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Data Analysis, GEN2 2024 VCAA 3

The Olympic gold medal-winning height for the women's high jump, , is often lower than the best height achieved in other international women's high jump competitions in that same year.

The table below lists the Olympic year, , the gold medal-winning height, , in metres, and the best height achieved in all international women's high jump competitions in that same year, , in metres, for each Olympic year from 1972 to 2020.

A scatterplot of versus for this data is also provided.

When a least squares line is fitted to the scatterplot, the equation is found to be:

The correlation coefficient is 0.9318

  1. Name the response variable in this equation.   (1 mark)

  2. Draw the least squares line on the scatterplot above.  (1 mark)

  3. Determine the value of the coefficient of determination as a percentage.  (1 mark)
  4. Round your answer to one decimal place.
  5. Describe the association between and in terms of strength and direction.  (1 mark)

  1. Referring to the equation of the least squares line, interpret the value of the slope in terms of the variables and .  (1 mark)

  2. In 1984, the value was 2.07 m for a value of 2.02 m .
  3. Show that when this least squares line is fitted to the scatterplot, the residual value for this point is 0.0328.  (2 marks)

  4. The residual plot obtained when the least squares line was fitted to the data is shown below. The residual value from part f is missing from the residual plot.
     

    1. Complete the residual plot by adding the residual value from part f, drawn as a cross ( X ), to the residual plot above.   (1 mark)

    2. In part b, a least squares line was fitted to the scatterplot. Does the residual plot from part g justify this? Briefly explain your answer.  (1 mark)

  1. In 1964, the gold medal-winning height, , was 1.90m . When the least squares line is used to predict , it is found to be 1.934 m .
  2. Explain why this prediction is not likely to be reliable.  (1 mark)

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a.    

b.    

c.    

d.    

e.    

f.     
   

g.i.

g.ii. 

h.    

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a.    

b.   
 

Mean mark (b) 51%.

c.    


 

d.    
 

e.    
 

f.     
   

 

♦ Mean mark (f) 48%.

g.i.

g.ii. 

♦ Mean mark (g)(i) 47%.
♦ Mean mark (g)(ii) 40%.

h.    

♦ Mean mark (h) 50%.

Data Analysis, GEN2 2024 VCAA 1

Table 1 lists the Olympic year, , and the gold medal-winning height for the men's high jump, , in metres, for each Olympic Games held from 1928 to 2020. No Olympic Games were held in 1940 or 1944, and the 2020 Olympic Games were held in 2021.

Table 1

  1. For the data in Table 1, determine:
  2.  i. the maximum in metres   (1 mark)

  3. ii. the percentage of values greater than 2.25 m.   (1 mark)

  4. The mean of these values is 2.23 m, and the standard deviation is 0.15 m.
  5. Calculate the standardised -score for the 2000 of 2.35 m.   (1 mark)

  6. Construct a boxplot for the data in Table 1 on the grid below.   (2 marks)

     

  1. A least squares line can also be used to model the association between and .
  2. Using the data from Table 1, determine the equation of the least squares line for this data set.
  3. Use the template below to write your answer.
  4. Round the values of the intercept and slope to three significant figures.   (2 marks)

     

  1. The coefficient of determination is 0.857
  2. Interpret the coefficient of determination in terms of and .   (1 mark)

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a.i.   

a.ii. 

b.   

c.     

d.   
    

e.   

Show Worked Solution

a.i.   

a.ii. 

b.    
   
   

  
c.   


  

d.  


  
 

Mean mark (d) 52%.
Mean mark (e) 52%.

e.   

Data Analysis, GEN2 2023 VCAA 1

Data was collected to investigate the use of electronic images to automate the sizing of oysters for sale. The variables in this study were:

    • ID: identity number of the oyster
    • weight: weight of the oyster in grams (g)
    • volume: volume of the oyster in cubic centimetres (cm³)
    • image size: oyster size determined from its electronic image (in megapixels)
    • size: oyster size when offered for sale: small, medium or large

The data collected for a sample of 15 oysters is displayed in the table.
 

