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HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 037

Explain how digital health can improve communication between patients and healthcare providers.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Digital health improves communication between patients and healthcare providers in three main ways: through My Health Record, the my health app and telehealth.

My Health Record

  • Digital health improves communication because it gives patients and providers shared access to the same health information.
  • This occurs because platforms like My Health Record store data such as prescriptions, test results and allergies in one place.
  • As a result, both patients and doctors can see the same information during an appointment, which reduces confusion.
  • This shows a clear connection between better access to information and more informed doctor-patient communication.

my health App

  • Mobile tools like the my health app also allow patients to quickly check and share records.
  • This works by providing real-time updates, which helps patients explain their health situation clearly.
  • Consequently, doctors can respond with the right treatment faster.

Telehealth

  • Telehealth creates another channel for communication.
  • This mechanism helps to connect patients in remote areas with providers, ensuring they receive advice without the need for travel.
  • Therefore, telehealth provides a direct line of communication, helping patients and healthcare providers stay connected even when face-to-face visits are not possible.
Show Worked Solution
  • Digital health improves communication between patients and healthcare providers in three main ways: through My Health Record, the my health app and telehealth.

My Health Record

  • Digital health improves communication because it gives patients and providers shared access to the same health information.
  • This occurs because platforms like My Health Record store data such as prescriptions, test results and allergies in one place.
  • As a result, both patients and doctors can see the same information during an appointment, which reduces confusion.
  • This shows a clear connection between better access to information and more informed doctor-patient communication.

my health App

  • Mobile tools like the my health app also allow patients to quickly check and share records.
  • This works by providing real-time updates, which helps patients explain their health situation clearly.
  • Consequently, doctors can respond with the right treatment faster.

Telehealth

  • Telehealth creates another channel for communication.
  • This mechanism helps to connect patients in remote areas with providers, ensuring they receive advice without the need for travel.
  • Therefore, telehealth provides a direct line of communication, helping patients and healthcare providers stay connected even when face-to-face visits are not possible.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 036

Describe how the my health app supports individuals in managing their health.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The my health app provides secure access to personal health records anywhere, anytime.
  • Individuals can view medication history, vaccination records, pathology results and hospital discharge summaries in one place.
  • The app allows tracking of allergies, reactions and end-of-life care plans.
  • Users can share information with authorised family members or health professionals, improving coordination of care.
  • Mobile access ensures data is available instantly, supporting informed decision-making.
  • Overall, the app encourages autonomy, engagement and health literacy, helping individuals actively manage their health.
Show Worked Solution
  • The my health app provides secure access to personal health records anywhere, anytime.
  • Individuals can view medication history, vaccination records, pathology results and hospital discharge summaries in one place.
    The app allows tracking of allergies, reactions and end-of-life care plans.
  • Users can share information with authorised family members or health professionals, improving coordination of care.
  • Mobile access ensures data is available instantly, supporting informed decision-making.
  • Overall, the app encourages autonomy, engagement and health literacy, helping individuals actively manage their health.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 035

Outline three services included in Australia’s digital health system.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Answers could include any 3 of the following:

  • Electronic prescriptions: This allows patients to receive prescriptions digitally, reducing paper use and improving convenience.
  • Telehealth consultations: This enables patients, especially in rural and remote areas, to connect with doctors through video or phone appointments.
  • My Health Record: A secure digital platform that stores health information such as medication history, allergies and pathology results, accessible to both patients and healthcare providers.
  • Wearable devices:  Smartwatches and other similar devices can be used to track data like heart rate, sleep and physical activity, supporting patient monitoring and individualised care.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include any 3 of the following:

  • Electronic prescriptions: This allows patients to receive prescriptions digitally, reducing paper use and improving convenience.
  • Telehealth consultations: This enables patients, especially in rural and remote areas, to connect with doctors through video or phone appointments.
  • My Health Record: A secure digital platform that stores health information such as medication history, allergies and pathology results, accessible to both patients and healthcare providers.
  • Wearable devices:  Smartwatches and other similar devices can be used to track data like heart rate, sleep and physical activity, supporting patient monitoring and individualised care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 121

Recent epidemiological data shows that Australian life expectancy decreased for the first time since the mid-1900s during 2020-2022, while simultaneously showing that males experience higher total disease burden than females across most age groups.

