest periods based on ventilation and heart rate recovery to ensure adequate recovery between sessions
  • Apply the principle of progressive overload by incrementally increasing exercise demands as physiological adaptations occur
  • Incorporate variety in training modalities to address all components of the cardiorespiratory system while maintaining motivation

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 355

Olympic swimming coach Michelle is monitoring her athlete's lactate levels during training to help prepare for the upcoming 200m freestyle event.

  1. Describe the relationship between exercise intensity and lactate production during swimming training.   (3 marks)
  2. Explain TWO immediate physiological responses that occur alongside changes in lactate levels during high-intensity swimming.   (3 marks)
  3. Outline ONE benefit of monitoring lactate levels during swimming training.   (2 marks)
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Sample Answer 

a.   Relationship between exercise intensity and lactate production

  • At low swimming intensities (easy warm-up pace), lactate levels remain close to resting values (1-2 mmol/L) as the aerobic system adequately meets energy demands.
  • As swimming intensity increases to moderate levels, there is a gradual increase in lactate production, though the body can still effectively clear most lactate produced.
  • During high-intensity swimming (race pace), lactate levels rise significantly (may exceed 8-10 mmol/L) as the glycolytic energy system becomes the primary energy provider, producing lactate as a by-product.

b.   Immediate physiological responses –  Any TWO of the following

  • Heart rate increases substantially during high-intensity swimming as the cardiovascular system works to deliver more oxygen to working muscles, rising in proportion to the increase in lactate levels.
  • Ventilation rate (breathing rate) increases dramatically alongside rising lactate levels, as the swimmer attempts to take in more oxygen and expel carbon dioxide, often resulting in the characteristic gasping for air seen at the end of a race.
  • Stroke volume may initially increase but then plateau during very high-intensity swimming when lactate levels are highest.
  • Cardiac output increases proportionally with intensity to support greater oxygen demand and assist with lactate clearance.

c.   Benefit – Any ONE of the following

  • Monitoring lactate levels allows the coach to precisely determine appropriate training intensities for specific energy system development, ensuring the swimmer trains at the correct intensity to improve performance in the 200 m event.
  • Lactate testing provides objective feedback about the swimmer’s physiological response to training, allowing for adjustments to training volume and intensity based on individual adaptations rather than subjective feelings of effort.
  • Regular lactate monitoring can track improvements in the swimmer’s fitness, with lower lactate levels at the same swimming speed indicating enhanced aerobic capacity and efficiency.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

 a.   Relationship between exercise intensity and lactate production

  • At low swimming intensities (easy warm-up pace), lactate levels remain close to resting values (1-2 mmol/L) as the aerobic system adequately meets energy demands.
  • As swimming intensity increases to moderate levels, there is a gradual increase in lactate production, though the body can still effectively clear most lactate produced.
  • During high-intensity swimming (race pace), lactate levels rise significantly (may exceed 8-10 mmol/L) as the glycolytic energy system becomes the primary energy provider, producing lactate as a by-product.

b.   Immediate physiological responses – Any TWO of the following

  • Heart rate increases substantially during high-intensity swimming as the cardiovascular system works to deliver more oxygen to working muscles, rising in proportion to the increase in lactate levels.
  • Ventilation rate (breathing rate) increases dramatically alongside rising lactate levels, as the swimmer attempts to take in more oxygen and expel carbon dioxide, often resulting in the characteristic gasping for air seen at the end of a race.
  • Stroke volume may initially increase but then plateau during very high-intensity swimming when lactate levels are highest.
  • Cardiac output increases proportionally with intensity to support greater oxygen demand and assist with lactate clearance.

c.   Benefit – Any ONE of the following

  • Monitoring lactate levels allows the coach to precisely determine appropriate training intensities for specific energy system development, ensuring the swimmer trains at the correct intensity to improve performance in the 200 m event.
  • Lactate testing provides objective feedback about the swimmer’s physiological response to training, allowing for adjustments to training volume and intensity based on individual adaptations rather than subjective feelings of effort.
  • Regular lactate monitoring can track improvements in the swimmer’s fitness, with lower lactate levels at the same swimming speed indicating enhanced aerobic capacity and efficiency.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 354

Explain how lactate levels respond to different training intensities and how these responses relate to other immediate physiological adaptations during exercise. Use specific examples to support your answer.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • During low-intensity exercise, lactate levels remain relatively stable and close to resting values as the aerobic energy system can meet the body’s energy demands
  • As exercise intensity increases to moderate levels, there is a slight increase in lactate production, but the body is still able to remove or utilise most of the lactate produced
  • During high-intensity exercise, lactate levels rise significantly as the body increasingly relies on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production
  • The sensation of muscle burning during intense exercise is partly due to the accumulation of hydrogen ions associated with lactate production
  • Rising lactate levels coincide with increases in heart rate, as both respond to the increasing energy demands of the working muscles
  • Ventilation rate also increases in response to higher exercise intensities and is indirectly related to lactate accumulation, as the body attempts to supply more oxygen
  • For example, a basketball player performing repeated sprints during a game would experience elevated lactate levels, accompanied by increased heart rate and breathing rate, which all contribute to the feeling of fatigue
  • After exercise ceases, lactate levels gradually return toward baseline as the body clears lactate through various mechanisms, including conversion back to glucose in the liver
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • During low-intensity exercise, lactate levels remain relatively stable and close to resting values as the aerobic energy system can meet the body’s energy demands
  • As exercise intensity increases to moderate levels, there is a slight increase in lactate production, but the body is still able to remove or utilise most of the lactate produced
  • During high-intensity exercise, lactate levels rise significantly as the body increasingly relies on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production
  • The sensation of muscle burning during intense exercise is partly due to the accumulation of hydrogen ions associated with lactate production
  • Rising lactate levels coincide with increases in heart rate, as both respond to the increasing energy demands of the working muscles
  • Ventilation rate also increases in response to higher exercise intensities and is indirectly related to lactate accumulation, as the body attempts to supply more oxygen
  • For example, a basketball player performing repeated sprints during a game would experience elevated lactate levels, accompanied by increased heart rate and breathing rate, which all contribute to the feeling of fatigue
  • After exercise ceases, lactate levels gradually return toward baseline as the body clears lactate through various mechanisms, including conversion back to glucose in the liver

