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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 246

Compare how anaerobic training methods would differ between a rugby league player and a tennis player.  (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Rugby league player

  • Effectively utilises SIT with repeated maximal sprints (6-8 x 40 m) with direction changes, reflecting game-specific movement patterns.
  • Rest periods (2-3 minutes) allow complete ATP-PCr recovery between efforts.
  • Effectively includes contact-specific HIIT through small-sided games (4 x 4 minutes) incorporating tackling at 90% intensity with 2-minute recovery periods.

Tennis player

  • Anaerobic training successfully incorporates court-specific movement patterns through shorter duration efforts (15-20 seconds) focusing on acceleration/deceleration.
  • Example: 6 x 4 point sequences at maximal intensity.
  • Tennis HIIT appropriately modifies work:rest ratios (1:3) to reflect match conditions, with 20-second maximal rallies followed by 60-second recovery, simulating time between points.

Both sports

  • Effectively utilise progressive overload by decreasing rest periods and increasing work intervals as fitness improves across the season.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Rugby league player

  • Effectively utilises SIT with repeated maximal sprints (6-8 x 40 m) with direction changes, reflecting game-specific movement patterns.
  • Rest periods (2-3 minutes) allow complete ATP-PCr recovery between efforts.
  • Effectively includes contact-specific HIIT through small-sided games (4 x 4 minutes) incorporating tackling at 90% intensity with 2-minute recovery periods.

Tennis player

  • Anaerobic training successfully incorporates court-specific movement patterns through shorter duration efforts (15-20 seconds) focusing on acceleration/deceleration.
  • Example: 6 x 4 point sequences at maximal intensity.
  • Tennis HIIT appropriately modifies work:rest ratios (1:3) to reflect match conditions, with 20-second maximal rallies followed by 60-second recovery, simulating time between points.

Both sports

  • Effectively utilise progressive overload by decreasing rest periods and increasing work intervals as fitness improves across the season.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 245

Discuss how HIIT training can be modified for different fitness levels in a group fitness class.  (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Benefits of HIIT modifications:

  • [P] HIIT modifications allow successful participation across all fitness levels.
  • [E] This works because adjustable work-to-rest ratios match individual capacities.
  • [Ev] Those new to exercise use 1:2 ratios (30 sec work/60 sec rest) while advanced use 2:1 ratios.
  • [L] These adjustments ensure everyone achieves appropriate training stimulus.
      
  • [P] Exercise selection modifications enhance inclusivity in group settings.
  • [E] Alternative exercises target same muscle groups at different intensities.
  • [Ev] Beginners perform step-ups while experienced participants complete box jumps.
  • [L] This approach offers safe progression without compromising workout effectiveness.

However, challenges of HIIT modifications include:

  • [P] Monitoring multiple intensity levels creates coaching difficulties.
  • [E] Instructors struggle to observe all participants during high-intensity intervals.
  • [Ev] Effort rating scales help but people judge their own effort differently.
  • [L] Consequently, this may lead to inappropriate training intensities.
      
  • [P] Equipment limitations restrict modification options in group classes.
  • [E] Different fitness levels require varied equipment that may be unavailable.
  • [Ev] Well-conditioned individuals need heavier weights while novices need lighter options.
  • [L] Nevertheless, bodyweight modifications can overcome most equipment constraints.

Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Benefits of HIIT modifications:

  • [P] HIIT modifications allow successful participation across all fitness levels.
  • [E] This works because adjustable work-to-rest ratios match individual capacities.
  • [Ev] Those new to exercise use 1:2 ratios (30 sec work/60 sec rest) while advanced use 2:1 ratios.
  • [L] These adjustments ensure everyone achieves appropriate training stimulus.
      
  • [P] Exercise selection modifications enhance inclusivity in group settings.
  • [E] Alternative exercises target same muscle groups at different intensities.
  • [Ev] Beginners perform step-ups while experienced participants complete box jumps.
  • [L] This approach offers safe progression without compromising workout effectiveness.

However, challenges of HIIT modifications include:

  • [P] Monitoring multiple intensity levels creates coaching difficulties.
  • [E] Instructors struggle to observe all participants during high-intensity intervals.
  • [Ev] Effort rating scales help but people judge their own effort differently.
  • [L] Consequently, this may lead to inappropriate training intensities.
      
  • [P] Equipment limitations restrict modification options in group classes.
  • [E] Different fitness levels require varied equipment that may be unavailable.
  • [Ev] Well-conditioned individuals need heavier weights while novices need lighter options.
  • [L] Nevertheless, bodyweight modifications can overcome most equipment constraints.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 242

Explain how different training methods would be used across a soccer season to develop both aerobic and anaerobic fitness.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Pre-season training prioritises continuous aerobic methods for 6-8 weeks. This occurs because athletes need a cardiovascular foundation before high-intensity work. Sessions include 45-60 minute runs at 60-70% max HR. As a result, players develop the endurance needed for 90-minute matches.
  • Progressive HIIT integration begins as competition approaches. It functions through alternating high-intensity efforts with recovery periods. For example, 4-minute game drills at 85-90% max HR with 2-minute recovery. This leads to improved ability to perform repeated sprints during matches.
  • Mid-season combines aerobic maintenance with Sprint Interval Training. The underlying reason is to maintain fitness while developing speed. Sessions include 8 x 30-second ball sprints at 95% effort with 2-minute rest. Consequently, players maintain endurance while improving explosive power.
  • Peak competition uses sport-specific combination training. Small-sided games alternate with sprint drills because this mirrors match intensity patterns. This combination enables players to sustain both continuous movement and explosive efforts. Hence, optimal match performance is achieved through balanced training.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Pre-season training prioritises continuous aerobic methods for 6-8 weeks. This occurs because athletes need a cardiovascular foundation before high-intensity work. Sessions include 45-60 minute runs at 60-70% max HR. As a result, players develop the endurance needed for 90-minute matches.
  • Progressive HIIT integration begins as competition approaches. It functions through alternating high-intensity efforts with recovery periods. For example, 4-minute game drills at 85-90% max HR with 2-minute recovery. This leads to improved ability to perform repeated sprints during matches.
  • Mid-season combines aerobic maintenance with Sprint Interval Training. The underlying reason is to maintain fitness while developing speed. Sessions include 8 x 30-second ball sprints at 95% effort with 2-minute rest. Consequently, players maintain endurance while improving explosive power.
  • Peak competition uses sport-specific combination training. Small-sided games alternate with sprint drills because this mirrors match intensity patterns. This combination enables players to sustain both continuous movement and explosive efforts. Hence, optimal match performance is achieved through balanced training.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 241

Compare continuous training and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) methods and their application in basketball.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both improve cardiovascular fitness needed for basketball
  • Both can use basketball-specific drills and movements
  • Both require proper warm-up and cool-down
  • Both follow progressive overload principles

Differences:

  • Intensity and duration:
    • Continuous: moderate intensity (60-75% max HR) for 20-60 minutes
    • HIIT: alternates high intensity (85-95% max HR) with recovery periods
  • Rest periods:
    • Continuous: no rest during exercise
    • HIIT: structured recovery between high-intensity efforts
  • Application in basketball:
    • Continuous: steady court drills or running to build endurance
    • HIIT: 4 x 4 minute full-court drills with 1-minute recovery
  • Match specificity:
    • Continuous: builds general fitness foundation
    • HIIT: mimics game patterns of sprints and recovery
  • Training focus:
    • Continuous: develops aerobic base early in pre-season
    • HIIT: prepares for game demands closer to competition
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both improve cardiovascular fitness needed for basketball
  • Both can use basketball-specific drills and movements
  • Both require proper warm-up and cool-down
  • Both follow progressive overload principles

Differences:

