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Aussie Maths & Science Teachers: Save your time with SmarterEd

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 483 MC

Which of the following would MOST adversely affect the validity of a sit-and-reach test as a measure of hamstring flexibility?

  1. Having the participant perform the same warm-up protocol as previous tests
  2. Conducting the test at a different time of day than previous tests
  3. Having the participant push beyond the point of mild discomfort
  4. Using a different testing surface that changes the starting position
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Using a different testing surface that changes the starting position

  • This would alter what the test is measuring, directly affecting the validity of the test as a measure of hamstring flexibility.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Using the same warm-up protocol would enhance rather than reduce validity by ensuring consistent preparation.
  • B is incorrect: While testing at a different time might affect reliability slightly, it doesn’t fundamentally change what the test is measuring (validity).
  • C is incorrect: Pushing beyond mild discomfort may affect the reliability of the test but doesn’t change what is being measured.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 482 MC

A volleyball team completed fitness testing and received their results. Which outcome of fitness testing is being achieved when the coach uses the results to place athletes into specific training groups based on their vertical jump performance?

  1. Evaluating overall program effectiveness
  2. Motivating athletes through competition
  3. Identifying special talents
  4. Appropriate training group placement
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Appropriate training group placement

  • Using test results to place athletes into appropriate training groups based on their current abilities is a key outcome of fitness testing, allowing for targeted interventions.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Placing athletes in training groups based on testing doesn’t directly evaluate the overall program’s effectiveness.
  • B is incorrect: While competition may motivate some athletes, the scenario describes using results for training organisation rather than motivation.
  • C is incorrect: Though special talents might be noted, the scenario specifically describes using results for general training group placement rather than talent identification.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 481 MC

A fitness trainer conducts a multi-stage fitness test on a group of athletes. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate feedback to provide participants immediately after the test?

  1. Only the participant's raw score without any comparative context
  2. How their individual score compares to elite athletes in their sport
  3. An explanation of what their result represents in terms of fitness level compared to relevant norms
  4. Information about how their performance compares to the least fit person in the group
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: An explanation of what their result represents in terms of fitness level compared to relevant norms

  • Providing context for individual results relative to appropriate norms gives participants meaningful information about their current fitness level, which is a key outcome of testing.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Raw scores without context lack meaning and don’t help participants understand the implications of their performance.
  • B is incorrect: Comparing recreational or developing athletes to elite performers may be demoralising and doesn’t provide realistic contextual information.
  • D is incorrect: Comparing individuals to the lowest performer in the group is potentially demoralising for that person and doesn’t provide constructive feedback.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 478

Explain how the purpose of fitness testing changes across different phases of an athlete's annual training cycle. Provide specific examples to support your answer.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the off-season phase, fitness testing primarily identifies areas requiring improvement and establishes baseline measurements, with comprehensive assessment across all relevant fitness components to inform the subsequent pre-season program design.
  • Pre-season testing shifts purpose toward tracking progress in targeted components and fine-tuning position-specific requirements, with assessments becoming more sport-specific such as using yo-yo intermittent recovery tests for team sport athletes.
  • In-season testing narrows focus to maintenance of key fitness attributes while minimising fatigue, often utilising abbreviated testing protocols that monitor essential components without compromising competitive performance.
  • Testing immediately prior to major competitions serves to confirm readiness and provide final confidence boosts, focusing on performance indicators rather than physiological assessment.
  • Post-season testing completes the annual cycle by providing comprehensive comparison to pre-season baselines, identifying which program elements were most effective and informing adjustments for the next annual plan.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • During the off-season phase, fitness testing primarily identifies areas requiring improvement and establishes baseline measurements, with comprehensive assessment across all relevant fitness components to inform the subsequent pre-season program design.
  • Pre-season testing shifts purpose toward tracking progress in targeted components and fine-tuning position-specific requirements, with assessments becoming more sport-specific such as using yo-yo intermittent recovery tests for team sport athletes.
  • In-season testing narrows focus to maintenance of key fitness attributes while minimising fatigue, often utilising abbreviated testing protocols that monitor essential components without compromising competitive performance.
  • Testing immediately prior to major competitions serves to confirm readiness and provide final confidence boosts, focusing on performance indicators rather than physiological assessment.
  • Post-season testing completes the annual cycle by providing comprehensive comparison to pre-season baselines, identifying which program elements were most effective and informing adjustments for the next annual plan.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 477

Analyse how fitness testing can be used to evaluate training program effectiveness. Include specific examples of appropriate test selection and timing.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Strategic pre-training assessment establishes valid baseline measurements against which program outcomes can be objectively compared, particularly when using tests with high reliability such as bicycle ergometry for cardiorespiratory fitness.
  • Test selection must specifically match training program objectives for valid evaluation; for example, a program aiming to improve speed and agility should utilise the 50-meter sprint and Illinois agility run tests rather than only strength assessments.
  • Testing timing significantly impacts evaluation validity, with mid-program testing optimally scheduled after sufficient training time for adaptations to occur but early enough to allow program adjustments if necessary.
  • Post-program testing should replicate pre-testing conditions including time of day, nutrition status, and testing protocols to ensure that measured changes reflect actual physiological adaptations rather than testing variables.
  • Multiple testing points create more comprehensive program evaluation than single pre/post assessments, particularly for longer programs where adaptation curves may plateau or accelerate at different phases.
  • When evaluating team training programs, individual variability in responses should be analysed alongside group averages to identify whether the program is effective broadly or only for certain athlete profiles.
  • Test data interpretation requires consideration of confounding factors such as growth and maturation in adolescents, or seasonal variations in environmental conditions, to avoid misattributing changes to program effects.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Strategic pre-training assessment establishes valid baseline measurements against which program outcomes can be objectively compared, particularly when using tests with high reliability such as bicycle ergometry for cardiorespiratory fitness.
  • Test selection must specifically match training program objectives for valid evaluation; for example, a program aiming to improve speed and agility should utilise the 50-meter sprint and Illinois agility run tests rather than only strength assessments.
  • Testing timing significantly impacts evaluation validity, with mid-program testing optimally scheduled after sufficient training time for adaptations to occur but early enough to allow program adjustments if necessary.
  • Post-program testing should replicate pre-testing conditions including time of day, nutrition status, and testing protocols to ensure that measured changes reflect actual physiological adaptations rather than testing variables.
  • Multiple testing points create more comprehensive program evaluation than single pre/post assessments, particularly for longer programs where adaptation curves may plateau or accelerate at different phases.
  • When evaluating team training programs, individual variability in responses should be analysed alongside group averages to identify whether the program is effective broadly or only for certain athlete profiles.
  • Test data interpretation requires consideration of confounding factors such as growth and maturation in adolescents, or seasonal variations in environmental conditions, to avoid misattributing changes to program effects.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 475

Discuss how the purpose of fitness testing might differ between a recreational sports team and an elite athlete. Provide specific examples to support your answer.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • For recreational teams, testing primarily establishes general fitness levels and promotes engagement, whereas elite athletes use precisely targeted testing to optimise competitive performance specific to their event requirements.
  • A recreational soccer team might conduct the multi-stage fitness test to establish baseline cardiorespiratory fitness and create appropriate training groups, while an elite marathon runner would use the same test alongside specific physiological markers like lactate threshold to determine exact training intensities.
  • Testing frequency differs significantly, with recreational teams typically testing 1-2 times per season primarily for team organisation and motivation, while elite athletes might test weekly or monthly to make precise training adjustments.
  • The interpretation of results varies considerably, with recreational teams using general population norms or internal team comparisons, whereas elite athletes compare results against sport-specific benchmarks and their own previous performance trajectories.
  • For recreational athletes, testing often serves a significant social and motivational purpose beyond data collection, sometimes structured as team challenges, while elite testing prioritises precise measurement under standardised conditions to maximise data validity.
  • Test selection reflects these purpose differences, with recreational teams favoring accessible, engagement-focused assessments requiring minimal equipment, while elite athletes utilise specialised tests that closely mimic their competitive demands regardless of complexity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • For recreational teams, testing primarily establishes general fitness levels and promotes engagement, whereas elite athletes use precisely targeted testing to optimise competitive performance specific to their event requirements.
  • A recreational soccer team might conduct the multi-stage fitness test to establish baseline cardiorespiratory fitness and create appropriate training groups, while an elite marathon runner would use the same test alongside specific physiological markers like lactate threshold to determine exact training intensities.
  • Testing frequency differs significantly, with recreational teams typically testing 1-2 times per season primarily for team organisation and motivation, while elite athletes might test weekly or monthly to make precise training adjustments.
  • The interpretation of results varies considerably, with recreational teams using general population norms or internal team comparisons, whereas elite athletes compare results against sport-specific benchmarks and their own previous performance trajectories.
  • For recreational athletes, testing often serves a significant social and motivational purpose beyond data collection, sometimes structured as team challenges, while elite testing prioritises precise measurement under standardised conditions to maximise data validity.
  • Test selection reflects these purpose differences, with recreational teams favoring accessible, engagement-focused assessments requiring minimal equipment, while elite athletes utilise specialised tests that closely mimic their competitive demands regardless of complexity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 474