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 350

Analyse the relationship between lactate levels and other immediate physiological responses during high-intensity interval training (HIIT).   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • During HIIT, lactate levels increase rapidly during high-intensity intervals as the body relies heavily on glycolytic energy systems, causing an accumulation of lactate in the muscles and bloodstream
  • Heart rate increases proportionally with exercise intensity, with a correlation between elevated heart rate and increased lactate production during high-intensity intervals
  • Ventilation rate (breathing rate) increases to expel carbon dioxide and supply more oxygen, with rapid breathing during intense exercise periods coinciding with rising lactate levels
  • Stroke volume initially increases but may plateau or slightly decrease during very high-intensity intervals when lactate levels are at their highest
  • Cardiac output increases to deliver more oxygen to working muscles and help remove lactate, showing a direct relationship with rising lactate concentrations
  • Recovery intervals allow partial clearance of lactate as the body returns toward homeostasis, demonstrating the dynamic relationship between work and recovery periods
  • For example, a soccer player performing sprint intervals would experience rapid increases in lactate levels, heart rate, and ventilation during sprints, with partial recovery during rest periods
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • During HIIT, lactate levels increase rapidly during high-intensity intervals as the body relies heavily on glycolytic energy systems, causing an accumulation of lactate in the muscles and bloodstream
  • Heart rate increases proportionally with exercise intensity, with a correlation between elevated heart rate and increased lactate production during high-intensity intervals
  • Ventilation rate (breathing rate) increases to expel carbon dioxide and supply more oxygen, with rapid breathing during intense exercise periods coinciding with rising lactate levels
  • Stroke volume initially increases but may plateau or slightly decrease during very high-intensity intervals when lactate levels are at their highest
  • Cardiac output increases to deliver more oxygen to working muscles and help remove lactate, showing a direct relationship with rising lactate concentrations
  • Recovery intervals allow partial clearance of lactate as the body returns toward homeostasis, demonstrating the dynamic relationship between work and recovery periods
  • For example, a soccer player performing sprint intervals would experience rapid increases in lactate levels, heart rate, and ventilation during sprints, with partial recovery during rest periods

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 344

Analyse the relationship between cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume as immediate physiological responses to a 30-minute continuous aerobic training session.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer

Cardiac output relationship to heart rate and stroke volume:

  • Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume
  • All three increase immediately at the onset of exercise

Initial response (first few minutes):

  • Heart rate increases rapidly due to nervous system stimulation
  • Stroke volume increases due to increased venous return from muscle contractions
  • These combined changes result in rapid increase in cardiac output

Mid-session response:

  • Heart rate may continue to increase gradually
  • Stroke volume typically stabilises after initial increase
  • Cardiac output reaches a relatively steady state appropriate for the exercise intensity

Physiological mechanisms:

  • Increased heart rate results from decreased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic stimulation
  • Increased stroke volume results from greater ventricular filling and stronger heart contractions
  • These adaptations ensure sufficient blood flow to meet the oxygen demands of working muscles

Interrelationship

  • The relationship between these variables ensures the body can maintain the required exercise intensity throughout the training session
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Cardiac output relationship to heart rate and stroke volume:

  • Cardiac output = Heart rate × Stroke volume
  • All three increase immediately at the onset of exercise

Initial response (first few minutes):

  • Heart rate increases rapidly due to nervous system stimulation
  • Stroke volume increases due to increased venous return from muscle contractions
  • These combined changes result in rapid increase in cardiac output

Mid-session response:

  • Heart rate may continue to increase gradually
  • Stroke volume typically stabilises after initial increase
  • Cardiac output reaches a relatively steady state appropriate for the exercise intensity

Physiological mechanisms:

  • Increased heart rate results from decreased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic stimulation
  • Increased stroke volume results from greater ventricular filling and stronger heart contractions
  • These adaptations ensure sufficient blood flow to meet the oxygen demands of working muscles

Interrelationship

  • The relationship between these variables ensures the body can maintain the required exercise intensity throughout the training session

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 337

Analyse the relationship between stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output during an aerobic training session.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate (CO = SV × HR)
  • At the onset of exercise, both stroke volume and heart rate increase to elevate cardiac output
  • Stroke volume increases due to increased venous return from active muscles and increased contractility of the heart
  • Heart rate increases due to decreased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic stimulation
  • As intensity increases, stroke volume reaches its maximum at moderate intensity (40-60% of maximum) and plateaus
  • Further increases in cardiac output at higher intensities come primarily from increases in heart rate
  • During steady-state exercise, cardiac output stabilizes as oxygen supply meets demand
  • Recovery sees a gradual decrease in both heart rate and stroke volume, returning cardiac output to resting levels
  • This relationship allows the cardiovascular system to efficiently meet the oxygen demands of working muscles during exercise
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate (CO = SV × HR)
  • At the onset of exercise, both stroke volume and heart rate increase to elevate cardiac output
  • Stroke volume increases due to increased venous return from active muscles and increased contractility of the heart
  • Heart rate increases due to decreased parasympathetic and increased sympathetic stimulation
  • As intensity increases, stroke volume reaches its maximum at moderate intensity (40-60% of maximum) and plateaus
  • Further increases in cardiac output at higher intensities come primarily from increases in heart rate
  • During steady-state exercise, cardiac output stabilizes as oxygen supply meets demand
  • Recovery sees a gradual decrease in both heart rate and stroke volume, returning cardiac output to resting levels
  • This relationship allows the cardiovascular system to efficiently meet the oxygen demands of working muscles during exercise