  • Intensity and duration:
    • Continuous: moderate intensity (60-75% max HR) for 20-60 minutes
    • HIIT: alternates high intensity (85-95% max HR) with recovery periods
  • Rest periods:
    • Continuous: no rest during exercise
    • HIIT: structured recovery between high-intensity efforts
  • Application in basketball:
    • Continuous: steady court drills or running to build endurance
    • HIIT: 4 x 4 minute full-court drills with 1-minute recovery
  • Match specificity:
    • Continuous: builds general fitness foundation
    • HIIT: mimics game patterns of sprints and recovery
  • Training focus:
    • Continuous: develops aerobic base early in pre-season
    • HIIT: prepares for game demands closer to competition

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 240

Describe how Sprint Interval Training (SIT) could be used in a netball training program.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Definition and Relevance:

  • SIT involves very high intensity work periods (>95% effort) with complete rest intervals
  • Targets anaerobic power development
  • Particularly relevant to netball’s repeated explosive movements with recovery periods

Example Session:

  • 6 x 30 second court sprints at maximal effort
  • Incorporate game-specific movements:
    • Changes of direction
    • Acceleration/deceleration
    • Defensive slides

Benefits for Netball

  • Develops repeat sprint ability for attack/defence transitions
  • Ensures maximal intensity each effort
  • Improves power and speed performance

Progressive Overload

  • Start with 6 repetitions, build to 10
  • Begin with 3-minute rest, reduce to 2 minutes
  • Progress from 30 to 45 seconds work duration
  • Adjust based on fitness improvements across the season
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Definition and Relevance:

  • SIT involves very high intensity work periods (>95% effort) with complete rest intervals
  • Targets anaerobic power development
  • Particularly relevant to netball’s repeated explosive movements with recovery periods

Example Session:

  • 6 x 30 second court sprints at maximal effort
  • Incorporate game-specific movements:
    • Changes of direction
    • Acceleration/deceleration
    • Defensive slides

Benefits for Netball

  • Develops repeat sprint ability for attack/defence transitions
  • Ensures maximal intensity each effort
  • Improves power and speed performance

Progressive Overload

  • Start with 6 repetitions, build to 10
  • Begin with 3-minute rest, reduce to 2 minutes
  • Progress from 30 to 45 seconds work duration
  • Adjust based on fitness improvements across the season

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 239

Compare aerobic and anaerobic training methods.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both are training types used to improve fitness and performance.
  • Both use FITT principle for program design.
  • Both require progressive overload and follow training principles.
  • Both cause immediate responses like increased heart rate.

Differences:

  • Duration:
    • Aerobic: continuous activity for 20+ minutes.
    • Anaerobic: short bursts under 2 minutes.
  • Intensity:
    • Aerobic: moderate intensity (70-85% MHR).
    • Anaerobic: high intensity (85-100% MHR).
  • Energy source:
    • Aerobic: uses oxygen as primary fuel.
    • Anaerobic: uses stored ATP-PCr and glycogen.
  • Rest periods:
    • Aerobic: no rest during activity.
    • Anaerobic: structured rest between efforts.
  • Training effects:
    • Aerobic: improves oxygen delivery and endurance.
    • Anaerobic: develops power, speed and strength.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Similarities:

  • Both are training types used to improve fitness and performance.
  • Both use FITT principle for program design.
  • Both require progressive overload and follow training principles.
  • Both cause immediate responses like increased heart rate.

Differences:

  • Duration:
    • Aerobic: continuous activity for 20+ minutes.
    • Anaerobic: short bursts under 2 minutes.
  • Intensity:
    • Aerobic: moderate intensity (70-85% MHR).
    • Anaerobic: high intensity (85-100% MHR).
  • Energy source:
    • Aerobic: uses oxygen as primary fuel.
    • Anaerobic: uses stored ATP-PCr and glycogen.
  • Rest periods:
    • Aerobic: no rest during activity.
    • Anaerobic: structured rest between efforts.
  • Training effects:
    • Aerobic: improves oxygen delivery and endurance.
    • Anaerobic: develops power, speed and strength.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 236 MC

A basketball coach implements this drill:

  • 20 seconds maximum effort sprints
  • 10 seconds rest
  • 8 repetitions
  • 3 sets
  • 2 minutes rest between sets

This training method is:

  1. Fartlek training
  2. Continuous training
  3. High Intensity Interval Training
  4. Circuit training
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Structured high intensity work periods with defined rest represents HIIT

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Fartlek doesn’t have structured intervals
  • B is incorrect: Continuous training has no rest periods
  • D is incorrect: Circuit training involves different exercises

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 232 MC

A netball team's coach implements the following training program:

  • 30-second high-intensity sprints
  • 30 seconds rest between sets
  • 10 repetitions

This training method is best classified as:

  1. Continuous aerobic training
  2. Fartlek training
  3. Circuit training
  4. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: The structured high-intensity intervals with set rest periods is characteristic of HIIT training

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Continuous aerobic training does not include rest intervals
  • B is incorrect: Fartlek training involves varied speeds but not structured intervals
  • C is incorrect: Circuit training involves different exercises at stations

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 226

Outline TWO characteristics of continuous training that make it suitable for improving cardiorespiratory endurance.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

Long duration (20+ mins)

  • Allows aerobic system to become primary energy source
  • Results in increased stroke volume
  • Improves oxygen delivery to muscles

Moderate intensity (70-85% MHR)

  • Maintains steady state without early fatigue
  • Cardiovascular system efficiently supplies oxygen
  • Removes waste products over extended periods

No rest periods

  • Forces continuous oxygen delivery to muscles
  • Develops more capillaries in working muscles
  • Improves gas exchange in lungs
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

Long duration (20+ mins)

  • Allows aerobic system to become primary energy source
  • Results in increased stroke volume
  • Improves oxygen delivery to muscles

Moderate intensity (70-85% MHR)

  • Maintains steady state without early fatigue
  • Cardiovascular system efficiently supplies oxygen
  • Removes waste products over extended periods

No rest periods

  • Forces continuous oxygen delivery to muscles
  • Develops more capillaries in working muscles
  • Improves gas exchange in lungs

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 224 MC

A triathlete maintains a steady state of exercise for 45 minutes at 65% of their maximum heart rate during training.

Which training method is being used?

  1. Interval training
  2. Continuous training
  3. Fartlek training
  4. Circuit training
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Continuous training maintains steady state exercise for extended periods

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Intervals require rest periods
  • C is incorrect: Fartlek varies intensity throughout
  • D is incorrect: Circuits involve different exercises/stations

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 215

Describe how protein requirements differ between predominantly aerobic versus anaerobic activities.  (2 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Anaerobic activities require more protein for muscle repair due to greater muscle stress during explosive movements and power activities.
  • Aerobic activities need protein mainly for enzyme production and minor muscle repair, with protein only becoming a fuel source in extreme ultra-endurance events.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Anaerobic activities require more protein for muscle repair due to greater muscle stress during explosive movements and power activities.
  • Aerobic activities need protein mainly for enzyme production and minor muscle repair, with protein only becoming a fuel source in extreme ultra-endurance events.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 214

Outline TWO differences in carbohydrate requirements between aerobic and anaerobic athletes.   (2 marks)

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Sample Answer – ANY 2 of the following

Glycaemic index carbohydrates

  • Aerobic athletes require low glycaemic index carbohydrates for sustained energy release.
  • Anaerobic athletes need high glycaemic index carbohydrates for rapid glucose availability.

Daily intake amounts

  • Endurance athletes require significantly higher daily carbohydrate intake for aerobic demands.
  • Anaerobic athletes need moderate daily amounts focused on training sessions.