Compare the purposes of conducting fitness testing during a training program versus after completion of the program.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Testing during training provides ongoing feedback about program effectiveness, allowing for immediate adjustments if expected improvements aren’t occurring, whereas post-program testing focuses on final evaluation of overall program success.
  • During-training testing serves a motivational function by showing incremental progress toward goals, while post-program testing evaluates whether ultimate goals were achieved and informs future goal-setting.
  • The timing of during-training assessments allows for program modifications without waiting for complete program completion, whereas post-training assessment occurs too late for modifications to the current program.
  • During-training testing can help maintain athlete motivation through periods of difficult training by demonstrating improvements that might not be subjectively apparent, while post-program testing provides a comprehensive view of the entire training period.
  • Testing during the program allows coaches to adjust training variables such as intensity, volume, or frequency based on individual responses, whereas post-program testing primarily informs the design of subsequent training cycles.
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Sample Answer 

  • Testing during training provides ongoing feedback about program effectiveness, allowing for immediate adjustments if expected improvements aren’t occurring, whereas post-program testing focuses on final evaluation of overall program success.
  • During-training testing serves a motivational function by showing incremental progress toward goals, while post-program testing evaluates whether ultimate goals were achieved and informs future goal-setting.
  • The timing of during-training assessments allows for program modifications without waiting for complete program completion, whereas post-training assessment occurs too late for modifications to the current program.
  • During-training testing can help maintain athlete motivation through periods of difficult training by demonstrating improvements that might not be subjectively apparent, while post-program testing provides a comprehensive view of the entire training period.
  • Testing during the program allows coaches to adjust training variables such as intensity, volume, or frequency based on individual responses, whereas post-program testing primarily informs the design of subsequent training cycles.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 472

Discuss how fitness testing results might be interpreted differently depending on the purpose of testing. Provide specific examples related to three different population groups.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 3 of the following or similar with appropriate detail

  • For elite athletes, a vertical jump test result would be compared against sport-specific normative data to identify power deficits relative to competitive requirements, whereas for a general fitness participant, the same result would be interpreted as a baseline measure for tracking personal improvement.
  • In clinical rehabilitation settings, a sit-and-reach flexibility test result might be compared to the patient’s pre-injury capability or functional requirements for daily activities rather than population norms, focusing on functional sufficiency rather than excellence.
  • School-based fitness testing using the multi-stage fitness test might interpret results in relation to health risk categories for children, emphasizing identification of at-risk students rather than performance ranking.
  • Corporate wellness programs might interpret body composition measurements primarily as risk factors for chronic disease and healthcare costs, whereas similar measurements in a sports context would be interpreted relative to performance optimisation.
  • For older adults, balance board test results would typically be interpreted relative to fall risk thresholds rather than absolute performance, with improvement goals focused on maintaining independence rather than achieving elite performance.
  • Interpretation communication also varies, with youth sport contexts potentially emphasising growth potential and development trajectory rather than current ability, whereas clinical settings would emphasise functional capability relative to independence requirements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 3 of the following or similar with appropriate detail

  • For elite athletes, a vertical jump test result would be compared against sport-specific normative data to identify power deficits relative to competitive requirements, whereas for a general fitness participant, the same result would be interpreted as a baseline measure for tracking personal improvement.
  • In clinical rehabilitation settings, a sit-and-reach flexibility test result might be compared to the patient’s pre-injury capability or functional requirements for daily activities rather than population norms, focusing on functional sufficiency rather than excellence.
  • School-based fitness testing using the multi-stage fitness test might interpret results in relation to health risk categories for children, emphasizing identification of at-risk students rather than performance ranking.
  • Corporate wellness programs might interpret body composition measurements primarily as risk factors for chronic disease and healthcare costs, whereas similar measurements in a sports context would be interpreted relative to performance optimisation.
  • For older adults, balance board test results would typically be interpreted relative to fall risk thresholds rather than absolute performance, with improvement goals focused on maintaining independence rather than achieving elite performance.
  • Interpretation communication also varies, with youth sport contexts potentially emphasising growth potential and development trajectory rather than current ability, whereas clinical settings would emphasise functional capability relative to independence requirements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 471

Evaluate the potential benefits and limitations of using the handgrip dynamometer test and skin fold caliper measurements to assess fitness in a community health screening program.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

The handgrip dynamometer test

  • Provides an efficient and objective measure of upper body strength that correlates with overall functional capacity and has been shown to predict future disability in aging populations.
  • This strength assessment requires minimal participant exertion or skill, making it accessible across diverse populations including those with limited exercise experience, unlike more complex strength tests.
  • Limitations of the handgrip test include its focus on only one aspect of muscular strength, potentially overlooking lower body strength deficits that may be critical for daily functioning and mobility.

Skin fold caliper measurements

  • Offer a more accurate assessment of body composition than BMI alone, which can misclassify muscular individuals as overweight or obese.
  • The caliper method is relatively inexpensive compared to more advanced body composition techniques like DEXA scans, making it cost-effective for community-wide implementation.
  • Significant limitations of skin fold measurements include potential embarrassment for participants during measurement, requiring private testing areas and sensitive administration to maintain psychological safety.
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Sample Answer 

The handgrip dynamometer test

  • Provides an efficient and objective measure of upper body strength that correlates with overall functional capacity and has been shown to predict future disability in aging populations.
  • This strength assessment requires minimal participant exertion or skill, making it accessible across diverse populations including those with limited exercise experience, unlike more complex strength tests.
  • Limitations of the handgrip test include its focus on only one aspect of muscular strength, potentially overlooking lower body strength deficits that may be critical for daily functioning and mobility.

Skin fold caliper measurements

  • Offer a more accurate assessment of body composition than BMI alone, which can misclassify muscular individuals as overweight or obese.
  • The caliper method is relatively inexpensive compared to more advanced body composition techniques like DEXA scans, making it cost-effective for community-wide implementation.
  • Significant limitations of skin fold measurements include potential embarrassment for participants during measurement, requiring private testing areas and sensitive administration to maintain psychological safety.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 470

Compare and contrast the use of health-related and skill-related fitness testing in the context of a secondary school physical education program.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Health-related component testing provides crucial baseline data about students’ overall physical wellbeing, whereas skill-related testing is more focused on athletic performance capabilities relevant to specific sports.
  • Testing of health-related components such as cardiorespiratory endurance using the multi-stage fitness test can identify students at risk for cardiovascular health issues, while skill-related testing generally doesn’t provide health risk information.
  • Skill-related component testing using assessments like the Illinois agility run can help direct students toward sports that match their natural abilities, which may increase participation and enjoyment compared to health-only assessment.
  • Privacy considerations differ, with body composition testing using skin fold calipers requiring particularly sensitive handling to avoid negative body image impacts, whereas skill-related tests like reaction time typically carry less psychological risk.
  • Health-related fitness testing results have lifelong relevance for students’ wellbeing beyond school, while the applicability of skill-related testing may be more limited to those who continue with athletic pursuits.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Health-related component testing provides crucial baseline data about students’ overall physical wellbeing, whereas skill-related testing is more focused on athletic performance capabilities relevant to specific sports.
  • Testing of health-related components such as cardiorespiratory endurance using the multi-stage fitness test can identify students at risk for cardiovascular health issues, while skill-related testing generally doesn’t provide health risk information.
  • Skill-related component testing using assessments like the Illinois agility run can help direct students toward sports that match their natural abilities, which may increase participation and enjoyment compared to health-only assessment.
  • Privacy considerations differ, with body composition testing using skin fold calipers requiring particularly sensitive handling to avoid negative body image impacts, whereas skill-related tests like reaction time typically carry less psychological risk.
  • Health-related fitness testing results have lifelong relevance for students’ wellbeing beyond school, while the applicability of skill-related testing may be more limited to those who continue with athletic pursuits.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 467 MC

