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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 789 MC

A researcher is studying the physiological responses to different training protocols and observes the following results:

Training Protocol 1:

  • 4 - 6 × 30 second all-out sprints
  • 4 minutes of complete rest between efforts
  • Total session time: 25 minutes

Training Protocol 2:

  • 6 - 10 × 2-minute intervals at 85% maximum heart rate
  • 1 minute active recovery between intervals
  • Total session time: 30 minutes

Which of the following correctly identifies these training protocols?

  1. Protocol 1 is SIT, Protocol 2 is HIIT
  2. Protocol 1 is SIT, Protocol 2 is continuous training
  3. Protocol 1 is HIIT, Protocol 2 is SIT
  4. Protocol 1 is continuous training, Protocol 2 is HIIT
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: 

  • Protocol 1 features very short (30-second), all-out maximum efforts with long recovery periods (4 minutes), which is characteristic of Sprint Interval Training (SIT).
  • Protocol 2 features longer work intervals (2 minutes) at high but not maximal intensity (85% maximum heart rate) with shorter recovery periods, which is characteristic of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT).

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Protocol 2 cannot be continuous training because it includes recovery intervals; continuous training involves sustained activity without rest periods.
  • C is incorrect: Protocol 1 cannot be HIIT because it involves shorter, maximal effort work intervals with longer recovery periods, unlike the longer work intervals at submaximal intensity typical of HIIT.
  • D is incorrect: Protocol 1 cannot be continuous training because it involves distinct work and recovery intervals, not the sustained activity characteristic of continuous training.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 788 MC

An athlete performed two different training methods on separate days. The table shows the physiological and performance results from each session.

\begin{array} {|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \textbf{Training} & \textbf{Blood} & \textbf{Post Exercise} & \textbf{Time to} \\
\textbf{Method} &  \textbf{Lactate} & \textbf{Oxygen Consumption} &  \textbf{Exhaustion} \\
\hline \text{Method X} & \text{High} & \text{Moderate} & \text{20 minutes} \\
\hline \text{Method Y} & \text{Very high} & \text{High} & \text{15 minutes} \\
\hline \end{array}

Which of the following BEST identifies Methods X and Y?

  1. Method X is HIIT, Method Y is continuous training
  2. Method X is continuous training, Method Y is HIIT
  3. Method X is SIT, Method Y is HIIT
  4. Method X is HIIT, Method Y is SIT
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: 

  • Method X shows high (but not very high) blood lactate, moderate EPOC, and longer time to exhaustion (20 minutes), consistent with HIIT which typically involves high but not maximal intensity.
  • Method Y shows very high blood lactate, high EPOC, and shorter time to exhaustion (15 minutes), consistent with SIT which involves supramaximal intensity and creates greater physiological stress per unit time.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Continuous training would produce lower blood lactate levels than HIIT, not higher as shown for Method Y.
  • B is incorrect: Continuous training typically produces moderate lactate levels and has longer time to exhaustion than HIIT, inconsistent with the data shown.
  • C is incorrect: SIT typically produces higher blood lactate and EPOC than HIIT due to its supramaximal intensity, so this order would be inconsistent with the physiological markers shown in the table.

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 787 MC

A basketball team has been performing the following training session:

  • 4 minutes of high-intensity basketball-specific drills (85 - 90% maximum effort)
  • 2 minutes of active recovery (light jogging)
  • 6 total rounds

Which statement BEST describes this training method and its primary energy system target?

  1. This is HIIT, primarily targeting the ATP-PCr system
  2. This is SIT, primarily targeting the glycolytic system
  3. This is HIIT, primarily targeting the glycolytic and aerobic systems
  4. This is SIT, primarily targeting the ATP-PCr and aerobic systems
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • The session describes High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with relatively long work intervals (4 minutes) at high but not maximal intensity (85 – 90%), with a \(2:1\) work-to-rest ratio.
  • This duration and intensity primarily challenges both the glycolytic system during the high-intensity phases and the aerobic system throughout.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The ATP-PCr system is dominant only in the first 10 – 15 seconds of high-intensity exercise; 4 minute intervals would primarily challenge glycolytic and aerobic systems.
  • B is incorrect: SIT involves shorter (typically 30 seconds), maximal effort intervals with longer recovery periods, unlike the 4 minute work intervals described.
  • D is incorrect: SIT uses supramaximal intensities for very short durations, not the 4 minute intervals at 85 – 90% effort described, and would not primarily target the combination of ATP-PCr and aerobic systems.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 786 MC

A cyclist has incorporated three 30-second maximum effort sprints with 4 minutes of active recovery between each sprint into their training program.

Which training method is the cyclist using?

  1. Continuous aerobic training
  2. Sprint Interval Training (SIT)
  3. Traditional interval training
  4. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Sprint Interval Training involves very short bursts (typically 30 seconds) of supramaximal intensity (all-out effort) followed by long recovery periods (usually 3-5 minutes), which matches the described workout structure.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Continuous aerobic training involves sustained activity without rest periods, unlike the described workout which has distinct work and recovery intervals.
  • C is incorrect: Traditional interval training typically uses longer work intervals (1-3 minutes) at submaximal intensities, not the 30-second maximum efforts described.
  • D is incorrect: HIIT typically involves work intervals of 1 to 4 minutes at high but not maximal intensity with shorter recovery periods (usually \(1:1\) or \(1:2\) work-to-rest ratio), not the 4 minute recovery periods described.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 261

Analyse the differences between High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Sprint Interval Training (SIT), and explain how each could be effectively incorporated into a training program for track cyclists. Provide specific examples to support your response.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Work intervals and MHR

