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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 434 MC

A student wants to investigate the relationship between aerobic training and perceived energy levels throughout the day in Year 11 students. Which data collection method would be most appropriate for this investigation?

  1. Observation of students during their regular classes
  2. Blood tests measuring ATP levels before and after training
  3. Survey with Likert scale questions about energy levels at different times of day
  4. Interview with teachers about students' classroom participation
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  Survey with Likert scale questions about energy levels at different times of day

  • Survey with Likert scale questions is most appropriate because perceived energy levels are subjective experiences that are best measured through self-reporting.
  • A structured survey using a Likert scale (e.g., rating energy from 1-5) allows for quantifiable data collection about participants’ internal experiences throughout the day, which cannot be directly observed or measured through physiological tests.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Inappropriate because energy levels are subjective internal states that cannot be reliably observed externally.
  • B is incorrect: Measures a physiological marker (ATP) rather than perceived energy levels, which is not what the research question is investigating.
  • D is incorrect: Relies on secondhand perceptions rather than direct reports from the participants experiencing the energy levels.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 433

After conducting an investigation into how a 12-week aerobic training program affected blood pressure responses to submaximal exercise, a student found that while resting blood pressure decreased for most participants, the blood pressure response during exercise showed minimal change.

Propose TWO further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer – or similar questions and reasons with required detail

  • “Is there a relationship between age and the blood pressure response to aerobic training at rest versus during exercise?” would investigate whether demographic factors influence how different aspects of blood pressure regulation adapt to training.
    • This question is valuable because it could help explain why resting blood pressure improved while exercise blood pressure didn’t, by examining whether age-related factors influence different physiological responses.
  • “How do the blood pressure responses at rest and during exercise compare between participants who reported high versus low enjoyment of the training program?” examines psychological influences on physiological responses.
    • This question explores the mind-body connection in exercise responses, potentially revealing whether engagement and enjoyment of the training program influences physiological adaptations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – or similar questions and reasons with required detail

  • “Is there a relationship between age and the blood pressure response to aerobic training at rest versus during exercise?” would investigate whether demographic factors influence how different aspects of blood pressure regulation adapt to training.
    • This question is valuable because it could help explain why resting blood pressure improved while exercise blood pressure didn’t, by examining whether age-related factors influence different physiological responses.
  • “How do the blood pressure responses at rest and during exercise compare between participants who reported high versus low enjoyment of the training program?” examines psychological influences on physiological responses.
    • This question explores the mind-body connection in exercise responses, potentially revealing whether engagement and enjoyment of the training program influences physiological adaptations.

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 7

Points and form a triangle in the Cartesian Plane.

  1. Find the vectors and .    (1 mark)

  2. Find the angle  ,  giving your answer to the nearest degree.     (2 marks)

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a.     
           

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.      
         


 

b.   

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 430

A student investigated the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during a progressive aerobic exercise test. Results showed a strong correlation for most participants, but some individuals consistently reported lower perceived exertion despite similar heart rates to other participants.

Propose TWO further research questions based on these findings and explain how each question could enhance understanding of physiological responses to aerobic exercise.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How does previous exercise experience affect the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during aerobic exercise?” directly addresses why some participants might perceive exercise differently despite similar physiological responses.
    • This question would enhance understanding of physiological responses by exploring how familiarity with exercise sensations might influence how individuals interpret and report their body’s responses during aerobic activity.
  • “Would the same disconnect between perceived exertion and heart rate occur during different types of aerobic activities, such as cycling versus running?” examines whether the physiological response patterns are activity-specific.
    • This question would improve understanding of how different exercise modes might produce varying relationships between objective measures (heart rate) and subjective feelings (perceived exertion), helping to explain individual differences in physiological responses.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How does previous exercise experience affect the relationship between perceived exertion and heart rate during aerobic exercise?” directly addresses why some participants might perceive exercise differently despite similar physiological responses.
    • This question would enhance understanding of physiological responses by exploring how familiarity with exercise sensations might influence how individuals interpret and report their body’s responses during aerobic activity.
  • “Would the same disconnect between perceived exertion and heart rate occur during different types of aerobic activities, such as cycling versus running?” examines whether the physiological response patterns are activity-specific.
    • This question would improve understanding of how different exercise modes might produce varying relationships between objective measures (heart rate) and subjective feelings (perceived exertion), helping to explain individual differences in physiological responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 428

A student investigated changes in lactate threshold following an 8-week high-intensity interval training program in recreational runners. The results showed an average 9% improvement in the speed at lactate threshold, but no significant change in maximum heart rate.