Carbohydrate loading

  • Aerobic athletes benefit from carbohydrate loading before endurance events.
  • Anaerobic athletes don’t require loading as events are brief.

During-event consumption

  • Endurance athletes must consume carbohydrates during prolonged aerobic events.
  • Anaerobic athletes don’t consume carbohydrates during brief explosive efforts.

Energy system timing

  • Aerobic activities convert stored glycogen gradually over extended time.
  • Anaerobic events require immediate carbohydrate availability for explosive efforts.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Glycaemic index carbohydrates

  • Aerobic athletes require low glycaemic index carbohydrates for sustained energy release.
  • Anaerobic athletes need high glycaemic index carbohydrates for rapid glucose availability.

Daily intake amounts

  • Endurance athletes require significantly higher daily carbohydrate intake for aerobic demands.
  • Anaerobic athletes need moderate daily amounts focused on training sessions.

Carbohydrate loading

  • Aerobic athletes benefit from carbohydrate loading before endurance events.
  • Anaerobic athletes don’t require loading as events are brief.

During-event consumption

  • Endurance athletes must consume carbohydrates during prolonged aerobic events.
  • Anaerobic athletes don’t consume carbohydrates during brief explosive efforts.

Energy system timing

  • Aerobic activities convert stored glycogen gradually over extended time.
  • Anaerobic events require immediate carbohydrate availability for explosive efforts.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 211 MC

When should an athlete competing in shot put (predominantly anaerobic) consume their main pre-event meal?

  1. 30 minutes before
  2. 1 hour before
  3. 3 - 4 hours before
  4. 6 hours before
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Allows digestion while maintaining energy stores

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too close to event
  • B is incorrect: Insufficient digestion time
  • D is incorrect: Too far from event

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 210 MC

Which macronutrient is MOST important for a marathon runner compared to a power lifter?

  1. Protein
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Fat
  4. Water
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Marathon requires sustained glycogen stores for aerobic activity

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: More important for anaerobic/strength
  • C is incorrect: Secondary fuel source
  • D is incorrect: Important but not a macronutrient

Statistics, EXT1 S1 2024 MET1 4

Let \(X\) be a binomial random variable where  \(X \sim \operatorname{Bi}\left(4, \dfrac{9}{10}\right)\).

  1. Find the standard deviation of \(X\).   (1 mark)

  2. Find  \(\operatorname{Pr}(X<2)\).   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.    \(\operatorname{sd}(X)=\dfrac{3}{5}\)

b.    \(\dfrac{37}{10\,000}\)

Show Worked Solution

a.     \(\operatorname{sd}(X)\) \(=\sqrt{np(1-p)}\)
    \(=\sqrt{4\times\dfrac{9}{10}\times\dfrac{1}{10}}\)
    \(=\sqrt{\dfrac{36}{100}}\)
    \(=\dfrac{3}{5}\)

 

b.     \(\operatorname{Pr}(X<2)\) \(=\operatorname{Pr}(X=0)+\operatorname{Pr}(X=1)\)
    \(=\ ^4C _0\left(\dfrac{9}{10}\right)^0\left(\dfrac{1}{10}\right)^4+\ ^4C_1\left(\dfrac{9}{10}\right)^1\left(\dfrac{1}{10}\right)^3\)
    \(= 1 \times \dfrac {1}{10\,000} + 4 \times \dfrac{9}{10} \times \dfrac{1}{1000}\)
    \(=\dfrac{37}{10\,000}\)
Mean mark (b) 51%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 209 MC

Which activity would rely MOST heavily on the ATP-PCr system?

  1. High jump
  2. 800 metre run
  3. Marathon
  4. Tennis match
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: High jump takes 1-3 seconds of explosive effort, perfectly matching ATP-PCr system duration

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: 800m run takes 2-3 minutes, primarily using glycolytic and aerobic systems
  • C is incorrect: Marathon relies almost entirely on aerobic system for 2-4 hours
  • D is incorrect: Tennis involves repeated efforts using all three energy systems

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 208 MC

A rower is competing in a 2000 m race lasting 6-8 minutes. What is the predominant energy system used?

  1. ATP-PCr only
  2. Lactic acid only
  3. Aerobic only
  4. Combination of lactic acid and aerobic
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Duration requires both systems working together

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Duration too long
  • B is incorrect: Cannot sustain effort
  • C is incorrect: Intensity too high for aerobic only

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 206 MC

A netball player completes a 40-minute game. Which energy system is MOST predominantly used?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Lactic acid
  3. Aerobic
  4. ATP-PCr and lactic acid combined
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Netball requires sustained effort over 40 minutes requiring oxygen.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too short duration
  • B is incorrect: Not sustained enough duration
  • D is incorrect: Combined systems but not predominant

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 201

Outline how vitamin B complex supports energy production during endurance events.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • B vitamins assist converting carbohydrates to usable energy, which enables the aerobic energy system to function efficiently throughout endurance events.
  • Because they act as catalysts without containing energy themselves, this leads to continuous ATP production needed for sustained prolonged exercise.
  • Daily B vitamins from wholegrains and legumes therefore support efficient carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in maintained energy release as carbohydrates fuel aerobic activities.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • B vitamins assist converting carbohydrates to usable energy, which enables the aerobic energy system to function efficiently throughout endurance events.
  • Because they act as catalysts without containing energy themselves, this leads to continuous ATP production needed for sustained prolonged exercise.
  • Daily B vitamins from wholegrains and legumes therefore support efficient carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in maintained energy release as carbohydrates fuel aerobic activities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 194

Outline THREE ways protein timing can affect an athlete's recovery after resistance training.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Consuming 20g protein within 1-2 hours post-exercise maximises muscle repair and supports muscle gain from resistance training.
  • Protein intake immediately after training provides essential amino acids when muscles are most receptive to nutrient uptake for recovery.
  • Consuming a small protein meal before bed enhances acute recovery and promotes muscle growth during overnight rest periods.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Consuming 20g protein within 1-2 hours post-exercise maximises muscle repair and supports muscle gain from resistance training.
  • Protein intake immediately after training provides essential amino acids when muscles are most receptive to nutrient uptake for recovery.
  • Consuming a small protein meal before bed enhances acute recovery and promotes muscle growth during overnight rest periods.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 185 MC

A gymnast performing a 90-second floor routine begins to experience muscular fatigue during their final tumbling pass. What is the MOST likely cause?

  1. Accumulation of lactic acid
  2. Depletion of ATP stores
  3. Depletion of muscle glycogen
  4. Insufficient oxygen availability
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The glycolytic energy system produces lactic acid during high-intensity activity, which accumulates and interferes with muscle contraction efficiency

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: ATP depletion occurs in very short efforts (<10 sec)
  • C is incorrect: Glycogen depletion occurs in longer endurance events 
  • D is incorrect: While oxygen debt occurs, lactic acid is the main cause of fatigue at this duration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 178 MC

A netball player performs a 30-second high-intensity defensive sequence followed by 2 minutes of moderate-intensity play.

Which energy system sequence best represents this activity pattern?

  1. ATP-PCr → Aerobic → Lactic Acid
  2. Lactic Acid → ATP-PCr → Aerobic
  3. ATP-PCr → Lactic Acid → Aerobic
  4. Aerobic → ATP-PCr → Lactic Acid
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct:
    • ATP-PCr is first used for the immediate high-intensity defensive moves (0-10 seconds)
    • then the lactic acid system is used for continued high-intensity work (10-30 seconds)
    • finally the aerobic system is relied upon for the moderate-intensity play (30 seconds onwards).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Aerobic would not be the second system engaged
  • B is incorrect: Lactic acid system would not be first in this sequence
  • D is incorrect: Aerobic would not be first for high-intensity work

Networks, STD2 N3 2024 GEN2 14

A manufacturer \((M)\) makes deliveries to the supermarket \((S)\) via a number of storage warehouses, \(L, N, O, P, Q\) and \(R\). These eight locations are represented as vertices in the network below.

