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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 738 MC

Which feature of contemporary forms of exercise best promotes group cohesion among participants?

  1. Individual performance leaderboards
  2. Shared team challenges and goals
  3. Private personal training sessions
  4. Self-paced workout programs
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\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Shared challenges require participants to work together fostering cohesion.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Individual leaderboards can create competition rather than cohesion.
  • C is incorrect: Private personal training is individualised rather than group-focused.
  • D is incorrect: Self-paced programs don’t specifically encourage group interaction.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 737

Compare and contrast High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Sprint Interval Training (SIT) as contemporary forms of exercise.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Both HIIT and SIT utilise interval-based training structures alternating between work and recovery periods, but SIT employs maximum intensity efforts (100% MHR) while HIIT typically uses high but submaximal intensity (80-90% MHR).
  • Recovery periods in SIT are significantly longer (approximately 2 minutes) compared to HIIT’s briefer rest intervals (10-15 seconds), allowing for more complete recovery between maximum efforts.
  • Both training methods offer time efficiency compared to traditional steady-state exercise, with similar cardiorespiratory benefits achieved in shorter total workout durations.
  • HIIT and SIT share adaptability to different environments and equipment availability, making them accessible across various settings from home to gym to outdoor spaces.
  • Both methods have documented health benefits including improved cardiovascular function, enhanced glucose regulation and visceral fat reduction, though SIT may produce greater anaerobic adaptations while HIIT provides a more balanced stimulus.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Both HIIT and SIT utilise interval-based training structures alternating between work and recovery periods, but SIT employs maximum intensity efforts (100% MHR) while HIIT typically uses high but submaximal intensity (80-90% MHR).
  • Recovery periods in SIT are significantly longer (approximately 2 minutes) compared to HIIT’s briefer rest intervals (10-15 seconds), allowing for more complete recovery between maximum efforts.
  • Both training methods offer time efficiency compared to traditional steady-state exercise, with similar cardiorespiratory benefits achieved in shorter total workout durations.
  • HIIT and SIT share adaptability to different environments and equipment availability, making them accessible across various settings from home to gym to outdoor spaces.
  • Both methods have documented health benefits including improved cardiovascular function, enhanced glucose regulation and visceral fat reduction, though SIT may produce greater anaerobic adaptations while HIIT provides a more balanced stimulus.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 735

Describe the features of CrossFit that define it as a contemporary form of exercise.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • CrossFit involves varied functional movements performed at high intensity. Multiple sports and exercise disciplines combine to create comprehensive fitness workouts.
  • “Workout of the Day” (WOD) structure changes daily to provide variety. Different fitness components are systematically targeted through constantly changing routines.
  • Exercises are scalable and can be modified to suit individual fitness levels. Intended workout stimulus is maintained while accommodating participants of all abilities.
  • Community atmosphere encourages group participation and mutual support. Shared challenges create strong bonds between members during training sessions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • CrossFit involves varied functional movements performed at high intensity. Multiple sports and exercise disciplines combine to create comprehensive fitness workouts.
  • “Workout of the Day” (WOD) structure changes daily to provide variety. Different fitness components are systematically targeted through constantly changing routines.
  • Exercises are scalable and can be modified to suit individual fitness levels. Intended workout stimulus is maintained while accommodating participants of all abilities.
  • Community atmosphere encourages group participation and mutual support. Shared challenges create strong bonds between members during training sessions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 733

Explain how stand-up paddle boarding (SUP) represents the characteristics of a contemporary form of exercise.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • SUP reflects contemporary exercise by being highly accessible to beginners compared to traditional water sports. This removes skill barriers that discourage participation, making water-based fitness available to wider populations.
  • Because SUP suits various water environments (oceans, lakes, rivers), it demonstrates versatility without requiring specific conditions. Such flexibility enables year-round participation unlike wave-dependent or wind-dependent water sports.
  • SUP provides a full-body workout focusing on core strength and balance while being low-impact. Low-impact exercise addresses modern concerns about injury prevention and recovery, making it ideal for people with joint issues.
  • The combination of physical benefits with psychological advantages of being in nature aligns with holistic wellness approaches. Nature-based activity creates mental and emotional benefits that enhance overall wellbeing beyond just physical fitness.
  • SUP can be adapted for different purposes from recreational paddling to competitive racing to SUP yoga. Therefore, it meets varied participant goals and interests, accommodating diverse fitness preferences in one activity.
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Answers could include/expand on any of the following points:

  • SUP reflects contemporary exercise by being highly accessible to beginners compared to traditional water sports. This removes skill barriers that discourage participation, making water-based fitness available to wider populations.
  • Because SUP suits various water environments (oceans, lakes, rivers), it demonstrates versatility without requiring specific conditions. Such flexibility enables year-round participation unlike wave-dependent or wind-dependent water sports.
  • SUP provides a full-body workout focusing on core strength and balance while being low-impact. Low-impact exercise addresses modern concerns about injury prevention and recovery, making it ideal for people with joint issues.
  • The combination of physical benefits with psychological advantages of being in nature aligns with holistic wellness approaches. Nature-based activity creates mental and emotional benefits that enhance overall wellbeing beyond just physical fitness.
  • SUP can be adapted for different purposes from recreational paddling to competitive racing to SUP yoga. Therefore, it meets varied participant goals and interests, accommodating diverse fitness preferences in one activity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 732

Describe the key features of outdoor fitness training as a contemporary form of exercise.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Training takes place in natural environments utilising parks, beaches, or public spaces. Natural settings replace traditional gym environments for exercise activities.
  • Existing outdoor features are incorporated alongside purpose-built exercise equipment. Local councils install free community equipment for public use.
  • Bootcamp sessions incorporate military-inspired training approaches with group-based activities. Personal trainers lead participants through structured workout programs.
  • Sessions combine bodyweight movements (push-ups, squats, crunches) with cardio intervals. Equipment like sandbags provides additional resistance training options.
  • Fresh air, natural surroundings and varying terrain enhance the exercise experience. Environmental variety creates engaging workout conditions for participants.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Training takes place in natural environments utilising parks, beaches, or public spaces. Natural settings replace traditional gym environments for exercise activities.
  • Existing outdoor features are incorporated alongside purpose-built exercise equipment. Local councils install free community equipment for public use.
  • Bootcamp sessions incorporate military-inspired training approaches with group-based activities. Personal trainers lead participants through structured workout programs.
  • Sessions combine bodyweight movements (push-ups, squats, crunches) with cardio intervals. Equipment like sandbags provides additional resistance training options.
  • Fresh air, natural surroundings and varying terrain enhance the exercise experience. Environmental variety creates engaging workout conditions for participants.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 728

Outline what makes an exercise form "contemporary" rather than traditional.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Contemporary exercise forms are current and modern, reflecting present-day lifestyles and interests of individuals.
  • They often incorporate new technology, scientific understanding, or innovative approaches to physical activity.
  • Contemporary exercise tends to be more personalised and diverse, focusing on fun, challenge, and social aspects beyond just physical fitness.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Contemporary exercise forms are current and modern, reflecting present-day lifestyles and interests of individuals.
  • They often incorporate new technology, scientific understanding, or innovative approaches to physical activity.
  • Contemporary exercise tends to be more personalised and diverse, focusing on fun, challenge, and social aspects beyond just physical fitness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 727 MC

Which of the following is NOT a common reason for the popularity of wearable fitness technology?

  1. It requires users to have advanced technical knowledge
  2. It allows for detailed tracking of performance metrics
  3. It provides instant feedback during workouts
  4. It enables connection with other fitness enthusiasts online
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Designed to be user-friendly and doesn’t require advanced technical knowledge.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: This is a genuine benefit of wearable technology.
  • C is incorrect: Instant feedback is a key feature of wearable fitness technology.
  • D is incorrect: Social connection is a major selling point.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 725 MC

Which of the following best defines contemporary forms of exercise?