Identify TWO further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “Would a longer duration training program (e.g., 12 or 16 weeks) continue to improve lactate threshold at the same rate?” directly builds on the findings by exploring the duration aspect of the training program.
  • “How do these improvements in lactate threshold relate to changes in submaximal exercise performance?” connects the physiological measurement to practical outcomes that are observable in Year 11 investigations.
  • “Would different types of high-intensity interval training (varying work-to-rest ratios) produce different improvements in lactate threshold?” examines how modifying the exercise protocol might influence the physiological responses observed.
  • “Is there a correlation between initial fitness levels and the magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold following the training program?” explores individual differences in physiological responses to the same training stimulus.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “Would a longer duration training program (e.g., 12 or 16 weeks) continue to improve lactate threshold at the same rate?” directly builds on the findings by exploring the duration aspect of the training program.
  • “How do these improvements in lactate threshold relate to changes in submaximal exercise performance?” connects the physiological measurement to practical outcomes that are observable in Year 11 investigations.
  • “Would different types of high-intensity interval training (varying work-to-rest ratios) produce different improvements in lactate threshold?” examines how modifying the exercise protocol might influence the physiological responses observed.
  • “Is there a correlation between initial fitness levels and the magnitude of improvement in lactate threshold following the training program?” explores individual differences in physiological responses to the same training stimulus.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 7

(Insert question diagram here)

With reference to the diagram provided, determine the angle of inclination at which the system remains in static equilibrium.   (2 marks)

(Assume the inclined plane is frictionless)

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Show Worked Solution

→ For the system to be in static equilibrium, the force of the 500 g block, , down the slope must be equal to the weight force of the 250 g block, .

 
 
 

 

→ The angle of inclination needs to be .

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 6

A worker is using a pulley system to lift and lower a container at a construction site. The empty container has a mass of 5.0 kg, and when loaded with bricks, its mass increases to 18 kg.

The container is lowered vertically with a constant acceleration of 3.2 m/s². Later, it is lifted back up at a constant speed of 2.8 m/s.

  1. Calculate the tension in the rope while the container is being lowered.   (2 marks)
  1. Calculate the tension in the rope while the container is being raised.   (1 mark)
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a.   

 

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    The total force on the system , as the force due to gravity acts in the opposite direction to the tension force in the rope.

 
 
   
   

 

b.    When the container is being raised, it is being raised at a constant speed, hence the total force on the system is . 

→

.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 18

A helicopter is cruising with an airspeed, , of 220 km/h. The pilot wishes for its ground track to be directly due south. However, a crosswind, , of 60 km/h is blowing from the west.

Using a vector diagram, in which direction should the pilot steer the helicopter to achieve a due south course?   (3 marks)

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SW

Show Worked Solution

(Insert diagram here)

→ Using the diagram above:

 
 

 

→ The pilot must steer the helicopter SW.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 003 MC

The following sources present different meanings of health:

  • Source 1: "Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism."
  • Source 2: "Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living."
  • Source 3: "Health is a dynamic state of wellbeing characterised by physical, mental, and social potential."

Which of the following statements MOST accurately analyses how these sources reflect different meanings of health?

  1. Sources 1, 2, and 3 all reflect that health is primarily about physical functioning.
  2. Source 2 reflects a sociocultural model while Sources 1 and 3 reflect biomedical models.
  3. Source 1 reflects a biomedical view while Sources 2 and 3 reflect holistic approaches.
  4. Sources 1, 2, and 3 all reflect that health is a fixed state rather than dynamic.
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Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct because Source 1 presents a biomedical view (functional/metabolic efficiency), while Sources 2 and 3 reflect more holistic approaches (resource for life, dynamic state including multiple dimensions)

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Only Source 1 focuses primarily on physical functioning.
  • B is incorrect: Source 3 also reflects a holistic approach, not a biomedical model.
  • D is incorrect: Source 3 explicitly states health is “dynamic” and Source 2 implies a changing resource, not a fixed state.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 002 MC

The World Health Organisation defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

How does this definition BEST reflect current understandings of health in Australia?

  1. It prioritises the absence of disease over the need for physical and mental wellbeing.
  2. It recognises the multidimensional nature of health beyond just physical considerations.
  3. It places greater emphasis on mental health compared to physical and social wellbeing.
  4. It focuses primarily on preventing disease rather than promoting overall wellbeing.
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Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct because the definition acknowledges the multidimensional nature of health (physical, mental, and social).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The WHO definition explicitly states health is “not merely the absence of disease”
  • C is incorrect: The definition gives equal weight to physical, mental, and social aspects of health
  • D is incorrect: The definition emphasizes wellbeing across multiple dimensions rather than just disease prevention

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 426

After investigating the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on respiratory rate during submaximal exercise, a student found that while recovery time improved for all participants, the magnitude of improvement varied considerably across the study group of 15 Year 11 students.

