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HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 054

Explain how predictive analytics using big data can reduce healthcare spending in Australia, providing two specific examples.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Predictive analytics reduces healthcare spending because it enables early disease detection through statistical analysis of patient data. This works by analysing patient records, genetic information and lifestyle factors to identify high-risk individuals before symptoms appear.
  • As a result, healthcare providers can implement preventative measures that cost significantly less than treating advanced diseases. This occurs because early-stage treatments are simpler and require fewer resources than late-stage interventions.
  • For instance, when predictive models identify patients at risk of developing diabetes, doctors can prescribe lifestyle changes and monitoring. This leads to reduced spending as these preventative measures cost far less than managing diabetes complications like kidney failure.
  • Another example is using predictive analytics to forecast hospital readmissions. This happens when data identifies patients likely to relapse after discharge. As a result, follow-up care can be arranged earlier, which prevents expensive further hospital stays.
  • In these ways, predictive analytics creates a shift from expensive reactive care to cost-effective preventative care.
Show Worked Solution
  • Predictive analytics reduces healthcare spending because it enables early disease detection through statistical analysis of patient data. This works by analysing patient records, genetic information and lifestyle factors to identify high-risk individuals before symptoms appear.
  • As a result, healthcare providers can implement preventative measures that cost significantly less than treating advanced diseases. This occurs because early-stage treatments are simpler and require fewer resources than late-stage interventions.
  • For instance, when predictive models identify patients at risk of developing diabetes, doctors can prescribe lifestyle changes and monitoring. This leads to reduced spending as these preventative measures cost far less than managing diabetes complications like kidney failure.
  • Another example is using predictive analytics to forecast hospital readmissions. This happens when data identifies patients likely to relapse after discharge. As a result, follow-up care can be arranged earlier, which prevents expensive further hospital stays.
  • In these ways, predictive analytics creates a shift from expensive reactive care to cost-effective preventative care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 053

Describe how the three Vs (Volume, Velocity, and Variety) characterise big data in the Australian healthcare system.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The three Vs characterise big data in Australian healthcare by defining its scale and complexity.
  • Volume refers to the extremely large amounts of health data available from sources. These include electronic health records, hospital visits, genetic data, wearable health monitors systems and government databases.
  • Velocity describes the fast speed at which this healthcare data can be accessed, processed and analysed through computer programs. This enables real-time monitoring and rapid decision-making.
  • Variety highlights the diverse formats and sources of healthcare data, ranging from structured databases like the Australian Bureau of Statistics to unstructured data such as digital images and prescription records.
Show Worked Solution
  • The three Vs characterise big data in Australian healthcare by defining its scale and complexity.
  • Volume refers to the extremely large amounts of health data available from sources. These include electronic health records, hospital visits, genetic data, wearable health monitors systems and government databases.
  • Velocity describes the fast speed at which this healthcare data can be accessed, processed and analysed through computer programs. This enables real-time monitoring and rapid decision-making.
  • Variety highlights the diverse formats and sources of healthcare data, ranging from structured databases like the Australian Bureau of Statistics to unstructured data such as digital images and prescription records.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 052

To what extent has big data improved the management of individual health in Australia?    (8 marks)

Show Answers Only
Judgment Statement
  • Big data has moderately improved individual health management in Australia.
  • Strong impacts are seen in personalised care and remote monitoring.
  • However, challenges such as privacy, low uptake and uneven access limit the overall extent.
Personalised and Preventive Care
  • Evidence supporting this includes personalised treatment through analysing genetics, health records and lifestyle data.
  • This allows more accurate diagnoses and tailored interventions for conditions like diabetes or asthma.
  • Predictive analytics highlight at-risk groups earlier which can reduce the need for costly late-stage care.
  • These outcomes show a direct link between big data and improved health management because individuals benefit from earlier detection and targeted treatment plans.
Privacy, Access and Adoption
  • However, it is important to consider that privacy concerns and variable adoption weaken the impact.
  • Many Australians remain cautious about My Health Record due to data breaches and lack of trust.
  • Low digital literacy and poor connectivity in rural areas limit how individuals can use big data tools.
  • Despite this, the stronger factor is that the systems already in place demonstrate clear health improvements when applied effectively.
Reaffirmation
  • In conclusion, big data has moderately improved individual health management.
  • Its strength lies in enabling earlier, tailored and more accurate care.
  • Limitations such as privacy risks and unequal access reduce the overall extent, but government investment will see continued progress in this area.
  • Therefore, the influence of big data is growing and is likely to expand its role in future health management.
Show Worked Solution
Judgment Statement
  • Big data has moderately improved individual health management in Australia.
  • Strong impacts are seen in personalised care and remote monitoring.
  • However, challenges such as privacy, low uptake and uneven access limit the overall extent.
Personalised and Preventive Care
  • Evidence supporting this includes personalised treatment through analysing genetics, health records and lifestyle data.
  • This allows more accurate diagnoses and tailored interventions for conditions like diabetes or asthma.
  • Predictive analytics highlight at-risk groups earlier which can reduce the need for costly late-stage care.
  • These outcomes show a direct link between big data and improved health management because individuals benefit from earlier detection and targeted treatment plans.
Privacy, Access and Adoption
  • However, it is important to consider that privacy concerns and variable adoption weaken the impact.
  • Many Australians remain cautious about My Health Record due to data breaches and lack of trust.
  • Low digital literacy and poor connectivity in rural areas limit how individuals can use big data tools.
  • Despite this, the stronger factor is that the systems already in place demonstrate clear health improvements when applied effectively.
Reaffirmation
  • In conclusion, big data has moderately improved individual health management.
  • Its strength lies in enabling earlier, tailored and more accurate care.
  • Limitations such as privacy risks and unequal access reduce the overall extent, but government investment will see continued progress in this area.
  • Therefore, the influence of big data is growing and is likely to expand its role in future health management.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 051

Explain how big data is shaping health policy in Australia.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Big data provides large volumes of health information that governments can analyse to detect patterns in disease and how health services are used. This occurs because big data links datasets and reveals where resources are most needed.
  • Policymakers use this information to design prevention strategies. As a result, focus shifts from treating illness to preventing it, which reduces long-term costs.
  • The National Health Data Hub connects government and aged care data. This system-level data sharing provides information that has a direct link to better health planning.
  • Big data highlights gaps in service delivery, such as access issues in rural areas. This in turn leads to targeted funding and resource allocation.
  • Further, big data uses predictive analytics to identify chronic disease risks early. This produces evidence that helps policymakers plan long-term strategies.
  • In this way, health policy can prioritise early intervention programs that ultimately result in less demand for hospital beds.
Show Worked Solution
  • Big data provides large volumes of health information that governments can analyse to detect patterns in disease and how health services are used. This occurs because big data links datasets and reveals where resources are most needed.
  • Policymakers use this information to design prevention strategies. As a result, focus shifts from treating illness to preventing it, which reduces long-term costs.
  • The National Health Data Hub connects government and aged care data. This system-level data sharing provides information that has a direct link to better health planning.
  • Big data highlights gaps in service delivery, such as access issues in rural areas. This in turn leads to targeted funding and resource allocation.
  • Further, big data uses predictive analytics to identify chronic disease risks early. This produces evidence that helps policymakers plan long-term strategies.
  • In this way, health policy can prioritise early intervention programs that ultimately result in less demand for hospital beds.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 050

Chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma and heart disease require long-term management strategies.

Describe how big data can be used to support the effective management of these types of conditions.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
Personalised treatment
  • Big data integrates information from electronic health records, genetic testing, and patient lifestyle patterns such as diet, sleep, and exercise.
  • Analysing these combined datasets helps doctors design individual treatment plans, adjust medications and predict likely disease progression.
  • This personalised approach improves outcomes for chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, and cardiovascular disease.
Remote monitoring and support
  • Wearable devices and mobile health apps continuously track data such as heart rate, blood glucose levels and physical activity.
  • Healthcare providers can use this real-time information to detect warning signs early, provide timely interventions, and adjust treatment strategies.
  • This reduces hospital visits, improves adherence to care plans and strengthens long-term disease management.
Show Worked Solution
Personalised treatment
  • Big data integrates information from electronic health records, genetic testing, and patient lifestyle patterns such as diet, sleep, and exercise.
  • Analysing these combined datasets helps doctors design individual treatment plans, adjust medications and predict likely disease progression.
  • This personalised approach improves outcomes for chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, and cardiovascular disease.
Remote monitoring and support
  • Wearable devices and mobile health apps continuously track data such as heart rate, blood glucose levels and physical activity.
  • Healthcare providers can use this real-time information to detect warning signs early, provide timely interventions, and adjust treatment strategies.
  • This reduces hospital visits, improves adherence to care plans and strengthens long-term disease management.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 049

Describe two measures that can be taken to protect privacy and confidentiality when using big data in healthcare.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

System-level security measures

  • Encryption and regular security audits ensure that health data is protected from unauthorised access.
  • Strong access controls limit who can view or modify sensitive information, reducing risks of breaches.

Individual empowerment

  • Patients can provide informed consent, withdraw permission, and correct inaccuracies in their records.
  • These rights increase transparency and give individuals control over how their personal information is used, strengthening trust in big data systems.
Show Worked Solution

System-level security measures

  • Encryption and regular security audits ensure that health data is protected from unauthorised access.
  • Strong access controls limit who can view or modify sensitive information, reducing risks of breaches.

Individual empowerment

  • Patients can provide informed consent, withdraw permission, and correct inaccuracies in their records.
  • These rights increase transparency and give individuals control over how their personal information is used, strengthening trust in big data systems.

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 9 MC

How many molecules are present in 124.0 L of oxygen gas at 298 K and 100 kPa?

  1. 3.0 \(\times\) 10\(^{24}\)
  2. 6.0 \(\times\) 10\(^{24}\)
  3. 3.0 \(\times\) 10\(^{23}\)
  4. 6.0 \(\times\) 10\(^{23}\)
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

\(n = \dfrac{V}{V_m} = \dfrac{124.0}{24.79} = 5.00\ \text{mol}\)

Number of molecules present:

\(N = n \times N_A = 5.00 \times 6.022 \times 10^{23} = 3.0 \times 10^{24}\)

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 063 MC

Which of the following best explains how predictive analytics in big data reduces healthcare spending?