  • HIIT typically involves work intervals of 1-4 minutes at submaximal intensity (85-95% MHR)
  • SIT uses shorter work intervals (10-30 seconds) performed at supramaximal or all-out effort (100%+ MHR)

Recovery 

  • HIIT employs shorter recovery periods with work-to-rest ratios typically between 1:1 and 2:1
  • SIT requires longer recovery periods with work-to-rest ratios of 1:3 to 1:6 to allow for ATP-PC system replenishment

Power and endurance 

  • HIIT’s ability to develop sustainable power and endurance is beneficial for track cyclists competing in endurance events like the 4000 m individual pursuit where maintaining high power for 4-5 minutes is essential.
  • Research shows HIIT sessions can significantly improve a cyclist’s ability to maintain high power outputs for extended durations, which directly translates to faster times in middle-distance track events.

Explosive power and acceleration

  • SIT predominantly develops explosive power and acceleration – essential qualities for sprint events like the 200 m flying sprint where maximum velocity in minimum time is the goal.

Middle distance events

  • HIIT could be implemented as 5×3-minute intervals at 90-95% maximum heart rate with 2-minute active recovery periods to simulate middle distance track events.

Sprint events

  • SIT featuring 6-8×30-second maximal efforts against high resistance with 3-4 minute complete recovery periods, could be used to develop the explosive power needed for sprint events.

Periodisation

  • Sprint specialists might use an 80:20 ratio of SIT to HIIT during competition preparation, while endurance track cyclists would employ the reverse ratio.

Choosing the correct method

  • Both methods should be implemented with careful consideration of total training load
    • track cyclists typically require 48-72 hours recovery between high-intensity sessions to prevent fatigue accumulation.
  • Contemporary elite track cycling programs demonstrate effective integration of both methods.
    • Olympic track cyclists perform 2-3 weekly HIIT sessions during general preparation phases to build endurance capacity, then transition to 2-3 weekly SIT sessions during specific preparation, while maintaining one HIIT session for endurance maintenance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Work intervals and MHR

  • HIIT typically involves work intervals of 1-4 minutes at submaximal intensity (85-95% MHR)
  • SIT uses shorter work intervals (10-30 seconds) performed at supramaximal or all-out effort (100%+ MHR)

Recovery 

  • HIIT employs shorter recovery periods with work-to-rest ratios typically between 1:1 and 2:1
  • SIT requires longer recovery periods with work-to-rest ratios of 1:3 to 1:6 to allow for ATP-PC system replenishment

Sustainable power and endurance 

  • HIIT’s ability to develop sustainable power and endurance is beneficial for track cyclists competing in endurance events like the 4000 m individual pursuit where maintaining high power for 4-5 minutes is essential.
  • Research shows HIIT sessions can significantly improve a cyclist’s ability to maintain high power outputs for extended durations, which directly translates to faster times in middle-distance track events.

Explosive power and acceleration

  • SIT predominantly develops explosive power and acceleration – essential qualities for sprint events like the 200 m flying sprint where maximum velocity in minimum time is the goal.

Middle distance events

  • HIIT could be implemented as 5×3-minute intervals at 90-95% maximum heart rate with 2-minute active recovery periods to simulate middle distance track events.

Sprint events

  • SIT featuring 6-8×30-second maximal efforts against high resistance with 3-4 minute complete recovery periods, could be used to develop the explosive power needed for sprint events.

Periodisation

  • Sprint specialists might use an 80:20 ratio of SIT to HIIT during competition preparation, while endurance track cyclists would employ the reverse ratio.

Choosing the correct method

  • Both methods should be implemented with careful consideration of total training load
    • track cyclists typically require 48-72 hours recovery between high-intensity sessions to prevent fatigue accumulation.
  • Contemporary elite track cycling programs demonstrate effective integration of both methods
    • Olympic track cyclists perform 2-3 weekly HIIT sessions during general preparation phases to build endurance capacity, then transition to 2-3 weekly SIT sessions during specific preparation, while maintaining one HIIT session for endurance maintenance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 260 MC

The table below compares two different interval training methods.

\begin{array} {|l|l|l|l|l|}
\hline \textbf{Training} & \textbf{Work} & \textbf{Work } & \textbf{Rest} & \textbf{Total Session} \\
\textbf{Method} &  \textbf{Duration} & \textbf{Intensity} &   \textbf{Duration} & \textbf{Duration}\\
\hline \text{Method X} & \text{30 seconds} & \text{All-out maximal effort} & \text{4 minutes} & \text{20 - 25 minutes}  \\
\hline \text{Method Y} & \text{4 minutes} & \text{90% of MHR} & \text{3 minutes} & \text{30 - 35 minutes}  \\
\hline \end{array}

Which of the following correctly identifies Methods X and Y and their primary training effects?

  1. Method X: HIIT - primarily improves aerobic capacity; Method Y: SIT - primarily improves anaerobic power
  2. Method X: HIIT - primarily improves lactate threshold; Method Y: SIT - primarily improves speed endurance
  3. Method X: SIT - primarily improves speed endurance; Method Y: HIIT - primarily improves lactate threshold
  4. Method X: HIIT - primarily improves aerobic capacity; Method Y: SIT - primarily improves anaerobic power
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D:

  • Method X is SIT (short maximal efforts) improving anaerobic power.
  • Method Y is HIIT (longer submaximal efforts) improving aerobic capacity.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Reverses the primary effects of each method.
  • B is incorrect: Misidentifies the primary training effects. SIT targets power, HIIT targets aerobic capacity.
  • C is incorrect: Incorrectly labels Method X as HIIT and Method Y as SIT.