Propose TWO appropriate further research questions that could be explored based on these findings.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any TWO of the following or similar with adequate detail.

  • “How does the type of aerobic training (continuous vs. interval) affect respiratory recovery time improvements?” would investigate whether different training methods produce varying magnitudes of adaptation.
  • “Is there a relationship between respiratory recovery improvements and changes in other physiological measures such as heart rate recovery or VO₂ max?” would examine connections between different physiological adaptations to determine if they occur proportionally.
  • “How does initial fitness level affect the magnitude of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training?” would help identify whether pre-training fitness explains the variation in improvement between participants.
  • “Do respiratory adaptations continue at the same rate beyond 10 weeks of training, or does improvement plateau?” would determine the optimal duration for maximum benefits from the training program.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • “How does the type of aerobic training (continuous vs. interval) affect respiratory recovery time improvements?” would investigate whether different training methods produce varying magnitudes of adaptation.
  • “Is there a relationship between respiratory recovery improvements and changes in other physiological measures such as heart rate recovery or VO₂ max?” would examine connections between different physiological adaptations to determine if they occur proportionally.
  • “How does initial fitness level affect the magnitude of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training?” would help identify whether pre-training fitness explains the variation in improvement between participants.
  • “Do respiratory adaptations continue at the same rate beyond 10 weeks of training, or does improvement plateau?” would determine the optimal duration for maximum benefits from the training program.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 5

Consider the system below:

Two blocks are connected by a light, inextensible string that passes over a frictionless pulley, as shown in the diagram. The 3.0 kg block rests on a smooth, horizontal surface, while the other 6.0 kg block hangs vertically off the edge of the table.

  1.  Calculate the acceleration of the entire system.   (3 marks)
  1. Hence, determine the magnitude of the tension, , in the string at point .   (1 mark)
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a.    

 

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    

   

→ By substituting the first equation into the second equation:

 
 
 
 
   

 

b.   

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 4

A crate is being pushed up a rough incline that is angled at to the horizontal. The frictional force acting between the crate and the surface is .

  1. On the diagram provided, draw and label all the forces acting on the crate as it is pushed up the incline.   (3 marks)

  1. Calculate the magnitude of the applied force required to accelerate the crate up the incline at    (2 marks)
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a.    
     

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    
       

→ The frictional force acts down the slope in this scenario because frictional forces oppose the direction of motion and the motion in this situation is up the slope.

 

b.    Weight force acting down the slope

→ Total force down the slope    (weight force down the slope + frictional force)

 
 
   

 

→ The force, , acting up the slope needs to be .

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 2 MC

A 25 kg object is hanging from a string and is being pulled sideways by a force , so that the string makes an angle of 40° with the vertical, as shown in the diagram. The object remains stationary, hence determine the magnitude of the force pulling on the object?
 

  1. 115 N
  2. 157 N
  3. 191 N
  4. 206 N
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Show Worked Solution

 
 
   
   

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 422 MC

A student conducted research on changes in lung capacity following an 8-week aerobic swimming program. The results showed significant improvements in vital capacity but no change in forced expiratory volume.

Which research question would most logically build upon these findings?

  1. How does swimming compare to cycling for developing respiratory fitness?
  2. Does vital capacity continue to improve beyond 8 weeks of swim training?
  3. Why does vital capacity improve while forced expiratory volume remains unchanged during swim training?
  4. What is the best way to measure lung capacity changes in adolescent swimmers?
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Why does vital capacity improve while forced expiratory volume remains unchanged during swim training?

  • This option directly addresses the unexpected discrepancy found in the results – that vital capacity improved but forced expiratory volume did not.
  • This question seeks to understand the physiological mechanisms behind this finding, which represents the most logical next step in building knowledge from the original investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Compares different types of training rather than building on the specific findings of this study.
  • B is incorrect: Only focuses on the duration of effects for one parameter without addressing the discrepancy.
  • D is incorrect: Focuses on measurement methodology rather than understanding the physiological response discovered.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 416

A research team is investigating the relationship between aerobic training and blood pressure responses.