  1. Exercise forms that existed prior to the 21st century
  2. Exercise forms that primarily focus on competition and performance
  3. Exercise approaches that are current, modern and reflect individual interests and lifestyles
  4. Exercise programs designed exclusively for elite athletes
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\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Contemporary forms of exercise are current, modern approaches that reflect individual interests and varied lifestyles.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Contemporary forms are modern rather than traditional or historical.
  • B is incorrect: Contemporary forms focus on enjoyment not just competition.
  • D is incorrect: Contemporary forms target broad audiences, not just elite athletes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 724 MC

Which feature of wearable fitness technology most effectively encourages group participation in exercise?

  1. The waterproof capabilities of the devices
  2. The accuracy of calorie counting
  3. The battery life of the devices
  4. The ability to share workouts and achievements on social platforms
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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
 

  • D is correct: Social sharing creates virtual communities and friendly competition.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Waterproof features relate to device functionality rather than social motivation.
  • B is incorrect: Calorie accuracy helps individual progress not group participation.
  • C is incorrect: Battery life is a technical specification rather than a motivational feature.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 720 MC

Which feature of CrossFit most effectively promotes group motivation and participation?

  1. The use of Olympic weightlifting techniques
  2. The community aspect and group-based workouts
  3. The focus on functional movements
  4. The emphasis on individual performance metrics
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Community aspect creates accountability, peer support and group cohesion.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Technical movements don’t promote group participation.
  • C is incorrect: Exercise type doesn’t necessarily encourage social interaction.
  • D is incorrect: Individual metrics focus on personal rather than group outcomes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 716

Explain how sports environments can challenge an athlete's self-regulation and the consequences of self-regulation failure.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Sports environments frequently generate intense emotions that test an athlete’s self-regulation capacity.
  • Competitive situations require managing anxiety, frustration, and pressure while maintaining focus.
  • Unfavourable referee decisions or opponent behaviours trigger emotional responses that challenge self-regulation abilities.
  • As a result, athletes must suppress immediate emotional reactions to maintain strategic focus and performance standards.
  • When self-regulation fails, emotional outbursts disrupt performance and undermine competitive effectiveness.
  • This leads to poor decision-making as emotions override strategic thinking and tactical awareness.
  • Consequently, performance deterioration aoccurs when ttention diverts from task-relevant cues to emotional reactions.
  • Furthermore, team cohesion suffers if an individual’s self-regulation breakdown affects group dynamics and team morale.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Sports environments frequently generate intense emotions that test an athlete’s self-regulation capacity.
  • Competitive situations require managing anxiety, frustration, and pressure while maintaining focus.
  • Unfavourable referee decisions or opponent behaviours trigger emotional responses that challenge self-regulation abilities.
  • As a result, athletes must suppress immediate emotional reactions to maintain strategic focus and performance standards.
  • When self-regulation fails, emotional outbursts disrupt performance and undermine competitive effectiveness.
  • This leads to poor decision-making as emotions override strategic thinking and tactical awareness.
  • Consequently, performance deterioration aoccurs when ttention diverts from task-relevant cues to emotional reactions.
  • Furthermore, team cohesion suffers if an individual’s self-regulation breakdown affects group dynamics and team morale.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 715

Explain how beginning exercisers can use self-regulation to overcome common barriers to exercise.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-regulation helps beginners overcome the “lack of time” barrier by prioritising exercise despite competing demands.
  • It enables individuals to push through initial discomfort and fatigue by focusing on long-term health benefits rather than short-term discomfort.
  • Self-regulation helps manage negative thoughts about capabilities by replacing them with positive self-talk about progress.
  • It assists in developing consistent exercise habits by consciously choosing exercise over more comfortable sedentary behaviours.
  • Self-regulation allows individuals to acknowledge barriers while still maintaining commitment to exercise goals.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-regulation helps beginners overcome the “lack of time” barrier by prioritising exercise despite competing demands.
  • It enables individuals to push through initial discomfort and fatigue by focusing on long-term health benefits rather than short-term discomfort.
  • Self-regulation helps manage negative thoughts about capabilities by replacing them with positive self-talk about progress.
  • It assists in developing consistent exercise habits by consciously choosing exercise over more comfortable sedentary behaviours.
  • Self-regulation allows individuals to acknowledge barriers while still maintaining commitment to exercise goals.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 712

Analyse how self-regulation enables exercise behavior change. Use examples to support your answer.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-regulation is essential for adopting and maintaining healthy lifestyle changes by enabling goal-directed behavior despite obstacles.
  • It allows individuals to overcome established habits like choosing sedentary activities over exercise, such as choosing the gym over watching television.
  • Self-regulation helps individuals push through initial discomfort during workouts by constraining negative thoughts and focusing on post-exercise benefits.
  • For example, a person starting a jogging routine might use self-regulation to overcome thoughts like “I’m too tired” by focusing on their fitness goals.
  • Regular self-regulation strengthens this capacity, eventually making exercise habitual and requiring less conscious effort to maintain.
  • Self-regulation also helps overcome common barriers to exercise such as lack of time, energy, or motivation by redirecting focus to the importance of health goals.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-regulation is essential for adopting and maintaining healthy lifestyle changes by enabling goal-directed behavior despite obstacles.
  • It allows individuals to overcome established habits like choosing sedentary activities over exercise, such as choosing the gym over watching television.
  • Self-regulation helps individuals push through initial discomfort during workouts by constraining negative thoughts and focusing on post-exercise benefits.
  • For example, a person starting a jogging routine might use self-regulation to overcome thoughts like “I’m too tired” by focusing on their fitness goals.
  • Regular self-regulation strengthens this capacity, eventually making exercise habitual and requiring less conscious effort to maintain.
  • Self-regulation also helps overcome common barriers to exercise such as lack of time, energy, or motivation by redirecting focus to the importance of health goals.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 711

Explain the concept of ego depletion and its impact on an athlete's performance.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Ego depletion refers to the depletion of mental resources after repeated self-regulation efforts.
  • This occurs because self-regulation is viewed as a limited resource that can be exhausted through repeated use.
  • As a result, an athlete experiencing ego depletion may struggle to maintain performance standards due to diminished capacity to control thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.
  • Factors that contribute to ego depletion include sleep deprivation, intense training, travel, illness, and high-pressure situations, which deplete mental resources.
  • Consequently, when experiencing ego depletion, athletes may display poor decision-making, emotional outbursts or decreased adherence to strategy, which undermines overall performance effectiveness.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Ego depletion refers to the depletion of mental resources after repeated self-regulation efforts.
  • This occurs because self-regulation is viewed as a limited resource that can be exhausted through repeated use.
  • As a result, an athlete experiencing ego depletion may struggle to maintain performance standards due to diminished capacity to control thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.
  • Factors that contribute to ego depletion include sleep deprivation, intense training, travel, illness, and high-pressure situations, which deplete mental resources.
  • Consequently, when experiencing ego depletion, athletes may display poor decision-making, emotional outbursts or decreased adherence to strategy, which undermines overall performance effectiveness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 709 MC

Which statement best describes the relationship between ego depletion and exercise adherence?

  1. People are less likely to engage in exercise after situations requiring high self-regulation
  2. People who experience ego depletion are more likely to intensify their exercise routines
  3. Ego depletion has no impact on a person's ability to adhere to exercise plans
  4. Ego depletion only affects elite athletes, not recreational exercisers
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Depleted mental resources reduce ability to overcome exercise resistance.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Ego depletion typically reduces exercise adherence, not intensifies it.
  • C is incorrect: Ego depletion significantly impacts exercise adherence capacity.
  • D is incorrect: Affects everyone, not just elite athletes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 706 MC

Which of the following best explains why self-regulation is essential for maintaining a new exercise routine?