When selecting fitness tests for a group of adolescents with varying body types and fitness levels, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

  1. Body composition testing using skin fold calipers will provide identical motivation across all body types
  2. The multi-stage fitness test is equally suitable for all participants regardless of current fitness level
  3. Adaptations to testing protocols may be needed to accommodate individual differences while still assessing the intended component
  4. Skill-related components should be prioritized over health-related components for all adolescents
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 

  • Individual differences in body type, previous experience, and current fitness levels may require adaptations to testing protocols to ensure validity and psychological safety while still assessing the intended fitness component.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Body composition testing may have negative psychological impacts on some adolescents, particularly those with higher body fat percentages, and doesn’t provide identical motivation across different body types.
  • B is incorrect: Multi-stage fitness tests can be demotivating and potentially unsafe for those with very low fitness levels, and modifications may be necessary.
  • D is incorrect: Priority between skill-related and health-related components should depend on the purpose of testing and individual needs, not be universally applied.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 464

Discuss the role of fitness testing in physical education programs for schools in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. Consider both benefits and limitations.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Fitness testing can identify specific areas of need within the student population, allowing schools to target limited resources toward the most impactful interventions despite budget constraints.
  • Testing provides objective data that can be used to advocate for additional funding or resources by demonstrating specific health needs within the student population.
  • Schools in disadvantaged areas may face equipment and facility limitations that restrict testing options, requiring creative adaptations that maintain validity while working within constraints.
  • Student nutrition and sleep quality may be compromised in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities, potentially affecting test results independently of actual fitness levels.
  • Testing can highlight the impact of limited access to safe outdoor spaces and structured physical activity opportunities, informing school and community-level interventions.
  • Culturally appropriate testing protocols and interpretation are particularly important in diverse socioeconomic communities to ensure testing is relevant and meaningful to the specific population.
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Sample Answer 

  • Fitness testing can identify specific areas of need within the student population, allowing schools to target limited resources toward the most impactful interventions despite budget constraints.
  • Testing provides objective data that can be used to advocate for additional funding or resources by demonstrating specific health needs within the student population.
  • Schools in disadvantaged areas may face equipment and facility limitations that restrict testing options, requiring creative adaptations that maintain validity while working within constraints.
  • Student nutrition and sleep quality may be compromised in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities, potentially affecting test results independently of actual fitness levels.
  • Testing can highlight the impact of limited access to safe outdoor spaces and structured physical activity opportunities, informing school and community-level interventions.
  • Culturally appropriate testing protocols and interpretation are particularly important in diverse socioeconomic communities to ensure testing is relevant and meaningful to the specific population.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 461

Describe how fitness testing approaches differ between children, adolescents, and adults, and explain the rationale behind these differences.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Children’s testing emphasises fundamental movement skills and enjoyment rather than performance metrics, recognising their developmental stage and the importance of fostering positive attitudes toward physical activity.
  • Adolescent testing introduces more performance-based components but must account for varying maturation rates and growth spurts that significantly impact physical capabilities.
  • Adult testing can include more comprehensive assessments of all fitness components including maximal effort tests since physical development is complete and risk assessment procedures are more established.
  • Children benefit from game-based assessment approaches that reduce performance anxiety while adolescents require careful attention to psychological impacts during a vulnerable developmental period.
  • Interpretation of results differs significantly across age groups, with children’s results used primarily for program development, adolescents’ for educational purposes, and adults’ for specific goal setting.
  • Safety considerations vary by age group, with children and adolescents requiring more supervision and modified protocols to account for developing musculoskeletal systems.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Children’s testing emphasises fundamental movement skills and enjoyment rather than performance metrics, recognising their developmental stage and the importance of fostering positive attitudes toward physical activity.
  • Adolescent testing introduces more performance-based components but must account for varying maturation rates and growth spurts that significantly impact physical capabilities.
  • Adult testing can include more comprehensive assessments of all fitness components including maximal effort tests since physical development is complete and risk assessment procedures are more established.
  • Children benefit from game-based assessment approaches that reduce performance anxiety while adolescents require careful attention to psychological impacts during a vulnerable developmental period.
  • Interpretation of results differs significantly across age groups, with children’s results used primarily for program development, adolescents’ for educational purposes, and adults’ for specific goal setting.
  • Safety considerations vary by age group, with children and adolescents requiring more supervision and modified protocols to account for developing musculoskeletal systems.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 460

Compare the purpose and outcomes of fitness testing for a recreational sports team versus an elite athletic program.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Recreational teams primarily use fitness testing to establish baseline fitness levels and track general improvements, whereas elite programs use testing for talent identification and highly specialised training prescription.
  • Testing frequency is typically lower for recreational teams (perhaps 1-2 times per season) compared to elite programs where regular monitoring may occur weekly or monthly.
  • Test selection for recreational teams focuses on general health and fitness components relevant to the sport, while elite programs employ sport-specific tests that closely mimic competitive demands.
  • Outcomes for recreational teams emphasise participation, enjoyment, and overall health benefits, whereas elite programs focus on performance optimisation and competitive advantage.
  • Data interpretation differs significantly, with recreational teams using results broadly to guide general training, while elite programs analyse detailed metrics to make precise training adjustments.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Recreational teams primarily use fitness testing to establish baseline fitness levels and track general improvements, whereas elite programs use testing for talent identification and highly specialised training prescription.
  • Testing frequency is typically lower for recreational teams (perhaps 1-2 times per season) compared to elite programs where regular monitoring may occur weekly or monthly.
  • Test selection for recreational teams focuses on general health and fitness components relevant to the sport, while elite programs employ sport-specific tests that closely mimic competitive demands.
  • Outcomes for recreational teams emphasise participation, enjoyment, and overall health benefits, whereas elite programs focus on performance optimisation and competitive advantage.
  • Data interpretation differs significantly, with recreational teams using results broadly to guide general training, while elite programs analyse detailed metrics to make precise training adjustments.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 459

Discuss the potential negative psychological impacts of fitness testing in school environments and how these might be minimised.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Public display of results can cause embarrassment and anxiety for students with lower fitness levels, potentially reducing their enjoyment of physical activity and damaging self-esteem.
  • Competitive comparisons between students may create unhealthy body image concerns, particularly during adolescence when body awareness is heightened.
  • Emphasis on normative standards without consideration of individual factors may discourage students who cannot meet these standards despite significant personal effort.
  • These impacts can be minimised by focusing on personal improvement rather than comparison to peers, with teachers providing private feedback and emphasising effort over achievement.
  • Creating a supportive environment where diverse physical abilities are respected and valued helps reduce stigma and pressure associated with testing.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Public display of results can cause embarrassment and anxiety for students with lower fitness levels, potentially reducing their enjoyment of physical activity and damaging self-esteem.
  • Competitive comparisons between students may create unhealthy body image concerns, particularly during adolescence when body awareness is heightened.
  • Emphasis on normative standards without consideration of individual factors may discourage students who cannot meet these standards despite significant personal effort.
  • These impacts can be minimised by focusing on personal improvement rather than comparison to peers, with teachers providing private feedback and emphasising effort over achievement.
  • Creating a supportive environment where diverse physical abilities are respected and valued helps reduce stigma and pressure associated with testing.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 458

Explain how fitness testing might be adapted for elderly populations to ensure both safety and meaningful results.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Traditional high-intensity tests should be replaced with lower-impact assessments such as the 6-minute walk test instead of running tests to reduce injury risk and accommodate reduced mobility.
  • Tests should focus on functional fitness components directly relevant to daily living activities such as sit-to-stand tests and balance assessments rather than maximal performance measures.
  • Rest periods between test components should be extended compared to younger populations to allow for adequate recovery and accurate measurement of capabilities.
  • Medical screening prior to testing is essential for elderly populations to identify contraindications and establish appropriate testing parameters based on individual health conditions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Traditional high-intensity tests should be replaced with lower-impact assessments such as the 6-minute walk test instead of running tests to reduce injury risk and accommodate reduced mobility.
  • Tests should focus on functional fitness components directly relevant to daily living activities such as sit-to-stand tests and balance assessments rather than maximal performance measures.
  • Rest periods between test components should be extended compared to younger populations to allow for adequate recovery and accurate measurement of capabilities.
  • Medical screening prior to testing is essential for elderly populations to identify contraindications and establish appropriate testing parameters based on individual health conditions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 455 MC

Which of the following is the LEAST appropriate use of fitness testing results for primary school children?