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 336

Compare the immediate responses in stroke volume between a trained athlete and an untrained individual when both complete the same moderate-intensity aerobic exercise.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Trained athletes have a higher resting stroke volume (approximately 70-90 mL) compared to untrained individuals (approximately 50-70 mL).
  • During exercise, both show an increase in stroke volume, but the trained athlete’s stroke volume will increase to a higher maximum (120-160 mL vs 90-110 mL in untrained individuals).
  • The trained athlete reaches a steady-state stroke volume more quickly due to more efficient cardiovascular adaptations.
  • The trained athlete’s heart rate increases less for the same exercise intensity, as the higher stroke volume compensates.
  • The trained athlete’s stroke volume decreases more slowly during recovery, showing better cardiovascular efficiency.
  • These differences result in the trained athlete maintaining a more stable cardiac output with less cardiovascular stress.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Trained athletes have a higher resting stroke volume (approximately 70-90 mL) compared to untrained individuals (approximately 50-70 mL).
  • During exercise, both show an increase in stroke volume, but the trained athlete’s stroke volume will increase to a higher maximum (120-160 mL vs 90-110 mL in untrained individuals).
  • The trained athlete reaches a steady-state stroke volume more quickly due to more efficient cardiovascular adaptations.
  • The trained athlete’s heart rate increases less for the same exercise intensity, as the higher stroke volume compensates.
  • The trained athlete’s stroke volume decreases more slowly during recovery, showing better cardiovascular efficiency.
  • These differences result in the trained athlete maintaining a more stable cardiac output with less cardiovascular stress.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 330

Analyse how training status affects ventilation rate response during submaximal exercise.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Trained individuals typically have lower ventilation rates at the same submaximal exercise intensity compared to untrained individuals.
  • This occurs because trained individuals develop greater respiratory efficiency through adaptations such as increased vital capacity and stronger respiratory muscles.
  • Trained individuals also have enhanced oxygen extraction capability at the muscle level, reducing the need for extremely high ventilation rates.
  • At the same absolute workload, a trained individual’s ventilation rate will increase less dramatically from their resting state compared to an untrained person.
  • Training adaptations allow for more efficient carbon dioxide removal at lower ventilation rates, delaying the onset of respiratory fatigue.
  • Experienced athletes demonstrate better synchronisation between ventilation rate and movement patterns (e.g., running stride or swimming stroke), further enhancing efficiency.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Trained individuals typically have lower ventilation rates at the same submaximal exercise intensity compared to untrained individuals.
  • This occurs because trained individuals develop greater respiratory efficiency through adaptations such as increased vital capacity and stronger respiratory muscles.
  • Trained individuals also have enhanced oxygen extraction capability at the muscle level, reducing the need for extremely high ventilation rates.
  • At the same absolute workload, a trained individual’s ventilation rate will increase less dramatically from their resting state compared to an untrained person.
  • Training adaptations allow for more efficient carbon dioxide removal at lower ventilation rates, delaying the onset of respiratory fatigue.
  • Experienced athletes demonstrate better synchronisation between ventilation rate and movement patterns (e.g., running stride or swimming stroke), further enhancing efficiency.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 323

Analyse how different intensity levels of exercise affect the heart rate response in a trained versus untrained individual.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • At rest
    • Trained individuals typically have lower resting heart rates (40-60 bpm) compared to untrained individuals (70-80 bpm) due to physiological adaptations including increased stroke volume and cardiac efficiency.
  • Low-intensity exercise (40-50% of maximum heart rate)
    • Trained individuals experience a smaller increase in heart rate compared to untrained individuals for the same workload.
    • A trained individual may reach 100-110 bpm while an untrained person might reach 120-130 bpm.
  • Moderate intensities (60-70% of maximum heart rate)
    • Trained individuals maintain lower heart rates while performing the same absolute workload, demonstrating greater efficiency in oxygen delivery and utilisation.
  • High-intensity exercise (80-90% of maximum heart rate)
    • The trained individual still maintains a lower heart rate for the same workload, but both will approach their maximum heart rates during very intense exercise.
  • Recovery heart rate
    • Significantly faster in trained individuals, who may see their heart rates decrease by 30-40 bpm in the first minute after exercise compared to 15-25 bpm for untrained individuals.
    • Differences attributed to the trained individual’s increased stroke volume, allowing the heart to pump more blood per beat, requiring fewer beats to deliver the same cardiac output.
    • Trained individuals also have enhanced parasympathetic nervous system function, allowing for quicker heart rate recovery after exercise ceases.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • At rest
    • Trained individuals typically have lower resting heart rates (40-60 bpm) compared to untrained individuals (70-80 bpm) due to physiological adaptations including increased stroke volume and cardiac efficiency.
  • Low-intensity exercise (40-50% of maximum heart rate)
    • Trained individuals experience a smaller increase in heart rate compared to untrained individuals for the same workload.
    • A trained individual may reach 100-110 bpm while an untrained person might reach 120-130 bpm.
  • Moderate intensities (60-70% of maximum heart rate)
    • Trained individuals maintain lower heart rates while performing the same absolute workload, demonstrating greater efficiency in oxygen delivery and utilisation.
  • High-intensity exercise (80-90% of maximum heart rate)
    • The trained individual still maintains a lower heart rate for the same workload, but both will approach their maximum heart rates during very intense exercise.
  • Recovery heart rate
    • Significantly faster in trained individuals, who may see their heart rates decrease by 30-40 bpm in the first minute after exercise compared to 15-25 bpm for untrained individuals.
    • Differences attributed to the trained individual’s increased stroke volume, allowing the heart to pump more blood per beat, requiring fewer beats to deliver the same cardiac output.
    • Trained individuals also have enhanced parasympathetic nervous system function, allowing for quicker heart rate recovery after exercise ceases.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 315

Analyse the relationship between exercise intensity and the immediate responses of heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output during a training session.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer 

Heart rate response:

  • At the beginning of training, heart rate increases rapidly from resting levels as the body immediately responds to the demand for increased blood flow to working muscles.
  • As exercise intensity increases from light to moderate, heart rate continues to rise in proportion to the intensity of the exercise to deliver more oxygen to muscles that need it.
  • At high training intensities, heart rate approaches its maximum, with the rate of increase slowing as it nears the individual’s maximum heart rate.

Stroke volume response:

  • When training begins, stroke volume increases from resting levels as more blood returns to the heart and the heart contracts more forcefully.
  • As intensity increases to moderate levels, stroke volume continues to increase due to stronger heart contractions and greater venous return from active muscles.
  • At high training intensities, stroke volume typically levels off and may even slightly decrease when heart rate becomes very high, limiting the time for the heart to fill between beats.