  1. It increases physical energy reserves
  2. It replaces external motivation with intrinsic motivation
  3. It enables individuals to overcome habitual behaviours that conflict with exercise goals
  4. It eliminates the need for support from peers or trainers
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Enables overcoming habitual behaviours conflicting with exercise goals.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Self-regulation affects mental resources, not physical energy reserves.
  • B is incorrect: Doesn’t necessarily convert external to intrinsic motivation.
  • D is incorrect: Peer and trainer support remains valuable regardless.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 704

Explain how both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation factors might influence an individual's decision to begin and maintain participation in a community sport program.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Initial participation is often triggered by extrinsic factors such as social encouragement from friends or family, providing the external motivation needed to overcome inertia or uncertainty about joining.
  • Tangible extrinsic benefits like health improvements or weight management goals frequently motivate beginners who haven’t yet developed skill-based enjoyment of the activity.
  • As participants develop competence, intrinsic satisfaction from skill mastery and movement enjoyment begins to supplement external factors, creating multiple motivational pathways.
  • Long-term involvement typically depends on the development of intrinsic motivational factors, particularly social connections within the sporting community and personal identity association with the activity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Initial participation is often triggered by extrinsic factors such as social encouragement from friends or family, providing the external motivation needed to overcome inertia or uncertainty about joining.
  • Tangible extrinsic benefits like health improvements or weight management goals frequently motivate beginners who haven’t yet developed skill-based enjoyment of the activity.
  • As participants develop competence, intrinsic satisfaction from skill mastery and movement enjoyment begins to supplement external factors, creating multiple motivational pathways.
  • Long-term involvement typically depends on the development of intrinsic motivational factors, particularly social connections within the sporting community and personal identity association with the activity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 703

Discuss why intrinsic motivation is generally considered more sustainable than extrinsic motivation for long-term sport participation.   (6 marks)

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*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Intrinsic motivation is more sustainable for long-term participation:

  • [P] Intrinsic motivation self-perpetuates through internal satisfaction.
  • [E] Athletes continue participating because they enjoy the activity itself, regardless of external rewards.
  • [Ev] Masters swimmers train daily for decades simply because they love being in the water.
  • [L] Therefore, intrinsic motivation provides sustainable drive for long-term sport involvement.
     
  • [P] Internal motivation promotes deeper skill development.
  • [E] Athletes focus on mastering techniques for personal satisfaction rather than prizes.
  • [Ev] Rock climbers spend years perfecting routes purely for the challenge and accomplishment.
  • [L] This self-directed improvement maintains lifelong engagement in sport.

Extrinsic motivation can support participation in some cases:

  • [P] External rewards effectively initiate sport participation.
  • [E] Prizes and recognition attract beginners who later develop intrinsic motivation.
  • [Ev] Children start playing soccer for trophies but continue as adults for enjoyment.
  • [L] Thus, extrinsic motivation serves as a gateway to long-term participation.
     
  • [P] Some athletes thrive on external validation throughout careers.
  • [E] Professional athletes maintain high performance driven by contracts and sponsorships.
  • [Ev] Olympic athletes train intensively for medals and national recognition for decades.
  • [L] Therefore, extrinsic motivation can sustain participation when rewards remain meaningful and achievable.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Intrinsic motivation is more sustainable for long-term participation:

  • [P] Intrinsic motivation self-perpetuates through internal satisfaction.
  • [E] Athletes continue participating because they enjoy the activity itself, regardless of external rewards.
  • [Ev] Masters swimmers train daily for decades simply because they love being in the water.
  • [L] Therefore, intrinsic motivation provides sustainable drive for long-term sport involvement.
     
  • [P] Internal motivation promotes deeper skill development.
  • [E] Athletes focus on mastering techniques for personal satisfaction rather than prizes.
  • [Ev] Rock climbers spend years perfecting routes purely for the challenge and accomplishment.
  • [L] This self-directed improvement maintains lifelong engagement in sport.

Extrinsic motivation can support participation in some cases:

  • [P] External rewards effectively initiate sport participation.
  • [E] Prizes and recognition attract beginners who later develop intrinsic motivation.
  • [Ev] Children start playing soccer for trophies but continue as adults for enjoyment.
  • [L] Thus, extrinsic motivation serves as a gateway to long-term participation.
     
  • [P] Some athletes thrive on external validation throughout careers.
  • [E] Professional athletes maintain high performance driven by contracts and sponsorships.
  • [Ev] Olympic athletes train intensively for medals and national recognition for decades.
  • [L] Therefore, extrinsic motivation can sustain participation when rewards remain meaningful and achievable.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 011 MC

A study has found that communities living near industrial sites have higher rates of respiratory conditions compared to the general population.

Which determinant of health is most directly illustrated by this finding?

  1. Environmental factors
  2. Socioeconomic characteristics
  3. Health behaviours
  4. Biomedical factors

Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct. The proximity to industrial sites (a physical environmental factor) is associated with higher rates of respiratory conditions.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect as socioeconomic characteristics relate to income, education, and occupation.
  • C is incorrect as health behaviours look at individual choices like smoking, diet and exercise.
  • D is incorrect because biomedical factors look at genetic predispositions and other physiological factors.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 702

Describe how a coach can increase positive motivation in young athletes.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Coaches should establish progressive, achievable challenges that allow athletes to experience regular success, building confidence through visible skill development rather than emphasising competitive outcomes.
  • Providing specific, genuine praise focused on effort and process rather than natural ability reinforces desired behaviors while promoting growth mindset and resilience.
  • Creating supportive training environments where mistakes are treated as learning opportunities rather than failures helps athletes maintain a positive approach to skill development and risk-taking.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Coaches should establish progressive, achievable challenges that allow athletes to experience regular success, building confidence through visible skill development rather than emphasising competitive outcomes.
  • Providing specific, genuine praise focused on effort and process rather than natural ability reinforces desired behaviors while promoting growth mindset and resilience.
  • Creating supportive training environments where mistakes are treated as learning opportunities rather than failures helps athletes maintain a positive approach to skill development and risk-taking.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 700

Explain how task orientation and ego orientation reflect different motivational approaches in sport.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Task orientation reflects intrinsic motivation where athletes focus on skill mastery and personal improvement, which leads to sustained effort regardless of competitive outcomes.
  • This approach results in athletes evaluating their performance against personal standards and previous achievements, maintaining motivation through visible improvement rather than competitive ranking.
  • In contrast, ego orientation aligns with extrinsic motivation where success is defined by outperforming others or achieving external recognition.
  • Consequently, this orientation can undermine persistence when winning becomes unlikely, as athletes may avoid valuable development opportunities that risk failure.
  • Therefore, ego-oriented athletes tend to select competitions where success is guaranteed when confidence is low, limiting their long-term growth potential because they prioritise outcomes over skill development.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Task orientation reflects intrinsic motivation where athletes focus on skill mastery and personal improvement, which leads to sustained effort regardless of competitive outcomes.
  • This approach results in athletes evaluating their performance against personal standards and previous achievements, maintaining motivation through visible improvement rather than competitive ranking.
  • In contrast, ego orientation aligns with extrinsic motivation where success is defined by outperforming others or achieving external recognition.
  • Consequently, this orientation can undermine persistence when winning becomes unlikely, as athletes may avoid valuable development opportunities that risk failure.
  • Therefore, ego-oriented athletes tend to select competitions where success is guaranteed when confidence is low, limiting their long-term growth potential because they prioritise outcomes over skill development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 697

Describe two ways intrinsic motivation supports long-term participation in sport.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Intrinsic motivation is self-sustaining as it generates satisfaction from the activity itself, enabling athletes to continue participation even without external recognition or rewards.
  • Athletes who are intrinsically motivated focus on personal improvement and competence development, which creates an ongoing cycle of challenge and achievement that sustains interest.
  • Because intrinsic motivation is tied to enjoyment of the process rather than outcomes, it creates resilience that helps athletes persevere through setbacks or plateaus in performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Intrinsic motivation is self-sustaining as it generates satisfaction from the activity itself, enabling athletes to continue participation even without external recognition or rewards.
  • Athletes who are intrinsically motivated focus on personal improvement and competence development, which creates an ongoing cycle of challenge and achievement that sustains interest.
  • Because intrinsic motivation is tied to enjoyment of the process rather than outcomes, it creates resilience that helps athletes persevere through setbacks or plateaus in performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 695