Explain how this data reflects current challenges in Australian population health.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • The decrease in life expectancy during 2020-2022 demonstrates that infectious diseases can still significantly impact population health, as evidenced by COVID-19 becoming the third leading cause of death and disrupting decades of steady improvement.
  • This reveals that Australia’s health system faced unprecedented challenges during the pandemic, resulting in increased mortality from both COVID-19 infections and other causes due to delayed medical treatments and healthcare service disruptions.
  • The higher disease burden experienced by males across most age groups indicates that persistent gender-based health inequities remain unresolved, reflecting significant differences in health-seeking behaviours, workplace risk exposures and lifestyle choices.
  • This pattern shows that males are more likely to experience fatal burden from preventable conditions like cardiovascular disease and intentional injuries, while females experience more non-fatal burden from anxiety disorders and chronic musculoskeletal conditions.
  • The combination of these contrasting trends demonstrates that Australian population health faces both emerging infectious disease threats and entrenched chronic disease inequities that require comprehensive, multi-faceted public health interventions and targeted prevention strategies.
Show Worked Solution
  • The decrease in life expectancy during 2020-2022 demonstrates that infectious diseases can still significantly impact population health, as evidenced by COVID-19 becoming the third leading cause of death and disrupting decades of steady improvement.
  • This reveals that Australia’s health system faced unprecedented challenges during the pandemic, resulting in increased mortality from both COVID-19 infections and other causes due to delayed medical treatments and healthcare service disruptions.
  • The higher disease burden experienced by males across most age groups indicates that persistent gender-based health inequities remain unresolved, reflecting significant differences in health-seeking behaviours, workplace risk exposures and lifestyle choices.
  • This pattern shows that males are more likely to experience fatal burden from preventable conditions like cardiovascular disease and intentional injuries, while females experience more non-fatal burden from anxiety disorders and chronic musculoskeletal conditions.
  • The combination of these contrasting trends demonstrates that Australian population health faces both emerging infectious disease threats and entrenched chronic disease inequities that require comprehensive, multi-faceted public health interventions and targeted prevention strategies.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 115

Explain how targeted healthcare interventions could reduce health inequities experienced by Australian males.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Targeted healthcare interventions can reduce male health inequities because they address specific barriers that prevent men from accessing timely healthcare services.
  • This works by implementing male-friendly clinics with flexible hours and drop-in services that eliminate cultural barriers to healthcare seeking, resulting in earlier detection and treatment of conditions.
  • Regular health screening programs specifically designed for men can identify cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mental health disorders before they progress to serious stages, which prevents late diagnosis and treatment.
  • Health promotion campaigns that target male audiences help improve health literacy and awareness about risk factors such as tobacco use, poor diet and physical inactivity, encouraging protective health behaviours.
  • This approach works because it addresses the underlying causes of male health inequities by making healthcare more accessible and culturally appropriate for men’s needs and preferences.
  • Therefore, targeted interventions can significantly reduce the premature mortality rates experienced by males compared to females by addressing both access barriers and behavioural risk factors.
Show Worked Solution
  • Targeted healthcare interventions can reduce male health inequities because they address specific barriers that prevent men from accessing timely healthcare services.
  • This works by implementing male-friendly clinics with flexible hours and drop-in services that eliminate cultural barriers to healthcare seeking, resulting in earlier detection and treatment of conditions.
  • Regular health screening programs specifically designed for men can identify cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mental health disorders before they progress to serious stages, which prevents late diagnosis and treatment.
  • Health promotion campaigns that target male audiences help improve health literacy and awareness about risk factors such as tobacco use, poor diet and physical inactivity, encouraging protective health behaviours.
  • This approach works because it addresses the underlying causes of male health inequities by making healthcare more accessible and culturally appropriate for men’s needs and preferences.
  • Therefore, targeted interventions can significantly reduce the premature mortality rates experienced by males compared to females by addressing both access barriers and behavioural risk factors.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 053 MC

Which of the following represents the most serious challenge for the operational efficiency of Australia's digital health system?