Discuss the importance of using valid and reliable data collection methods when investigating physiological responses to aerobic training.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Valid data collection methods ensure that the physiological variables being measured (such as blood pressure) genuinely reflect the aerobic training adaptations being studied, rather than confounding factors like measurement timing or technique.
  • Reliable methods allow researchers to attribute observed changes to the training intervention rather than to inconsistencies in measurement technique, equipment performance, or environmental conditions.
  • The combination of validity and reliability enables accurate quantification of training effects, which is crucial for determining optimal training prescriptions for specific health outcomes like blood pressure reduction.
  • Invalid or unreliable methods may lead to incorrect conclusions about the effectiveness of aerobic training interventions, potentially resulting in inappropriate exercise recommendations that could impact health outcomes.
  • Scientifically sound data collection methods enhance the credibility of findings among the scientific community, facilitating knowledge translation from research to practical applications in fitness and health settings.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Valid data collection methods ensure that the physiological variables being measured (such as blood pressure) genuinely reflect the aerobic training adaptations being studied, rather than confounding factors like measurement timing or technique.
  • Reliable methods allow researchers to attribute observed changes to the training intervention rather than to inconsistencies in measurement technique, equipment performance, or environmental conditions.
  • The combination of validity and reliability enables accurate quantification of training effects, which is crucial for determining optimal training prescriptions for specific health outcomes like blood pressure reduction.
  • Invalid or unreliable methods may lead to incorrect conclusions about the effectiveness of aerobic training interventions, potentially resulting in inappropriate exercise recommendations that could impact health outcomes.
  • Scientifically sound data collection methods enhance the credibility of findings among the scientific community, facilitating knowledge translation from research to practical applications in fitness and health settings.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 414

A student is investigating changes in respiratory rate during submaximal exercise following an 8-week aerobic training program.

Compare the validity and reliability in the context of this physiological investigation.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Validity in this investigation refers to whether respiratory rate measurements accurately reflect the physiological adaptations to aerobic training.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements across multiple testing sessions.
  • High validity would be achieved by ensuring the exercise protocol adequately challenges the respiratory system at appropriate intensities to demonstrate training effects.
  • High reliability would be achieved through consistent counting methods and standardised breathing pattern instructions.
  • Validity might be compromised if respiratory rate is measured during inappropriate exercise intensities that don’t reflect aerobic adaptations.
  • Reliability might be compromised if different counting methods are used pre- and post-training.
  • Both validity and reliability are essential yet distinct qualities;
    • Valid but unreliable measurements would accurately reflect respiratory adaptations but produce inconsistent results
    • While reliable but invalid measurements would yield consistent results that don’t actually represent the training adaptations being studied.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Validity in this investigation refers to whether respiratory rate measurements accurately reflect the physiological adaptations to aerobic training.
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements across multiple testing sessions.
  • High validity would be achieved by ensuring the exercise protocol adequately challenges the respiratory system at appropriate intensities to demonstrate training effects.
  • High reliability would be achieved through consistent counting methods and standardised breathing pattern instructions.
  • Validity might be compromised if respiratory rate is measured during inappropriate exercise intensities that don’t reflect aerobic adaptations.
  • Reliability might be compromised if different counting methods are used pre- and post-training.
  • Both validity and reliability are essential yet distinct qualities;
    • Valid but unreliable measurements would accurately reflect respiratory adaptations but produce inconsistent results
    • While reliable but invalid measurements would yield consistent results that don’t actually represent the training adaptations being studied.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 1 MC

A 950 kg car is resting on a ramp inclined at 40 to the horizontal, as shown in the diagram. The surface of the ramp applies a small frictional force of 0.3 N on the car.

Which of the following expressions correctly calculates the component of the car’s weight acting parallel to the ramp?

  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4.  
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Show Worked Solution

→ Force down the slope can be calculated using the diagram above:

 
 
   

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 412

A Year 11 student is investigating the effects of a 6-week aerobic training program on lactic acid threshold in recreational runners.

Explain how the student could enhance the reliability of their data collection.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Standardise testing protocols by conducting all threshold tests at the same time of day to minimise variation from circadian rhythms that affect physiological responses.
  • Ensure consistent testing conditions including temperature, humidity and surface type for all pre and post-training assessments.
  • Use the same calibrated equipment throughout the entire investigation to eliminate measurement discrepancies from different devices.
  • Provide clear, detailed instructions to participants regarding pre-test preparations (such as sleep, nutrition, and prior exercise) to control extraneous variables that could impact results.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Standardise testing protocols by conducting all threshold tests at the same time of day to minimise variation from circadian rhythms that affect physiological responses.
  • Ensure consistent testing conditions including temperature, humidity and surface type for all pre and post-training assessments.
  • Use the same calibrated equipment throughout the entire investigation to eliminate measurement discrepancies from different devices.
  • Provide clear, detailed instructions to participants regarding pre-test preparations (such as sleep, nutrition, and prior exercise) to control extraneous variables that could impact results.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 410 MC

A fitness instructor wants to investigate the effect of different aerobic training intensities on resting heart rate. Which data collection method would yield the most credible results?