Outline the difference between positive and negative motivation in sport.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Positive motivation involves performing well because of rewards or positive reinforcement, such as praise from a coach or feeling good about improvement, creating a sustainable drive for participation.
  • Negative motivation occurs when athletes perform to avoid negative consequences, such as being dropped from a team or criticised, which can undermine confidence and creativity.
  • While both motivational types may produce short-term performance improvements, positive motivation is generally more effective for sustained participation as it builds confidence rather than fear of failure.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Positive motivation involves performing well because of rewards or positive reinforcement, such as praise from a coach or feeling good about improvement, creating a sustainable drive for participation.
  • Negative motivation occurs when athletes perform to avoid negative consequences, such as being dropped from a team or criticised, which can undermine confidence and creativity.
  • While both motivational types may produce short-term performance improvements, positive motivation is generally more effective for sustained participation as it builds confidence rather than fear of failure.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 692 MC

A young tennis player initially joined the sport to win trophies but has gradually come to enjoy the game itself and the feeling of improvement.

This player's motivational shift can best be described as moving from:

  1. Task orientation to ego orientation
  2. Extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation
  3. Negative motivation to positive motivation
  4. Positive extrinsic motivation to negative intrinsic motivation
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: External rewards (trophies) shifted to internal satisfaction.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Actually ego to task orientation shift described.
  • C is incorrect: Both motivations are positive, not negative shift.
  • D is incorrect: Later motivation is positive intrinsic, not negative.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 689 MC

A basketball player practices shooting free throws every day after school because she enjoys the feeling of mastery when the ball goes through the hoop perfectly.

Which type of motivation is this player primarily demonstrating?

  1. Positive extrinsic motivation
  2. Negative intrinsic motivation
  3. Positive intrinsic motivation
  4. Negative extrinsic motivation
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Internal enjoyment of mastery, not external rewards.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: No external rewards mentioned in scenario.
  • B is incorrect: Positive feelings described, not negative avoidance.
  • D is incorrect: No external punishment or negative consequence avoided.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 687

Explain how observing others can influence an individual's self-efficacy in sport.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Observing peers of similar ability successfully perform skills provides vicarious experiences that increase confidence in one’s own ability to accomplish the same tasks.
  • Watching successful demonstrations provides visual models for correct technique, which enhances learning and subsequent performance execution.
  • Seeing others overcome challenges in similar sporting contexts builds confidence that obstacles can be overcome through persistence and effort.
  • Observation of negative outcomes can decrease self-efficacy if the observer identifies with the struggling performer, highlighting the importance of appropriate modeling.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Observing peers of similar ability successfully perform skills provides vicarious experiences that increase confidence in one’s own ability to accomplish the same tasks.
  • Watching successful demonstrations provides visual models for correct technique, which enhances learning and subsequent performance execution.
  • Seeing others overcome challenges in similar sporting contexts builds confidence that obstacles can be overcome through persistence and effort.
  • Observation of negative outcomes can decrease self-efficacy if the observer identifies with the struggling performer, highlighting the importance of appropriate modeling.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 684

Explain how personal characteristics affect an individual's sport performance.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Self-confidence directly influences performance under pressure because confident athletes view challenging situations as opportunities rather than threats. This leads to better decision-making and skill execution during crucial moments.
  • Resilience enables athletes to recover quickly from setbacks as a result of their ability to maintain perspective on poor performances. Consequently, resilient athletes maintain consistent performance levels across an entire season.
  • Goal-orientation creates structured training approaches because focused individuals prioritise improvement and outcomes. Subsequently, athletes develop more purposeful skills and enhanced performance capacity.
  • High self-efficacy encourages athletes to attempt challenging techniques due to their belief in their abilities. Therefore, individuals with strong self-efficacy often achieve higher performance levels than those with similar physical abilities but lower confidence.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Self-confidence directly influences performance under pressure because confident athletes view challenging situations as opportunities rather than threats. This leads to better decision-making and skill execution during crucial moments.
  • Resilience enables athletes to recover quickly from setbacks as a result of their ability to maintain perspective on poor performances. Consequently, resilient athletes maintain consistent performance levels across an entire season.
  • Goal-orientation creates structured training approaches because focused individuals prioritise improvement and outcomes. Subsequently, athletes develop more purposeful skills and enhanced performance capacity.
  • High self-efficacy encourages athletes to attempt challenging techniques due to their belief in their abilities. Therefore, individuals with strong self-efficacy often achieve higher performance levels than those with similar physical abilities but lower confidence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 683

Explain how family influence can shape an individual's participation and performance in sport.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Families model values and attitudes toward sport through their own participation or viewership, which leads to active parents typically raising children who value physical activity.
  • This foundation enables early sport exposure as parents provide practical resources including transportation, equipment and registration fees that facilitate participation opportunities.
  • Family emotional support during setbacks and challenges helps athletes develop resilience and perseverance, which is essential for continued participation and performance improvement.
  • Additionally, family expectations can create positive pressure that motivates athletes to excel. However, excessive expectations may generate performance anxiety that undermines performance.
  • Furthermore, cultural sporting traditions within families often direct children toward specific sports, resulting in early skill development and establishing sport-specific identity that enhances long-term commitment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Families model values and attitudes toward sport through their own participation or viewership, which leads to active parents typically raising children who value physical activity.
  • This foundation enables early sport exposure as parents provide practical resources including transportation, equipment and registration fees that facilitate participation opportunities.
  • Family emotional support during setbacks and challenges helps athletes develop resilience and perseverance, which is essential for continued participation and performance improvement.
  • Additionally, family expectations can create positive pressure that motivates athletes to excel. However, excessive expectations may generate performance anxiety that undermines performance.
  • Furthermore, cultural sporting traditions within families often direct children toward specific sports, resulting in early skill development and establishing sport-specific identity that enhances long-term commitment.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 681

Describe how peer influence can affect a young person's participation in sport.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Young people often participate in sports their friends engage in to maintain social connections and avoid feeling excluded from peer groups.
  • Peers can provide encouragement and support during training and competition, enhancing motivation to continue participation.
  • Negative peer interactions or bullying in sporting contexts can discourage participation and cause young people to withdraw from sports they might otherwise enjoy.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Young people often participate in sports their friends engage in to maintain social connections and avoid feeling excluded from peer groups.
  • Peers can provide encouragement and support during training and competition, enhancing motivation to continue participation.
  • Negative peer interactions or bullying in sporting contexts can discourage participation and cause young people to withdraw from sports they might otherwise enjoy.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 676 MC

Which of the following best describes how self-efficacy influences an individual's performance in sport?

  1. It determines their physical ability to perform complex movements
  2. It dictates the level of public recognition they receive
  3. It influences their persistence when facing obstacles
  4. It directly determines the amount of time they spend training
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Self-efficacy directly affects persistence when facing challenges or obstacles in sporting tasks.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Self-efficacy is about belief in ability, not the physical ability itself.
  • B is incorrect: Public recognition is an external factor not directly related to self-efficacy.
  • D is incorrect: While self-efficacy might influence training dedication, it doesn’t directly determine training time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 674 MC

Maya loves swimming because her parents were competitive swimmers and took her to lessons from a young age. She values the sport both for relaxation and competitive opportunity.

This scenario best illustrates which influence on Maya's personal identity affecting her sport participation?