  1. By reducing the need for doctors in diagnosis
  2. By identifying at-risk patients for early intervention and treatment
  3. By replacing expensive medical equipment with computer systems
  4. By reducing the number of healthcare workers needed
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Big data reduces expenditure primarily through early intervention and preventative measures

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: The document doesn’t suggest reducing doctors’ roles. Instead, it emphasises how big data helps physicians make better decisions.
  • C is incorrect: There’s no mention of replacing medical equipment with computers.
  • D is incorrect: The document doesn’t indicate reducing healthcare workers. Rather, it focuses on helping them work more effectively with better data.

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 8

A small community pool generates chlorine gas on site by reacting manganese dioxide \(\ce{(MnO2)}\) with hydrochloric acid. The reaction also forms \(\ce{(MnCl2)}\) and water.

In one batch, a technician adds 87.0 g of \(\ce{MnO2}\) to 400.0 mL of 5.00 M \(\ce{HCl}\). The chlorine produced is collected as a dry gas in a cylinder at 25\(^{\circ}\)C and 100 kPa.

If the process operates at 80% efficiency (overall yield), what volume of chlorine gas will actually be obtained?   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(9.92\ \text{L}\)

Show Worked Solution
  • The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is given by:
  •    \(\ce{MnO2 (s)+ 4HCl (aq) -> MnCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (l)}\)
  •    \(n\ce{(MnO2)} = \dfrac{m}{MM} = \dfrac{87.0}{86.94} = 1.00\ \text{mol}\)
  •    \(n\ce{(HCl)} = c \times V = 5.00 \times 0.400 = 2\ \text{mol}\)
     
  • By the ratios in the chemical equation, 1 mole of manganese dioxide reacts with 4 moles of hydrochloric acid. As there are only 2 moles of hydrochloric acid present in the reaction, \(\ce{HCl}\) is the limiting reagent.
  •    \(n\ce{(Cl2)} = \dfrac{n\ce{(HCl)}}{4} = \dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5\ \text{mol}\)
     
  • As the process is 80% efficient, 0.4 mol of \(\ce{Cl2}\) are produced.
  •    \(V = n \times V_m = 0.4 \times 24.79 = 9.92\ \text{L (3 sig fig)}\)

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 8 MC

When ethanol \(\ce{(C2H5OH)}\) reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of oxygen, it undergoes a charring reaction to form solid carbon, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and water:

\(\ce{C2H5OH (l) + 2H2SO4 (aq) + O2 (g) -> C (s) + CO2 (g) + 5H2O (l) + 2SO2 (g)}\)

What mass of carbon could be produced from the reaction of 9.2 g of ethanol with excess sulfuric acid and oxygen?

  1. 6.0 g
  2. 3.0 g
  3. 2.4 g
  4. 1.5 g
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

\(MM\ce{(C2H5OH)} = 2(12.01) + 6(1.008) + 16.00 = 46.068\ \text{g mol}^{-1}\).

\(n\ce{(C2H5OH)} = \dfrac{9.2}{46.068} = 0.200\ \text{mol}\).

  • Ratio of ethanol to carbon is \(1:1\ \ \Rightarrow\ \) moles of carbon produced will be \(0.200\ \text{mol}\).
  •    \(m\ce{(C)} = n \times MM = 0.200 \times 12.01 = 2.402\ \text{g}\).

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 061 MC

Which of the following is a system-level measure to protect privacy and confidentiality in big data use?

  1. Two-step authentication by individual users
  2. Encryption and regular security audits
  3. Patients withdrawing consent to share data
  4. Updating personal contact information
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Encryption and regular security audits are system-level measures that protect privacy and confidentiality by securing data against unauthorised access and detecting vulnerabilities.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Two-step authentication is a valuable individual-level measure, not a system-wide safeguard.
  • C is incorrect: Withdrawing consent is a protection of an individual’s rights, but not a system-level technical measure.
  • D is incorrect: Updating contact details ensures accuracy of personal information but does not address privacy or confidentiality risks at the system level.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 060 MC

Which option best illustrates the importance of My Health Record in the use of big data?

  1. It allows individuals to restrict all healthcare providers from accessing their records
  2. It reduces the need for any face-to-face consultations
  3. It ensures sensitive health records remain anonymous
  4. It provides a secure platform for storing and sharing health information
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: My Health Record is important in the use of big data because it can securely store and share health information.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: While patients can control access, restricting all providers would reduce the usefulness of big data and limit coordinated care.
  • B is incorrect: Digital records may reduce some visits, but they do not eliminate the need for face-to-face consultations, especially for diagnosis and treatment.
  • C is incorrect: My Health Record does not make data permanently anonymous. Instead, it ensures secure storage with access controls.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 059 MC

Big data contributes to improved management of chronic diseases by:

  1. Reducing the need for regular medical check-ups
  2. Standardising treatment plans for all patients
  3. Subsidising the use of wearable technologies for health monitoring
  4. Analysing patient lifestyle data to tailor treatments
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Big data supports chronic disease management by analysing lifestyle data alongside medical history to deliver personalised treatment.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Big data complements rather than replaces regular check-ups, ensuring care is proactive and continuous.
  • B is incorrect: Big data enables precision medicine, not uniform care.
  • C is incorrect: Big data does not directly subsidise wearable health monitors although it integrates and analyses the data they generate.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 057 MC

Which of the following best shows how big data can help reduce healthcare spending?

  1. Reducing costly late-stage treatments such as organ transplants
  2. Using predictive analytics for early disease detection
  3. Expanding medical error reporting
  4. Increasing the productivity of emergency department staff
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Big data reduces healthcare spending by using predictive analytics for early disease detection, allowing prevention or early intervention which is less costly than advanced treatment.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Reducing costly late-stage treatments is a consequence of earlier detection, not the direct mechanism by which big data operates.
  • C is incorrect: Expanding medical error reporting improves safety but does not itself reduce spending unless paired with analysis and preventative action.
  • D is incorrect: Increasing productivity of emergency staff may improve efficiency but it is primarily workforce management and option B provides a better description.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 056 MC

Which is an example of how big data is currently used in Australian healthcare?

  1. Designing new hospital buildings
  2. Improving health policy through linking datasets
  3. Training nurses in digital record-keeping
  4. Replacing all general practitioners with AI systems
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Big data is currently used to improve health policy through linking datasets, such as through the National Health Data Hub connecting government health and aged care information.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Designing hospital buildings uses planning data, not big data analytics in healthcare delivery.
  • C is incorrect: Digital record keeping is a foundation for collecting information, but on its own it does not represent the linking of datasets that define big data use in healthcare.
  • D is incorrect: AI supports but does not replace general practitioners as human oversight remains essential in healthcare.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 046

Describe two opportunities and two challenges that digital health provides for organisations.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Opportunities:

  • Digital health reduces duplication of services. For example, shared records in My Health Record allow hospitals and GPs to view the same test results, saving time and resources.
  • Improved efficiency in communication. Secure messaging and electronic referrals allow faster transfer of information between providers.

Challenges:

  • High setup and maintenance costs. Organisations must invest in new technology and staff training.
  • Interoperability issues. Different systems are inherently difficulty to integrate and may not connect smoothly, limiting the usefulness of shared data.
Show Worked Solution

Opportunities:

  • Digital health reduces duplication of services. For example, shared records in My Health Record allow hospitals and GPs to view the same test results, saving time and resources.
  • Improved efficiency in communication. Secure messaging and electronic referrals allow faster transfer of information between providers.

Challenges:

  • High setup and maintenance costs. Organisations must invest in new technology and staff training.
  • Interoperability issues. Different systems are inherently difficulty to integrate and may not connect smoothly, limiting the usefulness of shared data.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 045

Describe two challenges digital health creates for individuals and explain how an individual could respond to reduce each challenge.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Answers could include two of the following:

Challenge 1 – Digital literacy barriers
  • Some individuals, particularly older adults, may lack confidence using digital platforms such as My Health Record.
  • Response: An individual could attend digital skills workshops or ask family for support.
Challenge 2 – Privacy and security concerns
  • Sensitive health information stored online can feel unsafe and discourage use.
  • Response: An individual could set strong passwords, enable two-factor authentication and regularly review access permissions in their account settings.

Challenge 3 – Limited internet access

  • People in rural or remote areas may struggle with slow or unreliable internet.
  • Response: Use offline app functions where available, schedule downloads during stronger connection periods or investigate alternative remote broadband suppliers such as Starlink.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include two of the following:

Challenge 1 – Digital literacy barriers
  • Some individuals, particularly older adults, may lack confidence using digital platforms such as My Health Record.
  • Response: An individual could attend digital skills workshops or ask family for support.
Challenge 2 – Privacy and security concerns
  • Sensitive health information stored online can feel unsafe and discourage use.
  • Response: An individual could set strong passwords, enable two-factor authentication and regularly review access permissions in their account settings.

Challenge 3 – Limited internet access

  • People in rural or remote areas may struggle with slow or unreliable internet.
  • Response: Use offline app functions where available, schedule downloads during stronger connection periods or investigate alternative remote broadband suppliers such as Starlink.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 044

To what extent has digital health been successful in connecting health information.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Judgment Statement

  • Digital health has been moderately successful in connecting health information.
  • Strong progress has been made in system infrastructure and coverage, but outcomes are limited by low engagement and incomplete data integration.

Infrastructure Achievement

  • Evidence supporting this includes impressive technical connectivity across healthcare providers.
  • Over 98% of GPs, pharmacies and public hospitals are registered with My Health Record systems.
  • With 24 million records created, most Australians have at least partial health histories digitally stored.
  • One major reason why this represents moderate success is the establishment of interoperable systems enabling real-time data sharing.
  • During COVID-19, telehealth integration highlighted the system’s ability to connect records quickly and effectively.
  • This shows digital health has been highly effective in building infrastructure for information connection nationwide.

Limited Practical Impact

  • However, it is important to consider that only one quarter of Australians actively view their digital health records.
  • Despite extensive infrastructure, specialists and aged care providers remain largely disconnected, reducing the system’s completeness.
  • For example, only 20% of diagnostic imaging data is uploaded, leaving critical information missing.
  • This means connection exists technically but not fully in practice, as limited usage prevents optimal outcomes.
  • This demonstrates that digital health has achieved structural readiness but limited practical impact.