\(\Rightarrow D\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 256

Analyse the benefits and limitations of implementing either continuous aerobic training or High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) as the primary training method for a cricket team during pre-season.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Continuous aerobic training benefits

  • Develops the aerobic capacity needed to maintain concentration and physical performance throughout a day’s play, particularly for fast bowlers and fielders who perform repeated efforts.
  • Establishes cardiovascular efficiency through adaptations including increased stroke volume and capillary density, enhancing oxygen delivery and facilitating quicker recovery between bowling spells or batting sessions.

Limitations

  • Insufficient development of the explosive power required for critical cricket actions like fast bowling, throwing from the boundary, or explosive batting strokes.
  • Lacks specificity for cricket’s intermittent nature, potentially leaving players underprepared for the varied intensity demands of competition across different formats (T20, ODI, Test).

HIIT benefits

  • Closer simulation of cricket’s intermittent intensity profile, particularly for shorter formats where high-intensity efforts are interspersed with recovery periods.
  • Simultaneously develops aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, improving players’ ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts like consecutive boundaries when batting or maintaining bowling speed in later spells.
  • Improves lactate threshold and recovery between high-intensity efforts, crucial for maintaining performance quality in the closing stages of matches.

Limitations

  • Insufficient development of the extended aerobic foundation needed for longer format matches (Test cricket) if used exclusively.
  • Higher intensity creates greater neuromuscular and joint stress, potentially increasing injury risk for fast bowlers whose actions already place significant stress on the body.

Optimal pre-season approach

  • Periodising both methods – beginning with a greater emphasis on continuous aerobic training (70:30 ratio) to establish a foundation, then progressively shifting toward more cricket-specific HIIT sessions (30:70 ratio) as competition approaches.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Continuous aerobic training benefits

  • Develops the aerobic capacity needed to maintain concentration and physical performance throughout a day’s play, particularly for fast bowlers and fielders who perform repeated efforts.
  • Establishes cardiovascular efficiency through adaptations including increased stroke volume and capillary density, enhancing oxygen delivery and facilitating quicker recovery between bowling spells or batting sessions.

Limitations

  • Insufficient development of the explosive power required for critical cricket actions like fast bowling, throwing from the boundary, or explosive batting strokes.
  • Lacks specificity for cricket’s intermittent nature, potentially leaving players underprepared for the varied intensity demands of competition across different formats (T20, ODI, Test).

HIIT benefits

  • Closer simulation of cricket’s intermittent intensity profile, particularly for shorter formats where high-intensity efforts are interspersed with recovery periods.
  • Simultaneously develops aerobic and anaerobic energy systems, improving players’ ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts like consecutive boundaries when batting or maintaining bowling speed in later spells.
  • Improves lactate threshold and recovery between high-intensity efforts, crucial for maintaining performance quality in the closing stages of matches.

Limitations

  • Insufficient development of the extended aerobic foundation needed for longer format matches (Test cricket) if used exclusively.
  • Higher intensity creates greater neuromuscular and joint stress, potentially increasing injury risk for fast bowlers whose actions already place significant stress on the body.

Optimal pre-season approach

  • Periodising both methods – beginning with a greater emphasis on continuous aerobic training (70:30 ratio) to establish a foundation, then progressively shifting toward more cricket-specific HIIT sessions (30:70 ratio) as competition approaches.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 255

Compare how continuous aerobic training and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) would be applied differently for a triathlete versus a baseball pitcher. Provide specific examples from each sport.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both athletes use continuous and HIIT training in their programs
  • Both need cardiovascular fitness for overall health
  • Both use training to support sport performance
  • Both adjust training based on competition schedules

Differences:

  • Training volume:
    • Triathlete: 2-4 hour continuous sessions at 70-80% MHR
    • Pitcher: 20-30 minute sessions for recovery only
  • Training emphasis:
    • Triathlete: 80% continuous aerobic, 20% HIIT
    • Pitcher: 20% continuous, 80% anaerobic intervals
  • HIIT application:
    • Triathlete: Race-pace intervals (10 x 400m swim at 85-90% MHR)
    • Pitcher: Pitch-specific bursts (10-second throws, 30-60 second rest)
  • Purpose of continuous training:
    • Triathlete: Builds endurance for 2+ hour events
    • Pitcher: Aids recovery between games
  • Recovery methods:
    • Triathlete: Low-intensity continuous work at 60-70% MHR
    • Pitcher: Complete rest to avoid fatigue
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both athletes use continuous and HIIT training in their programs
  • Both need cardiovascular fitness for overall health
  • Both use training to support sport performance
  • Both adjust training based on competition schedules

Differences:

  • Training volume:
    • Triathlete: 2-4 hour continuous sessions at 70-80% MHR
    • Pitcher: 20-30 minute sessions for recovery only
  • Training emphasis:
    • Triathlete: 80% continuous aerobic, 20% HIIT
    • Pitcher: 20% continuous, 80% anaerobic intervals
  • HIIT application:
    • Triathlete: Race-pace intervals (10 x 400m swim at 85-90% MHR)
    • Pitcher: Pitch-specific bursts (10-second throws, 30-60 second rest)
  • Purpose of continuous training:
    • Triathlete: Builds endurance for 2+ hour events
    • Pitcher: Aids recovery between games
  • Recovery methods:
    • Triathlete: Low-intensity continuous work at 60-70% MHR
    • Pitcher: Complete rest to avoid fatigue

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 254

Olympic kayaking includes 200 and 500 metre sprint events, of 35 seconds to 2 minute duration, requiring explosive power and anaerobic capacity. Distance events such as the 1000 metre lasting 3-4 minutes, demand sustained aerobic endurance.