Cardiac output response:

  • Cardiac output, which is heart rate multiplied by stroke volume, increases progressively with exercise intensity to meet the increasing oxygen demands of working muscles.
  •  
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Heart rate response:

  • At the beginning of training, heart rate increases rapidly from resting levels as the body immediately responds to the demand for increased blood flow to working muscles.
  • As exercise intensity increases from light to moderate, heart rate continues to rise in proportion to the intensity of the exercise to deliver more oxygen to muscles that need it.
  • At high training intensities, heart rate approaches its maximum, with the rate of increase slowing as it nears the individual’s maximum heart rate.

Stroke volume response:

  • When training begins, stroke volume increases from resting levels as more blood returns to the heart and the heart contracts more forcefully.
  • As intensity increases to moderate levels, stroke volume continues to increase due to stronger heart contractions and greater venous return from active muscles.
  • At high training intensities, stroke volume typically levels off and may even slightly decrease when heart rate becomes very high, limiting the time for the heart to fill between beats.

Cardiac output response:

  • Cardiac output, which is heart rate multiplied by stroke volume, increases progressively with exercise intensity to meet the increasing oxygen demands of working muscles.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 314

Explain how immediate cardiac responses differ between resistance training and endurance training.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

Heart rate response:

  •  Endurance training
    • Heart rate increases and maintains a steady elevated level for extended periods
  • Resistance training
    • Heart rate spikes during each set then partially recovers during rest periods between sets.

Stroke volume changes:

  • Endurance training
    • Sustained increase in stroke volume throughout the session
  • Resistance training
    • Temporary increases in stroke volume during lifting phases with returns toward normal during rest periods.

Blood pressure:

  • Resistance training causes greater increases in blood pressure than endurance training, especially during lifting phases when muscles contract forcefully and compress blood vessels.

Cardiac output patterns:

  • Resistance training
    • Produces varying cardiac output with peaks during lifting and lower values during rest intervals.
  • Endurance training
    • Maintains elevated cardiac output consistently throughout the session

Venous return:

  • Resistance training
    • May temporarily restrict blood flow during intense muscle contractions.
  • Endurance training
    • Promotes continuous venous return through rhythmic muscle contractions

Recovery between efforts:

  • Resistance training
    • Allows partial cardiac recovery between sets as heart rate and blood pressure decrease during rest intervals.
  • Endurance training
    • Requires continuous cardiac work with minimal recovery 
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Heart rate response:

  •  Endurance training
    • Heart rate increases and maintains a steady elevated level for extended periods
  • Resistance training
    • Heart rate spikes during each set then partially recovers during rest periods between sets.

Stroke volume changes:

  • Endurance training
    • Sustained increase in stroke volume throughout the session
  • Resistance training
    • Temporary increases in stroke volume during lifting phases with returns toward normal during rest periods.

Blood pressure:

  • Resistance training causes greater increases in blood pressure than endurance training, especially during lifting phases when muscles contract forcefully and compress blood vessels.

Cardiac output patterns:

  • Resistance training
    • Produces varying cardiac output with peaks during lifting and lower values during rest intervals.
  • Endurance training
    • Maintains elevated cardiac output consistently throughout the session

Venous return:

  • Resistance training
    • May temporarily restrict blood flow during intense muscle contractions.
  • Endurance training
    • Promotes continuous venous return through rhythmic muscle contractions

Recovery between efforts:

  • Resistance training
    • Allows partial cardiac recovery between sets as heart rate and blood pressure decrease during rest intervals.
  • Endurance training
    • Requires continuous cardiac work with minimal recovery 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 309 MC

A swim coach is monitoring the physiological responses of athletes during different training sessions. The graph shows lactate levels of two athletes during their respective training sessions.

Based on the lactate response to training shown, which of the following statements is most accurate?

  1. Athlete A is likely performing high-intensity interval training
  2. Athlete B is likely performing low-intensity aerobic training
  3. Both athletes are performing the same training at different intensities
  4. Athlete A is likely performing moderate steady-state aerobic training
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Athlete A is likely performing moderate steady-state aerobic training

  • Athlete A’s lactate levels show a gradual, moderate increase typical of steady-state aerobic training below the lactate threshold.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: High-intensity interval training would produce higher, fluctuating lactate levels than shown for Athlete A.
  • B is incorrect: Athlete B’s steep lactate increase indicates high-intensity training, not low-intensity aerobic training.
  • C is incorrect: The lactate patterns suggest different types of training, not the same training at different intensities.

Calculus, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 1

Consider the function with rule  .

  1. Sketch the graph of    on the set of axes below. Label the vertical asymptotes with their equations and label the stationary points with their coordinates.   (3 marks)
     


  1. The region bounded by the graph of    and the lines    and    is rotated about the -axis to form a solid of revolution.
    1. Write down a definite integral involving only the variable , that when evaluated, will give the volume of the solid.   (2 marks)

    2. Find the volume of the solid, correct to one decimal place.   (1 mark)

  1. Now consider the function with rule  , where .  
  2. For what value of will the graph of have no asymptotes?    (1 mark)

  3. The gradient function of is given by  .
  4. For what values of will the graph of have exactly
    1. one stationary point?   (1 mark)

    2. three stationary points?   (1 mark)

    3. five stationary points?   (1 mark)

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a.   

b.i.   

b.ii. 

c.   

d.i.   

d.ii. 

d.iii.

Show Worked Solution

a.   


 

b.i    
   

 
b.ii. 
 

c.    


  

d.i.

♦♦♦ Mean mark (d.i.) 27%.
♦♦♦ Mean mark (d.ii.) 27%.
♦♦♦ Mean mark (d.iii.) 25%.
 

d.ii. 