The numbers on the edges represent the maximum number of deliveries that can be made between these locations each day.
 

  1. When considering the possible flow of deliveries through this network, many different cuts can be made.   
  2. Determine the capacity of Cut 1, shown above.   (1 mark)

  3. Determine the maximum number of deliveries that can be made each day from the manufacturer to the supermarket.   (2 marks)

    

Show Answers Only

a.    \(46\)

b.    \(37\)

Show Worked Solution

a.    \(13+18+6+9=46\)

\(\text{(Reverse flow}\ Q → O\ \text{is not counted.)}\)
 

b.  

\(\text{Max deliveries (min cut)}\ =13+5+11+8=37\)

♦ Mean mark (b) 29%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 175

Outline how active versus passive recovery affects the rate of lactate removal following high-intensity exercise.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Active recovery maintains elevated blood flow and heart rate, which accelerates lactate removal through increased oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Passive recovery results in slower lactate removal as reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery limit the rate of metabolic waste clearance.
  • Active recovery at 30-40% intensity is optimal for lactate clearance as it balances increased blood flow with sufficient oxygen availability for aerobic metabolism.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Active recovery maintains elevated blood flow and heart rate, which accelerates lactate removal through increased oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Passive recovery results in slower lactate removal as reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery limit the rate of metabolic waste clearance.
  • Active recovery at 30-40% intensity is optimal for lactate clearance as it balances increased blood flow with sufficient oxygen availability for aerobic metabolism.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 172 MC

A basketball player performs repeated 15-second full court sprints. What is the MINIMUM rest period needed for substantial ATP-PCr recovery?

  1. 15 seconds
  2. 30 seconds
  3. 60 seconds
  4. 120 seconds
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: 70% of ATP-PCr stores are replenished within 30 seconds, providing sufficient recovery for another maximal effort.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Insufficient recovery time
  • C and D are incorrect: Longer than needed for substantial recovery

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 169

Explain how duration affects the body's utilisation of the three energy systems during a 400 m sprint.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Initial 0-10 seconds utilises ATP-PCr system for immediate energy at race start
  • As duration extends to 10-45 seconds, glycolytic system becomes predominant providing energy through glucose breakdown
  • Final stages see increased aerobic contribution as duration approaches 60 seconds though glycolytic remains primary
  • Systems overlap throughout race duration but predominance shifts based on time demands
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Initial 0-10 seconds utilises ATP-PCr system for immediate energy at race start
  • As duration extends to 10-45 seconds, glycolytic system becomes predominant providing energy through glucose breakdown
  • Final stages see increased aerobic contribution as duration approaches 60 seconds though glycolytic remains primary
  • Systems overlap throughout race duration but predominance shifts based on time demand

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 166 MC

An elite rower completes a 2000 metre race in 7 minutes. Which energy system sequence best represents their event?

  1. ATP-PCr → Aerobic → Glycolytic
  2. Glycolytic → ATP-PCr → Aerobic
  3. ATP-PCr → Glycolytic → Aerobic
  4. Aerobic → Glycolytic → ATP-PCr
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: ATP-PCr provides immediate energy (0-10s), followed by Glycolytic (10s-2min), then Aerobic system dominates for the remaining 5+ minutes

Other Options: 

  • A is incorrect: Glycolytic precedes Aerobic system
  • B is incorrect: ATP-PCr is always first system used
  • D is incorrect: Sequence is reversed from actual energy system use

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 163

Explain how the intensity of exercise influences the predominant energy system used.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Exercise intensity determines which energy system predominates based on ATP demand rate.
  • Maximal intensity requires immediate ATP, causing ATP-PCr system dominance for 10-15 seconds, as seen in sprint starts.
  • As intensity decreases, the glycolytic system engages for sustained high-intensity efforts lasting 30-90 seconds.
  • Lower intensities allow oxygen-dependent aerobic metabolism, which enables sustained ATP production from fats and carbohydrates.
  • Therefore, decreased intensity permits longer duration activity, as demonstrated in marathon running.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Exercise intensity determines which energy system predominates based on ATP demand rate.
  • Maximal intensity requires immediate ATP, causing ATP-PCr system dominance for 10-15 seconds, as seen in sprint starts.
  • As intensity decreases, the glycolytic system engages for sustained high-intensity efforts lasting 30-90 seconds.
  • Lower intensities allow oxygen-dependent aerobic metabolism, which enables sustained ATP production from fats and carbohydrates.
  • Therefore, decreased intensity permits longer duration activity, as demonstrated in marathon running.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 160 MC

A 100 metre sprint athlete is performing at maximal intensity. Which energy system would predominantly be utilised in the first 10 seconds of the race?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Glycolytic
  3. Aerobic
  4. ATP-PCr and Aerobic
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

A is correct: ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for high-intensity activities lasting 0 – 10 seconds.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: The Glycolytic system becomes predominant after ~10 seconds
  • C is incorrect: Aerobic system takes several minutes to become predominant
  • D is incorrect: These systems don’t predominantly work together in first 10 seconds

v1 Algebra, STD2 A4 2019 HSC 33

The time taken for a student to type an assignment varies inversely with their typing speed.

It takes the student 180 minutes to finish the assignment when typing at 40 words per minute.

  1. Calculate the length of the assignment in words.   (1 mark)
  2. By first plotting four points, draw the curve that shows the time taken to complete the assignment at different constant typing speeds.   (3 marks)
     

 

Show Answers Only

a.   `7200\ text(words)`

b.   
     

Show Worked Solution

a.   `text{Assignment length}\ = 180 xx 40=7200\ \text{words}`

b.   `text{Time} (T) prop 1/{\text{Typing speed}\ (S)} \ \ =>\ \ T = k/S`
 

\begin{array} {|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \ T\ \  \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 720 & 360 & 180 & 90 \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} S \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 10 & 20 & 40 & 80 \\
\hline
\end{array}

Networks, STD2 N2 2024 GEN1 36 MC

Eight houses in an estate are to be connected to the internet via underground cables.

The network below shows the possible connections between the houses.

The vertices represent the houses.

The numbers on the edges represent the length of cable connecting pairs of houses, in metres.
 

 

The graph that represents the minimum length of cable needed to connect all the houses is
 


 

Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text{Consider all options}\)

\(\text{Option A: contains a circuit}\ \rightarrow\ \text{Eliminate A}\)

\(\text{Option B:}\ 19+18+16+15+16+14+18=116\)

\(\text{Option C:}\ 20+19+18+16+15+16+14=118\)

\(\text{Option D:}\ 19+18+16+15+16+14+17=115\)

\(\Rightarrow D\)

Trigonometry, 2ADV T3 EQ-Bank 8

A function is defined as  \(f(x)=-2\cos\Big( \dfrac{\pi x}{3} \Big). \)

  1. Determine the amplitude and period of the function.   (2 marks)
  2. Sketch the function over the domain  \( {0 \leq x \leq 2\pi}\). On your sketch, label any \(x\)-axis intersections.   (3 marks)   
Show Answers Only

a.   \(\text{Amplitude}\ = 2\)

\(\text{Period}\ (T) = 6 \)

b.   
         

Show Worked Solution

a.   \(\text{Amplitude}\ = 2\)

\(\text{Period}\ (T) = \dfrac{2\pi}{n} = \dfrac{2\pi}{\frac{\pi}{3}} = 6 \)
 

b.   
             

Statistics, STD2 S1 2024 GEN1 2 MC

Freddie organised a function at work. He surveyed the staff about their preferences.