Explain how continuous aerobic training and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) result in different physiological adaptations and performance outcomes for an Olympic kayaker.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Continuous training at 65-75% MHR develops endurance for 1000m events. This occurs because sustained paddling strengthens the heart and improves oxygen delivery to working muscles. Kayakers maintain steady speed for 3-4 minutes without excessive fatigue. As a result, they excel in distance events requiring consistent pace.
  • HIIT alternating 85-95% MHR efforts with recovery builds explosive power. The reason is high-intensity intervals train muscles for maximum force production. Sprint kayakers develop ability to paddle explosively for 35 seconds to 2 minutes. Consequently, they achieve faster starts and maintain speed throughout 200m and 500m races.
  • Each method creates different body responses. Continuous training improves heart efficiency and oxygen use during extended efforts. HIIT develops the ability to work hard despite lactic acid build-up. Therefore, each method prepares kayakers for their specific race demands.
  • Sprint kayakers emphasise 70% HIIT with 30% continuous work. Distance paddlers reverse this ratio. Hence, training programs match each event’s unique energy requirements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Continuous training at 65-75% MHR develops endurance for 1000m events. This occurs because sustained paddling strengthens the heart and improves oxygen delivery to working muscles. Kayakers maintain steady speed for 3-4 minutes without excessive fatigue. As a result, they excel in distance events requiring consistent pace.
  • HIIT alternating 85-95% MHR efforts with recovery builds explosive power. The reason is high-intensity intervals train muscles for maximum force production. Sprint kayakers develop ability to paddle explosively for 35 seconds to 2 minutes. Consequently, they achieve faster starts and maintain speed throughout 200m and 500m races.
  • Each method creates different body responses. Continuous training improves heart efficiency and oxygen use during extended efforts. HIIT develops the ability to work hard despite lactic acid build-up. Therefore, each method prepares kayakers for their specific race demands.
  • Sprint kayakers emphasise 70% HIIT with 30% continuous work. Distance paddlers reverse this ratio. Hence, training programs match each event’s unique energy requirements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 253

Explain how continuous aerobic training and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) result in different physiological adaptations and performance outcomes for an 800 metre runner.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Continuous aerobic training for 800 m runner

  • Enhances cardiovascular endurance through adaptations such as increased stroke volume, cardiac output and mitochondrial density, supporting sustained effort throughout the race.
  • Develops aerobic energy system efficiency, allowing greater oxygen utilisation during the race, particularly in the first 400-500m when aerobic contribution is significant.

HIIT

  • Builds the runner’s anaerobic capacity and lactate threshold through higher intensity efforts, crucial for maintaining speed in the final 300m when lactic acid accumulates.
  • Strengthens lactate tolerance and clearance during high-intensity efforts, essential for 800m performance where the lactic acid system is heavily taxed.

Combined effects

  • Provides optimal training specificity for 800 m, which requires both aerobic foundation (approximately 60%) and anaerobic capacity (approximately 40%) for elite performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Continuous aerobic training for 800 m runner

  • Enhances cardiovascular endurance through adaptations such as increased stroke volume, cardiac output and mitochondrial density, supporting sustained effort throughout the race.
  • Develops aerobic energy system efficiency, allowing greater oxygen utilisation during the race, particularly in the first 400-500m when aerobic contribution is significant.

HIIT

  • Builds the runner’s anaerobic capacity and lactate threshold through higher intensity efforts, crucial for maintaining speed in the final 300m when lactic acid accumulates.
  • Strengthens lactate tolerance and clearance during high-intensity efforts, essential for 800m performance where the lactic acid system is heavily taxed.

Combined effects

  • Provides optimal training specificity for 800 m, which requires both aerobic foundation (approximately 60%) and anaerobic capacity (approximately 40%) for elite performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 252

Describe how a soccer player would benefit from incorporating both continuous aerobic training and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in their training program.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Continuous aerobic training improves the soccer player’s aerobic endurance. This enables them to maintain activity throughout a 90-minute match without excessive fatigue.
  • It enhances cardiovascular efficiency through increased stroke volume and cardiac output. More oxygen is delivered to working muscles during play.
  • HIIT improves the player’s ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts. These efforts include sprinting to make tackles or create scoring opportunities.
  • HIIT develops both aerobic and anaerobic fitness simultaneously. As a result, recovery time between sprints during matches is improved.
  • Using both methods provides complete conditioning for soccer. The combination matches the varied intensity demands of actual games.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Continuous aerobic training improves the soccer player’s aerobic endurance. This enables them to maintain activity throughout a 90-minute match without excessive fatigue.
  • It enhances cardiovascular efficiency through increased stroke volume and cardiac output. More oxygen is delivered to working muscles during play.
  • HIIT improves the player’s ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts. These efforts include sprinting to make tackles or create scoring opportunities.
  • HIIT develops both aerobic and anaerobic fitness simultaneously. As a result, recovery time between sprints during matches is improved.
  • Using both methods provides complete conditioning for soccer. The combination matches the varied intensity demands of actual games.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 251

Outline the key differences between continuous aerobic training and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT).   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Continuous aerobic training

  • Sustained moderate-intensity exercise (60-75% MHR)
  • Extended periods without rest (20+ minutes)
  • Typically 30-60 minutes total duration
  • Predominantly aerobic energy system