  1. Having participants self-report their resting heart rates each morning.
  2. Using a standardised laboratory protocol with calibrated heart rate monitors.
  3. Conducting manual pulse readings by different staff members throughout the week.
  4. Measuring heart rates immediately after participants arrive at the fitness center.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • Using a standardised laboratory protocol with calibrated equipment provides the most credible results because it controls for variables and ensures measurements are taken under consistent conditions with accurate, scientifically validated equipment.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Lacks credibility due to potential inconsistencies in self-reporting methods and participant error.
  • C is incorrect: Introduces variability from different staff members’ measuring techniques, reducing reliability.
  • D is incorrect: Problematic because measurements taken immediately upon arrival can be influenced by recent activity (walking, driving, etc.), not truly reflecting resting heart rate.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 16

A small plane is flying due south at 80 m/s. It makes a smooth 90° turn over 20 seconds and ends up flying due east at 60 m/s.

  1. Draw a vector diagram showing the change in velocity vector of the small plane.   (2 marks) 
  1. Calculate the average acceleration (magnitude and direction) during the turn.   (2 marks) 
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a.    
             

b.    .

Show Worked Solution

a.   
 

b.    
   
   

 

 
 

 
The average acceleration of the plane is .

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 408 MC

A researcher is investigating the impact of aerobic training on VO₂ max over an 8-week period. Which of the following data collection approaches would most significantly improve the validity of the research?

  1. Testing participants using the same equipment at the same time of day for each measurement.
  2. Using a control group of participants who do not participate in the aerobic training program.
  3. Recruiting a large sample of 1,000 participants from diverse fitness backgrounds.
  4. Publishing the research findings in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 

  • Using a control group improves validity because it allows researchers to determine whether changes in VO₂ max are due to the aerobic training intervention rather than other factors (like maturation or external variables).
  • This helps establish causality and strengthens the internal validity of the investigation.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Improves reliability (consistency of measurements) but doesn’t primarily address validity.
  • C is incorrect: May improve generalisability (external validity) but doesn’t specifically address whether the test accurately measures the impact of aerobic training.
  • D is incorrect: Relates to credibility through peer review but occurs after data collection and doesn’t impact the validity of the original data collection method.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 15

A drone is flying east at 18 m/s and begins a smooth turn that lasts 8 seconds. After completing the turn, it is flying north at 10 m/s.

  1. Represent the drone’s change in velocity using a labelled vector diagram.   (2 marks)
  1. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the drone’s change in velocity.   (2 marks)
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a.    
         

b.    Change in velocity = 20.59 m/s, N60.9W.  

Show Worked Solution

a.    

         
 

b.    Using Pythagoras’s theorem:

 
 
   

 
Change in velocity = 20.59 m/s, N60.9W.  

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 14

A boat is trying to cross a river that is 200 meters wide. The boat’s speed in still water is 5 m/s. The river flows eastward with a current of 3 m/s.

  1. If the boat heads straight north (perpendicular to the current), using a vector diagram. determine the magnitude and direction of its velocity relative to the ground?   (3 marks)

  1. How far downstream (east) will the boat have drifted by the time it reaches the opposite bank?   (1 mark)

  1. At what angle should the boat be aimed (relative to north) so that it reaches directly across from its starting point?   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.    The velocity of the boat relative to the ground is 5.83 m/s N31E.

b.   

c.    The boat should head N36.9W.

Show Worked Solution

a.    Using the vector diagrams below

  The velocity of the boat relative to the ground is 5.83 m/s N31E.
 

b.    
         

 
 
   

 
c.    
         