  1. Peer pressure
  2. Knowledge of sport benefits
  3. Family influence
  4. Self-confidence
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Parents shaped her values by introducing swimming early.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: No peers mentioned in the scenario.
  • B is incorrect: Family background emphasized, not knowledge of benefits.
  • D is incorrect: Self-confidence not specifically mentioned in scenario.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 673

  1. Explain what is meant by "performance elements" in skill development.   (2 marks)

  2. Propose three research questions that would enhance understanding of how performance elements should be integrated into soccer skill development.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  1. Performance elements include decision-making aspects that require players to select appropriate responses based on game situations. This means skills must adapt to changing contexts.
  2. Performance elements also include strategic and tactical development because skills must function within team frameworks. This creates complete players rather than isolated technicians.
  3. Research questions – Any THREE of the following (Other questions are possible)
      • At what stage should decision-making elements be introduced for different soccer skills to optimise development?
      • How does defensive pressure affect technique consistency and decision-making quality in soccer skill development?
      • What tactical complexity progressions most effectively develop soccer skills alongside strategic application?
      • How do performance elements differ between individual soccer skills versus combination play development?
      • What ratio of isolated practice to integrated performance practice optimises soccer skill transfer?

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Performance elements include decision-making aspects that require players to select appropriate responses based on game situations. This means skills must adapt to changing contexts.
  2. Performance elements also include strategic and tactical development because skills must function within team frameworks. This creates complete players rather than isolated technicians.
  3. Research questions – Any THREE of the following (Other questions are possible)
      • At what stage should decision-making elements be introduced for different soccer skills to optimise development?
      • How does defensive pressure affect technique consistency and decision-making quality in soccer skill development?
      • What tactical complexity progressions most effectively develop soccer skills alongside strategic application?
      • How do performance elements differ between individual soccer skills versus combination play development?
      • What ratio of isolated practice to integrated performance practice optimises soccer skill transfer?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 669

After studying front-on tackling technique in rugby league, propose THREE research questions that would help coaches better understand how to develop this skill in players who lack confidence after previous injury.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer  OR 3 similar questions with appropriate focus 

  • What specific modifications to practice environments are most effective for rebuilding confidence in tackle technique following injury?
  • How does the rate of skill redevelopment after injury compare between different feedback approaches (knowledge of performance versus knowledge of results)?
  • What progression of contact intensity is optimal for safely rebuilding tackling confidence while ensuring proper technique development?
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer  OR THREE similar questions with appropriate focus 

  • What specific modifications to practice environments are most effective for rebuilding confidence in tackle technique following injury?
  • How does the rate of skill redevelopment after injury compare between different feedback approaches (knowledge of performance versus knowledge of results)?
  • What progression of contact intensity is optimal for safely rebuilding tackling confidence while ensuring proper technique development?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 665

  1. Identify one learner characteristic that might affect skill acquisition in contact sports.   (1 mark)
  2. Using your response from (a) above, propose two research questions that would explore how different learner characteristics affect the development of technique in contact sports.   (2 marks)
Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

a.   Learner characteristic – Any ONE of the following

  • Personality traits such as confidence or risk-taking willingness.
  • Prior experience in similar sports or activities.
  • Physical attributes including size, strength, or body type.
  • Age affecting approach to contact sport skill learning.

b.   Research questions – Questions should correspond to the learner characteristic from (a).

  • If using personality traits:
    • How do risk-taking versus cautious personalities affect technique acquisition and safety in contact sports?
    • What coaching approaches work best for different personality types when developing contact techniques?
  • If using prior experience:
    • How does prior experience affect progression through skill acquisition stages in contact sports?
    • How does non-contact sport experience influence technique development when learning contact skills?
  • If using physical attributes:
    • How do physical differences affect technique adaptations needed for optimal contact sport performance?
    • What relationship exists between physical attributes and learning progression in contact sports?
  • If using age:
    • How does age affect optimal practice complexity progression for contact sport techniques?
    • What feedback types work best for different age groups learning contact sports?
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

a.   Learner characteristic – Any ONE of the following

  • Personality traits such as confidence or risk-taking willingness.
  • Prior experience in similar sports or activities.
  • Physical attributes including size, strength, or body type.
  • Age affecting approach to contact sport skill learning.

b.   Research questions – Questions should correspond to the learner characteristic from (a).

  • If using personality traits:
    • How do risk-taking versus cautious personalities affect technique acquisition and safety in contact sports?
    • What coaching approaches work best for different personality types when developing contact techniques?
  • If using prior experience:
    • How does prior experience affect progression through skill acquisition stages in contact sports?
    • How does non-contact sport experience influence technique development when learning contact skills?
  • If using physical attributes:
    • How do physical differences affect technique adaptations needed for optimal contact sport performance?
    • What relationship exists between physical attributes and learning progression in contact sports?
  • If using age:
    • How does age affect optimal practice complexity progression for contact sport techniques?
    • What feedback types work best for different age groups learning contact sports?

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 663 MC

After studying basketball shooting technique development, which further research question would BEST explore the influence of learner characteristics?

  1. Which brand of basketball is best for shooting practice?
  2. How does previous experience in throwing sports affect the rate of shooting technique acquisition?
  3. What is the average shooting percentage in high school basketball?
  4. Which shooting technique is most commonly used by professional players?
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Explores how prior experience affects skill learning

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Focuses on equipment not learner characteristics
  • C is incorrect: Addresses performance statistics not learning
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on technique prevalence not learner characteristics

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 659 MC

Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate further research question regarding the front-on tackle in rugby league?

  1. Does gender affect the rate at which the front-on tackle technique is acquired?
  2. What is the best way to tackle in rugby league?
  3. Why is rugby league more popular than rugby union?
  4. How many tackles are performed in an average rugby league game?
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: This question proposes meaningful research that extends understanding of skill development by exploring how learner characteristics (gender) might influence the rate of acquisition for this specific skill.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: This question is too broad and vague to guide specific research into skill development.
  • C is incorrect: This focuses on sport popularity rather than skill development.
  • D is incorrect: This focuses on game statistics rather than skill development processes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 658

  1. Identify two ways researchers might measure improvement in rugby tackling technique.   (2 marks)

  2. Discuss which measurement approach would provide more useful information for coaches working with beginners.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  1. Researchers could use a technique scoring system where trained observers rate specific components of the tackle like foot position, body height, and shoulder contact.
  2. They could also measure performance outcomes such as success rate of tackles, average ground gained by opponents after contact, or ball dislodgment frequency.

  3. *PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

  • [P] Technique measurement provides valuable feedback for beginners.
  • [E] It identifies specific areas needing improvement like body position or shoulder placement.
  • [Ev] Coaches can target exact weaknesses in fundamental movements.
  • [L] This detailed information guides safe skill developments.
      
  • [P] However, outcome measures also offer benefits.
  • [E] Success rates show if techniques work in practice.
  • [Ev] Beginners gain confidence seeing measurable progress.
  • [L] Performance data motivates continued learning while building competence.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Researchers could use a technique scoring system where trained observers rate specific components of the tackle like foot position, body height, and shoulder contact.
  2. They could also measure performance outcomes such as success rate of tackles, average ground gained by opponents after contact, or ball dislodgment frequency.

  3. *PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

  • [P] Technique measurement provides valuable feedback for beginners.
  • [E] It identifies specific areas needing improvement like body position or shoulder placement.
  • [Ev] Coaches can target exact weaknesses in fundamental movements.
  • [L] This detailed information guides safe skill developments.
      
  • [P] However, outcome measures also offer benefits.
  • [E] Success rates show if techniques work in practice.
  • [Ev] Beginners gain confidence seeing measurable progress.
  • [L] Performance data motivates continued learning while building competence.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 657

  1. What is a "control group" in a research study about skill development.   (1 mark)

  2. Explain why a control group might be important when researching the effectiveness of a new coaching approach for soccer dribbling skills.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  1. A control group receives standard training rather than the experimental method, providing a comparison baseline.
  2. A control group helps researchers determine if improvements are actually due to the new coaching approach rather than just from regular practice or other factors.
  3. Without a control group, researchers couldn’t tell if skill improvements happened because the new approach works better or simply because any practice leads to improvement over time.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. A control group receives standard training rather than the experimental method, providing a comparison baseline.
  2. A control group helps researchers determine if improvements are actually due to the new coaching approach rather than just from regular practice or other factors.
  3. Without a control group, researchers couldn’t tell if skill improvements happened because the new approach works better or simply because any practice leads to improvement over time.
  4.  