  1. Identifying students for specialised athletic development programs
  2. Providing feedback to improve physical education curriculum design
  3. Helping students understand their own physical capabilities
  4. Monitoring population-level physical activity trends
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Identifying students for specialized athletic development programs

  • Inappropriate as it may lead to early specialisation, pressure, and doesn’t consider developmental variability or late developers.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Using data to improve physical education curriculum benefits all students.
  • C is incorrect: Helping students understand their capabilities in an age-appropriate way can foster physical literacy.
  • D is incorrect: Monitoring population trends can inform health policy and interventions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 454 MC

A fitness trainer is working with a group of adults with physical disabilities. What is the MOST appropriate adaptation to make when conducting fitness assessments?

  1. Eliminate testing completely to avoid potential psychological stress
  2. Use standardised tests without modifications to ensure valid comparison
  3. Focus only on upper body strength regardless of individual circumstances
  4. Modify tests to accommodate individual abilities while maintaining assessment goal
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Modify tests to accommodate individual abilities while maintaining assessment goal

  • Allows for inclusive, meaningful assessment that respects individual differences while still providing valuable data.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Eliminating testing completely removes the opportunity to gather baseline data and measure progress, which are important benefits of fitness testing.
  • B is incorrect: Using standardised tests without modifications may be impossible or demoralising for participants with physical disabilities.
  • C is incorrect: Focusing only on upper body strength ignores other important aspects of fitness and doesn’t account for the diverse needs and abilities within the group.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 453 MC

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the mental health implications of physical fitness testing for older adults?

  1. Fitness testing has no significant effect on the mental wellbeing of older adults
  2. All forms of fitness testing are likely to decrease anxiety in older adults
  3. Appropriate fitness testing can help older adults set realistic goals for improvement
  4. Fitness testing always improves self-efficacy regardless of the results
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  Appropriate fitness testing can help older adults set realistic goals for improvement

  • When properly conducted, fitness testing can provide older adults with baseline measurements and help them establish achievable goals, contributing positively to their sense of purpose and mental wellbeing.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Fitness testing can have significant impacts on mental wellbeing, either positively or negatively depending on how it’s conducted.
  • B is incorrect: Inappropriate testing methods or unrealistic comparisons may actually increase anxiety in some older adults.
  • D is incorrect: Negative test results, if not presented constructively, may decrease rather than improve self-efficacy.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 010

Describe what excess mortality data reveals about the impact of COVID-19 on Australia compared to other countries.   (3 marks)

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  • Australia experienced fewer deaths than expected in 2020, followed by increasing excess deaths in 2021-2023.
  • This increase occurs as the COVID-19 pandemic took hold and spread throughout the world.
  • When compared internationally, Australia had one of the lowest excess mortality rates among countries with available data, significantly lower than the United States and United Kingdom, although higher than Japan and New Zealand.
  • This international comparison suggests Australia’s pandemic response was relatively effective at minimising deaths compared to many other developed nations, though not as successful as some other Asian countries.
Show Worked Solution
  • Australia experienced fewer deaths than expected in 2020, followed by increasing excess deaths in 2021-2023.
  • This increase occurs as the COVID-19 pandemic took hold and spread throughout the world.
  • When compared internationally, Australia’s excess mortality rate was significantly lower than the United States and United Kingdom, although higher than Japan and New Zealand.
  • This international comparison suggests Australia’s pandemic response was relatively effective at minimising deaths compared to many other developed nations, though not as successful as some other Asian countries.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 009

Australia's Health 2024 report published findings that

    • 5-year relative survival rates for cancer have improved from 53% in 1990-1994 to 71% in 2015-2019.
    • This improvement is particularly notable in specific cancers such as prostate cancer, which saw survival rates rise from 66% to 96%, and breast cancer in females which increased from 78% to 92%

Suggest TWO reasons for these improved statistics and how they affect survival rates.   (4 marks)

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  • Earlier detection through enhanced screening programs like BreastScreen Australia and the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program could account for this improvement.
  • Early detection allows for intervention before cancers progress to advanced stages.
  • A second contributing factor is advancements in cancer treatments, including more targeted therapies, improved surgical techniques and more effective combination treatments.
  • These treatments can materially improve outcomes for cancer patients at all stages of their cancer, extending life expectancy and survival rates.
Show Worked Solution
  • Earlier detection through enhanced screening programs like BreastScreen Australia and the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program could account for this improvement.
  • Early detection allows for intervention before cancers progress to advanced stages.
  • A second contributing factor is advancements in cancer treatments, including more targeted therapies, improved surgical techniques and more effective combination treatments.
  • These treatments can materially improve outcomes for cancer patients at all stages of their cancer, extending life expectancy and survival rates.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 008

Explain how epidemiologists use both incidence and prevalence data when monitoring a chronic disease such as diabetes in Australia.   (3 marks)

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  • Incidence data allows epidemiologists to track the rate of new diabetes cases over a specific period, which helps identify if the disease is becoming more common and affecting new population groups.
  • Prevalence data shows the total number of people currently living with diabetes at a given time, providing insight into the overall burden of the disease on the healthcare system and society.
  • Together, these measures help health authorities understand both the spread and existing impact of diabetes.
  • This data allows authorities to allocate resources effectively and evaluate the success of prevention programs.
Show Worked Solution
  • Incidence data allows epidemiologists to track the rate of new diabetes cases over a specific period, which helps identify if the disease is becoming more common and affecting new population groups.
  • Prevalence data shows the total number of people currently living with diabetes at a given time, providing insight into the overall burden of the disease on the healthcare system and society.
  • Together, these measures help health authorities understand both the spread and existing impact of diabetes.
  • This data allows authorities to allocate resources effectively and evaluate the success of prevention programs.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 008 MC

When examining infant mortality as a health indicator, which of the following statements is most accurate?

  1. It measures deaths of all children under 18 years per 1,000 population.
  2. It measures deaths among children aged under one year per 1,000 live births.
  3. It only accounts for deaths occurring during birth, not those occurring after hospital discharge.
  4. It is typically calculated as a percentage of all deaths in a country.
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. Infant mortality measures deaths among children aged under one year per 1,000 live births.

Other options:

  • Option A is incorrect as it refers to all children under 18, not just infants.
  • Option C is incorrect as infant mortality includes all deaths under 1 year, not just those during birth.
  • Option D is incorrect as infant mortality is calculated per 1,000 live births, not as a percentage of all deaths.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 007 MC

A researcher wants to determine how many people are currently living with Type 2 diabetes in Australia. Which epidemiological measure would be most appropriate to use?

  1. Incidence
  2. Prevalence
  3. Morbidity
  4. Mortality
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct as prevalence measures the total number or proportion of cases in a population at a given time (the existing cases).

Other options:

  • A is incorrect because incidence measures new cases over a period, not current cases.
  • C is incorrect as morbidity is a broader term referring to the state of illness, not specifically the count.
  • D is incorrect. Mortality refers to death rates, not living cases.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 003

Explain why people from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health.

In your answer, discuss how cultural, socioeconomic and individual factors influence these different perspectives.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • People from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health because health is a social construct rather than a universally agreed concept.
  • WHO’s comprehensive definition aims to encompass these diverse viewpoints.

Cultural factors significantly shape health definitions:

  • Indigenous cultures often view health holistically, emphasising connection to Country, community and spiritual wellbeing, rather than just physical absence of disease.
  • In contrast, Western cultures traditionally emphasise a biomedical view focused primarily on physical functioning.