HIIT:

  • Alternates high-intensity periods (85-95% MHR) with recovery
  • Varied work-to-rest ratios
  • Shorter total duration (15-30 minutes)
  • More intense overall
  • Engages both aerobic and anaerobic systems
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Continuous aerobic training

  • Sustained moderate-intensity exercise (60-75% MHR)
  • Extended periods without rest (20+ minutes)
  • Typically 30-60 minutes total duration
  • Predominantly aerobic energy system

HIIT:

  • Alternates high-intensity periods (85-95% MHR) with recovery
  • Varied work-to-rest ratios
  • Shorter total duration (15-30 minutes)
  • More intense overall
  • Engages both aerobic and anaerobic systems

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 250

Explain how different training methods could be modified to maintain fitness during a 6-week injury rehabilitation period for a soccer player with a knee injury.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Initially, non-weight bearing aerobic training replaces running. Upper body cycling is used because it maintains cardiovascular fitness without knee stress. Sessions include 3 x 10 minutes at 65-75% max HR. As a result, aerobic fitness continues developing while the knee heals.
  • Deep water running begins in weeks 3-4. This works because water buoyancy supports body weight during running movements. Interval sessions include 8 x 2 minutes at 80-85% max HR. Consequently, sport-specific fitness is maintained without impact stress.
  • Stationary cycling incorporates modified HIIT as recovery progresses. The reason for this is cycling allows controlled knee movement within safe ranges. Sessions include 6 x 1 minute at 85% max HR with recovery. This leads to maintained anaerobic fitness despite injury limitations.
  • Modified field training returns in the final week. Straight-line running comes before direction changes because this minimises rotational knee stress. Ball work combines with 4-minute efforts at 80-90% max HR. Therefore, the player regains match fitness through careful progression.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Initially, non-weight bearing aerobic training replaces running. Upper body cycling is used because it maintains cardiovascular fitness without knee stress. Sessions include 3 x 10 minutes at 65-75% max HR. As a result, aerobic fitness continues developing while the knee heals.
  • Deep water running begins in weeks 3-4. This works because water buoyancy supports body weight during running movements. Interval sessions include 8 x 2 minutes at 80-85% max HR. Consequently, sport-specific fitness is maintained without impact stress.
  • Stationary cycling incorporates modified HIIT as recovery progresses. The reason for this is cycling allows controlled knee movement within safe ranges. Sessions include 6 x 1 minute at 85% max HR with recovery. This leads to maintained anaerobic fitness despite injury limitations.
  • Modified field training returns in the final week. Straight-line running comes before direction changes because this minimises rotational knee stress. Ball work combines with 4-minute efforts at 80-90% max HR. Therefore, the player regains match fitness through careful progression.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 249

Evaluate the benefits and limitations of Fartlek training compared to structured interval training for a team sport of your choice.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer – Touch Football

Evaluation Statement:

  • Both training methods offer value for touch football teams.
  • Structured intervals prove more effective overall for match preparation.
  • Effectiveness depends on training phase and objectives.

Game Simulation:

  • Fartlek training develops pace judgment through self-selected intensity changes.
  • Touch football benefits as games involve spontaneous attacking runs and defensive retreats.
  • Players enjoy the variety while building fitness.
  • However, difficulty standardising training load creates problems.
  • Different players interpret efforts differently, leading to inconsistent training stimulus across the team.

Precision and Progression:

  • Structured intervals provide precise work-to-rest ratios essential for touch football.
  • Example: 20 seconds maximal runs followed by 40 seconds recovery mirrors game patterns.
  • This enables accurate weekly progression through reduced recovery times.
  • Intervals develop repeated sprint ability crucial for continuous substitutions.
  • Teams using structured intervals show improved match running distances.

Training Phase Application:

  • Early season Fartlek proves valuable for general fitness and team building.
  • Structured intervals become essential near competition for specific conditioning.
  • Touch football’s 6-minute halves demand precise fitness that intervals deliver effectively.
  • The ability to replicate game intensity gives intervals the advantage.

Final Evaluation:

  • For touch football, structured interval training proves superior overall.
  • While Fartlek offers early-season benefits, intervals better prepare players for match demands.
  • Teams should progress from Fartlek to intervals as competition approaches.
  • This optimises both fitness development and performance outcomes.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement:

  • Both training methods offer value for touch football teams.
  • Structured intervals prove more effective overall for match preparation.
  • Effectiveness depends on training phase and objectives.

Game Simulation:

  • Fartlek training develops pace judgment through self-selected intensity changes.
  • Touch football benefits as games involve spontaneous attacking runs and defensive retreats.
  • Players enjoy the variety while building fitness.
  • However, difficulty standardising training load creates problems.
  • Different players interpret efforts differently, leading to inconsistent training stimulus across the team.

Precision and Progression:

  • Structured intervals provide precise work-to-rest ratios essential for touch football.
  • Example: 20 seconds maximal runs followed by 40 seconds recovery mirrors game patterns.
  • This enables accurate weekly progression through reduced recovery times.
  • Intervals develop repeated sprint ability crucial for continuous substitutions.
  • Teams using structured intervals show improved match running distances.

Training Phase Application:

  • Early season Fartlek proves valuable for general fitness and team building.
  • Structured intervals become essential near competition for specific conditioning.
  • Touch football’s 6-minute halves demand precise fitness that intervals deliver effectively.
  • The ability to replicate game intensity gives intervals the advantage.