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 656

  1. Explain what task-intrinsic feedback and augmented feedback are in the context of movement skill acquisition.   (3 marks)

  2. Evaluate how researchers might investigate which type of feedback is most effective at different stages of learning a complex basketball skill.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  1. Task-intrinsic feedback is information received through the body’s proprioceptive mechanisms which occurs naturally when performing skills. This develops internal awareness of movements.
  2. Augmented feedback comes from external sources like coaches or video because learners need outside perspective. This provides information beyond what performers can sense themselves. These types differ as task-intrinsic creates movement “feel” while augmented offers technical corrections.
  3. Evaluation Statement
  4. Longitudinal experimental design would be highly effective for investigating feedback effectiveness across learning stages. Study duration and measurement comprehensiveness serve as key evaluation criteria.
  5. Study Duration
  6. Research spanning 6-12 months strongly meets requirements for tracking skill progression. This timeframe allows researchers to observe participants transitioning through cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages. Extended duration enables valid comparisons of feedback effectiveness as learners develop. This criterion is well-satisfied.
  7. Measurement Comprehensiveness 
  8. Mixed-methods approach excellently fulfils research needs. Combining technique analysis, performance outcomes, and transfer tests provides complete understanding. Including kinaesthetic awareness baselines and pressure scenarios ensures thorough investigation. Qualitative interviews reveal how learners process different feedback types. This comprehensively addresses research questions.
  9. Final Evaluation 
  10. The proposed design highly effectively investigates feedback types across learning stages. Long-term tracking with multiple measurement approaches produces robust findings. While resource-intensive, this methodology generates valuable insights for optimising basketball skill development through appropriate feedback selection.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Task-intrinsic feedback is information received through the body’s proprioceptive mechanisms which occurs naturally when performing skills. This develops internal awareness of movements.
  2. Augmented feedback comes from external sources like coaches or video because learners need outside perspective. This provides information beyond what performers can sense themselves. These types differ as task-intrinsic creates movement “feel” while augmented offers technical corrections.
  3. Evaluation Statement
  4. Longitudinal experimental design would be highly effective for investigating feedback effectiveness across learning stages. Study duration and measurement comprehensiveness serve as key evaluation criteria.
  5. Study Duration
  6. Research spanning 6-12 months strongly meets requirements for tracking skill progression. This timeframe allows researchers to observe participants transitioning through cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages. Extended duration enables valid comparisons of feedback effectiveness as learners develop. This criterion is well-satisfied.
  7. Measurement Comprehensiveness 
  8. Mixed-methods approach excellently fulfils research needs. Combining technique analysis, performance outcomes, and transfer tests provides complete understanding. Including kinaesthetic awareness baselines and pressure scenarios ensures thorough investigation. Qualitative interviews reveal how learners process different feedback types. This comprehensively addresses research questions.
  9. Final Evaluation 
  10. The proposed design highly effectively investigates feedback types across learning stages. Long-term tracking with multiple measurement approaches produces robust findings. While resource-intensive, this methodology generates valuable insights for optimising basketball skill development through appropriate feedback selection.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 653

  1. What is meant by "modifying the environment" when teaching movement skills?   (1 mark)

  2. Explain how a researcher could study its effectiveness for teaching a golf swing.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  1. Modifying the environment means changing learning conditions like equipment, complexity or space to suit the learner’s stage.
  2. Researchers could compare beginners using standard versus modified clubs (lighter, shorter) because equipment changes affect technique development.
  3. Measuring technique elements like grip, stance, and follow-through rather than just distance would reveal how environmental modifications facilitate skill acquisition. This determines whether simplified conditions lead to better fundamental technique development.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  1. Modifying the environment means changing learning conditions like equipment, complexity or space to suit the learner’s stage.
  2. Researchers could compare beginners using standard versus modified clubs (lighter, shorter) because equipment changes affect technique development.
  3. Measuring technique elements like grip, stance, and follow-through rather than just distance would reveal how environmental modifications facilitate skill acquisition. This determines whether simplified conditions lead to better fundamental technique development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 647 MC

Which research design would be MOST suitable for studying whether distributed practice works better than massed practice for developing tennis serves?

  1. A case study following one tennis player
  2. A survey asking tennis coaches what they think
  3. An experiment comparing two groups using different practice methods
  4. Interviews with tennis students about their experiences
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Experiment allows direct comparison with controlled variables

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Case study lacks comparison between methods
  • B is incorrect: Surveys provide opinions not measured evidence
  • D is incorrect: Interviews lack direct comparison needed

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 645

Explain how someone might design a study to find out the best way to organise practice sessions for beginners learning to shoot in basketball.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The researcher would need to create a clear checklist of what good shooting technique looks like, including foot position, arm movement, and follow-through.
  • They could create three study groups: one practising for long periods without breaks, one practising with regular rest breaks, and a third group following their normal routine, with testing before and after to see which improved most.
  • The study would need to make sure other factors stayed the same across all groups, such as the age of players, the amount of total practice time, and the coaching style, so the results clearly show which practice method worked best.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The researcher would need to create a clear checklist of what good shooting technique looks like, including foot position, arm movement, and follow-through.
  • They could create three study groups: one practising for long periods without breaks, one practising with regular rest breaks, and a third group following their normal routine, with testing before and after to see which improved most.
  • The study would need to make sure other factors stayed the same across all groups, such as the age of players, the amount of total practice time, and the coaching style, so the results clearly show which practice method worked best.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 640

Research has established the importance of understanding skill classification for effective teaching. Explain how a volleyball coach would apply this research when developing an effective serving technique program.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The coach would apply discrete skill research by implementing clear start and finish points because this helps learners understand complete serving technique. Each serve has distinct preparation, execution, and follow-through phases that create consistent movement patterns.
  • Research on self-paced skills guides practice design as players control serving timing. This allows coaches to teach pre-serve routines that develop consistency. Unlike externally-paced skills, servers determine when to initiate movement, enabling focus on technique refinement.
  • Closed skill classification influences initial practice design through stable, predictable environments. This facilitates technique development before adding variables. Progressive transition to open conditions occurs when players face different court positions and game pressures, ensuring skills transfer effectively.
  • Gross motor skill research leads to whole-body coordination emphasis because serving requires integrated movements. Large muscle groups working together produce powerful, accurate serves. This understanding results in practice activities targeting full-body mechanics.
  • Coaches apply classification knowledge by linking closed-skill serves to open-skill rally play. This connection ensures serving technique remains effective under match conditions, creating complete volleyball players.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The coach would apply discrete skill research by implementing clear start and finish points because this helps learners understand complete serving technique. Each serve has distinct preparation, execution, and follow-through phases that create consistent movement patterns.
  • Research on self-paced skills guides practice design as players control serving timing. This allows coaches to teach pre-serve routines that develop consistency. Unlike externally-paced skills, servers determine when to initiate movement, enabling focus on technique refinement.
  • Closed skill classification influences initial practice design through stable, predictable environments. This facilitates technique development before adding variables. Progressive transition to open conditions occurs when players face different court positions and game pressures, ensuring skills transfer effectively.
  • Gross motor skill research leads to whole-body coordination emphasis because serving requires integrated movements. Large muscle groups working together produce powerful, accurate serves. This understanding results in practice activities targeting full-body mechanics.
  • Coaches apply classification knowledge by linking closed-skill serves to open-skill rally play. This connection ensures serving technique remains effective under match conditions, creating complete volleyball players.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 638