He asked them about their payment preference (cash or electronic payment) and their budget preference (less than $50 or more than $50).

The variables in this survey, payment preference and budget preference, are

  1. both categorical variables.
  2. both numerical variables.
  3. categorical and numerical variables, respectively.
  4. numerical and categorical variables, respectively.
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text{Payment preference is categorical.}\)

\(\text{Budget preference contains numbers, however, it cannot be}\)

\(\text{quantified, therefore it is also categorical.}\)

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 157

How does the efficiency of ATP production differ between the glycolytic and aerobic systems?    (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • When glucose breaks down without oxygen, the glycolytic system only partly breaks down the fuel, resulting in lactic acid build-up.
  • This happens because glucose cannot be fully broken down, leaving much energy still trapped in lactic acid.
  • As lactic acid increases, it makes muscles more acidic which causes enzymes to work poorly and forces athletes to stop within 30-90 seconds.
  • In contrast, when oxygen is available, the aerobic system completely breaks down glucose in the mitochondria, producing much more ATP per glucose molecule.
  • This creates only carbon dioxide and water as waste products, which leave the body easily without causing tiredness.
  • The aerobic system’s better efficiency allows energy production for hours, though at a slower rate than glycolysis.
  • Therefore, athletes must choose: glycolytic speed for short bursts versus aerobic efficiency for longer efforts.
  • Training improves both systems, but the basic efficiency difference stays the same because oxygen determines whether fuel breaks down completely or partially.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • When glucose breaks down without oxygen, the glycolytic system only partly breaks down the fuel, resulting in lactic acid build-up.
  • This happens because glucose cannot be fully broken down, leaving much energy still trapped in lactic acid.
  • As lactic acid increases, it makes muscles more acidic which causes enzymes to work poorly and forces athletes to stop within 30-90 seconds.
  • In contrast, when oxygen is available, the aerobic system completely breaks down glucose in the mitochondria, producing much more ATP per glucose molecule.
  • This creates only carbon dioxide and water as waste products, which leave the body easily without causing tiredness.
  • The aerobic system’s better efficiency allows energy production for hours, though at a slower rate than glycolysis.
  • Therefore, athletes must choose: glycolytic speed for short bursts versus aerobic efficiency for longer efforts.
  • Training improves both systems, but the basic efficiency difference stays the same because oxygen determines whether fuel breaks down completely or partially.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 156

Outline the efficiency of ATP production in the ATP-PCr system.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system produces ATP more rapidly than any other energy system, providing immediate energy for explosive movements without requiring oxygen.
  • Each phosphocreatine molecule yields one ATP molecule through direct phosphate transfer, making it a 1:1 conversion ratio.
  • This system operates at maximum efficiency for 10-15 seconds before PCr stores deplete.
  • Muscles contain limited phosphocreatine reserves that exceed ATP stores but exhaust quickly during maximal effort.
  • The system’s efficiency enables ATP regeneration within milliseconds due to PCr being stored directly in muscle cells.
  • Despite its speed advantage, the system’s efficiency is limited by total capacity, providing only enough energy for brief maximal efforts like jumps or sprint starts.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system produces ATP more rapidly than any other energy system, providing immediate energy for explosive movements without requiring oxygen.
  • Each phosphocreatine molecule yields one ATP molecule through direct phosphate transfer, making it a 1:1 conversion ratio.
  • This system operates at maximum efficiency for 10-15 seconds before PCr stores deplete.
  • Muscles contain limited phosphocreatine reserves that exceed ATP stores but exhaust quickly during maximal effort.
  • The system’s efficiency enables ATP regeneration within milliseconds due to PCr being stored directly in muscle cells.
  • Despite its speed advantage, the system’s efficiency is limited by total capacity, providing only enough energy for brief maximal efforts like jumps or sprint starts.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 154 MC

During a 400m sprint, what amount of ATP would ONE glucose molecule produce through the glycolytic system?

  1. 1-2 ATP
  2. 2-3 ATP
  3. 8-10 ATP
  4. 36-38 ATP
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

 

  • B is correct: Net ATP yield from glycolysis

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Too low for glycolysis
  • C is incorrect: Too high for anaerobic glycolysis
  • D is incorrect: This is aerobic system yield

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 145

How do the by-products and recovery rates differ between the ATP-PCr and Lactic Acid energy systems?    (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • When ATP-PCr breaks down, it releases creatine and phosphate which cause no muscle impairment, enabling immediate reuse.
  • This allows rapid recovery because phosphate simply recombines with creatine, restoring 50% of PCr stores within 30 seconds.
  • Full PCr restoration occurs through this simple recombination process, completing within 2 minutes.
  • Conversely, when the glycolytic system operates without oxygen, it produces lactic acid which leads to lowered muscle pH and impaired contraction.
  • Lactic acid removal follows a complex pathway: first diffusing into blood, then transported to the liver for conversion back to glucose.
  • As a result, complete lactic acid clearance requires 30-60 minutes compared to just 2 minutes for full PCr restoration.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • When ATP-PCr breaks down, it releases creatine and phosphate which cause no muscle impairment, enabling immediate reuse.
  • This allows rapid recovery because phosphate simply recombines with creatine, restoring 50% of PCr stores within 30 seconds.
  • Full PCr restoration occurs through this simple recombination process, completing within 2 minutes.
  • Conversely, when the glycolytic system operates without oxygen, it produces lactic acid which leads to lowered muscle pH and impaired contraction.
  • Lactic acid removal follows a complex pathway: first diffusing into blood, then transported to the liver for conversion back to glucose.
  • As a result, complete lactic acid clearance requires 30-60 minutes compared to just 2 minutes for full PCr restoration.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 142 MC

A sprinter runs 100 metres in 10.2 seconds. Which energy system would be the predominant source of ATP during this performance?

  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Glycolytic (Lactic Acid)
  3. Aerobic
  4. Both ATP-PCr and Aerobic
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The ATP-PCr system is dominant for high-intensity activities lasting 0-10 seconds

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: The Lactic Acid system dominates from 10-60 seconds
  • C is incorrect: The Aerobic system is for longer duration activities over 2 minutes
  • D is incorrect: While there is some overlap, ATP-PCr clearly dominates this short duration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 140

Explain how the muscular and nervous systems are affected when a tennis player repeatedly serves with poor technique, and describe appropriate first aid responses.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Rotator cuff muscles strain from repetitive overuse and incorrect loading patterns during the serve action. This occurs because poor technique places excessive stress on shoulder stabilisers, leading to micro-tears in muscle fibres and inflammation.
  • Neural pathways activate continuous pain responses through the peripheral nervous system as protective feedback. This triggers muscle guarding and altered movement patterns, which creates a cycle of compensation and further tissue damage.
  • Localised inflammation in the shoulder region compresses surrounding nerves and blood vessels. Consequently, the player experiences referred pain down the arm and reduced range of motion, preventing normal serving mechanics.
  • First aid requires immediate ice application in 20-minute intervals with compression bandaging. This works by causing vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow and swelling, thereby limiting inflammatory response and pain signals.
  • A 48-72 hour rest period from serving is essential while maintaining gentle mobility exercises. This combination enables tissue repair without complete immobilisation, which prevents adhesions and maintains flexibility for return to play.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Rotator cuff muscles strain from repetitive overuse and incorrect loading patterns during the serve action. This occurs because poor technique places excessive stress on shoulder stabilisers, leading to micro-tears in muscle fibres and inflammation.
  • Neural pathways activate continuous pain responses through the peripheral nervous system as protective feedback. This triggers muscle guarding and altered movement patterns, which creates a cycle of compensation and further tissue damage.
  • Localised inflammation in the shoulder region compresses surrounding nerves and blood vessels. Consequently, the player experiences referred pain down the arm and reduced range of motion, preventing normal serving mechanics.
  • First aid requires immediate ice application in 20-minute intervals with compression bandaging. This works by causing vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow and swelling, thereby limiting inflammatory response and pain signals.
  • A 48-72 hour rest period from serving is essential while maintaining gentle mobility exercises. This combination enables tissue repair without complete immobilisation, which prevents adhesions and maintains flexibility for return to play.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 135 MC

During a netball game, a player lands awkwardly causing their knee to buckle inwards. Which system is MOST immediately affected by this inefficient movement?