  

 


 

d.iii 

   
 

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 306

Analyse how the 'Frequency' component of the FITT principle must be modified throughout a training year for an elite 800m runner. In your answer, refer to periodisation and physiological considerations.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Base/general preparation phase:

  • Aerobic training frequency: 4-5 sessions weekly to develop aerobic capacity essential for the 800 m
  • Anaerobic training frequency: Limited to 1-2 sessions weekly to establish foundation
  • The 800 m runner requires higher aerobic training frequency initially as the event demands approximately 60% aerobic energy contribution
  • Recovery between aerobic sessions can be shorter (24 hours) allowing higher frequency than anaerobic sessions

Specific preparation phase:

  • Aerobic training frequency: Reduces to 2-3 sessions weekly but maintains aerobic capacity
  • Anaerobic glycolytic training frequency: Increases to 2-3 sessions weekly targeting race-specific energy system
  • ATP-PCr system training: 1-2 sessions weekly for speed development
  • Balanced frequency between energy systems reflects the mixed aerobic-anaerobic nature of the 800 m event

Competition phase:

  • Race-specific training frequency: 2 high-quality sessions weekly combining aerobic and anaerobic demands
  • Maintenance aerobic sessions: 1-2 weekly at moderate intensity
  • Pure speed/ATP-PCr sessions: 1 weekly to maintain neuromuscular power
  • Overall reduction in frequency but increased specificity and quality

Energy system recovery requirements:

  • ATP-PCr system: Recovers within hours but neuromuscular fatigue requires 36-48 hours between high-intensity sessions
  • Glycolytic system: Requires 48-72 hours for enzyme restoration and lactate clearance, limiting frequency to 2-3 times weekly
  • Aerobic system: Can be trained more frequently (daily if necessary) with appropriate intensity modulation
  • 800 m training frequency must balance all three energy systems’ recovery requirements

Adaptation considerations:

  • Anaerobic adaptations occur more rapidly than aerobic adaptations, requiring frequency adjustments
  • Early season higher aerobic frequency develops capillary density and mitochondrial content
  • Mid-season increased anaerobic frequency develops lactate tolerance and clearance capacity
  • Frequency must be adjusted based on individual adaptation rates to each energy system

Periodised frequency model:

  • Microcycle design: Hard anaerobic sessions separated by 48-72 hours with aerobic work between
  • Mesocycle pattern: 3 weeks of progressive frequency followed by 1 week reduced frequency (e.g., 3:1 loading pattern)
  • Seasonal fluctuation: Highest total frequency during base phase, most anaerobic-focused frequency mid-season, reduced but specific frequency during competition
  • Tapering: 30-50% reduction in frequency 7-14 days before major competition while maintaining intensity
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Base/general preparation phase:

  • Aerobic training frequency: 4-5 sessions weekly to develop aerobic capacity essential for the 800 m
  • Anaerobic training frequency: Limited to 1-2 sessions weekly to establish foundation
  • The 800 m runner requires higher aerobic training frequency initially as the event demands approximately 60% aerobic energy contribution
  • Recovery between aerobic sessions can be shorter (24 hours) allowing higher frequency than anaerobic sessions

Specific preparation phase:

  • Aerobic training frequency: Reduces to 2-3 sessions weekly but maintains aerobic capacity
  • Anaerobic glycolytic training frequency: Increases to 2-3 sessions weekly targeting race-specific energy system
  • ATP-PCr system training: 1-2 sessions weekly for speed development
  • Balanced frequency between energy systems reflects the mixed aerobic-anaerobic nature of the 800 m event

Competition phase:

  • Race-specific training frequency: 2 high-quality sessions weekly combining aerobic and anaerobic demands
  • Maintenance aerobic sessions: 1-2 weekly at moderate intensity
  • Pure speed/ATP-PCr sessions: 1 weekly to maintain neuromuscular power
  • Overall reduction in frequency but increased specificity and quality

Energy system recovery requirements:

  • ATP-PCr system: Recovers within hours but neuromuscular fatigue requires 36-48 hours between high-intensity sessions
  • Glycolytic system: Requires 48-72 hours for enzyme restoration and lactate clearance, limiting frequency to 2-3 times weekly
  • Aerobic system: Can be trained more frequently (daily if necessary) with appropriate intensity modulation
  • 800 m training frequency must balance all three energy systems’ recovery requirements

Adaptation considerations:

  • Anaerobic adaptations occur more rapidly than aerobic adaptations, requiring frequency adjustments
  • Early season higher aerobic frequency develops capillary density and mitochondrial content
  • Mid-season increased anaerobic frequency develops lactate tolerance and clearance capacity
  • Frequency must be adjusted based on individual adaptation rates to each energy system

Periodised frequency model:

  • Microcycle design: Hard anaerobic sessions separated by 48-72 hours with aerobic work between
  • Mesocycle pattern: 3 weeks of progressive frequency followed by 1 week reduced frequency (e.g., 3:1 loading pattern)
  • Seasonal fluctuation: Highest total frequency during base phase, most anaerobic-focused frequency mid-season, reduced but specific frequency during competition
  • Tapering: 30-50% reduction in frequency 7-14 days before major competition while maintaining intensity