Socioeconomic circumstances influence health priorities:

  • People with limited resources may define health functionally as the ability to work and provide for family, prioritising immediate functional capacity over long-term wellbeing.
  • Their definition centres on absence of illness that prevents work. Meanwhile, those with greater resources might define health more comprehensively to include optimal fitness and mental wellbeing.

Individual factors such as age also influence health definitions:

  • Younger people might emphasise physical performance aspects, while older individuals may focus on independence and mobility.
  • People who have experienced chronic illness often develop more nuanced definitions that accommodate living well despite health challenges.
Show Worked Solution
  • People from different backgrounds may give different meanings to health because health is a social construct rather than a universally agreed concept.
  • WHO’s comprehensive definition aims to encompass these diverse viewpoints.

Cultural factors significantly shape health definitions:

  • Indigenous cultures often view health holistically, emphasising connection to Country, community and spiritual wellbeing, rather than just physical absence of disease.
  • In contrast, Western cultures traditionally emphasise a biomedical view focused primarily on physical functioning.

Socioeconomic circumstances influence health priorities:

  • People with limited resources may define health functionally as the ability to work and provide for family, prioritising immediate functional capacity over long-term wellbeing.
  • Their definition centres on absence of illness that prevents work. Meanwhile, those with greater resources might define health more comprehensively to include optimal fitness and mental wellbeing.

Individual factors such as age also influence health definitions:

  • Younger people might emphasise physical performance aspects, while older individuals may focus on independence and mobility.
  • People who have experienced chronic illness often develop more nuanced definitions that accommodate living well despite health challenges.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 006

Analyse how an individual's circumstances might affect the dynamic interactions between different dimensions of health.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Socioeconomic circumstances:

  • Can directly affect all dimensions – low income may limit access to nutritious food (physical health), create financial stress (mental health), restrict participation in social activities (social health), and reduce sense of purpose (spiritual health).
  • These effects compound each other as poor mental health can lead to reduced physical activity, further diminishing physical health.

Geographic location:

  • Can similarly create cascading effects – living in a remote area may restrict access to healthcare services (affecting physical health), reduce employment opportunities (impacting mental wellbeing through financial stress), limit social connections (affecting social health), and potentially disconnect individuals from cultural practices (spiritual health).

Major life transitions:

  • Transitions like job loss demonstrate temporal aspects of health’s dynamic nature – the immediate impact might be financial and mental stress, which over time can lead to reduced self-care behaviours, potentially causing physical health decline, social withdrawal, and questioning of life purpose.
  • This illustrates how circumstances create complex, interconnected patterns of health effects rather than isolated impacts on single dimensions.
Show Worked Solution

Socioeconomic circumstances:

  • Can directly affect all dimensions – low income may limit access to nutritious food (physical health), create financial stress (mental health), restrict participation in social activities (social health), and reduce sense of purpose (spiritual health).
  • These effects compound each other as poor mental health can lead to reduced physical activity, further diminishing physical health.

Geographic location:

  • Can similarly create cascading effects – living in a remote area may restrict access to healthcare services (affecting physical health), reduce employment opportunities (impacting mental wellbeing through financial stress), limit social connections (affecting social health), and potentially disconnect individuals from cultural practices (spiritual health).

Major life transitions:

  • Transitions like job loss demonstrate temporal aspects of health’s dynamic nature – the immediate impact might be financial and mental stress, which over time can lead to reduced self-care behaviours, potentially causing physical health decline, social withdrawal, and questioning of life purpose.
  • This illustrates how circumstances create complex, interconnected patterns of health effects rather than isolated impacts on single dimensions.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 005

Examine how a young person's position on the health continuum might change over time.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • A young person’s position on the health continuum fluctuates rather than remaining static.
  • For instance, during exam periods, a student may move toward the illness end due to stress, poor sleep, and reduced physical activity.
  • After exams, implementing positive health behaviours like regular exercise, adequate sleep, and healthy eating may shift them back toward the wellness end.
  • Additionally, significant life transitions, such as leaving home for university, can impact their position on the continuum as they adapt to new routines and social environments, demonstrating the dynamic nature of health throughout different life stages.
Show Worked Solution
  • A young person’s position on the health continuum fluctuates rather than remaining static.
  • For instance, during exam periods, a student may move toward the illness end due to stress, poor sleep, and reduced physical activity.
  • After exams, implementing positive health behaviours like regular exercise, adequate sleep, and healthy eating may shift them back toward the wellness end.
  • Additionally, significant life transitions, such as leaving home for university, can impact their position on the continuum as they adapt to new routines and social environments, demonstrating the dynamic nature of health throughout different life stages.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 004

Outline how the social and physical dimensions of health can interact to affect an individual's health status.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Social health can directly impact physical health when strong social connections motivate individuals to engage in physical activity, such as team sports or exercise with friends.
  • Conversely, physical limitations such as injury can restrict social interactions by preventing participation in group activities, demonstrating how these dimensions interact to affect overall health status.
Show Worked Solution
  • Social health can directly impact physical health when strong social connections motivate individuals to engage in physical activity, such as team sports or exercise with friends.
  • Conversely, physical limitations such as injury can restrict social interactions by preventing participation in group activities, demonstrating how these dimensions interact to affect overall health status.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 005 MC

The image shows Cam's health status over time.

Which statement best explains how this graph demonstrates the dynamic nature of health?

  1. Cam's physical health is the only dimension affected by life circumstances.
  2. Cam's health status shows a steady decline over time as expected with aging.
  3. Cam's health fluctuates as different dimensions of health interact with changing life circumstances.
  4. Cam's health can only be improved through medical intervention when it declines.
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider option C:

  • C is correct as it recognises how Cam’s health fluctuates over time as different dimensions of health (physical, social, mental) interact with changing life circumstances.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect as it focuses only on physical health, ignoring the other dimensions shown in the scenario (social connections, mental wellbeing).
  • B is incorrect as the graph shows fluctuations, not a steady decline, contradicting the notion that health naturally declines with age.
  • D is incorrect as it suggests health can only be improved through medical intervention.

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 3

Two squares and , are drawn in the diagram below, with    and    where  .

Let    and 
 

  1. Using vector methods, show  .    (2 marks)

  2. Using vector methods, show that if and are collinear,  .    (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   

b.  

Show Worked Solution

a.   

  

 

b.    


 


 

 
.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 450

Explain how you could use physiological data collected during an aerobic training investigation to draw valid conclusions about the relationship between training intensity and improvement in aerobic capacity.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Calculate the percentage improvement in aerobic capacity measures (VO₂ max, lactate threshold) for participants training at different intensity zones (low, moderate, high) to determine which intensity produces optimal adaptations.
  • Analyse heart rate data during training sessions to verify that participants maintained their assigned training intensities, ensuring conclusions about intensity-related effects are based on actual training loads experienced.
  • Examine whether a dose-response relationship exists by plotting training intensity against improvements, determining if benefits increase linearly with intensity or if there’s an optimal range beyond which returns diminish.
  • Control for and account for confounding variables such as training volume and frequency when analysing the intensity relationship, ensuring conclusions specifically isolate the effect of intensity rather than other training factors.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Calculate the percentage improvement in aerobic capacity measures (VO₂ max, lactate threshold) for participants training at different intensity zones (low, moderate, high) to determine which intensity produces optimal adaptations.
  • Analyse heart rate data during training sessions to verify that participants maintained their assigned training intensities, ensuring conclusions about intensity-related effects are based on actual training loads experienced.
  • Examine whether a dose-response relationship exists by plotting training intensity against improvements, determining if benefits increase linearly with intensity or if there’s an optimal range beyond which returns diminish.
  • Control for and account for confounding variables such as training volume and frequency when analysing the intensity relationship, ensuring conclusions specifically isolate the effect of intensity rather than other training factors.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 447