  1. Skeletal system
  2. Muscular system
  3. Nervous system
  4. Circulatory system
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: The skeletal system is primarily affected as the joint structure is compromised by the buckling motion.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: While muscles support the knee, the immediate impact is on joint alignment
  • C is incorrect: While pain signals are sent, the structural damage occurs first
  • D is incorrect: Blood flow is not immediately impacted by this movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 133

Explain how the circulatory and respiratory systems respond to dehydration during movement and outline appropriate first aid interventions.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Dehydration affects the circulatory system because fluid loss reduces blood volume. This causes the heart to increase its rate to maintain adequate circulation. As a result, blood becomes thicker and more viscous, making it harder to pump efficiently through vessels.
  • The respiratory system responds to dehydration through increased breathing rates. This occurs due to the body’s attempt to maintain oxygen delivery despite reduced blood efficiency. Consequently, airways become dry and gas exchange becomes less efficient, further compromising oxygen delivery.
  • These system responses create a cycle of increasing stress during movement. This relationship demonstrates why dehydration severely impacts athletic performance. Therefore, recognizing early signs is crucial for intervention.
  • First aid interventions must address both immediate and ongoing needs. This involves ceasing activity immediately and moving to a cool environment. Following this, provide small sips of electrolyte solution rather than plain water.
  • Monitoring remains essential because vital signs indicate recovery progress. This process ensures gradual rehydration prevents shock while heart rate returns to normal. Hence, systematic first aid prevents serious complications.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Dehydration affects the circulatory system because fluid loss reduces blood volume. This causes the heart to increase its rate to maintain adequate circulation. As a result, blood becomes thicker and more viscous, making it harder to pump efficiently through vessels.
  • The respiratory system responds to dehydration through increased breathing rates. This occurs due to the body’s attempt to maintain oxygen delivery despite reduced blood efficiency. Consequently, airways become dry and gas exchange becomes less efficient, further compromising oxygen delivery.
  • These system responses create a cycle of increasing stress during movement. This relationship demonstrates why dehydration severely impacts athletic performance. Therefore, recognizing early signs is crucial for intervention.
  • First aid interventions must address both immediate and ongoing needs. This involves ceasing activity immediately and moving to a cool environment. Following this, provide small sips of electrolyte solution rather than plain water.
  • Monitoring remains essential because vital signs indicate recovery progress. This process ensures gradual rehydration prevents shock while heart rate returns to normal. Hence, systematic first aid prevents serious complications.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 130 MC

A rock climber shows early signs of dehydration during an outdoor session. Which combination of body systems is FIRST affected requiring first aid attention?

  1. Digestive and skeletal systems
  2. Muscular and respiratory systems
  3. Circulatory and integumentary systems
  4. Nervous and endocrine systems
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Reduced blood volume affects circulation first, while sweating mechanism (integumentary system) is directly impacted.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Secondary systems affected as dehydration progresses
  • B is incorrect: Affected after circulatory changes occur
  • D is incorrect: Impacted in later stages of severe dehydration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 129

Describe how the digestive system can create undue stress on the body during physical activity and outline appropriate first aid responses.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Digestive System Stress:

  • Exercise redirects blood flow away from digestive organs to working muscles, reducing digestive efficiency and causing painful abdominal cramping.
  • Eating within 2-3 hours of exercise leaves undigested food in stomach, leading to nausea, vomiting and uncomfortable bloating during activity.
  • Dehydration impairs digestive secretions and intestinal function, resulting in severe cramping and potential diarrhea during prolonged exercise.
  • High-intensity movement creates mechanical stress on abdominal organs, causing side stitches and acid reflux that impair performance.

First Aid Responses:

  • Stop activity immediately when severe cramping occurs to prevent further digestive distress and allow blood flow redistribution.
  • Place person in comfortable left side-lying position, which relieves pressure on stomach and reduces reflux symptoms.
  • Provide small sips of room-temperature water every 5-10 minutes if tolerated, avoiding cold fluids that may worsen cramping.
  • Monitor vital signs and observe for deterioration including persistent vomiting, severe dehydration or signs of heat illness.
  • Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms persist beyond 30 minutes or worsen despite first aid measures.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Digestive System Stress:

  • Exercise redirects blood flow away from digestive organs to working muscles, reducing digestive efficiency and causing painful abdominal cramping.
  • Eating within 2-3 hours of exercise leaves undigested food in stomach, leading to nausea, vomiting and uncomfortable bloating during activity.
  • Dehydration impairs digestive secretions and intestinal function, resulting in severe cramping and potential diarrhea during prolonged exercise.
  • High-intensity movement creates mechanical stress on abdominal organs, causing side stitches and acid reflux that impair performance.

First Aid Responses:

  • Stop activity immediately when severe cramping occurs to prevent further digestive distress and allow blood flow redistribution.
  • Place person in comfortable left side-lying position, which relieves pressure on stomach and reduces reflux symptoms.
  • Provide small sips of room-temperature water every 5-10 minutes if tolerated, avoiding cold fluids that may worsen cramping.
  • Monitor vital signs and observe for deterioration including persistent vomiting, severe dehydration or signs of heat illness.
  • Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms persist beyond 30 minutes or worsen despite first aid measures.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 124

Analyse how the nervous system influences movement efficiency and discuss appropriate first aid interventions when neural responses are compromised.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The nervous system controls muscle coordination and sensory feedback, directly affecting movement efficiency. Key relationships include neural-muscle communication, proprioceptive feedback, and compromised function requiring first aid.

Neural-Muscle Coordination

  • The nervous system controls which muscles work together, directly influencing movement efficiency.
  • Neural coordination enables muscles to activate at precise times and use energy effectively.
  • During running, the nervous system activates hip muscles before foot contact while relaxing opposing muscles.
  • This creates 25% more efficient running than uncoordinated muscle contractions.
  • This pattern shows how the nervous system is essential for efficient movement.

Proprioceptive Feedback System

  • Body position sensors provide continuous feedback that connects to balance and coordination.
  • The nervous system processes information from sensors to make instant adjustments.
  • Balance sensors in ears and position sensors in joints help athletes maintain centre of gravity within 2cm of optimal position.
  • This reveals the connection between nervous feedback and precise movement efficiency.

First Aid When Neural Function Compromised

  • When the nervous system is damaged, immediate intervention prevents further injury and enables recovery.
  • Recognising nerve problems  leads to proper emergency response protecting immediate safety.
  • Athletes experiencing tingling, coordination loss, or irregular muscle function require immediate activity cessation.
  • TOTAPS assessment focusing on sensation testing prevents worsening of nerve injuries.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships show the nervous system orchestrates all efficient movement through coordination and feedback.
  • When neural function is compromised, movement efficiency decreases dramatically.
  • Therefore, first aid protocols must prioritise neural assessment and protection.
  • The significance is that proper intervention can prevent permanent damage and preserve movement capacity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • The nervous system controls muscle coordination and sensory feedback, directly affecting movement efficiency. Key relationships include neural-muscle communication, proprioceptive feedback, and compromised function requiring first aid.