  The boat should head N36.9W.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 403

Explain the importance of debriefing participants after they complete an investigation into physiological responses to aerobic training.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Debriefing fulfills the ethical obligation to educate participants by explaining the purpose, methods, and findings of the investigation in accessible language.
  • Sharing individual results privately with each participant respects their right to access their own physiological data and understand what it means for their health.
  • Debriefing provides an opportunity to identify and address any negative experiences, discomforts, or misconceptions participants may have had during the investigation.
  • Explaining how participants’ data contributed to the overall findings acknowledges their valuable contribution and demonstrates respect for their involvement.
  • Proper debriefing enhances the educational value of the investigation for participants, turning their participation into a meaningful learning experience about their own physiology.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Debriefing fulfills the ethical obligation to educate participants by explaining the purpose, methods, and findings of the investigation in accessible language.
  • Sharing individual results privately with each participant respects their right to access their own physiological data and understand what it means for their health.
  • Debriefing provides an opportunity to identify and address any negative experiences, discomforts, or misconceptions participants may have had during the investigation.
  • Explaining how participants’ data contributed to the overall findings acknowledges their valuable contribution and demonstrates respect for their involvement.
  • Proper debriefing enhances the educational value of the investigation for participants, turning their participation into a meaningful learning experience about their own physiology.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 399

Discuss the ethical considerations related to screening participants before their involvement in an investigation of physiological responses to moderate-intensity aerobic training.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Pre-participation health screening questionnaires are ethically essential to identify individuals with health conditions that might put them at risk during aerobic exercise.
  • Screening protocols must balance thoroughness with respect for privacy, asking only relevant health questions necessary to determine safe participation.
  • Exclusion of individuals based on screening results must be handled sensitively to avoid stigmatisation while prioritising participant safety.
  • Researchers have an ethical duty of care to ensure participants are physically capable of completing the aerobic training protocol without undue risk of adverse events.
  • Screening results must be kept confidential and stored securely with access limited to only those directly involved in participant safety decisions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Pre-participation health screening questionnaires are ethically essential to identify individuals with health conditions that might put them at risk during aerobic exercise.
  • Screening protocols must balance thoroughness with respect for privacy, asking only relevant health questions necessary to determine safe participation.
  • Exclusion of individuals based on screening results must be handled sensitively to avoid stigmatisation while prioritising participant safety.
  • Researchers have an ethical duty of care to ensure participants are physically capable of completing the aerobic training protocol without undue risk of adverse events.
  • Screening results must be kept confidential and stored securely with access limited to only those directly involved in participant safety decisions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 394 MC

A student plans to collect blood samples to measure lactate levels during an investigation of aerobic training responses. Which of the following represents the most significant ethical concern?

  1. The cost of blood sampling equipment
  2. The time required to analyse blood samples
  3. The need for specialised laboratory equipment
  4. The invasive nature of the procedure and participant discomfort
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: The invasive nature of the procedure and participant discomfort

  • The invasive nature of blood sampling raises ethical concerns about participant discomfort, potential harm, and requires careful consideration of risks versus benefits.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Cost is a practical consideration, not primarily an ethical concern.
  • B is incorrect: Time requirements are logistical concerns, not ethical issues.
  • C is incorrect: Equipment needs are methodological considerations, not ethical concerns.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 391

Compare TWO different methods for measuring oxygen consumption during aerobic training.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

Metabolic cart versus fitness tracker

  • A metabolic cart with mask and gas analysers directly measures oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output providing precise VO₂ data, while fitness trackers estimate oxygen consumption based on heart rate and movement patterns.
  • Direct measurement via metabolic cart provides gold-standard accuracy but requires expensive equipment and restricts normal movement patterns during exercise.
  • Fitness trackers offer convenience and continuous monitoring during various activities but have limited accuracy, typically 10-20% error compared to direct measurement.
  • Metabolic carts can identify precise aerobic thresholds through gas exchange analysis while fitness trackers can only estimate these based on heart rate algorithms.
  • Both methods require proper calibration, but metabolic carts need more extensive technical expertise to operate correctly and interpret the resulting data.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Metabolic cart versus fitness tracker

  • A metabolic cart with mask and gas analysers directly measures oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output providing precise VO₂ data, while fitness trackers estimate oxygen consumption based on heart rate and movement patterns.
  • Direct measurement via metabolic cart provides gold-standard accuracy but requires expensive equipment and restricts normal movement patterns during exercise.
  • Fitness trackers offer convenience and continuous monitoring during various activities but have limited accuracy, typically 10-20% error compared to direct measurement.
  • Metabolic carts can identify precise aerobic thresholds through gas exchange analysis while fitness trackers can only estimate these based on heart rate algorithms.
  • Both methods require proper calibration, but metabolic carts need more extensive technical expertise to operate correctly and interpret the resulting data.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 387