Reaffirmation

  • Overall, digital health has reached moderate success: strong infrastructure with limited real-world utilisation.
  • The government’s ~$1 billion investment into upgrades confirms this realisation and that more development is needed.
  • Therefore, while the foundations are there, future success depends on expanding provider participation and increasing consumer engagement to ensure the system is fully utilised.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Digital health has been moderately successful in connecting health information.
  • Strong progress has been made in system infrastructure and coverage, but outcomes are limited by low engagement and incomplete data integration.

Infrastructure Achievement

  • Evidence supporting this includes impressive technical connectivity across healthcare providers.
  • Over 98% of GPs, pharmacies and public hospitals are registered with My Health Record systems.
  • With 24 million records created, most Australians have at least partial health histories digitally stored.
  • One major reason why this represents moderate success is the establishment of interoperable systems enabling real-time data sharing.
  • During COVID-19, telehealth integration highlighted the system’s ability to connect records quickly and effectively.
  • This shows digital health has been highly effective in building infrastructure for information connection nationwide.

Limited Practical Impact

  • However, it is important to consider that only one quarter of Australians actively view their digital health records.
  • Despite extensive infrastructure, specialists and aged care providers remain largely disconnected, reducing the system’s completeness.
  • For example, only 20% of diagnostic imaging data is uploaded, leaving critical information missing.
  • This means connection exists technically but not fully in practice, as limited usage prevents optimal outcomes.
  • This demonstrates that digital health has achieved structural readiness but limited practical impact.

Reaffirmation

  • Overall, digital health has reached moderate success: strong infrastructure with limited real-world utilisation.
  • The government’s ~$1 billion investment into upgrades confirms this realisation and that more development is needed.
  • Therefore, while the foundations are there, future success depends on expanding provider participation and increasing consumer engagement to ensure the system is fully utilised.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 042

Outline THREE ways in which My Health Record improves emergency healthcare delivery in Australia.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Prevents medication errors when unconscious patients cannot communicate – emergency staff instantly access current medications and allergies, avoiding fatal drug interactions.
  • Provides complete medical history including chronic conditions, past surgeries and recent specialist visits. This enables informed treatment decisions within critical timeframes.
  • Eliminates duplicate testing as recent pathology results and imaging scans are immediately available. This reduces delays and unnecessary radiation exposure while accelerating diagnosis and treatment.
Show Worked Solution
  • Prevents medication errors when unconscious patients cannot communicate – emergency staff instantly access current medications and allergies, avoiding fatal drug interactions.
  • Provides complete medical history including chronic conditions, past surgeries and recent specialist visits. This enables informed treatment decisions within critical timeframes.
  • Eliminates duplicate testing as recent pathology results and imaging scans are immediately available. This reduces delays and unnecessary radiation exposure while accelerating diagnosis and treatment.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 177

Discuss the benefits and challenges of implementing person-centred care models to improve equity of access for vulnerable populations.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Benefits:

  • [P] Person-centred care models improve equity by addressing individual needs and circumstances of vulnerable populations.
  • [E] This enables tailored service delivery that considers cultural backgrounds, language barriers and specific health challenges. Government and non-government partnerships provide comprehensive support addressing social determinants alongside medical treatment.
  • [Ev] Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services demonstrate this approach by combining cultural safety with clinical care. Mental health services working with housing and employment organisations create holistic treatment addressing root causes of health inequity.
  • [L] Therefore, person-centred models reduce systemic barriers and improve health outcomes for disadvantaged groups.

Challenges:

  • [P] However, implementing person-centred models requires significant resource investment and coordination complexity.
  • [E] This occurs when multiple organisations must collaborate effectively whilst maintaining different accountability frameworks and funding structures. Training requirements for cultural competency and individualised care approaches create additional costs.
  • [Ev] Service fragmentation may persist when coordination mechanisms fail, leaving vulnerable populations navigating complex systems. Funding limitations restrict comprehensive service provision in areas with greatest need.
  • [L] Consequently, implementation challenges may limit effectiveness without sustained investment and systematic reform.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits:

  • [P] Person-centred care models improve equity by addressing individual needs and circumstances of vulnerable populations.
  • [E] This enables tailored service delivery that considers cultural backgrounds, language barriers and specific health challenges. Government and non-government partnerships provide comprehensive support addressing social determinants alongside medical treatment.
  • [Ev] Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services demonstrate this approach by combining cultural safety with clinical care. Mental health services working with housing and employment organisations create holistic treatment addressing root causes of health inequity.
  • [L] Therefore, person-centred models reduce systemic barriers and improve health outcomes for disadvantaged groups.

Challenges:

  • [P] However, implementing person-centred models requires significant resource investment and coordination complexity.
  • [E] This occurs when multiple organisations must collaborate effectively whilst maintaining different accountability frameworks and funding structures. Training requirements for cultural competency and individualised care approaches create additional costs.
  • [Ev] Service fragmentation may persist when coordination mechanisms fail, leaving vulnerable populations navigating complex systems. Funding limitations restrict comprehensive service provision in areas with greatest need.
  • [L] Consequently, implementation challenges may limit effectiveness without sustained investment and systematic reform.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 175

Why do person-centred healthcare approaches require collaboration between government and non-government organisations to achieve equitable access?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Person-centred healthcare requires collaboration as no single sector can address all barriers to equitable access. Government provides universal coverage through Medicare but cannot deliver specialised services needed for individual circumstances.
  • Non-government organisations fill access gaps by providing culturally appropriate services and advocacy that government services lack. They offer flexible delivery models adapting to community needs.
  • Collaboration ensures comprehensive access by combining government funding with non-government innovation. This partnership addresses barriers and individual needs, creating pathways for appropriate care.
Show Worked Solution
  • Person-centred healthcare requires collaboration as no single sector can address all barriers to equitable access. Government provides universal coverage through Medicare but cannot deliver specialised services needed for individual circumstances.
  • Non-government organisations fill access gaps by providing culturally appropriate services and advocacy that government services lack. They offer flexible delivery models adapting to community needs.
  • Collaboration ensures comprehensive access by combining government funding with non-government innovation. This partnership addresses barriers and individual needs, creating pathways for appropriate care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 173

Explain how different healthcare system components work together to deliver person-centred care for patients with complex needs.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Healthcare components work together as they address multiple patient needs through coordinated delivery. This is necessary because complex needs require diverse expertise that no single organisation provides.
  • Primary care providers connect with specialist services and community organisations creating comprehensive pathways. For example, mental health services collaborating with housing support to address social determinants.
  • Government services coordinate with non-government organisations through planning that ensures patients receive support across different domains. This reinforces an integrated approach where clinical care combines with practical services.
  • Coordination mechanisms enable information sharing between providers resulting in continuity rather than fragmented services. Therefore, system integration creates holistic support respecting patient preferences whilst addressing needs.
Show Worked Solution
  • Healthcare components work together as they address multiple patient needs through coordinated delivery. This is necessary because complex needs require diverse expertise that no single organisation provides.
  • Primary care providers connect with specialist services and community organisations creating comprehensive pathways. For example, mental health services collaborating with housing support to address social determinants.
  • Government services coordinate with non-government organisations through planning that ensures patients receive support across different domains. This reinforces an integrated approach where clinical care combines with practical services.
  • Coordination mechanisms enable information sharing between providers resulting in continuity rather than fragmented services. Therefore, system integration creates holistic support respecting patient preferences whilst addressing needs.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 170

How do different organisational structures in healthcare settings affect patient care delivery and staff efficiency?   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Different organisational structures affect patient care because they determine communication patterns and decision-making processes. Hierarchical structures create clear accountability chains which results in consistent care protocols.
  • Flat structures enable faster communication between staff levels promoting more responsive patient care. This produces improved collaboration between healthcare professionals because fewer management layers allow direct communication about patient needs.
  • Matrix structures combine departmental expertise which creates comprehensive care approaches. Cancer teams include oncologists, nurses and social workers working together, which produces coordinated treatment plans.
  • Poorly designed structures facilitate communication breakdowns leading to delayed treatments. Therefore, structure choices directly influence patient outcomes and staff effectiveness.
Show Worked Solution
  • Different organisational structures affect patient care because they determine communication patterns and decision-making processes. Hierarchical structures create clear accountability chains which results in consistent care protocols.
  • Flat structures enable faster communication between staff levels promoting more responsive patient care. This produces improved collaboration between healthcare professionals because fewer management layers allow direct communication about patient needs.
  • Matrix structures combine departmental expertise which creates comprehensive care approaches. Cancer teams include oncologists, nurses and social workers working together, which produces coordinated treatment plans.
  • Poorly designed structures facilitate communication breakdowns leading to delayed treatments. Therefore, structure choices directly influence patient outcomes and staff effectiveness.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 169

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of hierarchical organisational structures in Australia's healthcare system.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Advantages:

  • [P] Hierarchical structures provide clear accountability and decision-making pathways within healthcare organisations.
  • [E] This enables efficient resource allocation through defined management levels. Senior executives establish policies ensuring consistent service delivery.
  • [Ev] Public hospitals use hierarchical structures coordinating medical teams with department heads overseeing specialist services.
  • [L] Therefore, hierarchical structures ensure coordinated healthcare delivery.

Disadvantages:

  • [P] However, hierarchical structures create communication barriers and slow decision-making processes.
  • [E] Information flows through multiple levels, delaying urgent responses and disconnecting staff from decisions.
  • [Ev] Emergency departments struggle when rapid clinical decisions require immediate action without lengthy approval processes.
  • [L] Consequently, hierarchical structures compromise healthcare responsiveness.
Show Worked Solution

Advantages:

  • [P] Hierarchical structures provide clear accountability and decision-making pathways within healthcare organisations.
  • [E] This enables efficient resource allocation through defined management levels. Senior executives establish policies ensuring consistent service delivery.
  • [Ev] Public hospitals use hierarchical structures coordinating medical teams with department heads overseeing specialist services.
  • [L] Therefore, hierarchical structures ensure coordinated healthcare delivery.