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using tables versus graphs when presenting findings from an investigation on heart rate recovery after aerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Tables provide precise numerical data allowing for exact comparisons of heart rate values at specific time points, whereas graphs sacrifice some numerical precision for visual pattern recognition.
  • Graphs effectively demonstrate trends in heart rate recovery over time, making the rate and pattern of recovery immediately visible, while tables require mental processing to identify these patterns.
  • Tables can efficiently present multiple variables simultaneously (resting heart rate, maximum heart rate, recovery time) in an organised format, whereas multiple graphs might be needed to show the same range of data.
  • Graphs are generally more accessible to audiences without statistical expertise, facilitating broader understanding of findings, while detailed tables may require greater numerical literacy.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Tables provide precise numerical data allowing for exact comparisons of heart rate values at specific time points, whereas graphs sacrifice some numerical precision for visual pattern recognition.
  • Graphs effectively demonstrate trends in heart rate recovery over time, making the rate and pattern of recovery immediately visible, while tables require mental processing to identify these patterns.
  • Tables can efficiently present multiple variables simultaneously (resting heart rate, maximum heart rate, recovery time) in an organised format, whereas multiple graphs might be needed to show the same range of data.
  • Graphs are generally more accessible to audiences without statistical expertise, facilitating broader understanding of findings, while detailed tables may require greater numerical literacy.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 443

Describe TWO methods for presenting findings from a physiological investigation that would effectively communicate the relationship between training intensity and oxygen consumption.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • A scatter plot with a line of best fit would effectively present the relationship between training intensity (x-axis) and oxygen consumption (y-axis), visually demonstrating the correlation and allowing for identification of the aerobic threshold where oxygen consumption increases disproportionately to intensity.
  • Tables organising data by intensity zones (low, moderate, high) with corresponding average oxygen consumption values would allow for clear numerical comparison across intensity levels and could include standard deviations to show variability within each intensity zone.
  • Line graphs showing oxygen consumption over time at different intensity levels could effectively display how oxygen uptake kinetics change based on exercise intensity, particularly highlighting differences in steady-state achievement and oxygen deficit at different intensities.
  • Heat maps could represent individual participant responses across various intensity levels, effectively visualising both group trends and individual variations in oxygen consumption responses to increasing training loads.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following

  • A scatter plot with a line of best fit would effectively present the relationship between training intensity (x-axis) and oxygen consumption (y-axis), visually demonstrating the correlation and allowing for identification of the aerobic threshold where oxygen consumption increases disproportionately to intensity.
  • Tables organising data by intensity zones (low, moderate, high) with corresponding average oxygen consumption values would allow for clear numerical comparison across intensity levels and could include standard deviations to show variability within each intensity zone.
  • Line graphs showing oxygen consumption over time at different intensity levels could effectively display how oxygen uptake kinetics change based on exercise intensity, particularly highlighting differences in steady-state achievement and oxygen deficit at different intensities.
  • Heat maps could represent individual participant responses across various intensity levels, effectively visualising both group trends and individual variations in oxygen consumption responses to increasing training loads.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 441 MC

When presenting findings from an investigation on the physiological responses to aerobic training, which of the following would be considered a limitation of the study?

  1. Using a control group who did not participate in the training program
  2. Testing participants' aerobic capacity before and after the training program
  3. Recording heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived exertion during exercise
  4. Having a small sample size of only 5 participants
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Having a small sample size of only 5 participants

  • A small sample size is a valid limitation that restricts the generalisability of findings and statistical power.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Using a control group is a strength, not a limitation, of an experimental design.
  • B is incorrect: Testing before and after the program is appropriate methodology, not a limitation.
  • C is incorrect: Recording multiple physiological measures provides more comprehensive data, making it a strength rather than a limitation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 440 MC

A student investigating the effect of aerobic training on VO₂ max collected data from 10 participants before and after an 8-week training program. When drawing conclusions, which of the following would be most important to consider?

  1. Comparing the data with the general population's average VO₂ max
  2. The brand of equipment used to measure VO₂ max
  3. Statistical significance of the observed changes
  4. The participants' previous exercise experience
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Statistical significance of the observed changes

  • Statistical significance determines whether the observed changes are likely due to the training program rather than random chance, which is crucial for valid conclusions.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Comparing to population averages doesn’t directly address the investigation question about the effect of the specific training program.
  • B is incorrect: While equipment quality matters for data collection, it’s not the most important factor when drawing conclusions from already collected data.
  • D is incorrect: While previous exercise experience might be relevant as a variable to control, it’s not the most important factor when determining if the changes observed were meaningful.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 434 MC

A student wants to investigate the relationship between aerobic training and perceived energy levels throughout the day in Year 11 students. Which data collection method would be most appropriate for this investigation?

  1. Observation of students during their regular classes
  2. Blood tests measuring ATP levels before and after training
  3. Survey with Likert scale questions about energy levels at different times of day
  4. Interview with teachers about students' classroom participation
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  Survey with Likert scale questions about energy levels at different times of day

  • Survey with Likert scale questions is most appropriate because perceived energy levels are subjective experiences that are best measured through self-reporting.
  • A structured survey using a Likert scale (e.g., rating energy from 1-5) allows for quantifiable data collection about participants’ internal experiences throughout the day, which cannot be directly observed or measured through physiological tests.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Inappropriate because energy levels are subjective internal states that cannot be reliably observed externally.
  • B is incorrect: Measures a physiological marker (ATP) rather than perceived energy levels, which is not what the research question is investigating.
  • D is incorrect: Relies on secondhand perceptions rather than direct reports from the participants experiencing the energy levels.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 433

After conducting an investigation into how a 12-week aerobic training program affected blood pressure responses to submaximal exercise, a student found that while resting blood pressure decreased for most participants, the blood pressure response during exercise showed minimal change.

Propose TWO further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – or similar questions and reasons with required detail

  • “Is there a relationship between age and the blood pressure response to aerobic training at rest versus during exercise?” would investigate whether demographic factors influence how different aspects of blood pressure regulation adapt to training.
    • This question is valuable because it could help explain why resting blood pressure improved while exercise blood pressure didn’t, by examining whether age-related factors influence different physiological responses.
  • “How do the blood pressure responses at rest and during exercise compare between participants who reported high versus low enjoyment of the training program?” examines psychological influences on physiological responses.
    • This question explores the mind-body connection in exercise responses, potentially revealing whether engagement and enjoyment of the training program influences physiological adaptations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – or similar questions and reasons with required detail

  • “Is there a relationship between age and the blood pressure response to aerobic training at rest versus during exercise?” would investigate whether demographic factors influence how different aspects of blood pressure regulation adapt to training.
    • This question is valuable because it could help explain why resting blood pressure improved while exercise blood pressure didn’t, by examining whether age-related factors influence different physiological responses.
  • “How do the blood pressure responses at rest and during exercise compare between participants who reported high versus low enjoyment of the training program?” examines psychological influences on physiological responses.
    • This question explores the mind-body connection in exercise responses, potentially revealing whether engagement and enjoyment of the training program influences physiological adaptations.

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 7

Points and form a triangle in the Cartesian Plane.

  1. Find the vectors and .    (1 mark)

  2. Find the angle  ,  giving your answer to the nearest degree.     (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.     
           

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.      
         


 

b.   

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 430

A student investigated the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during a progressive aerobic exercise test. Results showed a strong correlation for most participants, but some individuals consistently reported lower perceived exertion despite similar heart rates to other participants.

Propose TWO further research questions based on these findings and explain how each question could enhance understanding of physiological responses to aerobic exercise.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How does previous exercise experience affect the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during aerobic exercise?” directly addresses why some participants might perceive exercise differently despite similar physiological responses.
    • This question would enhance understanding of physiological responses by exploring how familiarity with exercise sensations might influence how individuals interpret and report their body’s responses during aerobic activity.
  • “Would the same disconnect between perceived exertion and heart rate occur during different types of aerobic activities, such as cycling versus running?” examines whether the physiological response patterns are activity-specific.
    • This question would improve understanding of how different exercise modes might produce varying relationships between objective measures (heart rate) and subjective feelings (perceived exertion), helping to explain individual differences in physiological responses.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How does previous exercise experience affect the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during aerobic exercise?” directly addresses why some participants might perceive exercise differently despite similar physiological responses.
    • This question would enhance understanding of physiological responses by exploring how familiarity with exercise sensations might influence how individuals interpret and report their body’s responses during aerobic activity.
  • “Would the same disconnect between perceived exertion and heart rate occur during different types of aerobic activities, such as cycling versus running?” examines whether the physiological response patterns are activity-specific.
    • This question would improve understanding of how different exercise modes might produce varying relationships between objective measures (heart rate) and subjective feelings (perceived exertion), helping to explain individual differences in physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 428

A student investigated changes in lactate threshold following an 8-week high-intensity interval training program in recreational runners. The results showed an average 9% improvement in the speed at lactate threshold, but no significant change in maximum heart rate.