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 305

Explain how the 'Type' component of the FITT principle should be applied when designing an anaerobic training program for a basketball player. Provide examples of specific training methods.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Type must be sport-specific, mimicking the intermittent high-intensity demands of basketball which typically involves repeated bursts of 8-15 seconds of intense activity
  • Anaerobic interval training should focus on court movements like sprinting, jumping, and directional changes:
    • Court suicides (baseline to foul line and back, baseline to half court and back, etc.)
    • Defensive slide drills with rapid direction changes (zigzag patterns)
    • Full-court dribbling sprints with quick stops and starts
  • Plyometric training develops explosive power for rebounding and defensive moves
    • Box jumps (40-60cm height) for vertical power development
    • Depth jumps followed by vertical reach to simulate rebounding situations
    • Lateral bound jumps to develop multi-directional explosive power needed for defensive slides
  • Resistance training targeting major muscle groups used in basketball:
    • Lower body strength exercises (squats, lunges) for jumping power
    • Core training (medicine ball rotational throws) for stability during quick movements
    • Upper body training (chest press, rows) for passing and defending actions
  • Circuit training combining basketball-specific skills with high-intens:ity intervals:
    • Stations including shooting drills, defensive slides, rebounding, and sprint work
    • Work-to-rest ratios of 1:2 or 1:3 to simulate game conditions
    • 30-second maximum effort stations with 60-90 seconds recovery
  • Training types should vary throughout the season:
    • Pre-season focus on general anaerobic capacity and strength development
    • In-season focus on basketball-specific power and speed maintenance
    • Training methods should progress from general to specific as competition approaches
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Type must be sport-specific, mimicking the intermittent high-intensity demands of basketball which typically involves repeated bursts of 8-15 seconds of intense activity
  • Anaerobic interval training should focus on court movements like sprinting, jumping, and directional changes:
    • Court suicides (baseline to foul line and back, baseline to half court and back, etc.)
    • Defensive slide drills with rapid direction changes (zigzag patterns)
    • Full-court dribbling sprints with quick stops and starts
  • Plyometric training develops explosive power for rebounding and defensive moves
    • Box jumps (40-60cm height) for vertical power development
    • Depth jumps followed by vertical reach to simulate rebounding situations
    • Lateral bound jumps to develop multi-directional explosive power needed for defensive slides
  • Resistance training targeting major muscle groups used in basketball:
    • Lower body strength exercises (squats, lunges) for jumping power
    • Core training (medicine ball rotational throws) for stability during quick movements
    • Upper body training (chest press, rows) for passing and defending actions
  • Circuit training combining basketball-specific skills with high-intens:ity intervals:
    • Stations including shooting drills, defensive slides, rebounding, and sprint work
    • Work-to-rest ratios of 1:2 or 1:3 to simulate game conditions
    • 30-second maximum effort stations with 60-90 seconds recovery
  • Training types should vary throughout the season:
    • Pre-season focus on general anaerobic capacity and strength development
    • In-season focus on basketball-specific power and speed maintenance
    • Training methods should progress from general to specific as competition approaches

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 302 MC

When applying the FITT principle to a season-long training program for an elite 400m runner, which of the following describes the MOST appropriate progression of the intensity component?

  1. Begin with moderate-intensity aerobic training (65-75% max HR), progress to high-intensity intervals (85-95% max HR), then maintain low-intensity recovery sessions (50-60% max HR) during competition phase
  2. Begin with high-intensity anaerobic training (90-100% max effort), progress to moderate aerobic endurance (70-80% max HR), then perform race-specific intensity intervals (85-95% max effort) during competition phase
  3. Begin with low-intensity aerobic endurance (60-70% max HR), progress to moderate-intensity threshold training (75-85% max HR), then perform high-intensity race-specific intervals (90-100% max effort) during competition phase
  4. Begin with alternating high (90% max effort) and low (60% max effort) training days, maintain this pattern throughout, then reduce all training intensity (40-50% max effort) during competition phase
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • Follows proper periodisation principles within the FITT framework, beginning with aerobic base building at lower intensities, progressively increasing to threshold work, and finally incorporating race-specific high-intensity training during the competition phase.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Beginning with moderate intensity then moving to high intensity before dropping to low intensity during competition phase contradicts effective periodization principles.
  • B is incorrect: Beginning with high-intensity anaerobic training before developing an aerobic base increases injury risk and doesn’t follow proper intensity progression principles.
  • D is incorrect: Alternating high/low intensity throughout the season doesn’t allow for proper periodisation, and reducing intensity to 40-50% during competition would lead to detraining when peak performance is needed.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 301 MC

A sports scientist is designing interval training programs targeting different energy systems. Which combination of intensity, work interval and recovery period would MOST effectively develop the glycolytic energy system?

  1. 95-100% maximum effort, 5-10 second work intervals, 3-5 minute recovery periods
  2. 75-85% maximum effort, 3-5 minute work intervals, 1-2 minute recovery periods
  3. 85-95% maximum effort, 30-90 second work intervals, 1-3 minute recovery periods
  4. 60-75% maximum effort, 10-20 minute work intervals, 2-3 minute recovery periods
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 85-95% maximum effort, 30-90 second work intervals, 1-3 minute recovery periods

  • The glycolytic (lactic acid) system is optimally trained using 85-95% intensity with 30-90 second work intervals and 1-3 minute recovery periods, creating the optimal stimulus for lactate production and clearance adaptations.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: 5-10 second intervals with long recovery primarily target the ATP-PCr system, not the glycolytic system.
  • B is incorrect: 3-5 minute work intervals with shorter recovery shifts training toward the aerobic system rather than focusing on glycolytic development.
  • D is incorrect: 60-75% intensity with 10-20 minute intervals represents aerobic endurance training that won’t effectively develop the glycolytic system.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 300 MC

An athlete needs to improve their ATP-PCr energy system to enhance their 100 metre sprint performance. Which application of the FITT principle would be MOST effective?

  1. High intensity at 90-100% maximum effort, 2-3 times per week, with 30-45 second work intervals
  2. Moderate intensity at 70-80% maximum effort, 4-5 times per week, with 2-3 minute work intervals
  3. High intensity at 90-100% maximum effort, 2-3 times per week, with 3-10 second work intervals
  4. Moderate intensity at 70-80% maximum effort, 2-3 times per week, with 10-20 second work intervals
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  High intensity at 90-100% maximum effort, 2-3 times per week, with 3-10 second work intervals

  • The ATP-PCr system is best trained with very short, high-intensity bursts (3-10 seconds) at 90-100% effort with adequate recovery between sets.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: 30-45 second intervals are too long for primarily targeting the ATP-PCr system and would shift to the glycolytic system.
  • B is incorrect: Both the intensity (70-80%) is too low and the work intervals (2-3 minutes) are too long for ATP-PCr system development.
  • D is incorrect: The intensity is insufficient (should be 90-100%) for optimal ATP-PCr development, though the frequency is appropriate.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 297

Compare and contrast how the FITT principle would be applied to aerobic training for a recreational marathon runner and a competitive volleyball player.