Final Evaluation:

  • For touch football, structured interval training proves superior overall.
  • While Fartlek offers early-season benefits, intervals better prepare players for match demands.
  • Teams should progress from Fartlek to intervals as competition approaches.
  • This optimises both fitness development and performance outcomes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 248

Describe how aerobic and anaerobic training methods can be combined effectively in a basketball training session.  (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Warm-up

  • Begins with continuous aerobic activity for 10 minutes at 60-65% max HR.
  • Uses structured court drills including dribbling, passing and shooting.
  • Gradually increases intensity to prepare cardiovascular and muscular systems.

Main session

  • Alternates between different intensity levels to combine training methods effectively.
  • Example: 4 x 5 minute periods switching between full-court weave drills at aerobic intensity (70-75% max HR) and defensive sliding at anaerobic intensity (85-90% max HR).
  • This pattern mimics game demands of continuous movement with explosive bursts.

Small-sided games (3v3)

  • Integrate both energy systems through 4 x 4 minute competitive games.
  • Include 1-minute active recovery walking between games.
    High intensity naturally occurs through competition and quick transitions.
  • Develops decision-making while training both energy systems simultaneously.

Final round

  • Focuses on anaerobic power through sprint/dribble combinations.
  • Perform 6 x 20 second full-court efforts at maximum intensity.
  • Allow 40 seconds passive recovery between efforts.

Cool-down

  • Returns to aerobic intensity (60% max HR) with free-throw shooting drills.
  • Continue for 5-10 minutes to remove waste products and aid recovery.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Warm-up

  • Begins with continuous aerobic activity for 10 minutes at 60-65% max HR.
  • Uses structured court drills including dribbling, passing and shooting.
  • Gradually increases intensity to prepare cardiovascular and muscular systems.

Main session

  • Alternates between different intensity levels to combine training methods effectively.
  • Example: 4 x 5 minute periods switching between full-court weave drills at aerobic intensity (70-75% max HR) and defensive sliding at anaerobic intensity (85-90% max HR).
  • This pattern mimics game demands of continuous movement with explosive bursts.

Small-sided games (3v3)

  • Integrate both energy systems through 4 x 4 minute competitive games.
  • Include 1-minute active recovery walking between games.
    High intensity naturally occurs through competition and quick transitions.
  • Develops decision-making while training both energy systems simultaneously.

Final round

  • Focuses on anaerobic power through sprint/dribble combinations.
  • Perform 6 x 20 second full-court efforts at maximum intensity.
  • Allow 40 seconds passive recovery between efforts.

Cool-down

  • Returns to aerobic intensity (60% max HR) with free-throw shooting drills.
  • Continue for 5-10 minutes to remove waste products and aid recovery.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 247

Explain how heart rate monitoring can be used to ensure appropriate intensity in both aerobic and anaerobic training sessions.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Heart rate monitoring ensures aerobic training stays within 70-85% MHR zones. This works because sustained moderate intensity improves cardiovascular fitness without excessive fatigue. Runners maintain 140-160 bpm throughout sessions. As a result, athletes develop endurance efficiently.
  • For anaerobic training, monitoring shows peak rates (85-95% MHR) and recovery. The reason is reaching target zones ensures sufficient intensity for improvement. HIIT sessions need 170+ bpm during work periods. Therefore, athletes train at optimal intensity while avoiding overtraining.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Heart rate monitoring ensures aerobic training stays within 70-85% MHR zones. This works because sustained moderate intensity improves cardiovascular fitness without excessive fatigue. Runners maintain 140-160 bpm throughout sessions. As a result, athletes develop endurance efficiently.
  • For anaerobic training, monitoring shows peak rates (85-95% MHR) and recovery. The reason is reaching target zones ensures sufficient intensity for improvement. HIIT sessions need 170+ bpm during work periods. Therefore, athletes train at optimal intensity while avoiding overtraining.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 244

Evaluate the effectiveness of different training methods for a 400 metre track athlete throughout a competition season.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement:

  • Different training methods prove highly effective when applied progressively throughout a 400m athlete’s season.
  • Effectiveness depends on timing, matching training to race demands, and recovery management.

Pre-Season Foundation:

  • Continuous training (3 x 20 minutes at 70% MHR) and fartlek sessions effectively build aerobic fitness.
  • This foundation proves essential for handling later training demands.
  • Athletes develop the endurance to complete multiple training sessions weekly.
  • Without this base, high-intensity work becomes unsustainable.
  • Evidence shows athletes with strong aerobic base recover faster between sessions.

Early Competition Phase:

  • Tempo training (6 x 200m at 85% race pace) demonstrates high effectiveness for 400m preparation.
  • These sessions improve the body’s ability to handle moderate-high intensity work.
  • Recovery periods decrease progressively from 3 to 2 minutes.
  • This prepares athletes for the sustained effort required in 400m racing.
  • Athletes report feeling stronger in the final 100m of races.

Mid-Season Power:

  • Sprint interval training (6-8 x 60m maximal sprints) proves most effective during mid-season.
  • Full recovery between efforts maintains sprint quality throughout sessions.
  • This develops explosive power needed for strong race starts.
  • Athletes achieve personal best times when this phase is timed correctly.
  • The focus shifts from endurance to pure speed development.

Competition Preparation:

  • Race-pace training (2 x 300m at 90% effort) shows maximum effectiveness near competitions.
  • These sessions closely mirror actual race demands and pacing.
  • Athletes practice their race strategy while maintaining high intensity.
  • Recovery matches competition warm-up timing.
  • This close match to race conditions translates directly to race performance.