Research shows that practice scheduling affects motor learning effectiveness. Describe how a soccer coach would apply this research when teaching the instep drive technique to young players.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The coach would apply research on distributed practice by dividing instep drive training into multiple short periods separated by rest or other activities rather than using massed practice without breaks.
  • Research on practice methods would be applied by beginning with blocked practice of stationary balls, progressing to random practice where different kick types and situations vary unpredictably.
  • The coach would implement research on whole practice methods for the instep drive, ensuring players practice the complete kicking motion rather than breaking it into separate components.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The coach would apply research on distributed practice by dividing instep drive training into multiple short periods separated by rest or other activities rather than using massed practice without breaks.
  • Research on practice methods would be applied by beginning with blocked practice of stationary balls, progressing to random practice where different kick types and situations vary unpredictably.
  • The coach would implement research on whole practice methods for the instep drive, ensuring players practice the complete kicking motion rather than breaking it into separate components.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 634

Research shows that distributed practice is more effective than massed practice for complex skills. Explain how a golf coach would apply this research finding when developing putting skills in beginners.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The coach would implement multiple short putting sessions (5-7 minutes) with rest periods because distributed practice allows better skill consolidation than massed practice.
  • Short practice blocks enable learners to maintain focus and attention, leading to more effective technique development. This prevents fatigue that causes poor movement patterns
  • Brief reflection periods between blocks facilitate cognitive processing, allowing beginners to mentally rehearse corrections. This results in improved motor learning and faster skill acquisition.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The coach would implement multiple short putting sessions (5-7 minutes) with rest periods because distributed practice allows better skill consolidation than massed practice.
  • Short practice blocks enable learners to maintain focus and attention, leading to more effective technique development. This prevents fatigue that causes poor movement patterns
  • Brief reflection periods between blocks facilitate cognitive processing, allowing beginners to mentally rehearse corrections. This results in improved motor learning and faster skill acquisition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 630 MC

Research has shown that environmental modification enhances early skill acquisition. How is this research finding BEST applied when teaching the front crawl swimming technique?

  1. Having beginners use kickboards to isolate leg movements before integrating full stroke
  2. Teaching swimming exclusively through land-based simulations
  3. Having beginners immediately practice in competition conditions
  4. Focusing only on perfecting arm technique in deep water
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Kickboards reduce complexity while maintaining water environment

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Removing water environment limits learning transfer
  • C is incorrect: Competition conditions overwhelm cognitive learners
  • D is incorrect: Deep water creates anxiety interfering with learning

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 625

Explain what research tells us about how decision-making elements should be integrated into the acquisition of tennis groundstroke technique.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Research demonstrates decision-making elements should be minimised during cognitive stage because thinking about too many things prevents beginners from learning basic stroke technique. Learners need to establish movement patterns before adding complexity.
  • Studies show associative stage learners benefit from progressive tactical decisions as this creates realistic practice conditions. Simple directional choices lead to improved court awareness while maintaining technique quality. This allows skill refinement alongside tactical development.
  • Evidence indicates introducing opponent positioning cues enables learners to develop anticipatory skills that facilitate game transfer. This progression results in groundstrokes that adapt to match demands rather than remaining rigid patterns.
  • Research reveals perceptual-cognitive challenges must increase gradually to prevent technique breakdown. When decision-making complexity matches skill level, this produces effective integration of technical and tactical elements.
  • Studies demonstrate that systematic progression creates players who execute groundstrokes effectively under game pressure. This approach ensures technical proficiency develops alongside decision-making abilities, resulting in complete skill acquisition.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research demonstrates decision-making elements should be minimised during cognitive stage because thinking about too many things prevents beginners from learning basic stroke technique. Learners need to establish movement patterns before adding complexity.
  • Studies show associative stage learners benefit from progressive tactical decisions as this creates realistic practice conditions. Simple directional choices lead to improved court awareness while maintaining technique quality. This allows skill refinement alongside tactical development.
  • Evidence indicates introducing opponent positioning cues enables learners to develop anticipatory skills that facilitate game transfer. This progression results in groundstrokes that adapt to match demands rather than remaining rigid patterns.
  • Research reveals perceptual-cognitive challenges must increase gradually to prevent technique breakdown. When decision-making complexity matches skill level, this produces effective integration of technical and tactical elements.
  • Studies demonstrate that systematic progression creates players who execute groundstrokes effectively under game pressure. This approach ensures technical proficiency develops alongside decision-making abilities, resulting in complete skill acquisition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 623

Outline what research tells us about how the classification of a skill influences its acquisition in basketball shooting technique.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Research indicates basketball shooting’s classification as an externally paced skill means acquisition requires progressive adaptation to defensive pressure timing variations.
  • Studies show the discrete nature of basketball shooting allows for clear outcome assessment after each attempt, facilitating rapid technique modification.
  • Research demonstrates that basketball shooting’s classification as a predominantly gross motor skill means learners must coordinate whole-body movement sequencing before refining fine motor control of release point.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research indicates basketball shooting’s classification as an externally paced skill means acquisition requires progressive adaptation to defensive pressure timing variations.
  • Studies show the discrete nature of basketball shooting allows for clear outcome assessment after each attempt, facilitating rapid technique modification.
  • Research demonstrates that basketball shooting’s classification as a predominantly gross motor skill means learners must coordinate whole-body movement sequencing before refining fine motor control of release point.

Calculus, 2ADV C2 SM-Bank 3

  1. Prove that  \(\cos x+\sin x\, \tan x=\sec x\)   (1 mark)

  2. Hence, or otherwise, find  \(\dfrac{d}{dx}\left(\dfrac{1}{\cos x+\sin x \,\tan x}\right)\).   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   \(\text{Proof (See worked solutions)}\)

b.   \(-\sin x\)

Show Worked Solution

a.    \(\text{Prove}\ \ \cos x+\sin x\, \tan x=\sec x\)

\(\text{LHS}\) \(=\cos x+\sin x \cdot \dfrac{\sin x}{\cos x}\)
  \(=\dfrac{\cos ^2 x+\sin ^2 x}{\cos x}\)
  \(=\dfrac{1}{\cos x}\)
  \(=\sec x\)

 

b.     \(\begin{array}{r} \dfrac{d}{d x}\end{array} \left(\dfrac{1}{\cos x+\sin x\, \tan x}\right)\) \(=\dfrac{d}{d x}\left(\dfrac{1}{\sec x}\right)\)
    \(=\begin{array}{r}\dfrac{d}{dx}\end{array} \left(\cos x\right)\)
    \(=-\sin x\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 619

Outline what research tells us about how a learner's heredity characteristics influence their acquisition of a power-based skill such as a javelin throw.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Research indicates that favourable somatotype characteristics (particularly mesomorphic traits) significantly influence initial skill acquisition for power-based skills like javelin throwing.
  • Studies show higher proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibres create genetic predisposition for rapid force production necessary for effective javelin technique.
  • Research demonstrates that natural strength-to-weight ratios affect the rate of skill acquisition, with learners possessing advantageous ratios progressing more rapidly through initial movement pattern development.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Research indicates that favourable somatotype characteristics (particularly mesomorphic traits) significantly influence initial skill acquisition for power-based skills like javelin throwing.
  • Studies show higher proportions of fast-twitch muscle fibres create genetic predisposition for rapid force production necessary for effective javelin technique.
  • Research demonstrates that natural strength-to-weight ratios affect the rate of skill acquisition, with learners possessing advantageous ratios progressing more rapidly through initial movement pattern development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 615 MC

According to skill acquisition research, when learning a complex tennis serve, which practice method would be most beneficial during the cognitive stage?