Justify your response with reference to the specific requirements of each activity.   (12 marks)

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Sample Answer

Frequency

Marathon runner:

  • 4-6 sessions per week focusing on building aerobic endurance with adequate recovery between longer runs

Volleyball player:

  • 3-4 aerobic sessions per week supplemented with sport-specific and strength training sessions due to the multi-faceted nature of volleyball

Justification:

  • Marathon runners require higher running volume to develop specific endurance adaptations
  • Volleyball players need to balance aerobic conditioning with explosive power and technical skill development

Intensity

Marathon runner:

  • Primarily 65-75% MHR for long runs with 1-2 weekly sessions at 80-85% MHR for tempo runs and threshold training

Volleyball player:

  • Higher intensity intervals (85-95% MHR) to simulate the intermittent nature of volleyball, with shorter recovery periods

Justification:

  • Marathon running requires sustained aerobic capacity over hours
  • Volleyball demands repeated high-intensity efforts with short recovery periods during rallies and between points

Time

Marathon runner:

  • Varied durations from 30 minutes (recovery runs) to 180+ minutes (long runs) with a progressive increase in the long run duration

Volleyball player:

  • Shorter sessions (20-45 minutes) of aerobic training often incorporated into practice sessions

Justification:

  • Marathon training requires specific adaptation to prolonged effort
  • Volleyball requires integration of aerobic fitness within the context of game situations

Type

Marathon runner:

  • Primarily continuous running with variations in pace, terrain, and elevation to build specific endurance

Volleyball player:

  • Court-based interval training, shuttle runs, simulated game situations with continuous movement

Justification:

  • Marathon training must be sport-specific (primarily running)
  • Volleyball aerobic training should incorporate movement patterns specific to the sport (lateral movements, jumping, quick direction changes)

Additional considerations

Marathon runner:

  • Progressive overload applied primarily through increasing weekly kilometres
  • Periodisation to peak for a specific race date
  • Recovery strategies to prevent overuse injuries from repetitive impact

Volleyball player

  • Integration of aerobic training with technical and tactical aspects
  • Focus on anaerobic power development alongside aerobic capacity
  • Emphasis on sport-specific movement patterns that translate to game performance

FITT principle

  • Must be adapted to the energy system demands of each sport

Marathon running

  • Primarily aerobic development

Volleyball

  • Requires both aerobic and anaerobic power for optimal performance
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Frequency

Marathon runner:

  • 4-6 sessions per week focusing on building aerobic endurance with adequate recovery between longer runs

Volleyball player:

  • 3-4 aerobic sessions per week supplemented with sport-specific and strength training sessions due to the multi-faceted nature of volleyball

Justification:

  • Marathon runners require higher running volume to develop specific endurance adaptations
  • Volleyball players need to balance aerobic conditioning with explosive power and technical skill development

Intensity

Marathon runner:

  • Primarily 65-75% MHR for long runs with 1-2 weekly sessions at 80-85% MHR for tempo runs and threshold training

Volleyball player:

  • Higher intensity intervals (85-95% MHR) to simulate the intermittent nature of volleyball, with shorter recovery periods

Justification:

  • Marathon running requires sustained aerobic capacity over hours
  • Volleyball demands repeated high-intensity efforts with short recovery periods during rallies and between points

Time

Marathon runner:

  • Varied durations from 30 minutes (recovery runs) to 180+ minutes (long runs) with a progressive increase in the long run duration

Volleyball player:

  • Shorter sessions (20-45 minutes) of aerobic training often incorporated into practice sessions

Justification:

  • Marathon training requires specific adaptation to prolonged effort
  • Volleyball requires integration of aerobic fitness within the context of game situations

Type

Marathon runner:

  • Primarily continuous running with variations in pace, terrain, and elevation to build specific endurance

Volleyball player:

  • Court-based interval training, shuttle runs, simulated game situations with continuous movement

Justification:

  • Marathon training must be sport-specific (primarily running)
  • Volleyball aerobic training should incorporate movement patterns specific to the sport (lateral movements, jumping, quick direction changes)

Additional considerations

Marathon runner:

  • Progressive overload applied primarily through increasing weekly kilometres
  • Periodisation to peak for a specific race date
  • Recovery strategies to prevent overuse injuries from repetitive impact

Volleyball player

  • Integration of aerobic training with technical and tactical aspects
  • Focus on anaerobic power development alongside aerobic capacity
  • Emphasis on sport-specific movement patterns that translate to game performance

FITT principle

  • Must be adapted to the energy system demands of each sport

Marathon running

  • Primarily aerobic development

Volleyball

  • Requires both aerobic and anaerobic power for optimal performance

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 296

Design an aerobic training program for a 16-year-old cross-country runner using the FITT principle. Evaluate how your application of each component addresses the specific needs of a cross-country athlete.   (10 marks)

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Sample Answer

Frequency

  • 4-5 sessions per week specifically designed for cross-country performance

Rationale:

  • Provides sufficient training stimulus while allowing recovery time for a developing athlete, balancing school commitments with training demands

Evaluation:

  • Frequency optimises adaptation without risking overtraining
  • Particularly important for adolescent runners whose recovery capacity may vary during growth phases

Intensity

  • 3 sessions at 65-75% MHR (aerobic base development)
  • 1-2 sessions at 80-85% MHR (threshold training)
  • 1 session incorporating hills or terrain similar to race courses

Rationale:

  • Cross-country requires a strong aerobic base with the ability to maintain pace over varying terrain and handle race surges

Evaluation:

  • Intensity distribution effectively develops both aerobic capacity and lactate threshold necessary for cross-country performance
  • Also considers the developmental stage of a 16-year-old athlete

Time

  • 3 medium sessions (40-45 minutes)
  • 1 longer session (60-70 minutes)
  • 1 shorter, higher-intensity session (30-35 minutes)

Rationale:

  • Matches typical cross-country race durations plus additional time to develop required endurance

Evaluation:

  • Time distribution appropriately prepares the athlete for race distances
  • Provides sufficient variety to maintain motivation
  • Addresses different physiological demands of cross-country racing

Type

  • Long steady runs on varied terrain
  • Tempo runs at race pace
  • Fartlek training with surges similar to racing tactics
  • One session on actual cross-country courses when possible

Rationale:

  • Specificity to cross-country demands including varied terrain, pace changes, and tactical considerations

Evaluation:

  • Variety of training types effectively addresses the multifaceted nature of cross-country racing
  • Maintains engagement for a young athlete

Overall program evaluation

Strengths:

  • Comprehensive development of aerobic systems specific to cross-country demands with appropriate variety for a developing athlete

Limitations:

  • May need adjustment based on individual growth patterns, previous training history, and specific physiological characteristics

