An animal's body temperature and the air temperature of the animal's environment were measured every 4 hours, and the following data were recorded.

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \ \ \ \ \  \ \ \  {Time} \ \ \ \ \ \  \ \ \  \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & {Body \ temperature} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & {Air  \  temperature} \\
{} & \text{(°C)} & \text{(°C)} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{4 am} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{41.3} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{19.2}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{8 am} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{41.1} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{18.8}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{12 pm} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{40.8} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{21.5}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{4 pm} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{41.4} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{26.4}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{8 pm} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{41.2} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{27.5}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \text{12 am} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{41.5} \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{23.0}\\
\hline
\end{array}

Based on this data, which row of the table indicates what type of animal it is and why?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\ & \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\ & \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\ & \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\ & \\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} {Type \ of \ animal}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& {Reason } \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Ectotherm}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{Body temperature is around 41°C and varies} \\ & \text{with the air temperature. }\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Ectotherm}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Body temperature is around 41°C and is} \\ & \text{always above the air temperature. }\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Endotherm }\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Body temperature is relatively constant} \\ & \text{despite changes in air temperature. } \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Endotherm}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Body temperature is relatively constant, and} \\ & \text{air temperature is relatively constant. } \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

A study monitored the changes in the body temperature of a kookaburra (an Australian bird) and a human over a 24-hour period. The results of the study are shown in the graph.
 

1. At what time was the kookaburra's body temperature the lowest?   (1 mark)

2. Some endothermic organisms can display torpor (a significant decrease in physiological activity).

   With reference to the graph, explain whether the human or the kookaburra was displaying torpor and if so, state the time this occurred.   (3 marks)

3. Outline an adaptation that may lead to an increase in the kookaburra's body temperature during the inactive period.   (2 marks)

Organisms use various mechanisms to maintain their internal environment within tolerance limits.

Outline a physiological adaptation in endotherms which assists in maintaining their internal environment.   (2 marks)

The graph shows four possible relationships between ambient temperature and body temperature.
 

Which line on the graph represents the relationship between ambient temperature and body temperature for an endotherm in a terrestrial environment?

1. `W`
2. `X`
3. `Y`
4. `Z`

A healthy person in a hot environment measures their body temperature to be 38.0°C.

Which of the following might occur in this person?

1. Shivering
2. Vasodilation
3. Goosebumps
4. Pale appearance