Explain the advantages and limitations of using a Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale when collecting data on aerobic training responses.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • The RPE scale provides subjective data on exercise intensity without requiring specialised equipment, making it accessible for all research settings.
  • Participants can provide RPE ratings without interrupting their exercise, allowing continuous data collection throughout an aerobic session.
  • The subjective nature of RPE introduces potential reliability issues as perception varies between individuals based on fitness levels and pain tolerance.
  • Prior training of participants in using the RPE scale correctly is essential to ensure consistency in how ratings are assigned.
  • RPE provides valuable complementary data when used alongside objective physiological measures such as heart rate or ventilation rate, creating a more complete picture of exercise responses.
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Sample Answer

  • The RPE scale provides subjective data on exercise intensity without requiring specialised equipment, making it accessible for all research settings.
  • Participants can provide RPE ratings without interrupting their exercise, allowing continuous data collection throughout an aerobic session.
  • The subjective nature of RPE introduces potential reliability issues as perception varies between individuals based on fitness levels and pain tolerance.
  • Prior training of participants in using the RPE scale correctly is essential to ensure consistency in how ratings are assigned.
  • RPE provides valuable complementary data when used alongside objective physiological measures such as heart rate or ventilation rate, creating a more complete picture of exercise responses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 382 MC

A student is collecting data on respiratory responses to aerobic training. Which combination of methods would provide the most comprehensive data?

  1. Heart rate monitor and blood pressure cuff
  2. Questionnaire about breathing difficulty and perceived exertion
  3. Oxygen saturation monitor and facial observation
  4. Spirometer and counting breaths per minute
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D:  Spirometer and counting breaths per minute

  • A spirometer measures volume of air moved while counting breaths measures frequency, providing both quantitative aspects of respiratory response.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: These methods measure cardiovascular, not respiratory responses.
  • B is incorrect: Provides subjective data only, lacking objective respiratory measurements.
  • C is incorrect: Oxygen saturation doesn’t directly measure respiratory function and facial observation is subjective.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 376

A student wants to investigate how heart rate changes during a 5km run. Explain how they could refine this initial idea into a well-structured research question for investigating physiological responses to aerobic training.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Specify the exact physiological response by focusing on particular aspects of heart rate (resting, maximum, recovery rate, or recovery time).
  • Define the exercise conditions clearly, including the pace of the run (time-based or percentage of maximum effort).
  • Consider participant characteristics that might be relevant to include in the question (age, fitness level, training experience).
  • Identify whether the question will examine immediate responses or adaptations over multiple training sessions.
  • A refined research question might be: “How does heart rate respond and recover in 16-18 year old students when completing a 5km run at 70% of their estimated maximum heart rate?”
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Specify the exact physiological response by focusing on particular aspects of heart rate (resting, maximum, recovery rate, or recovery time).
  • Define the exercise conditions clearly, including the pace of the run (time-based or percentage of maximum effort).
  • Consider participant characteristics that might be relevant to include in the question (age, fitness level, training experience).
  • Identify whether the question will examine immediate responses or adaptations over multiple training sessions.
  • A refined research question might be: “How does heart rate respond and recover in 16-18 year old students when completing a 5km run at 70% of their estimated maximum heart rate?”

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 373

Explain how you would develop an appropriate research question to investigate the relationship between aerobic training and recovery heart rate.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Begin by identifying the specific aspect of recovery heart rate to be examined (rate of decline, time to return to baseline, or percentage recovery at set time points).
  • Define the aerobic training stimulus precisely, including intensity (e.g., percentage of maximum heart rate) and duration of the exercise.
  • Consider the timeframe for measuring recovery (immediate post-exercise and at what intervals thereafter).
  • Ensure the question is measurable using available equipment such as heart rate monitors or pulse palpation techniques.
  • Refine the question to be specific, clear, and focused on a single relationship rather than multiple variables, such as “How does a 15-minute run at 70% maximum heart rate affect the time taken for heart rate to return to within 10% of resting values?”
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Begin by identifying the specific aspect of recovery heart rate to be examined (rate of decline, time to return to baseline, or percentage recovery at set time points).
  • Define the aerobic training stimulus precisely, including intensity (e.g., percentage of maximum heart rate) and duration of the exercise.
  • Consider the timeframe for measuring recovery (immediate post-exercise and at what intervals thereafter).
  • Ensure the question is measurable using available equipment such as heart rate monitors or pulse palpation techniques.
  • Refine the question to be specific, clear, and focused on a single relationship rather than multiple variables, such as “How does a 15-minute run at 70% maximum heart rate affect the time taken for heart rate to return to within 10% of resting values?”