Identify TWO further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “Would a longer duration training program (e.g., 12 or 16 weeks) continue to improve lactate threshold at the same rate?” directly builds on the findings by exploring the duration aspect of the training program.
  • “How do these improvements in lactate threshold relate to changes in submaximal exercise performance?” connects the physiological measurement to practical outcomes that are observable in Year 11 investigations.
  • “Would different types of high-intensity interval training (varying work-to-rest ratios) produce different improvements in lactate threshold?” examines how modifying the exercise protocol might influence the physiological responses observed.
  • “Is there a correlation between initial fitness levels and the magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold following the training program?” explores individual differences in physiological responses to the same training stimulus.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “Would a longer duration training program (e.g., 12 or 16 weeks) continue to improve lactate threshold at the same rate?” directly builds on the findings by exploring the duration aspect of the training program.
  • “How do these improvements in lactate threshold relate to changes in submaximal exercise performance?” connects the physiological measurement to practical outcomes that are observable in Year 11 investigations.
  • “Would different types of high-intensity interval training (varying work-to-rest ratios) produce different improvements in lactate threshold?” examines how modifying the exercise protocol might influence the physiological responses observed.
  • “Is there a correlation between initial fitness levels and the magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold following the training program?” explores individual differences in physiological responses to the same training stimulus.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 7

With reference to the diagram provided, determine the angle of inclination at which the system remains in static equilibrium.   (2 marks)

(Assume the inclined plane is frictionless)

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Show Worked Solution

→ For the system to be in static equilibrium, the force of the 500 g block, , down the slope must be equal to the weight force of the 250 g block, .

 
 
 

 

→ The angle of inclination needs to be .

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 6

A worker is using a pulley system to lift and lower a container at a construction site. The empty container has a mass of 5.0 kg, and when loaded with bricks, its mass increases to 18 kg.

The container is lowered vertically with a constant acceleration of 3.2 m/s. Later, it is lifted back up at a constant speed of 2.8 m/s.

  1. Calculate the tension in the rope while the container is being lowered.   (2 marks)
  1. Calculate the tension in the rope while the container is being raised.   (1 mark)
Show Answers Only

a.   

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    → Force due to gravity acts in the opposite direction to the tension force in the rope.

→ Total force on the system

 
 
   
   

 

b.    → When the container is being raised, it is being raised at a constant speed.

→ Total force on the system is . 

.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 18

A helicopter is cruising with an airspeed, , of 220 km/h. The pilot wishes for its ground track to be directly due south. However, a crosswind, , of 60 km/h is blowing from the west.

Using a vector diagram, in which direction should the pilot steer the helicopter to achieve a due south course?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

SW

Show Worked Solution

→ Using the diagram above:

 
 

 

→ The pilot must steer the helicopter SW.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 003 MC

The following sources present different meanings of health:

  • Source 1: "Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism."
  • Source 2: "Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living."
  • Source 3: "Health is a dynamic state of wellbeing characterised by physical, mental, and social potential."

Which of the following statements MOST accurately analyses how these sources reflect different meanings of health?

  1. Sources 1, 2, and 3 all reflect that health is primarily about physical functioning.
  2. Source 2 reflects a sociocultural model while Sources 1 and 3 reflect biomedical models.
  3. Source 1 reflects a biomedical view while Sources 2 and 3 reflect holistic approaches.
  4. Sources 1, 2, and 3 all reflect that health is a fixed state rather than dynamic.
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct because Source 1 presents a biomedical view (functional/metabolic efficiency), while Sources 2 and 3 reflect more holistic approaches (resource for life, dynamic state including multiple dimensions)

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Only Source 1 focuses primarily on physical functioning.
  • B is incorrect: Source 3 also reflects a holistic approach, not a biomedical model.
  • D is incorrect: Source 3 explicitly states health is “dynamic” and Source 2 implies a changing resource, not a fixed state.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 002 MC

The World Health Organisation defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

How does this definition BEST reflect current understandings of health in Australia?

  1. It prioritises the absence of disease over the need for physical and mental wellbeing.
  2. It recognises the multidimensional nature of health beyond just physical considerations.
  3. It places greater emphasis on mental health compared to physical and social wellbeing.
  4. It focuses primarily on preventing disease rather than promoting overall wellbeing.
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct because the definition acknowledges the multidimensional nature of health (physical, mental, and social).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The WHO definition explicitly states health is “not merely the absence of disease”
  • C is incorrect: The definition gives equal weight to physical, mental, and social aspects of health
  • D is incorrect: The definition emphasizes wellbeing across multiple dimensions rather than just disease prevention

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 426

After investigating the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on respiratory rate during submaximal exercise, a student found that while recovery time improved for all participants, the magnitude of improvement varied considerably across the study group of 15 Year 11 students.

Propose TWO appropriate further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer – Any TWO of the following or similar with adequate detail.

  • “How does the type of aerobic training (continuous vs. interval) affect respiratory recovery time improvements?” would investigate whether different training methods produce varying magnitudes of adaptation.
  • “Is there a relationship between respiratory recovery improvements and changes in other physiological measures such as heart rate recovery or VO₂ max?” would examine connections between different physiological adaptations to determine if they occur proportionally.
  • “How does initial fitness level affect the magnitude of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training?” would help identify whether pre-training fitness explains the variation in improvement between participants.
  • “Do respiratory adaptations continue at the same rate beyond 10 weeks of training, or does improvement plateau?” would determine the optimal duration for maximum benefits from the training program.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • “How does the type of aerobic training (continuous vs. interval) affect respiratory recovery time improvements?” would investigate whether different training methods produce varying magnitudes of adaptation.
  • “Is there a relationship between respiratory recovery improvements and changes in other physiological measures such as heart rate recovery or VO₂ max?” would examine connections between different physiological adaptations to determine if they occur proportionally.
  • “How does initial fitness level affect the magnitude of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training?” would help identify whether pre-training fitness explains the variation in improvement between participants.
  • “Do respiratory adaptations continue at the same rate beyond 10 weeks of training, or does improvement plateau?” would determine the optimal duration for maximum benefits from the training program.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 5

Consider the system below:
 

Two blocks are connected by a light, inextensible string that passes over a frictionless pulley, as shown in the diagram.

The 3.0 kg block rests on a smooth, horizontal surface, while the other 6.0 kg block hangs vertically off the edge of the table.

  1.  Calculate the acceleration of the entire system.   (3 marks)
  1. Hence, determine the magnitude of the tension, , in the string at point .   (1 mark)
Show Answers Only

a.    

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.   

   
 

→ Substitute the first equation into the second equation:

 
 
 
 
   

 

b.   

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 4

A 2 kg crate is being pushed up a rough incline that is angled at 30 to the horizontal. The frictional force acting between the crate and the surface is 10 N.

  1. On the diagram provided, draw and label all the forces acting on the crate as it is pushed up the incline.   (3 marks)
       

  1. Calculate the magnitude of the applied force required to accelerate the crate up the incline at 0.8 ms   (2 marks)
Show Answers Only

a.    
     

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    
       

→ The frictional force acts down the slope in this scenario because frictional forces oppose the direction of motion.
 

b.    Weight force acting down slope

→ Total force down the slope    (weight force down slope + frictional force)

 
 
   

 
→ The force, , acting up slope needs to be .

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 2 MC

A 25 kg object is hanging from a string and is being pulled sideways by a force , so that the string makes an angle of 40° with the vertical, as shown in the diagram.

Assuming the object remains stationary, determine the magnitude of the force pulling the object?
 

  1. 115 N
  2. 157 N
  3. 191 N
  4. 206 N
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

 
 
   
   

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 422 MC

A student conducted research on changes in lung capacity following an 8-week aerobic swimming program. The results showed significant improvements in vital capacity but no change in forced expiratory volume.

Which research question would most logically build upon these findings?