  1. Write down the number of categorical variables in the table.   (1 mark)

  2. Determine, in grams:
    1. the mean weight of all the oysters in this sample.   (1 mark)

    2. the median weight of the large oysters in this sample.   (1 mark)
  3. When a least squares line is used to model the association between oyster weight and volume, the equation is: 

    1. Name the response variable in this equation.   (1 mark)

    2. Complete the following sentence by filling in the blank space provided.   (1 mark)

      This equation predicts that, on average, each 10 g increase in the weight of an oyster is associated with a ________________ cm³ increase in its volume.
  1. A least squares line can also be used to model the association between an oyster's volume, in cm³, and its electronic image size, in megapixels. In this model, image size is the explanatory variable.
  2. Using data from the table, determine the equation of this least squares line. Use the template below to write your answer. Round the values of the intercept and slope to four significant figures.   (2 marks)

  3. The number of megapixels needed to construct an accurate electronic image of an oyster is approximately normally distributed.
  4. Measurements made on recently harvested oysters showed that:
    • 97.5% of the electronic images contain less than 4.6 megapixels
    • 84% of the electronic images contain more than 4.3 megapixels.
  1. Use the 68-95-99.7% rule to determine, in megapixels, the mean and standard deviation of this normal distribution.   (2 marks)

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a.   

b.i. 

b.ii. 

c.i.   

c.ii. 

d.   

e.   

 

Show Worked Solution

a.   
 

b.i. 
 

b.ii. 

 
 

c.i.   
 

c.ii. 
 

d.   


 

e.   

 

Data Analysis, GEN1 2023 VCAA 10 MC

A study of Year 10 students shows that there is a negative association between the scores of topic tests and the time spent on social media. The coefficient of determination is 0.72

From this information it can be concluded that

  1. a decreased time spent on social media is associated with an increased topic test score.
  2. less time spent on social media causes an increase in topic test performance.
  3. an increased time spent on social media is associated with an increased topic test score.
  4. too much time spent on social media causes a reduction in topic test performance.
  5. a decreased time spent on social media is associated with a decreased topic test score.
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CORE, FUR2 2021 VCAA 3

The time series plot below shows the winning time, in seconds, for the women's 100 m freestyle swim plotted against year, for each year that the Olympic Games were held during the period 1956 to 2016.

A least squares line has been fitted to the plot to model the decreasing trend in the winning time over this period.
 

The equation of the least squares line is

winning time = 357.1 – 0.1515 × year

The coefficient of determination is 0.8794

  1. Name the explanatory variable in this time series plot.   (1 mark)

  2. Determine the value of the correlation coefficient ().
  3. Round your answer to three decimal places.   (1 mark)

  4. Write down the average decrease in winning time, in seconds per year, during the period 1956 to 2016.   (1 mark)

  5. The predicted winning time for the women's 100 m freestyle in 2000 was 54.10 seconds.
  6. The actual winning time for the women's 100 m freestyle in 2000 was 53.83 seconds.
  7. Determine the residual value in seconds.   (1 mark)

  8. The following equation can be used to predict the winning time for the women's 100 m freestyle in the future.
  9.      winning time =  357.1 – 0.1515 × year
  10.  i. Show that the predicted winning time for the women's 100 m freestyle in 2032 is 49.252 seconds.   (1 mark)

  11. ii. What assumption is being made when this equation is used to predict the winning time for the women's 100 m freestyle in 2032?   (1 mark)

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  5.  i.
  6. ii.
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a.     
 

b.
 
   

 


 

c.   


 

d.    
   
   

 

e.i.      
     

 

e.ii. 

 

CORE, FUR1 2021 VCAA 11 MC

The table below shows the weight, in kilograms, and the height, in centimetres, of 10 adults.

A least squares line is fitted to the data

The least squares line enables an adult's weight to be predicted from their height.

The number of times that the predicted value of an adult's weight is greater than the actual value of their weight is

  1. 3
  2. 4
  3. 5
  4. 6
  5. 7
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Show Worked Solution

♦ Mean mark 40%.