Neural-Muscle Coordination

  • The nervous system controls which muscles work together, directly influencing movement efficiency.
  • Neural coordination enables muscles to activate at precise times and use energy effectively.
  • During running, the nervous system activates hip muscles before foot contact while relaxing opposing muscles.
  • This creates 25% more efficient running than uncoordinated muscle contractions.
  • This pattern shows how the nervous system is essential for efficient movement.

Proprioceptive Feedback System

  • Body position sensors provide continuous feedback that connects to balance and coordination.
  • The nervous system processes information from sensors to make instant adjustments.
  • Balance sensors in ears and position sensors in joints help athletes maintain centre of gravity within 2cm of optimal position.
  • This reveals the connection between nervous feedback and precise movement efficiency.

First Aid When Neural Function Compromised

  • When the nervous system is damaged, immediate intervention prevents further injury and enables recovery.
  • Recognising nerve problems  leads to proper emergency response protecting immediate safety.
  • Athletes experiencing tingling, coordination loss, or irregular muscle function require immediate activity cessation.
  • TOTAPS assessment focusing on sensation testing prevents worsening of nerve injuries.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These relationships show the nervous system orchestrates all efficient movement through coordination and feedback.
  • When neural function is compromised, movement efficiency decreases dramatically.
  • Therefore, first aid protocols must prioritise neural assessment and protection.
  • The significance is that proper intervention can prevent permanent damage and preserve movement capacity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 123

Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems respond to movement and describe appropriate first aid responses when these systems show signs of stress.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • The respiratory system responds to movement through increased oxygen demand. This occurs because working muscles require more oxygen for energy production. As a result, breathing rate and depth increase to supply adequate oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
  • The circulatory system responds by increasing heart rate and stroke volume. This leads to greater cardiac output, which enables faster oxygen delivery to muscles. Consequently, blood flow is redirected from non-essential organs to working muscles.
  • This demonstrates how both systems work together during movement. The interaction allows efficient oxygen delivery and waste removal. This relationship results in sustained energy production for continued movement.
  • Signs of respiratory stress include abnormal breathing patterns, wheezing or gasping. This happens when oxygen demand exceeds supply. Therefore, first aid requires immediately stopping activity, sitting the person upright, and encouraging controlled breathing.
  • Circulatory stress presents as irregular pulse, chest pain or dizziness. This triggers the need for immediate intervention. The appropriate response involves lying the person down with elevated legs, monitoring vital signs, and implementing the STOP protocol if symptoms persist.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The respiratory system responds to movement through increased oxygen demand. This occurs because working muscles require more oxygen for energy production. As a result, breathing rate and depth increase to supply adequate oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
  • The circulatory system responds by increasing heart rate and stroke volume. This leads to greater cardiac output, which enables faster oxygen delivery to muscles. Consequently, blood flow is redirected from non-essential organs to working muscles.
  • This demonstrates how both systems work together during movement. The interaction allows efficient oxygen delivery and waste removal. This relationship results in sustained energy production for continued movement.
  • Signs of respiratory stress include abnormal breathing patterns, wheezing or gasping. This happens when oxygen demand exceeds supply. Therefore, first aid requires immediately stopping activity, sitting the person upright, and encouraging controlled breathing.
  • Circulatory stress presents as irregular pulse, chest pain or dizziness. This triggers the need for immediate intervention. The appropriate response involves lying the person down with elevated legs, monitoring vital signs, and implementing the STOP protocol if symptoms persist.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 119 MC

During high-intensity exercise, an athlete's respiratory system shows signs of distress. Which first aid response addresses the immediate physiological need?

  1. Increase exercise intensity
  2. Position in recovery position
  3. Seated position with controlled breathing
  4. Continue normal breathing pattern
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Controlled breathing in a seated position helps restore respiratory system function.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Increasing intensity would further stress compromised respiratory system
  • B is incorrect: Recovery position not required if conscious and breathing
  • D is incorrect: Normal breathing pattern insufficient to address respiratory distress

v2 Functions, 2ADV F1 2017 HSC 1 MC

What is the gradient of the line  \(6x+7y-1 = 0\)?

  1. \(-\dfrac{6}{7}\)
  2. \(\dfrac{6}{7}\)
  3. \(-\dfrac{7}{6}\)
  4. \(\dfrac{7}{6}\)
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
\(6x+7y-1\) \(=0\)  
\(7y\) \(=-6x+1\)  
\(y\) \(=-\dfrac{6}{7}x+\dfrac{1}{7}\)  

 
\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 114

Explain how the muscular and skeletal systems respond to maintain posture during a complex dance sequence.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Deep core muscles engage continuously around the spinal column during dance movements.
  • As a result, constant stabilisation of the trunk occurs while limbs move dynamically.
  • Muscles like transverse abdominis and multifidus maintain isometric contractions at 30-40% capacity throughout.
  • This core engagement enables the skeletal framework to provide a stable central axis for movement.
  • The skeletal system provides multiple balance points through joint positioning.
  • Consequently, efficient weight transfer occurs as the body moves through dance positions.
  • Ankles, knees and hips constantly adjust angles while the spine maintains vertical alignment.
  • These skeletal adjustments thus allow muscles to control balance with minimal energy expenditure.
  • Small postural muscles make continuous micro-adjustments during movement transitions.
  • Such adjustments result in smooth, controlled shifts between dance positions.
  • Proprioceptors detect tiny changes in joint position, triggering reflexive muscle responses within milliseconds.
  • The rapid feedback system therefore ensures both systems work together to maintain dynamic stability.
Show Worked Solution
  • Deep core muscles engage continuously around the spinal column during dance movements.
  • As a result, constant stabilisation of the trunk occurs while limbs move dynamically.
  • Muscles like transverse abdominis and multifidus maintain isometric contractions at 30-40% capacity throughout.
  • This core engagement enables the skeletal framework to provide a stable central axis for movement.
  • The skeletal system provides multiple balance points through joint positioning.
  • Consequently, efficient weight transfer occurs as the body moves through dance positions.
  • Ankles, knees and hips constantly adjust angles while the spine maintains vertical alignment.
  • These skeletal adjustments thus allow muscles to control balance with minimal energy expenditure.
  • Small postural muscles make continuous micro-adjustments during movement transitions.
  • Such adjustments result in smooth, controlled shifts between dance positions.
  • Proprioceptors detect tiny changes in joint position, triggering reflexive muscle responses within milliseconds.
  • The rapid feedback system therefore ensures both systems work together to maintain dynamic stability.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 113

Describe how the digestive and circulatory systems work together to support a 90-minute soccer game.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Pre-game:

  • Digestive enzymes break down pre-game meal in stomach and small intestine.
  • Blood flow increases to digestive organs to enhance nutrient absorption.
  • Circulatory system transports glucose and nutrients to muscle glycogen stores.

Early Game:

  • As the game begins, blood flow shifts from digestive organs to muscles as stored energy is mobilised.
  • Digestive absorption slows while stomach empties.
  • Circulation delivers stored glycogen and oxygen to working muscles.
  • Heart rate elevates to support increased delivery demands.

Mid-Late Game:

  • Digestive system maintains steady blood glucose levels through continued absorption.
  • Circulatory system manages hydration through fluid distribution.
  • Both systems coordinate waste removal while sustaining energy supply.
  • Blood flow patterns optimise nutrient delivery to fatigued muscles.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Pre-game:

  • Digestive enzymes break down pre-game meal in stomach and small intestine.
  • Blood flow increases to digestive organs to enhance nutrient absorption.
  • Circulatory system transports glucose and nutrients to muscle glycogen stores.

Early Game:

  • As the game begins, blood flow shifts from digestive organs to muscles as stored energy is mobilised.
  • Digestive absorption slows while stomach empties.
  • Circulation delivers stored glycogen and oxygen to working muscles.
  • Heart rate elevates to support increased delivery demands.