  1. How does swimming compare to cycling for developing respiratory fitness?
  2. Does vital capacity continue to improve beyond 8 weeks of swim training?
  3. Why does vital capacity improve while forced expiratory volume remains unchanged during swim training?
  4. What is the best way to measure lung capacity changes in adolescent swimmers?
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Consider Option C: Why does vital capacity improve while forced expiratory volume remains unchanged during swim training?

  • This option directly addresses the unexpected discrepancy found in the results – that vital capacity improved but forced expiratory volume did not.
  • This question seeks to understand the physiological mechanisms behind this finding, which represents the most logical next step in building knowledge from the original investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Compares different types of training rather than building on the specific findings of this study.
  • B is incorrect: Only focuses on the duration of effects for one parameter without addressing the discrepancy.
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on measurement methodology rather than understanding the physiological response discovered.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 416

A research team is investigating the relationship between aerobic training and blood pressure responses.

Discuss the importance of using valid and reliable data collection methods when investigating physiological responses to aerobic training.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Valid data collection methods ensure that the physiological variables being measured (such as blood pressure) genuinely reflect the aerobic training adaptations being studied, rather than confounding factors like measurement timing or technique.
  • Reliable methods allow researchers to attribute observed changes to the training intervention rather than to inconsistencies in measurement technique, equipment performance, or environmental conditions.
  • The combination of validity and reliability enables accurate quantification of training effects, which is crucial for determining optimal training prescriptions for specific health outcomes like blood pressure reduction.
  • Invalid or unreliable methods may lead to incorrect conclusions about the effectiveness of aerobic training interventions, potentially resulting in inappropriate exercise recommendations that could impact health outcomes.
  • Scientifically sound data collection methods enhance the credibility of findings among the scientific community, facilitating knowledge translation from research to practical applications in fitness and health settings.
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Sample Answer

  • Valid data collection methods ensure that the physiological variables being measured (such as blood pressure) genuinely reflect the aerobic training adaptations being studied, rather than confounding factors like measurement timing or technique.
  • Reliable methods allow researchers to attribute observed changes to the training intervention rather than to inconsistencies in measurement technique, equipment performance, or environmental conditions.
  • The combination of validity and reliability enables accurate quantification of training effects, which is crucial for determining optimal training prescriptions for specific health outcomes like blood pressure reduction.
  • Invalid or unreliable methods may lead to incorrect conclusions about the effectiveness of aerobic training interventions, potentially resulting in inappropriate exercise recommendations that could impact health outcomes.
  • Scientifically sound data collection methods enhance the credibility of findings among the scientific community, facilitating knowledge translation from research to practical applications in fitness and health settings.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 414

A student is investigating changes in respiratory rate during submaximal exercise following an 8-week aerobic training program.

Compare the validity and reliability in the context of this physiological investigation.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Validity in this investigation refers to whether respiratory rate measurements accurately reflect the physiological adaptations to aerobic training.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements across multiple testing sessions.
  • High validity would be achieved by ensuring the exercise protocol adequately challenges the respiratory system at appropriate intensities to demonstrate training effects.
  • High reliability would be achieved through consistent counting methods and standardised breathing pattern instructions.
  • Validity might be compromised if respiratory rate is measured during inappropriate exercise intensities that don’t reflect aerobic adaptations.
  • Reliability might be compromised if different counting methods are used pre- and post-training.
  • Both validity and reliability are essential yet distinct qualities;
    • Valid but unreliable measurements would accurately reflect respiratory adaptations but produce inconsistent results
    • While reliable but invalid measurements would yield consistent results that don’t actually represent the training adaptations being studied.
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Sample Answer

  • Validity in this investigation refers to whether respiratory rate measurements accurately reflect the physiological adaptations to aerobic training.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements across multiple testing sessions.
  • High validity would be achieved by ensuring the exercise protocol adequately challenges the respiratory system at appropriate intensities to demonstrate training effects.
  • High reliability would be achieved through consistent counting methods and standardised breathing pattern instructions.
  • Validity might be compromised if respiratory rate is measured during inappropriate exercise intensities that don’t reflect aerobic adaptations.
  • Reliability might be compromised if different counting methods are used pre- and post-training.
  • Both validity and reliability are essential yet distinct qualities;
    • Valid but unreliable measurements would accurately reflect respiratory adaptations but produce inconsistent results
    • While reliable but invalid measurements would yield consistent results that don’t actually represent the training adaptations being studied.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 412

A Year 11 student is investigating the effects of a 6-week aerobic training program on lactic acid threshold in recreational runners.

Explain how the student could enhance the reliability of their data collection.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Standardise testing protocols by conducting all threshold tests at the same time of day to minimise variation from circadian rhythms that affect physiological responses.
  • Ensure consistent testing conditions including temperature, humidity and surface type for all pre and post-training assessments.
  • Use the same calibrated equipment throughout the entire investigation to eliminate measurement discrepancies from different devices.
  • Provide clear, detailed instructions to participants regarding pre-test preparations (such as sleep, nutrition, and prior exercise) to control extraneous variables that could impact results.
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Sample Answer 

  • Standardise testing protocols by conducting all threshold tests at the same time of day to minimise variation from circadian rhythms that affect physiological responses.
  • Ensure consistent testing conditions including temperature, humidity and surface type for all pre and post-training assessments.
  • Use the same calibrated equipment throughout the entire investigation to eliminate measurement discrepancies from different devices.
  • Provide clear, detailed instructions to participants regarding pre-test preparations (such as sleep, nutrition, and prior exercise) to control extraneous variables that could impact results.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 410 MC

A fitness instructor wants to investigate the effect of different aerobic training intensities on resting heart rate. Which data collection method would yield the most credible results?

  1. Having participants self-report their resting heart rates each morning.
  2. Using a standardised laboratory protocol with calibrated heart rate monitors.
  3. Conducting manual pulse readings by different staff members throughout the week.
  4. Measuring heart rates immediately after participants arrive at the fitness center.
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Consider Option B: 

  • Using a standardised laboratory protocol with calibrated equipment provides the most credible results because it controls for variables and ensures measurements are taken under consistent conditions with accurate, scientifically validated equipment.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Lacks credibility due to potential inconsistencies in self-reporting methods and participant error.
  • C is incorrect: Introduces variability from different staff members’ measuring techniques, reducing reliability.
  • D is incorrect: Problematic because measurements taken immediately upon arrival can be influenced by recent activity (walking, driving, etc.), not truly reflecting resting heart rate.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 16

A small plane is flying due south at 80 m/s. It makes a smooth 90° turn over 20 seconds and ends up flying due east at 60 m/s.

  1. Draw a vector diagram showing the change in velocity vector of the small plane.   (2 marks) 
  1. Calculate the average acceleration (magnitude and direction) during the turn.   (2 marks) 
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a.    
             

b.    .

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a.   
 

b.    
   
   

 

 
 

 
The average acceleration of the plane is .

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 408 MC

A researcher is investigating the impact of aerobic training on VO₂ max over an 8-week period. Which of the following data collection approaches would most significantly improve the validity of the research?

  1. Testing participants using the same equipment at the same time of day for each measurement.
  2. Using a control group of participants who do not participate in the aerobic training program.
  3. Recruiting a large sample of 1,000 participants from diverse fitness backgrounds.
  4. Publishing the research findings in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Consider Option B: 

  • Using a control group improves validity because it allows researchers to determine whether changes in VO₂ max are due to the aerobic training intervention rather than other factors (like maturation or external variables).
  • This helps establish causality and strengthens the internal validity of the investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Improves reliability (consistency of measurements) but doesn’t primarily address validity.
  • C is incorrect: May improve generalisability (external validity) but doesn’t specifically address whether the test accurately measures the impact of aerobic training.
  • D is incorrect: Relates to credibility through peer review but occurs after data collection and doesn’t impact the validity of the original data collection method.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 15

A drone is flying east at 18 m/s and begins a smooth turn that lasts 8 seconds. After completing the turn, it is flying north at 10 m/s.

  1. Represent the drone’s change in velocity using a labelled vector diagram.   (2 marks)
  1. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the drone’s change in velocity.   (2 marks)
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a.    
         

b.    Change in velocity = 20.59 m/s, N60.9W.  

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a.    

         
 

b.    Using Pythagoras’s theorem:

 
 
   

 
Change in velocity = 20.59 m/s, N60.9W.