Disadvantages:

  • [P] However, hierarchical structures create communication barriers and slow decision-making processes.
  • [E] Information flows through multiple levels, delaying urgent responses and disconnecting staff from decisions.
  • [Ev] Emergency departments struggle when rapid clinical decisions require immediate action without lengthy approval processes.
  • [L] Consequently, hierarchical structures compromise healthcare responsiveness.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 166

Why is shared responsibility between government and non-government organisations necessary for effective healthcare delivery in Australia?   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Shared responsibility is necessary because no single sector can address all healthcare needs across Australia’s diverse population. Government provides universal coverage through Medicare and operates public hospitals, but lacks capacity for specialised services.
  • Non-government organisations complement government services by delivering private healthcare, aged care and targeted community programs. They provide innovation and flexibility that government systems lack.
  • Shared responsibility ensures comprehensive coverage by combining government funding with non-government service delivery, maximising resources and improving patient access.
Show Worked Solution
  • Shared responsibility is necessary because no single sector can address all healthcare needs across Australia’s diverse population. Government provides universal coverage through Medicare and operates public hospitals, but lacks capacity for specialised services.
  • Non-government organisations complement government services by delivering private healthcare, aged care and targeted community programs. They provide innovation and flexibility that government systems lack.
  • Shared responsibility ensures comprehensive coverage by combining government funding with non-government service delivery, maximising resources and improving patient access.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 164

Explain how not-for-profit organisations contribute to Australia's healthcare system and improve health outcomes for specific population groups.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Not-for-profit organisations contribute to healthcare because they address gaps in government services for vulnerable populations. This occurs because these organisations focus on community benefit rather than profit generation, which enables them to serve disadvantaged groups that may struggle accessing mainstream services.
  • These organisations provide specialised healthcare services resulting in improved outcomes for specific populations. For example, mental health support organisations offering counselling services for youth which fosters early intervention and suicide prevention. Community health centres deliver primary care in rural areas as government services may be limited, consequently creating better access for remote populations.
  • Not-for-profit organisations also operate through volunteer networks and charitable funding which enables innovative healthcare approaches. This produces community-based programs tailored to specific cultural or demographic needs. For example, the provision of Aboriginal health services delivering culturally appropriate care that leads to better engagement and health outcomes. Disability support organisations create advocacy and support services which ensure people with disability receive appropriate healthcare access and quality care.
Show Worked Solution
  • Not-for-profit organisations contribute to healthcare because they address gaps in government services for vulnerable populations. This occurs because these organisations focus on community benefit rather than profit generation, which enables them to serve disadvantaged groups that may struggle accessing mainstream services.
  • These organisations provide specialised healthcare services resulting in improved outcomes for specific populations. For example, mental health support organisations offering counselling services for youth which fosters early intervention and suicide prevention. Community health centres deliver primary care in rural areas as government services may be limited, consequently creating better access for remote populations.
  • Not-for-profit organisations also operate through volunteer networks and charitable funding which enables innovative healthcare approaches. This produces community-based programs tailored to specific cultural or demographic needs. For example, the provision of Aboriginal health services delivering culturally appropriate care that leads to better engagement and health outcomes. Disability support organisations create advocacy and support services which ensure people with disability receive appropriate healthcare access and quality care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 161

Explain how the division of responsibilities between federal, state and local governments enables Australia's healthcare system to meet diverse population health needs.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The division of responsibilities between levels of government enables comprehensive healthcare delivery because each government level addresses different aspects of population health needs. This occurs because federal government provides national frameworks and funding whilst state and local governments deliver targeted services.
  • Federal government creates universal access through Medicare and PBS which ensures all Australians receive basic healthcare coverage regardless of location. This leads to consistent national standards and equitable funding distribution. Federal responsibilities include regulating pharmaceuticals and establishing health policy frameworks that result in coordinated national health responses.
  • State governments operate public hospitals and specialist services which enables treatment of complex medical conditions requiring advanced facilities. This produces regional healthcare networks tailored to state population needs. State responsibilities also include mental health services and emergency care which results in localised healthcare delivery matching community demographics.
  • Local governments implement community health promotion and prevention programs because they understand specific neighbourhood health challenges. This creates targeted interventions like immunisation campaigns and health education which produce improved population health outcomes. Local councils also provide environmental health services that ensure safe living conditions supporting community wellbeing.
Show Worked Solution
  • The division of responsibilities between levels of government enables comprehensive healthcare delivery because each government level addresses different aspects of population health needs. This occurs because federal government provides national frameworks and funding whilst state and local governments deliver targeted services.
  • Federal government creates universal access through Medicare and PBS which ensures all Australians receive basic healthcare coverage regardless of location. This leads to consistent national standards and equitable funding distribution. Federal responsibilities include regulating pharmaceuticals and establishing health policy frameworks that result in coordinated national health responses.
  • State governments operate public hospitals and specialist services which enables treatment of complex medical conditions requiring advanced facilities. This produces regional healthcare networks tailored to state population needs. State responsibilities also include mental health services and emergency care which results in localised healthcare delivery matching community demographics.
  • Local governments implement community health promotion and prevention programs because they understand specific neighbourhood health challenges. This creates targeted interventions like immunisation campaigns and health education which produce improved population health outcomes. Local councils also provide environmental health services that ensure safe living conditions supporting community wellbeing.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 160

Discuss the benefits and challenges of having multiple levels of government involved in Australia's healthcare system.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Benefits:

  • [P] Multiple government levels provide comprehensive healthcare coverage satisfying diverse population needs.
  • [E] Federal government establishes national standards whilst state governments deliver hospital services. Local governments address community health promotion.
  • [Ev] Medicare provides universal coverage, states operate hospitals and councils implement vaccination programs.
  • [L] This ensures national consistency and local responsiveness.

Challenges:

  • [P] However, coordination difficulties between levels create inefficiencies and service gaps.
  • [E] This occurs when levels have conflicting priorities or unclear responsibilities. Funding disputes delay initiatives.
  • [Ev] Hospital funding disagreements limit expansion whilst unclear mental health boundaries leave patients without care.
  • [L] Coordination challenges compromise healthcare quality and accessibility.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits:

  • [P] Multiple government levels provide comprehensive healthcare coverage satisfying diverse population needs.
  • [E] Federal government establishes national standards whilst state governments deliver hospital services. Local governments address community health promotion.
  • [Ev] Medicare provides universal coverage, states operate hospitals and councils implement vaccination programs.
  • [L] This ensures national consistency and local responsiveness.

Challenges:

  • [P] However, coordination difficulties between levels create inefficiencies and service gaps.
  • [E] This occurs when levels have conflicting priorities or unclear responsibilities. Funding disputes delay initiatives.
  • [Ev] Hospital funding disagreements limit expansion whilst unclear mental health boundaries leave patients without care.
  • [L] Coordination challenges compromise healthcare quality and accessibility.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 159

Justify the need for Australia's healthcare system to address equity of access issues, particularly for people with disability.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Position Statement:

  • Australia’s healthcare system must address equity of access issues for people with disability to fulfil its fundamental role.

Healthcare System Responsibilities:

  • The healthcare system has responsibility to provide equitable access to all population groups.
  • People with disability face significant barriers including longer waiting times, higher service costs and physical accessibility challenges.
  • These barriers prevent timely diagnosis and treatment, leading to poorer health outcomes.
  • Research demonstrates people with disability experience higher rates of preventable conditions due to delayed access.
  • The system’s failure to address inequities contradicts principles of universal healthcare.

Social and Economic Benefits:

  • Addressing equity issues generates substantial benefits for the broader community.
  • Improved access reduces emergency department presentations through better preventive care.
  • This creates cost savings whilst improving population health outcomes.
  • Enhanced accessibility supports people with disability to participate in employment and community life.
  • Addressing discrimination creates a more inclusive society benefiting all citizens.

Reinforcement:

  • Evidence demonstrates that addressing equity of access for people with disability is both morally imperative and economically beneficial for effective healthcare.
Show Worked Solution

Position Statement:

  • Australia’s healthcare system must address equity of access issues for people with disability to fulfil its fundamental role.

Healthcare System Responsibilities:

  • The healthcare system has responsibility to provide equitable access to all population groups.
  • People with disability face significant barriers including longer waiting times, higher service costs and physical accessibility challenges.
  • These barriers prevent timely diagnosis and treatment, leading to poorer health outcomes.
  • Research demonstrates people with disability experience higher rates of preventable conditions due to delayed access.
  • The system’s failure to address inequities contradicts principles of universal healthcare.

Social and Economic Benefits:

  • Addressing equity issues generates substantial benefits for the broader community.
  • Improved access reduces emergency department presentations through better preventive care.
  • This creates cost savings whilst improving population health outcomes.
  • Enhanced accessibility supports people with disability to participate in employment and community life.
  • Addressing discrimination creates a more inclusive society benefiting all citizens.

Reinforcement:

  • Evidence demonstrates that addressing equity of access for people with disability is both morally imperative and economically beneficial for effective healthcare.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 156

Discuss the benefits and challenges of expanding telehealth services to improve healthcare access for people living in rural and remote areas.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Benefits:

  • [P] Telehealth expansion provides increased access to healthcare services for rural populations facing significant geographical barriers.
  • [E] This enables remote consultations with specialists and GPs without requiring long-distance travel to urban centres. Digital health services overcome rural workforce shortages by connecting patients to metropolitan-based healthcare professionals across Australia.
  • [Ev] Rural populations have consistently lower GP attendance rates than metropolitan areas, clearly demonstrating the substantial access gap telehealth could address. Additionally, telehealth reduces patient costs for travel and accommodation whilst improving convenience.
  • [L] Therefore, this approach directly tackles equity issues in healthcare distribution whilst significantly improving affordability and access.

Challenges:

  • [P] However, digital infrastructure limitations present significant obstacles to effective telehealth implementation in remote locations.
  • [E] This occurs because reliable internet connectivity and affordable access remain highly problematic in many rural areas. Poor digital literacy among some populations may also limit effective telehealth usage.
  • [Ev] Poor connectivity can disrupt consultations, compromise diagnostic quality and create considerable frustration for both patients and healthcare providers. Furthermore, certain medical conditions require physical examination that telehealth consultations cannot adequately assess.
  • [L] Consequently, these infrastructure and practical challenges must be comprehensively resolved before telehealth achieves its full potential.
Show Worked Solution

Benefits:

  • [P] Telehealth expansion provides increased access to healthcare services for rural populations facing significant geographical barriers.
  • [E] This enables remote consultations with specialists and GPs without requiring long-distance travel to urban centres. Digital health services overcome rural workforce shortages by connecting patients to metropolitan-based healthcare professionals across Australia.
  • [Ev] Rural populations have consistently lower GP attendance rates than metropolitan areas, clearly demonstrating the substantial access gap telehealth could address. Additionally, telehealth reduces patient costs for travel and accommodation whilst improving convenience.
  • [L] Therefore, this approach directly tackles equity issues in healthcare distribution whilst significantly improving affordability and access.