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 371 MC

A student wants to create a research question about aerobic training and its effects on the body. Which of the following elements is MOST essential to include in their research question?

  1. The time of day when training occurs
  2. The specific physiological parameter being measured
  3. The gender of the participants
  4. The location where the research will be conducted
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: The specific physiological parameter being measured

  • A well-formed research question about physiological responses must specify which physiological parameter (e.g., heart rate, ventilation rate, blood lactate) is being investigated.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Time of day may be a controlled variable but isn’t essential in the research question itself.
  • C is incorrect: Gender may be a demographic factor to consider but isn’t essential in forming the basic research question.
  • D is incorrect: Location is a methodological detail but not essential to the core research question formation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 369 MC

A student is researching the effect of aerobic training on lactate threshold. Which method would provide the most valid data for this investigation?

  1. Taking blood samples to measure lactate levels at various exercise intensities
  2. Interviewing participants about how tired they feel after training
  3. Surveying participants about their preferred aerobic activities
  4. Observing participants' facial expressions during exercise
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Taking blood samples to measure lactate levels at various exercise intensities

  • Taking blood samples to measure lactate concentration at different exercise intensities provides direct, objective data about lactate threshold.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Subjective feedback about tiredness is not a direct measure of lactate threshold.
  • C is incorrect: Preferences for activities don’t provide data about physiological lactate responses.
  • D is incorrect: Facial expressions are subjective and not related to measuring lactate thresholds.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 366

A student has been asked to design a research question investigating the physiological responses to aerobic training in school students. Evaluate what ethical considerations should be addressed and how the student might ensure validity and reliability in their data collection.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Obtain informed consent from participants and parents/guardians for minors, clearly explaining procedures and potential discomforts
  • Screen participants for pre-existing conditions that might affect results or pose health risks during testing
  • Ensure privacy and confidentiality of physiological data collected from participants
  • Control variables such as time of day, prior food intake, and recent activity to ensure reliable results
  • Use standardised protocols for measuring heart rate, ventilation rate and other physiological responses
  • Employ calibrated equipment such as heart rate monitors and respiratory measurement devices to ensure accuracy
  • Include appropriate sample size and demographic representation to allow for meaningful conclusions
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Obtain informed consent from participants and parents/guardians for minors, clearly explaining procedures and potential discomforts
  • Screen participants for pre-existing conditions that might affect results or pose health risks during testing
  • Ensure privacy and confidentiality of physiological data collected from participants
  • Control variables such as time of day, prior food intake, and recent activity to ensure reliable results
  • Use standardised protocols for measuring heart rate, ventilation rate and other physiological responses
  • Employ calibrated equipment such as heart rate monitors and respiratory measurement devices to ensure accuracy
  • Include appropriate sample size and demographic representation to allow for meaningful conclusions

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 364

A student is conducting research on their physiological responses to a 30-minute jog. Outline what data they should collect and how they could analyse the results to understand their aerobic training responses.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Collect heart rate data before, during and after the jog using a heart rate monitor to track cardiovascular response
  • Measure ventilation rate by counting breaths per minute at regular intervals to assess respiratory response
  • Record ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on a scale of 6-20 to correlate physiological responses with subjective feelings
  • Track recovery time by measuring how long it takes for heart rate to return to within 10% of resting
  • Analyse data by creating graphs showing changes over time and comparing results to established norms or previous personal results
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Collect heart rate data before, during and after the jog using a heart rate monitor to track cardiovascular response
  • Measure ventilation rate by counting breaths per minute at regular intervals to assess respiratory response
  • Record ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on a scale of 6-20 to correlate physiological responses with subjective feelings
  • Track recovery time by measuring how long it takes for heart rate to return to within 10% of resting
  • Analyse data by creating graphs showing changes over time and comparing results to established norms or previous personal results

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 362

Describe the relationship between heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during aerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Cardiac output increases during aerobic training due to increases in both heart rate and stroke volume
  • Heart rate increases proportionally to exercise intensity, often reaching 120-180 beats per minute depending on fitness and intensity
  • Stroke volume increases initially but plateaus at moderate intensity exercise
  • The relationship can be expressed as Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume, showing how both components contribute to increased blood flow
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Cardiac output increases during aerobic training due to increases in both heart rate and stroke volume
  • Heart rate increases proportionally to exercise intensity, often reaching 120-180 beats per minute depending on fitness and intensity
  • Stroke volume increases initially but plateaus at moderate intensity exercise
  • The relationship can be expressed as Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume, showing how both components contribute to increased blood flow