CORE, FUR2 2020 VCAA 4

The age, in years, body density, in kilograms per litre, and weight, in kilograms, of a sample of 12 men aged 23 to 25 years are shown in the table below.
 

          Age       
(years)

        Body density        
(kg/litre)

        Weight        
(kg)
  23 1.07 70.1
  23 1.07 90.4
  23 1.08 73.2
  23 1.08 85.0
  24 1.03 84.3
  24 1.05 95.6
  24 1.07 71.7
  24 1.06 95.0
  25 1.07 80.2
  25 1.09 87.4
  25 1.02 94.9
  25 1.09 65.3
     
  1. For these 12 men, determine
  2.  i. their median age, in years.   (1 mark)

  3. ii. the mean of their body density, in kilograms per litre.   (1 mark)

  4. A least squares line is to be fitted to the data with the aim of predicting body density from weight.
  5.  i. Name the explanatory variable for this least squares line.   (1 mark)

  6. ii. Determine the slope of this least squares line.
  7.     Round your answer to three significant figures.   (1 mark)

  8. What percentage of the variation in body density can be explained by the variation in weight?
  9. Round your answer to the nearest percentage.   (1 mark)

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  1.  i.
  2. ii.
  3. i.
  4. ii.
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a.i.    
 
   
   

 

a.ii.  
   

 

b.i.   

♦ Mean mark b.ii. 29%.
MARKER’S COMMENT: Most students did not round correctly.

b.ii.   

 

c.  
 

 

CORE, FUR2-NHT 2019 VCAA 3

The life span, in years, and gestation period, in days, for 19 types of mammals are displayed in the table below.
 

  1. A least squares line that enables life span to be predicted from gestation period is fitted to this data.
  2. Name the explanatory variable in the equation of this least squares line.   (1 mark)

  3. Determine the equation of the least squares line in terms of the variables life span and gestation period.
  4. Round the numbers representing the intercept and slope to three significant figures.   (2 marks)

  5. Write the value of the correlation rounded to three decimal places.   (1 mark)

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Show Worked Solution

a.   
 

b.   


 

c.   

CORE, FUR2 2019 VCAA 4

The relative humidity (%) at 9 am and 3 pm on 14 days in November 2017 is shown in Table 3 below.

A least squares line is to be fitted to the data with the aim of predicting the relative humidity at 3 pm (humidity 3 pm) from the relative humidity at 9 am (humidity 9 am).

  1. Name the explanatory variable.   (1 mark)

  2. Determine the values of the intercept and the slope of this least squares line.
  3. Round both values to three significant figures and write them in the appropriate boxes provided.   (1 mark)

humidity 3 pm = 
 
   +  
 
   × humidity 9 am  (1 mark)
  1. Determine the value of the correlation coefficient for this data set.
  2. Round your answer to three decimal places.   (1 mark)

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Show Worked Solution

a. 
 

b. 


 

c.    

CORE, FUR2 2018 VCAA 2

The congestion level in a city can be recorded as the percentage increase in travel time due to traffic congestion in peak periods (compared to non-peak periods).

This is called the percentage congestion level.

The percentage congestion levels for the morning and evening peak periods for 19 large cities are plotted on the scatterplot below.
 

  1. Determine the median percentage congestion level for the morning peak period and the evening peak period.

     

    Write your answers in the appropriate boxes provided below.   (2 marks)

Median percentage congestion level for morning peak period
%
Median percentage congestion level for evening peak period
%

A least squares line is to be fitted to the data with the aim of predicting evening congestion level from morning congestion level.

The equation of this line is.

evening congestion level = 8.48 + 0.922 × morning congestion level

  1. Name the response variable in this equation.   (1 mark)

  2. Use the equation of the least squares line to predict the evening congestion level when the morning congestion level is 60%.   (1 mark)

  3. Determine the residual value when the equation of the least squares line is used to predict the evening congestion level when the morning congestion level is 47%.
  4. Round your answer to one decimal place?   (2 marks)

  5. The value of the correlation coefficient is 0.92
  6. What percentage of the variation in the evening congestion level can be explained by the variation in the morning congestion level?
  7. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.   (1 mark)

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Show Worked Solution

a.   