Challenges:

  • [P] However, digital infrastructure limitations present significant obstacles to effective telehealth implementation in remote locations.
  • [E] This occurs because reliable internet connectivity and affordable access remain highly problematic in many rural areas. Poor digital literacy among some populations may also limit effective telehealth usage.
  • [Ev] Poor connectivity can disrupt consultations, compromise diagnostic quality and create considerable frustration for both patients and healthcare providers. Furthermore, certain medical conditions require physical examination that telehealth consultations cannot adequately assess.
  • [L] Consequently, these infrastructure and practical challenges must be comprehensively resolved before telehealth achieves its full potential.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 153

Explain how Australia's healthcare system involves partnerships between different sectors to achieve better health outcomes.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The healthcare system involves complex relationships between federal, state and local governments, health insurance funds, and public and private service providers that work together to deliver comprehensive care.
  • This occurs because health outcomes depend on factors beyond medical services, including housing, employment, education and environmental safety, requiring collaboration across multiple sectors.
  • For example, community supports like the food industry contribute to health by implementing food safety standards and nutrition labelling, while town planners provide infrastructure that promotes health through safe roads and recreational facilities.
  • Government partnerships enable the delivery of prevention programs such as immunisation campaigns and anti-smoking initiatives that complement medical treatment services provided by healthcare professionals.
  • Therefore, effective healthcare requires coordinated partnerships where healthcare providers focus on treatment and rehabilitation while other sectors address social determinants of health that influence overall population wellbeing.
Show Worked Solution
  • The healthcare system involves complex relationships between federal, state and local governments, health insurance funds, and public and private service providers that work together to deliver comprehensive care.
  • This occurs because health outcomes depend on factors beyond medical services, including housing, employment, education and environmental safety, requiring collaboration across multiple sectors.
  • For example, community supports like the food industry contribute to health by implementing food safety standards and nutrition labelling, while town planners provide infrastructure that promotes health through safe roads and recreational facilities.
  • Government partnerships enable the delivery of prevention programs such as immunisation campaigns and anti-smoking initiatives that complement medical treatment services provided by healthcare professionals.
  • Therefore, effective healthcare requires coordinated partnerships where healthcare providers focus on treatment and rehabilitation while other sectors address social determinants of health that influence overall population wellbeing.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 041

To what extent does digital health improve both efficiency for organisations and quality of care for individuals?    (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Judgment Statement

  • Digital health improves efficiency for organisations and quality of care for individuals to a significant extent.
  • This judgment is based on its impact on access to health information, efficiency of services and challenges with data use and equity.

Efficiency and Access Gains

  • Digital health reduces duplication of services by storing prescriptions, imaging and vaccination records in My Health Record.
  • Evidence supporting this includes 24 million Australians now having a record, with 98% containing some data.
  • Organisations such as hospitals and GPs can instantly view history, allergies and medications, saving time and resources.
  • Telehealth also improves efficiency by lowering travel needs and freeing up hospital space.
  • These factors show that digital health has been highly effective in improving efficiency.

Quality of Care and Ongoing Challenges

  • Individuals benefit from tools like the my health app, which provides immediate access to test results and vaccination records.
  • This leads to more informed decision-making and stronger patient engagement.
  • However, challenges remain with low digital literacy, patchy internet in rural areas and privacy concerns.
  • These barriers show digital health is not fully leveraged, meaning improvements in quality of care are only partially achieved.

Reaffirmation

  • On balance, the evidence shows that digital health has significantly improved efficiency for organisations while only moderately improving quality of care for individuals.
  • The evidence shows progress is substantial, but limited by inequities and data challenges.
  • To reach its full potential, further investment in digital literacy, connectivity and data security is needed.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Digital health improves efficiency for organisations and quality of care for individuals to a significant extent.
  • This judgment is based on its impact on access to health information, efficiency of services and challenges with data use and equity.

Efficiency and Access Gains

  • Digital health reduces duplication of services by storing prescriptions, imaging and vaccination records in My Health Record.
  • Evidence supporting this includes 24 million Australians now having a record, with 98% containing some data.
  • Organisations such as hospitals and GPs can instantly view history, allergies and medications, saving time and resources.
  • Telehealth also improves efficiency by lowering travel needs and freeing up hospital space.
  • These factors show that digital health has been highly effective in improving efficiency.

Quality of Care and Ongoing Challenges

  • Individuals benefit from tools like the my health app, which provides immediate access to test results and vaccination records.
  • This leads to more informed decision-making and stronger patient engagement.
  • However, challenges remain with low digital literacy, patchy internet in rural areas and privacy concerns.
  • These barriers show digital health is not fully leveraged, meaning improvements in quality of care are only partially achieved.

Reaffirmation

  • On balance, the evidence shows that digital health has significantly improved efficiency for organisations while only moderately improving quality of care for individuals.
  • The evidence shows progress is substantial, but limited by inequities and data challenges.
  • To reach its full potential, further investment in digital literacy, connectivity and data security is needed.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 150

Explain how collaboration between government and non-government agencies is essential for effectively addressing Australia's ageing population needs.    (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Collaboration is essential because government agencies provide policy frameworks and funding while non-government organisations deliver direct services and community-level support that complement each other effectively.
  • This works by government agencies creating infrastructure, healthcare systems and regulatory frameworks while NGOs provide specialised services, advocacy and innovation that address gaps in government service delivery.
  • For example, government funds aged care facilities and healthcare services while organisations like Red Cross and National Seniors Australia deliver home care, social support and policy advocacy that enhance overall service quality.
  • Partnership approaches ensure that policy development incorporates community needs and frontline service experience that NGOs provide through direct contact with older Australians and their families.
  • Therefore, effective ageing population planning requires coordinated efforts where government provides systemic support and resources. NGOs contribute flexibility, innovation and community-focused services that together create comprehensive care networks.
Show Worked Solution
  • Collaboration is essential because government agencies provide policy frameworks and funding while non-government organisations deliver direct services and community-level support that complement each other effectively.
  • This works by government agencies creating infrastructure, healthcare systems and regulatory frameworks while NGOs provide specialised services, advocacy and innovation that address gaps in government service delivery.
  • For example, government funds aged care facilities and healthcare services while organisations like Red Cross and National Seniors Australia deliver home care, social support and policy advocacy that enhance overall service quality.
  • Partnership approaches ensure that policy development incorporates community needs and frontline service experience that NGOs provide through direct contact with older Australians and their families.
  • Therefore, effective ageing population planning requires coordinated efforts where government provides systemic support and resources. NGOs contribute flexibility, innovation and community-focused services that together create comprehensive care networks.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 149

Explain how non-government organisations contribute to addressing the needs of Australia's ageing population.    (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Non-government organisations provide advocacy and awareness services by raising public understanding about ageing challenges and influencing government policy development on behalf of older Australians.
  • This occurs through organisations like National Seniors Australia and Council on the Ageing that work to shape government policy and promote positive public perceptions of older people in society.
  • NGOs deliver essential community services including home care support, social visits and emergency assistance that help older individuals maintain independence and community connections.
  • For example, the Red Cross offers practical home care services and social support programs that complement government services and fill gaps in community-based aged care.
  • NGOs also contribute through research and innovation by investing in new care models, assistive technologies and evidence-based practices that improve healthy ageing outcomes and inform sector-wide improvements.
Show Worked Solution
  • Non-government organisations provide advocacy and awareness services by raising public understanding about ageing challenges and influencing government policy development on behalf of older Australians.
  • This occurs through organisations like National Seniors Australia and Council on the Ageing that work to shape government policy and promote positive public perceptions of older people in society.
  • NGOs deliver essential community services including home care support, social visits and emergency assistance that help older individuals maintain independence and community connections.
  • For example, the Red Cross offers practical home care services and social support programs that complement government services and fill gaps in community-based aged care.
  • NGOs also contribute through research and innovation by investing in new care models, assistive technologies and evidence-based practices that improve healthy ageing outcomes and inform sector-wide improvements.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 040

Evaluate the impact of digital health on reducing health inequities across Australia.    (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Evaluation Statement

  • Digital health has been partially effective in reducing health inequities across Australia.
  • It has improved access to services and availability of information, but challenges with equity of access and digital literacy remain.
  • This evaluation will consider access improvements and ongoing barriers to fairness.

Access to Services

  • Telehealth has allowed people in rural and remote areas to consult specialists without travelling long distances.
  • This is a critical strength, as it reduces the gap between city and country healthcare.
  • The my health app and My Health Record also give patients instant access to results, prescriptions and vaccination records.
  • Evidence supporting this includes widespread uptake of digital platforms, with 24 million Australians having a My Health Record.
  • These tools strongly meet the goal of improving access and reducing geographic inequities.

Equity and Digital Literacy

  • However, barriers such as poor internet in remote areas, lower digital skills and limited confidence in using health technology reduce fair access.
  • For example, older Australians or those with lower socioeconomic status may struggle to use apps effectively.
  • Concerns about privacy and security also discourage participation.
  • These weaknesses mean digital health only partially fulfils its aim of reducing inequities across all groups.

Final Evaluation

  • Overall, this evaluation demonstrates that digital health makes a valuable but incomplete contribution to reducing health inequities.
  • While strong in expanding access, it is weakened by limited digital literacy and infrastructure gaps.
  • Weighing these factors shows digital health is partially effective and requires further investment in education and connectivity to achieve optimal equity.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • Digital health has been partially effective in reducing health inequities across Australia.
  • It has improved access to services and availability of information, but challenges with equity of access and digital literacy remain.
  • This evaluation will consider access improvements and ongoing barriers to fairness.