  1. Distributed whole practice
  2. Random practice with various strokes
  3. Massed part practice
  4. Variable practice across different courts
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Distributed whole practice allows rest and maintains movement integrity

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Random practice suits later learning stages
  • C is incorrect: Massed practice causes fatigue in complex skills
  • D is incorrect: Variable practice suits later stages for adaptability

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 613

Explain how appropriate feedback types might differ between children learning fundamental movement skills and adults learning a new sport. Provide specific examples.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

  • Children require immediate performance feedback with simple cues because their processing capacity is limited. Using “big step” for hopping rather than technical explanations helps maintain focus.
  • Adults process detailed delayed feedback about mechanical principles due to developed cognitive abilities. Explaining weight transfer in golf swings with video enables understanding which leads to faster refinement
  • Children benefit from positive feedback as this builds confidence and therefore encourages participation. Highlighting successes before corrections creates supportive learning environments.
  • Adults connect results to performance adjustments effectively since they possess analytical skills. Understanding ball flight relates to racquet angle allows immediate technique corrections.
  • Both groups develop task-intrinsic feedback, but adults progress quickly because of experience interpreting body sensations.
  • Children need demonstration-based feedback as visual learning suits their stage, while adults utilise verbal approaches which facilitates complex understanding.
  • Therefore, age-appropriate feedback determines learning success by matching cognitive and emotional developmental needs.
Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

  • Children require immediate performance feedback with simple cues because their processing capacity is limited. Using “big step” for hopping rather than technical explanations helps maintain focus.
  • Adults process detailed delayed feedback about mechanical principles due to developed cognitive abilities. Explaining weight transfer in golf swings with video enables understanding which leads to faster refinement
  • Children benefit from positive feedback as this builds confidence and therefore encourages participation. Highlighting successes before corrections creates supportive learning environments.
  • Adults connect results to performance adjustments effectively since they possess analytical skills. Understanding ball flight relates to racquet angle allows immediate technique corrections.
  • Both groups develop task-intrinsic feedback, but adults progress quickly because of experience interpreting body sensations.
  • Children need demonstration-based feedback as visual learning suits their stage, while adults utilise verbal approaches which facilitates complex understanding.
  • Therefore, age-appropriate feedback determines learning success by matching cognitive and emotional developmental needs.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 610

Describe how a recreational athlete might use different types of feedback during their fitness training. Provide examples.   (3 marks)

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Answers could include any of the following points:

  • Recreational athletes often use knowledge of results feedback to track progress in fitness activities.
  • Example: monitoring running times or distances covered provides clear measures of improvement.
  • Some recreational athletes benefit from augmented feedback through fitness apps or training partners.
  • Example: heart rate monitors providing concurrent feedback about exercise intensity.
  • Recreational athletes can develop task-intrinsic feedback awareness through consistent practice.
  • Example: recognising proper form during weight lifting through the “feel” of correctly engaged muscles.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include any of the following points:

  • Recreational athletes often use knowledge of results feedback to track progress in fitness activities.
  • Example: monitoring running times or distances covered provides clear measures of improvement.
  • Some recreational athletes benefit from augmented feedback through fitness apps or training partners.
  • Example: heart rate monitors providing concurrent feedback about exercise intensity.
  • Recreational athletes can develop task-intrinsic feedback awareness through consistent practice.
  • Example: recognising proper form during weight lifting through the “feel” of correctly engaged muscles.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 606

Describe TWO ways knowledge of results feedback could benefit a recreational basketball player. Provide specific examples.   (3 marks)

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  • Knowledge of results provides clear outcome information that can motivate improvement through tangible progress markers.
    • Example: tracking free throw shooting percentage over time shows improvement and encourages continued practice.
  • Knowledge of results helps recreational players identify specific situations where their skills need development.
    • Example: noticing consistently missed shots from the left side of the court indicates a specific area needing practice.
  • Knowledge of results can help recreational players set appropriate and measurable goals for their practice sessions.
Show Worked Solution
  • Knowledge of results provides clear outcome information that can motivate improvement through tangible progress markers.
    • Example: tracking free throw shooting percentage over time shows improvement and encourages continued practice.
  • Knowledge of results helps recreational players identify specific situations where their skills need development.
    • Example: noticing consistently missed shots from the left side of the court indicates a specific area needing practice.
  • Knowledge of results can help recreational players set appropriate and measurable goals for their practice sessions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 601 MC

During a tennis match, a recreational player observes the scoreboard after each point. This represents:

  1. Knowledge of results
  2. Knowledge of performance
  3. Task-intrinsic feedback
  4. Concurrent feedback
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\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Knowledge of results provides information about the outcome of the skill execution (the point outcome) rather than the quality of technique used, which is what the scoreboard displays.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Knowledge of performance relates to technique quality rather than simply the outcome.
  • C is incorrect: Task-intrinsic feedback comes from internal proprioceptive mechanisms, not external scoreboard information.
  • D is incorrect: Concurrent feedback occurs simultaneously with performance, while scoreboard feedback is observed after each point is completed.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 594

Outline how a coach could use video analysis to improve tactical development for athletes.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Video analysis allows athletes to observe their decision-making from an external perspective, identifying tactical patterns and errors missed during competition.
  • Coaches use freeze-frame and slow-motion capabilities to highlight specific tactical situations, analysing positioning, timing and decision-making cues too quick for live observation.
  • Reviewing opponents’ play through video helps athletes recognise patterns and tendencies, informing strategic planning for future competition.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Video analysis allows athletes to observe their decision-making from an external perspective, identifying tactical patterns and errors missed during competition.
  • Coaches use freeze-frame and slow-motion capabilities to highlight specific tactical situations, analysing positioning, timing and decision-making cues too quick for live observation.
  • Reviewing opponents’ play through video helps athletes recognise patterns and tendencies, informing strategic planning for future competition.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 589

Describe how a game-centered approach can improve decision-making skills for a netball player.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • A game-centered approach effectively places netball players in modified game situations requiring immediate tactical decisions under competition-like conditions, improving their ability to read play effectively.
  • Planned stoppages allow coaches to provide instant specific feedback on decision-making choices while the game context remains relevant and meaningful to players.
  • Players develop tactical understanding by actively learning to identify cues like defender positioning before choosing appropriate passes or movements, enhancing real-game decision-making capacity.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A game-centered approach effectively places netball players in modified game situations requiring immediate tactical decisions under competition-like conditions, improving their ability to read play effectively.
  • Planned stoppages allow coaches to provide instant specific feedback on decision-making choices while the game context remains relevant and meaningful to players.
  • Players develop tactical understanding by actively learning to identify cues like defender positioning before choosing appropriate passes or movements, enhancing real-game decision-making capacity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 588 MC

A tennis player who can execute perfect serves during practice but frequently makes serving errors during competitive matches most likely needs to improve their:

  1. Physical conditioning
  2. Technical execution
  3. Knowledge of the rules
  4. Decision-making under pressure
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\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Performance pressure affects execution despite good technique

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Physical conditioning would affect practice too
  • B is incorrect: Technical execution is sound in practice
  • C is incorrect: Serving errors unlikely related to rules knowledge

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 584 MC

A basketball coach repeatedly stops play during a small-sided game to discuss with players their decision-making in specific situations.

Which approach to skill development is the coach primarily using?

  1. Whole-part-whole practice
  2. Game-centered approach
  3. Massed practice
  4. Blocked practice
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Game-centred approach develops decision-making in game situations

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Whole-part-whole breaks skills for practice then reassembles
  • C is incorrect: Massed practice is continuous with minimal breaks
  • D is incorrect: Blocked practice repeats one skill before moving on

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 579

Outline the benefits of whole practice for an athlete in the autonomous stage of learning.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Whole practice suits autonomous-stage athletes who have already mastered individual components and can effectively integrate all skill elements simultaneously, maintaining natural flow and timing.
  • Autonomous learners possess the ability to handle complex integrated movements, allowing them to refine the entire skill sequence under competition-like conditions.
  • This practice method enables autonomous athletes to focus on strategic applications and performance optimisation rather than basic technique development.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Whole practice suits autonomous-stage athletes who have already mastered individual components and can effectively integrate all skill elements simultaneously, maintaining natural flow and timing.
  • Autonomous learners possess the ability to handle complex integrated movements, allowing them to refine the entire skill sequence under competition-like conditions.
  • This practice method enables autonomous athletes to focus on strategic applications and performance optimisation rather than basic technique development.