Program success:

  • Monitored through performance in time trials, race results, and subjective feedback regarding fatigue and recovery
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Frequency

  • 4-5 sessions per week specifically designed for cross-country performance

Rationale:

  • Provides sufficient training stimulus while allowing recovery time for a developing athlete, balancing school commitments with training demands

Evaluation:

  • Frequency optimises adaptation without risking overtraining
  • Particularly important for adolescent runners whose recovery capacity may vary during growth phases

Intensity

  • 3 sessions at 65-75% MHR (aerobic base development)
  • 1-2 sessions at 80-85% MHR (threshold training)
  • 1 session incorporating hills or terrain similar to race courses

Rationale:

  • Cross-country requires a strong aerobic base with the ability to maintain pace over varying terrain and handle race surges

Evaluation:

  • Intensity distribution effectively develops both aerobic capacity and lactate threshold necessary for cross-country performance
  • Also considers the developmental stage of a 16-year-old athlete

Time

  • 3 medium sessions (40-45 minutes)
  • 1 longer session (60-70 minutes)
  • 1 shorter, higher-intensity session (30-35 minutes)

Rationale:

  • Matches typical cross-country race durations plus additional time to develop required endurance

Evaluation:

  • Time distribution appropriately prepares the athlete for race distances
  • Provides sufficient variety to maintain motivation
  • Addresses different physiological demands of cross-country racing

Type

  • Long steady runs on varied terrain
  • Tempo runs at race pace
  • Fartlek training with surges similar to racing tactics
  • One session on actual cross-country courses when possible

Rationale:

  • Specificity to cross-country demands including varied terrain, pace changes, and tactical considerations

Evaluation:

  • Variety of training types effectively addresses the multifaceted nature of cross-country racing
  • Maintains engagement for a young athlete

Overall program evaluation

Strengths:

  • Comprehensive development of aerobic systems specific to cross-country demands with appropriate variety for a developing athlete

Limitations:

  • May need adjustment based on individual growth patterns, previous training history, and specific physiological characteristics

Program success:

  • Monitored through performance in time trials, race results, and subjective feedback regarding fatigue and recovery

Statistics, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 20 MC

The masses of avocados in a crop may be assumed to be normally distributed, with a mean of 200 grams and a standard deviation of 7.5 grams.

After an avocado of mass grams is peeled and the stone is removed, the mass of edible flesh grams is given by . Four avocados are randomly selected from the crop.

What is the probability, correct to four decimal places, that a total of more than 570 grams of edible flesh is obtained?

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Show Worked Solution

♦ Mean mark 48%.

Vectors, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 15 MC

The position of a moving body is given by  , where is measured in seconds, for  .

The motion of the body can be described as moving along a parabolic path given by

  1. , starting at , reversing direction at and then again at , then returning to after seconds.
  2. , starting at , reversing direction at , then returning to after seconds.
  3. , starting at , reversing direction at and then again at , then returning to after seconds.
  4. , starting at , reversing direction at , then returning to after seconds.
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution
 
 
   
   

 

♦♦ Mean mark 36%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 286

Analyse how the different components of the FITT principle could be manipulated to create a periodised anaerobic training program for a 400 m runner.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

Frequency

  • Would vary across the preparatory, competitive, and transition phases:
    • 4-5 sessions weekly during base preparation,
    • Reducing to 3-4 during competition phase to account for increased intensity and racing schedule.

Intensity

  • Progression would follow a wave-like pattern:
    • Starting with moderate anaerobic training (75-85% effort) during general preparation
    • Progressing to high-intensity (85-95%) during specific preparation
    • Peaking at maximum intensity (95-100%) during competition periods.

Time

  •  Duration of intervals would shift throughout the season:
    • Longer intervals (30-60 seconds) during base preparation to develop lactic capacity
    • Transitioning to race-specific intervals (45-55 seconds) during pre-competition
    • Including shorter, higher-intensity efforts (20-30 seconds) to develop speed during competition phases.

Type

  • Would evolve from general anaerobic exercises (hill sprints, resistance training) during preparation
  • More specific workouts mimicking race demands (track intervals at race pace) as competition approaches.

Rest intervals would be manipulated:

  • Longer recovery periods (1:4-6 work-to-rest ratio) during high-intensity phases to ensure quality
  • Shorter recovery (1:2-3 ratio) during capacity-building phases.

Further points

  • Training volume would peak during specific preparation phase before tapering down during competition phase while maintaining intensity.
  • Microcycles would include variations in intensity throughout each week, with hard anaerobic sessions separated by easy or recovery days.
  • Variations in the FITT components help prevent plateaus, reduce overtraining risk, and ensure optimal performance during key competitions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Frequency

  • Would vary across the preparatory, competitive, and transition phases:
    • 4-5 sessions weekly during base preparation,
    • Reducing to 3-4 during competition phase to account for increased intensity and racing schedule.

Intensity

  • Progression would follow a wave-like pattern:
    • Starting with moderate anaerobic training (75-85% effort) during general preparation
    • Progressing to high-intensity (85-95%) during specific preparation
    • Peaking at maximum intensity (95-100%) during competition periods.

Time

  •  Duration of intervals would shift throughout the season:
    • Longer intervals (30-60 seconds) during base preparation to develop lactic capacity
    • Transitioning to race-specific intervals (45-55 seconds) during pre-competition
    • Including shorter, higher-intensity efforts (20-30 seconds) to develop speed during competition phases.

Type

  • Would evolve from general anaerobic exercises (hill sprints, resistance training) during preparation
  • More specific workouts mimicking race demands (track intervals at race pace) as competition approaches.

Rest intervals would be manipulated:

  • Longer recovery periods (1:4-6 work-to-rest ratio) during high-intensity phases to ensure quality
  • Shorter recovery (1:2-3 ratio) during capacity-building phases.

Further points

  • Training volume would peak during specific preparation phase before tapering down during competition phase while maintaining intensity.
  • Microcycles would include variations in intensity throughout each week, with hard anaerobic sessions separated by easy or recovery days.
  • Variations in the FITT components help prevent plateaus, reduce overtraining risk, and ensure optimal performance during key competitions.