Access to Services

  • Telehealth has allowed people in rural and remote areas to consult specialists without travelling long distances.
  • This is a critical strength, as it reduces the gap between city and country healthcare.
  • The my health app and My Health Record also give patients instant access to results, prescriptions and vaccination records.
  • Evidence supporting this includes widespread uptake of digital platforms, with 24 million Australians having a My Health Record.
  • These tools strongly meet the goal of improving access and reducing geographic inequities.

Equity and Digital Literacy

  • However, barriers such as poor internet in remote areas, lower digital skills and limited confidence in using health technology reduce fair access.
  • For example, older Australians or those with lower socioeconomic status may struggle to use apps effectively.
  • Concerns about privacy and security also discourage participation.
  • These weaknesses mean digital health only partially fulfils its aim of reducing inequities across all groups.

Final Evaluation

  • Overall, this evaluation demonstrates that digital health makes a valuable but incomplete contribution to reducing health inequities.
  • While strong in expanding access, it is weakened by limited digital literacy and infrastructure gaps.
  • Weighing these factors shows digital health is partially effective and requires further investment in education and connectivity to achieve optimal equity.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 146

Explain how technology integration represents a key future strategy for supporting Australia's ageing population  (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Telehealth services provide older adults with convenient access to healthcare professionals from home, reducing the need for travel and making medical consultations more accessible for mobility-limited individuals.
  • This works by enabling virtual check-ups via video calls that allow healthcare providers to monitor chronic conditions and provide medical advice without requiring elderly patients to visit clinics regularly.
  • Wearable health monitors like smartwatches can track vital signs such as heart rate and activity levels, alerting both users and healthcare providers to concerning health changes before emergencies occur.
  • Smart home devices enhance safety by enabling emergency alert systems that allow older adults to maintain independence while ensuring immediate help is available when needed.
  • Therefore, technology integration addresses key ageing population challenges by improving healthcare access, enhancing safety monitoring and supporting independent living arrangements that reduce pressure on aged care facilities.
Show Worked Solution
  • Telehealth services provide older adults with convenient access to healthcare professionals from home, reducing the need for travel and making medical consultations more accessible for mobility-limited individuals.
  • This works by enabling virtual check-ups via video calls that allow healthcare providers to monitor chronic conditions and provide medical advice without requiring elderly patients to visit clinics regularly.
  • Wearable health monitors like smartwatches can track vital signs such as heart rate and activity levels, alerting both users and healthcare providers to concerning health changes before emergencies occur.
  • Smart home devices enhance safety by enabling emergency alert systems that allow older adults to maintain independence while ensuring immediate help is available when needed.
  • Therefore, technology integration addresses key ageing population challenges by improving healthcare access, enhancing safety monitoring and supporting independent living arrangements that reduce pressure on aged care facilities.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 142

Research shows that dementia rates dramatically increase with age, with fewer than one person per 1000 Australians under 60 having dementia, but this increases to 71 per 1000 for people aged 75-79, and 429 per 1000 for those aged 90 and over.

Explain how these age-related dementia trends will impact Australia's healthcare system as the population ages.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The dramatic increase in dementia rates with age demonstrates how population ageing will create exponentially growing demand for specialised dementia care services and memory clinics across Australia.
  • This occurs because the data shows dementia risk increases more than six-fold between the 75-79 and 90+ age groups, meaning healthcare systems must prepare for substantial increases in patients requiring complex care.
  • The trend reveals that aged care facilities and hospitals will face increasing pressure to provide specialised dementia units and trained staff as more Australians reach the highest-risk age groups.
  • This pattern demonstrates that healthcare funding and resource allocation must shift towards dementia-specific services, including community support programs and family carer assistance to manage the growing patient numbers.
  • Therefore, the exponential nature of age-related dementia risk requires proactive healthcare planning and workforce development to ensure adequate care capacity for future demographic changes in Australian populations.
Show Worked Solution
  • The dramatic increase in dementia rates with age demonstrates how population ageing will create exponentially growing demand for specialised dementia care services and memory clinics across Australia.
  • This occurs because the data shows dementia risk increases more than six-fold between the 75-79 and 90+ age groups, meaning healthcare systems must prepare for substantial increases in patients requiring complex care.
  • The trend reveals that aged care facilities and hospitals will face increasing pressure to provide specialised dementia units and trained staff as more Australians reach the highest-risk age groups.
  • This pattern demonstrates that healthcare funding and resource allocation must shift towards dementia-specific services, including community support programs and family carer assistance to manage the growing patient numbers.
  • Therefore, the exponential nature of age-related dementia risk requires proactive healthcare planning and workforce development to ensure adequate care capacity for future demographic changes in Australian populations.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 139

Explain the apparent paradox between increasing cancer incidence rates and decreasing cancer mortality rates in Australia.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Cancer incidence rates are increasing because Australia has an ageing population, and cancer risk rises significantly with age, resulting in more people reaching ages where cancer commonly develops.
  • This occurs alongside improved detection methods such as routine screening programs, enhanced imaging techniques and better diagnostic technology that identify cancers earlier and more frequently than in previous decades.
  • However, this creates decreasing mortality rates because advances in cancer treatment, surgical techniques and early intervention strategies have dramatically improved survival rates for many cancer types.
  • The relationship demonstrates that while more cancers are being detected, patients are living longer after diagnosis due to better medical care and treatment options compared to previous generations.
  • Therefore, the paradox reflects successful healthcare improvements where enhanced detection capabilities combine with better treatment outcomes to reduce deaths despite increasing the number of diagnosed cases across Australian populations.
Show Worked Solution
  • Cancer incidence rates are increasing because Australia has an ageing population, and cancer risk rises significantly with age, resulting in more people reaching ages where cancer commonly develops.
  • This occurs alongside improved detection methods such as routine screening programs, enhanced imaging techniques and better diagnostic technology that identify cancers earlier and more frequently than in previous decades.
  • However, this creates decreasing mortality rates because advances in cancer treatment, surgical techniques and early intervention strategies have dramatically improved survival rates for many cancer types.
  • The relationship demonstrates that while more cancers are being detected, patients are living longer after diagnosis due to better medical care and treatment options compared to previous generations.
  • Therefore, the paradox reflects successful healthcare improvements where enhanced detection capabilities combine with better treatment outcomes to reduce deaths despite increasing the number of diagnosed cases across Australian populations.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 136

Explain how dementia trends in Australia reflect the challenges of an ageing population and their implications for healthcare planning.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Dementia has become the leading cause of death for females and second leading cause overall, demonstrating how population ageing creates new dominant health challenges.
  • This occurs because Australia’s ageing population results in more people reaching ages where dementia risk increases substantially, particularly those aged 65 and over.
  • The number of Australians living with dementia is predicted to more than double in coming decades, reflecting how improved life expectancy leads to increased exposure to age-related neurological conditions.
  • This trend demonstrates that dementia has become the leading cause of disease burden for people aged 65 and over, showing how demographic changes shift the focus from infectious diseases to chronic age-related conditions.
  • Therefore, healthcare planning must adapt to accommodate the increasing demand for specialised dementia care services, aged care facilities and family support programs as the condition becomes more prevalent across Australian communities
Show Worked Solution
  • Dementia has become the leading cause of death for females and second leading cause overall, demonstrating how population ageing creates new dominant health challenges.
  • This occurs because Australia’s ageing population results in more people reaching ages where dementia risk increases substantially, particularly those aged 65 and over.
  • The number of Australians living with dementia is predicted to more than double in coming decades, reflecting how improved life expectancy leads to increased exposure to age-related neurological conditions.
  • This trend demonstrates that dementia has become the leading cause of disease burden for people aged 65 and over, showing how demographic changes shift the focus from infectious diseases to chronic age-related conditions.
  • Therefore, healthcare planning must adapt to accommodate the increasing demand for specialised dementia care services, aged care facilities and family support programs as the condition becomes more prevalent across Australian communities.

Calculus, 2ADV C3 EQ-Bank 1 MC

When  \(x=-2\)  on the curve  \(y=f(x)\), the following is true:

\(\dfrac{dy}{dx}<0\)  and  \(\dfrac{d^2 y}{d x^2}>0\)

At  \(x=-2, f(x)\) is

  1. Increasing and concave up
  2. Decreasing and concave up
  3. Increasing and concave down
  4. Decreasing and concave down
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text{At}\ \ x=-2: \)

\(\dfrac{dy}{dx}<0 \ \Rightarrow \ \text{Decreasing}\)

\(\dfrac{d^2 y}{d x^2}>0 \ \Rightarrow \  \text{Concave up}\)

\(\Rightarrow B\)

Functions, 2ADV F2 EQ-Bank 3 MC

The graph  \(y=\dfrac{2}{x-2}\)  undergoes the following transformations:

  • translated 3 units to the left
  • dilated vertically by a factor of 2

Determine which of the following is the new function.

  1.  \(2 y=\dfrac{2}{x+1}\)
  2.  \(\dfrac{y}{2}=\dfrac{2}{x-5}\)
  3.  \(2 y=\dfrac{2}{x-5}\)
  4.  \(\dfrac{y}{2}=\dfrac{2}{x+1}\)
Show Answers Only

\(\Rightarrow D\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text{Translate 3 units to the left:}\)

\(y=\dfrac{2}{x-2} \ \Rightarrow \ y^{′}=\dfrac{2}{(x+3)-2}=\dfrac{2}{x+1}\)
 

\(\text{Dilate vertically by a factor of 2:}\)

\(y^{′}=\dfrac{2}{x+1} \ \Rightarrow \ \dfrac{y^{″}}{2}=\dfrac{2}{x+1}\)

\(\Rightarrow D\)

L&E, 2ADV E1 EQ-Bank 1 MC

What is the value of  \(4(\log x)^2  ÷ \ \log x^2\) ?

  1. \(4 \log x\)
  2. \(\dfrac{\log x}{2}\)
  3. \(\log x\)
  4. \(2 \log x\)
Show Answers Only

\(\Rightarrow D\)

Show Worked Solution
\(4(\log x)^2\  ÷\ \ \log x^2\) \(=\dfrac{4(\log x)^2}{2 \log x}\)
  \(=2 \log x\)

\(\Rightarrow D\)

Trigonometry 2ADV, T2 EQ-Bank 3 MC

Which expression is equivalent to  \(\sin ^2\left(\dfrac{\pi}{2}-\theta\right) \tan \theta\) ?