Final Evaluation:

  • Progressive training from aerobic to anaerobic methods proves highly effective overall.
  • Each phase builds upon previous work when timed appropriately.
  • Success depends on balancing high-intensity work with adequate recovery.
  • Athletes avoiding injury through proper progression achieve best results.
  • The systematic approach optimises performance for target competitions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement:

  • Different training methods prove highly effective when applied progressively throughout a 400m athlete’s season.
  • Effectiveness depends on timing, matching training to race demands, and recovery management.

Pre-Season Foundation:

  • Continuous training (3 x 20 minutes at 70% MHR) and fartlek sessions effectively build aerobic fitness.
  • This foundation proves essential for handling later training demands.
  • Athletes develop the endurance to complete multiple training sessions weekly.
  • Without this base, high-intensity work becomes unsustainable.
  • Evidence shows athletes with strong aerobic base recover faster between sessions.

Early Competition Phase:

  • Tempo training (6 x 200m at 85% race pace) demonstrates high effectiveness for 400m preparation.
  • These sessions improve the body’s ability to handle moderate-high intensity work.
  • Recovery periods decrease progressively from 3 to 2 minutes.
  • This prepares athletes for the sustained effort required in 400m racing.
  • Athletes report feeling stronger in the final 100m of races.

Mid-Season Power:

  • Sprint interval training (6-8 x 60m maximal sprints) proves most effective during mid-season.
  • Full recovery between efforts maintains sprint quality throughout sessions.
  • This develops explosive power needed for strong race starts.
  • Athletes achieve personal best times when this phase is timed correctly.
  • The focus shifts from endurance to pure speed development.

Competition Preparation:

  • Race-pace training (2 x 300m at 90% effort) shows maximum effectiveness near competitions.
  • These sessions closely mirror actual race demands and pacing.
  • Athletes practice their race strategy while maintaining high intensity.
  • Recovery matches competition warm-up timing.
  • This close match to race conditions translates directly to race performance.

Final Evaluation:

  • Progressive training from aerobic to anaerobic methods proves highly effective overall.
  • Each phase builds upon previous work when timed appropriately.
  • Success depends on balancing high-intensity work with adequate recovery.
  • Athletes avoiding injury through proper progression achieve best results.
  • The systematic approach optimises performance for target competitions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 243

Analyse how contemporary training methods like HIIT and SIT have evolved from traditional aerobic and anaerobic training approaches. Use examples from two different sports.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer (Note other sports could be chosen)

Traditional v Contemporary training – Aerobic

  • Traditional aerobic training emphasised long duration, moderate intensity continuous exercise such as distance running or cycling.
  • Contemporary HIIT methods now achieve similar cardiovascular adaptations in shorter timeframes through structured high-intensity intervals with active recovery periods.

Example 1: Swimming

  • Traditional training involved high-volume sessions (6-8km) at moderate intensity.
  • Modern HIIT protocols might include 8 x 100m efforts at 90% race pace with 45 seconds recovery, reducing overall training volume while maintaining or improving performance adaptations.

Traditional v Contemporary training – Anaerobic

  • Traditional anaerobic training focused on repeated short sprints with full recovery.
  • SIT has evolved to use supramaximal intensities (>100% VO2max) with shorter, standardised rest periods to enhance both anaerobic power and aerobic capacity simultaneously.

Example 2: Rugby league

  • Training traditionally separated aerobic (continuous running) and anaerobic (sprint) training sessions.
  • Contemporary methods integrate both through modified HIIT, such as 6×5 minute small-sided games at near-maximal intensity with 1-minute recovery periods.

Conclusions

  • Research demonstrates HIIT and SIT produce comparable or superior physiological adaptations to traditional methods in less time.
  • This includes improvements in VO2max, anaerobic threshold, and repeat sprint ability.
  • These contemporary methods better reflect the intermittent nature of many sports, where players repeatedly transition between high and low intensities rather than maintaining steady-state effort.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer (Note other sports could be chosen)

Traditional v Contemporary training – Aerobic

  • Traditional aerobic training emphasised long duration, moderate intensity continuous exercise such as distance running or cycling.
  • Contemporary HIIT methods now achieve similar cardiovascular adaptations in shorter timeframes through structured high-intensity intervals with active recovery periods.

Example 1: Swimming

  • Traditional training involved high-volume sessions (6-8km) at moderate intensity.
  • Modern HIIT protocols might include 8 x 100m efforts at 90% race pace with 45 seconds recovery, reducing overall training volume while maintaining or improving performance adaptations.

Traditional v Contemporary training – Anaerobic

  • Traditional anaerobic training focused on repeated short sprints with full recovery.
  • SIT has evolved to use supramaximal intensities (>100% VO2max) with shorter, standardised rest periods to enhance both anaerobic power and aerobic capacity simultaneously.

Example 2: Rugby league

  • Training traditionally separated aerobic (continuous running) and anaerobic (sprint) training sessions.
  • Contemporary methods integrate both through modified HIIT, such as 6×5 minute small-sided games at near-maximal intensity with 1-minute recovery periods.