Mean mark 56%.
COMMENT: This question was surprisingly poorly answered. Review carefully!

 


 

b.   
 

c.   
   

 
d.  

Mean mark part (d) 53%.
COMMENT: Many students had problems at a number of stages in this part.

 
 
 

 

e.   
 
   

 

CORE, FUR1 2018 VCAA 14 MC

A least squares line is fitted to a set of bivariate data.

Another least squares line is fitted with response and explanatory variables reversed.

Which one of the following statistics will not change in value?

  1. the residual values
  2. the predicted values
  3. the correlation coefficient
  4. the slope of the least squares line
  5. the intercept of the least squares line
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Show Worked Solution

♦ Mean mark 42%.


 

CORE, FUR2 2008 VCAA 4

The arm spans (in cm) and heights (in cm) for a group of 13 boys have been measured. The results are displayed in the table below.
 

CORE, FUR2 2008 VCAA 4 

The aim is to find a linear equation that allows arm span to be predicted from height.

  1. What will be the explanatory variable in the equation?   (1 mark)

  2. Assuming a linear association, determine the equation of the least squares regression line that enables arm span to be predicted from height. Write this equation in terms of the variables arm span and height. Give the coefficients correct to two decimal places.   (2 marks)

  3. Using the equation that you have determined in part b., interpret the slope of the least squares regression line in terms of the variables height and arm span.   (1 mark)

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  3.  

Show Worked Solution

a.  

♦ Mean mark sub 50% (exact data not available).
MARKER’S COMMENT: Many students did not understand the term co-efficients as it applies to the regression equation.

 

b.   

 

c.   

CORE, FUR2 2010 VCAA 2

In the scatterplot below, average annual female income, in dollars, is plotted against average annual male income, in dollars, for 16 countries. A least squares regression line is fitted to the data.
 


 

The equation of the least squares regression line for predicting female income from male income is

female income = 13 000 + 0.35 × male income

  1. What is the explanatory variable?  (1 mark)

  2. Complete the following statement by filling in the missing information.

     

    From the least squares regression line equation it can be concluded that, for these countries, on average, female income increases by for each $1000 increase in male income.  (1 mark)

    1. Use the least squares regression line equation to predict the average annual female income (in dollars) in a country where the average annual male income is $15 000.  (1 mark)

    2. The prediction made in part c.i. is not likely to be reliable.

       

      Explain why.  (1 mark)


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  4.  

Show Worked Solution

a.  
 

b.   


 

c.i.  

♦♦ This part was poorly answered (exact data unavailable).
MARKER’S COMMENT: Many students offered “real world” explanations which did not gain a mark here.

 
c.ii.   

   

   

CORE, FUR2 2014 VCAA 2

The scatterplot below shows the population and area (in square kilometres) of a sample of inner suburbs of a large city.
 

Core, FUR2 2015 VCAA 2

The equation of the least squares regression line for the data in the scatterplot is

population = 5330 + 2680 × area

  1. Write down the response variable.   (1 mark)

  2. Draw the least squares regression line on the scatterplot above.   (1 mark)

  3. Interpret the slope of this least squares regression line in terms of the variables area and population.  (2 marks)

  4. Wiston is an inner suburb. It has an area of 4 km² and a population of 6690.
  5. The correlation coefficient, , is equal to 0.668
  6.  i. Calculate the residual when the least squares regression line is used to predict the population of Wiston from its area.  (1 mark)

  7. ii. What percentage of the variation in the population of the suburbs is explained by the variaton in area.
  8.     Write your answer, correct to one decimal place.  (1 mark)

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  2.  
          Core, FUR2 2015 VCAA 2 Answer

  3. ²
Show Worked Solution

a.  
 

♦ Mean mark 36%.
MARKER’S COMMENT: Use the equation to draw the line and use points at the extremities.
b.   

Core, FUR2 2015 VCAA 2 Answer

 

c.   

♦ Mean mark 41% (part (iii)).

²
 

d.i. 


 

♦ Part (iv) in total had a mean mark 42%.
d.ii.