  1. \(\cos ^2 \theta \, \sin \theta\)
  2. \(\dfrac{\sin ^3 \theta}{\cos \theta}\)
  3. \(\sin ^2 \theta \, \cot \theta\)
  4. \(\dfrac{1}{2} \sin (2 \theta)\)
Show Answers Only

\(\Rightarrow D\)

Show Worked Solution
\(\sin ^2\left(\dfrac{\pi}{2}-\theta\right) \tan \theta\) \(=\cos ^2 \theta \cdot \dfrac{\sin \theta}{\cos \theta}\)
  \(=\cos \theta\, \sin \theta\)
  \(=\dfrac{1}{2} \sin (2 \theta)\)

\(\Rightarrow D\)

Functions, 2ADV F1 EQ-Bank 1

Given that  \(f(x)=x^2+1\)  and  \(g(x)=x+2\),  determine \(f(g(x))\) and its range.   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(f(g(x))=(x+2)^2+1\)

\(\ \text{Range} \  f(g(x)): \ y \geqslant 1\)

Show Worked Solution

\(f(x)=x^2+1, \quad g(x)=x+2\)

\(f(g(x))=(x+2)^2+1\)

\(\Rightarrow f(g(x)) \ \text{is a concave up parabola, vertex}\ (-2,1)\)

\(\therefore \ \text{Range} \  f(g(x)): \ y \geqslant 1\)

Trigonometry, 2ADV T2 EQ-Bank 1

Given  \(\tan \theta=\dfrac{3}{2}\)  and  \(0°<\theta<90°\),

find the value of  \(\dfrac{1-\sin (180-\theta)}{\cos (180+\theta)}\).   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(\dfrac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2}\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text{Since} \ \ \tan \theta=\dfrac{1}{2}: \)
 

\(\dfrac{1-\sin (180-\theta)}{\cos (180+\theta)}\) \(=\dfrac{1-\sin \theta}{-\cos \theta}\)
  \(=\dfrac{\sin \theta-1}{\cos \theta}\)
  \(=\dfrac{\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}-1}{\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}} \times \dfrac{\sqrt{5}}{\sqrt{5}}\)
  \(=\dfrac{1-\sqrt{5}}{2}\)

Trigonometry, 2ADV T2 EQ-Bank 2 MC

Given  \(\tan \theta=\cfrac{1}{3}\)  and  \(0°<\theta<90°\),

find the value of  \(\dfrac{1-\sin (180+\theta)}{\cos (90-\theta)}\).

  1. \(\sqrt{10}+1\)
  2. \(1\)
  3. \(\sqrt{10}-1\)
  4. \(\dfrac{\sqrt{10}}{2}\)
Show Answers Only

\(\Rightarrow A\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text {Since} \ \ \tan \theta=\dfrac{1}{3}:\)
 

\(\dfrac{1-\sin (180+\theta)}{\cos (90-\theta)}\) \(=\dfrac{1+\sin \theta}{\sin \theta}\)
  \(=\dfrac{1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}}}{\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}}} \times \dfrac{\sqrt{10}}{\sqrt{10}}\)
  \(=\sqrt{10}+1\)

 

\(\Rightarrow A\)

Calculus, 2ADV C4 EQ-Bank 1 MC

What is \(\displaystyle \int x\left(4x^2+2\right)^3 dx\)

  1. \(8x\left(4 x^2+2\right)^2+c\)
  2. \(\dfrac{1}{12} x\left(4 x^2+2\right)^4+c\)
  3. \(\dfrac{1}{32}\left(4 x^2+2\right)^4+c\)
  4. \(\dfrac{1}{4} x\left(4 x^2+2\right)^4+c\)
Show Answers Only

\(\Rightarrow C\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\text{Strategy: differentiate answers}\)

\(\text {Option C} \ \ \Rightarrow \ \ \text{using product and chain rules:}\)

\(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\Large{\ \ d}}{\Large{dx}}\left(\dfrac{1}{32}\left(4 x^2+2\right)^4\right)\) \(=\dfrac{1}{32} \times 4 \times 8 x\left(4 x^2+2\right)^3\)
  \(=x\left(4 x^2+2\right)^3\)

 

\(\Rightarrow C\)

Probability, 2ADV S1 EQ-Bank 1

Arnold has a manbag that contains three coins.

Two are fair coins where  \(P(\text{tails})=P(\text{heads})\).

The third coin is biased where  \(P(\text{tails})=\dfrac{2}{3}\).

Initially, Arnold tosses all 3 coins.

  1. Determine the probability that at least 1 coin lands on tails.   (1 mark)

Arnold then randomly selects one coin and tosses it.

  1. Show the probability it is a head = \(\dfrac{4}{9}\).   (1 mark)

  2. Given that the coin lands on a tail, what is the probability that the coin is biased?   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   \(\dfrac{11}{12}\)

b.   \(\text{See Worked Solution}\)

c.   \(\dfrac{2}{5}\)

Show Worked Solution

a.    \(\text{Biased coin} \ \ \Rightarrow \  P(H)=\dfrac{1}{3}\)

\(P(\text{at least} \ 1 \ T)\) \(=1-P(\text{All heads})\)
  \(=1-\left[\dfrac{1}{2} \times \dfrac{1}{2} \times \dfrac{1}{3}\right]\)
  \(=\dfrac{11}{12}\)

 

b.    \(\text{1 coin tossed only:}\)

\(P(H)=\dfrac{1}{3} \times \dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3} \times \dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{1}{3} \times \dfrac{1}{3}=\dfrac{4}{9}\)
  

c.
       

\(P(T)=1-\dfrac{4}{9}=\dfrac{5}{9}\)

\(P\left(T_{\text {bias}} \big | T\right)\) \(=\dfrac{P\left(T_{\text {bias}}\right) \cap P(T)}{P(T)}\)
  \(=\dfrac{\frac{1}{3} \times \frac{2}{3}}{\frac{5}{9}}\)
  \(=\dfrac{2}{5}\)

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 133

Explain how Sweden's National Mental Health Strategy could be adapted to improve mental health outcomes in Australia.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Sweden’s approach focuses on early intervention and prevention of mental health disorders, which could help Australia reduce the incidence of anxiety and depression before they develop into serious conditions.
  • This works by integrating mental health services into primary healthcare settings, allowing patients to receive comprehensive care including mental health support during regular GP visits without stigma.
  • Increased government funding for mental health services would provide more comprehensive programs, improved access to care and reduced waiting times that currently limit Australian mental health service delivery.
  • The strategy targets specific support for marginalised populations including rural communities and disadvantaged groups, which could address Australia’s mental health inequities particularly for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
  • Therefore, adopting Sweden’s integrated, well-funded approach would create a more accessible mental health system that addresses both prevention and treatment while reducing barriers to care for vulnerable populations.
Show Worked Solution
  • Sweden’s approach focuses on early intervention and prevention of mental health disorders, which could help Australia reduce the incidence of anxiety and depression before they develop into serious conditions.
  • This works by integrating mental health services into primary healthcare settings, allowing patients to receive comprehensive care including mental health support during regular GP visits without stigma.
  • Increased government funding for mental health services would provide more comprehensive programs, improved access to care and reduced waiting times that currently limit Australian mental health service delivery.
  • The strategy targets specific support for marginalised populations including rural communities and disadvantaged groups, which could address Australia’s mental health inequities particularly for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
  • Therefore, adopting Sweden’s integrated, well-funded approach would create a more accessible mental health system that addresses both prevention and treatment while reducing barriers to care for vulnerable populations.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 127

Explain how Australia's health system performance compares to other OECD countries in terms of equity and access to healthcare services.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Australia’s health system achieves superior equity outcomes because it ranks first among OECD countries for equity and healthcare outcomes, demonstrating universal access to essential services.
  • This occurs due to Medicare providing comprehensive coverage that ensures all Australians can access healthcare regardless of their economic status, unlike countries with predominantly private insurance systems.
  • The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and National Disability Insurance Scheme further contribute to equitable access by reducing financial barriers to medications and disability services.
  • However, this creates some challenges as Australia ranks in the bottom third for providing equitable access to quality education, showing that equity achievements vary across different social services.
  • The significance of this comparison reveals that Australia’s universal healthcare model effectively delivers more equitable health outcomes than countries relying heavily on private healthcare systems or user-pays models.
Show Worked Solution
  • Australia’s health system achieves superior equity outcomes because it ranks first among OECD countries for equity and healthcare outcomes, demonstrating universal access to essential services.
  • This occurs due to Medicare providing comprehensive coverage that ensures all Australians can access healthcare regardless of their economic status, unlike countries with predominantly private insurance systems.
  • The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and National Disability Insurance Scheme further contribute to equitable access by reducing financial barriers to medications and disability services.
  • However, this creates some challenges as Australia ranks in the bottom third for providing equitable access to quality education, showing that equity achievements vary across different social services.
  • The significance of this comparison reveals that Australia’s universal healthcare model effectively delivers more equitable health outcomes than countries relying heavily on private healthcare systems or user-pays models.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 038

Describe one opportunity and one challenge digital health creates for individuals.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Opportunity: Better access

  • One important opportunity of digital health is better access to health services and information.
  • This happens when individuals use telehealth or the my health app to quickly see test results, prescriptions or vaccination records.
  • As a result, people can save time, make informed choices and take greater control of their health.

Challenge: Inequity

  • A key challenge is the risk of systemic inequity.
  • Two examples of inequity are people in rural areas who have poor internet coverage or people with low digital skills who may struggle to use these systems.
  • Consequently, not all individuals benefit equally from digital health services.
Show Worked Solution

Opportunity: Better access

  • One important opportunity of digital health is better access to health services and information.
  • This happens when individuals use telehealth or the my health app to quickly see test results, prescriptions or vaccination records.
  • As a result, people can save time, make informed choices and take greater control of their health.

Challenge: Inequity

  • A key challenge is the risk of systemic inequity.
  • Two examples of inequity are people in rural areas who have poor internet coverage or people with low digital skills who may struggle to use these systems.
  • Consequently, not all individuals benefit equally from digital health services.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 037

Explain how digital health can improve communication between patients and healthcare providers.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Digital health improves communication between patients and healthcare providers in three main ways: through My Health Record, the my health app and telehealth.