Conclusions

  • Research demonstrates HIIT and SIT produce comparable or superior physiological adaptations to traditional methods in less time.
  • This includes improvements in VO2max, anaerobic threshold, and repeat sprint ability.
  • These contemporary methods better reflect the intermittent nature of many sports, where players repeatedly transition between high and low intensities rather than maintaining steady-state effort.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 242

Explain how different training methods would be used across a soccer season to develop both aerobic and anaerobic fitness.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Pre-season training prioritises continuous aerobic methods for 6-8 weeks. This occurs because athletes need a cardiovascular foundation before high-intensity work. Sessions include 45-60 minute runs at 60-70% max HR. As a result, players develop the endurance needed for 90-minute matches.
  • Progressive HIIT integration begins as competition approaches. It functions through alternating high-intensity efforts with recovery periods. For example, 4-minute game drills at 85-90% max HR with 2-minute recovery. This leads to improved ability to perform repeated sprints during matches.
  • Mid-season combines aerobic maintenance with Sprint Interval Training. The underlying reason is to maintain fitness while developing speed. Sessions include 8 x 30-second ball sprints at 95% effort with 2-minute rest. Consequently, players maintain endurance while improving explosive power.
  • Peak competition uses sport-specific combination training. Small-sided games alternate with sprint drills because this mirrors match intensity patterns. This combination enables players to sustain both continuous movement and explosive efforts. Hence, optimal match performance is achieved through balanced training.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Pre-season training prioritises continuous aerobic methods for 6-8 weeks. This occurs because athletes need a cardiovascular foundation before high-intensity work. Sessions include 45-60 minute runs at 60-70% max HR. As a result, players develop the endurance needed for 90-minute matches.
  • Progressive HIIT integration begins as competition approaches. It functions through alternating high-intensity efforts with recovery periods. For example, 4-minute game drills at 85-90% max HR with 2-minute recovery. This leads to improved ability to perform repeated sprints during matches.
  • Mid-season combines aerobic maintenance with Sprint Interval Training. The underlying reason is to maintain fitness while developing speed. Sessions include 8 x 30-second ball sprints at 95% effort with 2-minute rest. Consequently, players maintain endurance while improving explosive power.
  • Peak competition uses sport-specific combination training. Small-sided games alternate with sprint drills because this mirrors match intensity patterns. This combination enables players to sustain both continuous movement and explosive efforts. Hence, optimal match performance is achieved through balanced training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 241

Compare continuous training and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) methods and their application in basketball.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both improve cardiovascular fitness needed for basketball
  • Both can use basketball-specific drills and movements
  • Both require proper warm-up and cool-down
  • Both follow progressive overload principles

Differences:

  • Intensity and duration:
    • Continuous: moderate intensity (60-75% max HR) for 20-60 minutes
    • HIIT: alternates high intensity (85-95% max HR) with recovery periods
  • Rest periods:
    • Continuous: no rest during exercise
    • HIIT: structured recovery between high-intensity efforts
  • Application in basketball:
    • Continuous: steady court drills or running to build endurance
    • HIIT: 4 x 4 minute full-court drills with 1-minute recovery
  • Match specificity:
    • Continuous: builds general fitness foundation
    • HIIT: mimics game patterns of sprints and recovery
  • Training focus:
    • Continuous: develops aerobic base early in pre-season
    • HIIT: prepares for game demands closer to competition
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both improve cardiovascular fitness needed for basketball
  • Both can use basketball-specific drills and movements
  • Both require proper warm-up and cool-down
  • Both follow progressive overload principles

Differences:

  • Intensity and duration:
    • Continuous: moderate intensity (60-75% max HR) for 20-60 minutes
    • HIIT: alternates high intensity (85-95% max HR) with recovery periods
  • Rest periods:
    • Continuous: no rest during exercise
    • HIIT: structured recovery between high-intensity efforts
  • Application in basketball:
    • Continuous: steady court drills or running to build endurance
    • HIIT: 4 x 4 minute full-court drills with 1-minute recovery
  • Match specificity:
    • Continuous: builds general fitness foundation
    • HIIT: mimics game patterns of sprints and recovery
  • Training focus:
    • Continuous: develops aerobic base early in pre-season
    • HIIT: prepares for game demands closer to competition

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 239

Compare aerobic and anaerobic training methods.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both are training types used to improve fitness and performance.
  • Both use FITT principle for program design.
  • Both require progressive overload and follow training principles.
  • Both cause immediate responses like increased heart rate.

Differences:

  • Duration:
    • Aerobic: continuous activity for 20+ minutes.
    • Anaerobic: short bursts under 2 minutes.
  • Intensity:
    • Aerobic: moderate intensity (70-85% MHR).
    • Anaerobic: high intensity (85-100% MHR).
  • Energy source:
    • Aerobic: uses oxygen as primary fuel.
    • Anaerobic: uses stored ATP-PCr and glycogen.
  • Rest periods:
    • Aerobic: no rest during activity.
    • Anaerobic: structured rest between efforts.
  • Training effects:
    • Aerobic: improves oxygen delivery and endurance.
    • Anaerobic: develops power, speed and strength.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both are training types used to improve fitness and performance.
  • Both use FITT principle for program design.
  • Both require progressive overload and follow training principles.
  • Both cause immediate responses like increased heart rate.

Differences:

  • Duration:
    • Aerobic: continuous activity for 20+ minutes.
    • Anaerobic: short bursts under 2 minutes.
  • Intensity:
    • Aerobic: moderate intensity (70-85% MHR).
    • Anaerobic: high intensity (85-100% MHR).
  • Energy source:
    • Aerobic: uses oxygen as primary fuel.
    • Anaerobic: uses stored ATP-PCr and glycogen.
  • Rest periods:
    • Aerobic: no rest during activity.
    • Anaerobic: structured rest between efforts.
  • Training effects:
    • Aerobic: improves oxygen delivery and endurance.
    • Anaerobic: develops power, speed and strength.