Mid-Late Game:

  • Digestive system maintains steady blood glucose levels through continued absorption.
  • Circulatory system manages hydration through fluid distribution.
  • Both systems coordinate waste removal while sustaining energy supply.
  • Blood flow patterns optimise nutrient delivery to fatigued muscles.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 111

Discuss how the muscular and nervous systems work together in a skilled tennis serve versus a beginner's tennis serve.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Arguments for skilled server efficiency:

  • [P] Skilled servers utilise automated motor programmes stored in their nervous system.
  • [E] These programmes enable rapid, unconscious muscle coordination throughout the serve sequence.
  • [Ev] Muscles fire in precise millisecond timing, creating smooth kinetic chains from ground to racquet.
  • [L] This automation therefore produces fluid, powerful serves without conscious thought interference.

Arguments highlighting beginner challenges:

  • [P] Novice players must consciously control each muscle group during their serve.
  • [E] Such deliberate control results in poorly timed muscle contractions and inefficient movement patterns.
  • [Ev] Each phase requires mental processing, leading to segmented motions and opposing muscle tensions.
  • [L] Consequently, this conscious processing prevents the smooth system integration needed for effectiveness.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Structure solution using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Sample Answer

Arguments for skilled server efficiency:

  • [P] Skilled servers utilise automated motor programmes stored in their nervous system.
  • [E] These programmes enable rapid, unconscious muscle coordination throughout the serve sequence.
  • [Ev] Muscles fire in precise millisecond timing, creating smooth kinetic chains from ground to racquet.
  • [L] This automation therefore produces fluid, powerful serves without conscious thought interference.

Arguments highlighting beginner challenges:

  • [P] Novice players must consciously control each muscle group during their serve.
  • [E] Such deliberate control results in poorly timed muscle contractions and inefficient movement patterns.
  • [Ev] Each phase requires mental processing, leading to segmented motions and opposing muscle tensions.
  • [L] Consequently, this conscious processing prevents the smooth system integration needed for effectiveness.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 110

Explain how the circulatory and respiratory systems support a 400 metre sprint.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Rapid breathing increases from 12 to 40 breaths per minute at sprint start.
  • This causes more oxygen to enter alveoli for gas exchange.
  • As a result, oxygen-rich blood becomes available for circulation.
  • This enables the heart to pump oxygenated blood to working muscles.
  • Heart rate increases to 180+ bpm because muscles demand more oxygen.
  • This triggers blood vessel dilation in active leg muscles.
  • Consequently, up to 80% of blood flow redirects to working muscles.
  • These combined changes therefore deliver the oxygen needed for sprint energy production.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Rapid breathing increases from 12 to 40 breaths per minute at sprint start.
  • This causes more oxygen to enter alveoli for gas exchange.
  • As a result, oxygen-rich blood becomes available for circulation.
  • This enables the heart to pump oxygenated blood to working muscles.
  • Heart rate increases to 180+ bpm because muscles demand more oxygen.
  • This triggers blood vessel dilation in active leg muscles.
  • Consequently, up to 80% of blood flow redirects to working muscles.
  • These combined changes therefore deliver the oxygen needed for sprint energy production.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 104 MC

During a sprinting action, what is occurring in the quadriceps and hamstrings?

  1. Both muscles contract concentrically
  2. Both muscles contract eccentrically
  3. Quadriceps contracts concentrically while hamstrings relax
  4. Quadriceps contracts concentrically while hamstrings contract eccentrically
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: During sprinting, the quadriceps shortens to extend the knee while the hamstrings lengthens to control the movement.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Both cannot shorten simultaneously
  • B is incorrect: Both cannot lengthen simultaneously
  • C is incorrect: Hamstrings must control leg movement

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 98

Outline how the nervous system coordinates a footballer's response when attempting to catch a high ball in wet conditions.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Visual neurons detect ball trajectory while proprioceptors sense body position.
  • Touch receptors in hands and feet register wet, slippery conditions requiring grip adjustments.
  • The cerebellum processes spatial information and motor cortex adjusts signals for wet condition.
  • Spinal reflexes enable immediate corrections if the wet ball slips during contact.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Visual neurons detect ball trajectory while proprioceptors sense body position.
  • Touch receptors in hands and feet register wet, slippery conditions requiring grip adjustments.
  • The cerebellum processes spatial information and motor cortex adjusts signals for wet condition.
  • Spinal reflexes enable immediate corrections if the wet ball slips during contact.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 95

Explain how the nervous system facilitates skill development in a learner progressing from the cognitive to autonomous stage of learning.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the cognitive stage, extensive conscious processing occurs in the cerebral cortex.
  • This causes high brain activity as learners think through each movement component.
  • Beginners consciously process instructions, leading to jerky, uncoordinated movements requiring significant effort and concentration.
  • Initial learning therefore requires substantial neural resources and mental fatigue occurs quickly.
      
  • As practice continues, neural pathways strengthen through myelination.
  • Faster signal transmission and more efficient neural connections between neurons occur because of this structural change.
  • Movements become smoother as motor programs develop in the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
  • The brain requires less energy because established pathways fire more efficiently.
  • Repetition consequently creates neural efficiency and reduces cognitive load.
      
  • In the autonomous stage, movements become largely automatic.
  • Established motor programs require minimal conscious control from the prefrontal cortex, which enables this automaticity.
  • Skilled performers execute complex movements while focusing on tactics and strategy.
  • Neural adaptation thus enables automatic performance, freeing cognitive resources for higher-level thinking.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the cognitive stage, extensive conscious processing occurs in the cerebral cortex.
  • This causes high brain activity as learners think through each movement component.
  • Beginners consciously process instructions, leading to jerky, uncoordinated movements requiring significant effort and concentration.
  • Initial learning therefore requires substantial neural resources and mental fatigue occurs quickly.
      
  • As practice continues, neural pathways strengthen through myelination.
  • Faster signal transmission and more efficient neural connections between neurons occur because of this structural change.
  • Movements become smoother as motor programs develop in the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
  • The brain requires less energy because established pathways fire more efficiently.
  • Repetition consequently creates neural efficiency and reduces cognitive load.
      
  • In the autonomous stage, movements become largely automatic.
  • Established motor programs require minimal conscious control from the prefrontal cortex, which enables this automaticity.
  • Skilled performers execute complex movements while focusing on tactics and strategy.
  • Neural adaptation thus enables automatic performance, freeing cognitive resources for higher-level thinking.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 93

Outline how the nervous system coordinates an immediate response to maintain balance when a rugby player is tackled.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Proprioceptors in muscles and joints detect sudden changes in body position during the tackle
  • Sensory neurons rapidly transmit this information to the cerebellum and spinal cord
  • The cerebellum processes balance information and coordinates corrective movements
  • Motor neurons activate core and leg muscles to adjust posture and prevent falling
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Proprioceptors in muscles and joints detect sudden changes in body position during the tackle
  • Sensory neurons rapidly transmit this information to the cerebellum and spinal cord
  • The cerebellum processes balance information and coordinates corrective movements
  • Motor neurons activate core and leg muscles to adjust posture and prevent falling

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 89 MC

During a tennis serve, what is the correct sequence of nervous system processes?

  1. Motor response → Processing → Sensory input
  2. Processing → Sensory input → Motor response
  3. Sensory input → Processing → Motor response
  4. Sensory input → Motor response → Processing
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: This sequence involves receiving sensory information (seeing the ball), processing in the central nervous system, then sending motor signals to muscles.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Incorrect sequence – Output cannot occur before processing.
  • B is incorrect: Processing cannot occur before receiving sensory input.
  • D is incorrect: Processing must occur between input and output for coordinated movement.