My Health Record

  • Digital health improves communication because it gives patients and providers shared access to the same health information.
  • This occurs because platforms like My Health Record store data such as prescriptions, test results and allergies in one place.
  • As a result, both patients and doctors can see the same information during an appointment, which reduces confusion.
  • This shows a clear connection between better access to information and more informed doctor-patient communication.

my health App

  • Mobile tools like the my health app also allow patients to quickly check and share records.
  • This works by providing real-time updates, which helps patients explain their health situation clearly.
  • Consequently, doctors can respond with the right treatment faster.

Telehealth

  • Telehealth creates another channel for communication.
  • This mechanism helps to connect patients in remote areas with providers, ensuring they receive advice without the need for travel.
  • Therefore, telehealth provides a direct line of communication, helping patients and healthcare providers stay connected even when face-to-face visits are not possible.
Show Worked Solution
  • Digital health improves communication between patients and healthcare providers in three main ways: through My Health Record, the my health app and telehealth.

My Health Record

  • Digital health improves communication because it gives patients and providers shared access to the same health information.
  • This occurs because platforms like My Health Record store data such as prescriptions, test results and allergies in one place.
  • As a result, both patients and doctors can see the same information during an appointment, which reduces confusion.
  • This shows a clear connection between better access to information and more informed doctor-patient communication.

my health App

  • Mobile tools like the my health app also allow patients to quickly check and share records.
  • This works by providing real-time updates, which helps patients explain their health situation clearly.
  • Consequently, doctors can respond with the right treatment faster.

Telehealth

  • Telehealth creates another channel for communication.
  • This mechanism helps to connect patients in remote areas with providers, ensuring they receive advice without the need for travel.
  • Therefore, telehealth provides a direct line of communication, helping patients and healthcare providers stay connected even when face-to-face visits are not possible.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 036

Describe how the my health app supports individuals in managing their health.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The my health app provides secure access to personal health records anywhere, anytime.
  • Individuals can view medication history, vaccination records, pathology results and hospital discharge summaries in one place.
  • The app allows tracking of allergies, reactions and end-of-life care plans.
  • Users can share information with authorised family members or health professionals, improving coordination of care.
  • Mobile access ensures data is available instantly, supporting informed decision-making.
  • Overall, the app encourages autonomy, engagement and health literacy, helping individuals actively manage their health.
Show Worked Solution
  • The my health app provides secure access to personal health records anywhere, anytime.
  • Individuals can view medication history, vaccination records, pathology results and hospital discharge summaries in one place.
    The app allows tracking of allergies, reactions and end-of-life care plans.
  • Users can share information with authorised family members or health professionals, improving coordination of care.
  • Mobile access ensures data is available instantly, supporting informed decision-making.
  • Overall, the app encourages autonomy, engagement and health literacy, helping individuals actively manage their health.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 035

Outline three services included in Australia’s digital health system.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Answers could include any 3 of the following:

  • Electronic prescriptions: This allows patients to receive prescriptions digitally, reducing paper use and improving convenience.
  • Telehealth consultations: This enables patients, especially in rural and remote areas, to connect with doctors through video or phone appointments.
  • My Health Record: A secure digital platform that stores health information such as medication history, allergies and pathology results, accessible to both patients and healthcare providers.
  • Wearable devices:  Smartwatches and other similar devices can be used to track data like heart rate, sleep and physical activity, supporting patient monitoring and individualised care.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include any 3 of the following:

  • Electronic prescriptions: This allows patients to receive prescriptions digitally, reducing paper use and improving convenience.
  • Telehealth consultations: This enables patients, especially in rural and remote areas, to connect with doctors through video or phone appointments.
  • My Health Record: A secure digital platform that stores health information such as medication history, allergies and pathology results, accessible to both patients and healthcare providers.
  • Wearable devices:  Smartwatches and other similar devices can be used to track data like heart rate, sleep and physical activity, supporting patient monitoring and individualised care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 121

Recent epidemiological data shows that Australian life expectancy decreased for the first time since the mid-1900s during 2020-2022, while simultaneously showing that males experience higher total disease burden than females across most age groups.

Explain how this data reflects current challenges in Australian population health.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The decrease in life expectancy during 2020-2022 demonstrates that infectious diseases can still significantly impact population health, as evidenced by COVID-19 becoming the third leading cause of death and disrupting decades of steady improvement.
  • This reveals that Australia’s health system faced unprecedented challenges during the pandemic, resulting in increased mortality from both COVID-19 infections and other causes due to delayed medical treatments and healthcare service disruptions.
  • The higher disease burden experienced by males across most age groups indicates that persistent gender-based health inequities remain unresolved, reflecting significant differences in health-seeking behaviours, workplace risk exposures and lifestyle choices.
  • This pattern shows that males are more likely to experience fatal burden from preventable conditions like cardiovascular disease and intentional injuries, while females experience more non-fatal burden from anxiety disorders and chronic musculoskeletal conditions.
  • The combination of these contrasting trends demonstrates that Australian population health faces both emerging infectious disease threats and entrenched chronic disease inequities that require comprehensive, multi-faceted public health interventions and targeted prevention strategies.
Show Worked Solution
  • The decrease in life expectancy during 2020-2022 demonstrates that infectious diseases can still significantly impact population health, as evidenced by COVID-19 becoming the third leading cause of death and disrupting decades of steady improvement.
  • This reveals that Australia’s health system faced unprecedented challenges during the pandemic, resulting in increased mortality from both COVID-19 infections and other causes due to delayed medical treatments and healthcare service disruptions.
  • The higher disease burden experienced by males across most age groups indicates that persistent gender-based health inequities remain unresolved, reflecting significant differences in health-seeking behaviours, workplace risk exposures and lifestyle choices.
  • This pattern shows that males are more likely to experience fatal burden from preventable conditions like cardiovascular disease and intentional injuries, while females experience more non-fatal burden from anxiety disorders and chronic musculoskeletal conditions.
  • The combination of these contrasting trends demonstrates that Australian population health faces both emerging infectious disease threats and entrenched chronic disease inequities that require comprehensive, multi-faceted public health interventions and targeted prevention strategies.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 115

Explain how targeted healthcare interventions could reduce health inequities experienced by Australian males.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Targeted healthcare interventions can reduce male health inequities because they address specific barriers that prevent men from accessing timely healthcare services.
  • This works by implementing male-friendly clinics with flexible hours and drop-in services that eliminate cultural barriers to healthcare seeking, resulting in earlier detection and treatment of conditions.
  • Regular health screening programs specifically designed for men can identify cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mental health disorders before they progress to serious stages, which prevents late diagnosis and treatment.
  • Health promotion campaigns that target male audiences help improve health literacy and awareness about risk factors such as tobacco use, poor diet and physical inactivity, encouraging protective health behaviours.
  • This approach works because it addresses the underlying causes of male health inequities by making healthcare more accessible and culturally appropriate for men’s needs and preferences.
  • Therefore, targeted interventions can significantly reduce the premature mortality rates experienced by males compared to females by addressing both access barriers and behavioural risk factors.
Show Worked Solution
  • Targeted healthcare interventions can reduce male health inequities because they address specific barriers that prevent men from accessing timely healthcare services.
  • This works by implementing male-friendly clinics with flexible hours and drop-in services that eliminate cultural barriers to healthcare seeking, resulting in earlier detection and treatment of conditions.
  • Regular health screening programs specifically designed for men can identify cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mental health disorders before they progress to serious stages, which prevents late diagnosis and treatment.
  • Health promotion campaigns that target male audiences help improve health literacy and awareness about risk factors such as tobacco use, poor diet and physical inactivity, encouraging protective health behaviours.
  • This approach works because it addresses the underlying causes of male health inequities by making healthcare more accessible and culturally appropriate for men’s needs and preferences.
  • Therefore, targeted interventions can significantly reduce the premature mortality rates experienced by males compared to females by addressing both access barriers and behavioural risk factors.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 053 MC

Which of the following represents the most serious challenge for the operational efficiency of Australia's digital health system?

  1. Too many people accessing their records
  2. Different software systems not sharing data effectively
  3. Insufficient user engagement with digital platforms
  4. Patients refusing to use smartphones
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Failures between different software systems not working together prevent health information from being shared effectively, directly undermining the core purpose of the digital system.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: High usage would indicate success rather than a challenge and systems are designed to handle large volumes of users.
  • C is incorrect: While low engagement reduces effectiveness, it doesn’t prevent the system from operating efficiently for those who do use it.
  • D is incorrect: Digital health systems are accessible through multiple devices including computers and tablets, not just smartphones.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 052 MC

A patient using the 'my health' app notices their pathology results show abnormal values. What is the most appropriate next step according to best practice in digital health?

  1. Use an online symptom checker to diagnose the results
  2. Compare results with previous tests to assess if values are improving
  3. Contact their healthcare provider to discuss the results
  4. Order medications online based on the results
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Contacting a healthcare provider ensures professional interpretation of results and appropriate medical advice.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Online symptom checkers lack the clinical context and expertise needed to accurately interpret pathology results.
  • B is incorrect: While comparing trends seems logical, patients lack the medical training to interpret whether changes in abnormal values are clinically significant.
  • D is incorrect: Self-medicating based on pathology results without professional guidance is dangerous and could lead to inappropriate treatments.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 051 MC

The Australian Digital Health Agency was established to:

  1. Offer low cost health insurance products online
  2. Provide connected digital solutions for health system infrastructure
  3. Support general practitioners with artificial intelligence support
  4. Monitor individuals' health for early intervention
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: The agency was established specifically to develop and manage digital infrastructure and technology services that connect different parts of the health system.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: The Agency does not develop insurance products, which are typically offered by private companies.
  • C is incorrect: While digital health infrastructure may enable AI support for GPs, this is not the Agency’s primary purpose.
  • D is incorrect: Although the Agency creates the infrastructure for health information sharing, health monitoring is done by healthcare providers using these systems.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 049 MC

According to recent data, approximately what percentage of Australians with My Health Records have actually viewed their digital health information?

  1. 25%
  2. 50%
  3. 75%
  4. 95%
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Only one-quarter of Australians with access have actually looked at their digital health records.