  1. Too many people accessing their records
  2. Different software systems not sharing data effectively
  3. Insufficient user engagement with digital platforms
  4. Patients refusing to use smartphones
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Failures between different software systems not working together prevent health information from being shared effectively, directly undermining the core purpose of the digital system.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: High usage would indicate success rather than a challenge and systems are designed to handle large volumes of users.
  • C is incorrect: While low engagement reduces effectiveness, it doesn’t prevent the system from operating efficiently for those who do use it.
  • D is incorrect: Digital health systems are accessible through multiple devices including computers and tablets, not just smartphones.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 052 MC

A patient using the 'my health' app notices their pathology results show abnormal values. What is the most appropriate next step according to best practice in digital health?

  1. Use an online symptom checker to diagnose the results
  2. Compare results with previous tests to assess if values are improving
  3. Contact their healthcare provider to discuss the results
  4. Order medications online based on the results
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Contacting a healthcare provider ensures professional interpretation of results and appropriate medical advice.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Online symptom checkers lack the clinical context and expertise needed to accurately interpret pathology results.
  • B is incorrect: While comparing trends seems logical, patients lack the medical training to interpret whether changes in abnormal values are clinically significant.
  • D is incorrect: Self-medicating based on pathology results without professional guidance is dangerous and could lead to inappropriate treatments.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 051 MC

The Australian Digital Health Agency was established to:

  1. Offer low cost health insurance products online
  2. Provide connected digital solutions for health system infrastructure
  3. Support general practitioners with artificial intelligence support
  4. Monitor individuals' health for early intervention
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: The agency was established specifically to develop and manage digital infrastructure and technology services that connect different parts of the health system.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: The Agency does not develop insurance products, which are typically offered by private companies.
  • C is incorrect: While digital health infrastructure may enable AI support for GPs, this is not the Agency’s primary purpose.
  • D is incorrect: Although the Agency creates the infrastructure for health information sharing, health monitoring is done by healthcare providers using these systems.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 049 MC

According to recent data, approximately what percentage of Australians with My Health Records have actually viewed their digital health information?

  1. 25%
  2. 50%
  3. 75%
  4. 95%
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Only one-quarter of Australians with access have actually looked at their digital health records. 

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 048 MC

A 75-year-old patient is admitted to the emergency department unconscious. Which feature of My Health Record would be most valuable to the treating physician?

  1. The patient's vaccination history from childhood
  2. The number of admissions to emergency in the last 12 months
  3. Current medications and known allergies
  4. The contact details of their regular doctor
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Current medications and known allergies are most critical for preventing fatal drug interactions or allergic reactions in an unconscious patient.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect: Childhood vaccination history has minimal relevance to emergency treatment of a 75-year-old.
  • B is incorrect: Previous ED admissions provide context but aren’t as critical as current medications/allergies for immediate treatment.
  • D is incorrect: Regular doctor’s contact details are helpful for follow-up but not essential for emergency treatment decisions.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 111

Explain how chronic conditions have become the dominant cause of disease burden in Australia, replacing infectious diseases as the primary health concern.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Chronic conditions have become the dominant cause of disease burden because Australia has experienced an epidemiological transition over the past century where deaths from infectious diseases declined dramatically while chronic conditions increased.
  • The reason for this is improved sanitation, vaccination programmes, antibiotics and public health measures have effectively controlled infectious diseases like tuberculosis and pneumonia.
  • As a result, Australians now live longer but develop age-related chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, dementia and diabetes that require long-term management.
  • This leads to chronic conditions now being responsible for the vast majority of deaths, with cancer, mental health conditions and musculoskeletal conditions emerging as the leading disease groups.
  • Consequently, the healthcare system has shifted focus from treating acute infectious episodes to managing long-term chronic diseases that cause substantial disability and premature death.
  • This demonstrates why modern Australia faces different health challenges compared to previous generations, requiring preventive strategies and lifestyle interventions rather than just medical treatments.
  • Therefore, understanding this transition helps explain current patterns of morbidity and mortality in Australian populations.

Show Worked Solution
  • Chronic conditions have become the dominant cause of disease burden because Australia has experienced an epidemiological transition over the past century where deaths from infectious diseases declined dramatically while chronic conditions increased.
  • The reason for this is improved sanitation, vaccination programmes, antibiotics and public health measures have effectively controlled infectious diseases like tuberculosis and pneumonia.
  • As a result, Australians now live longer but develop age-related chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, dementia and diabetes that require long-term management.
  • This leads to chronic conditions now being responsible for the vast majority of deaths, with cancer, mental health conditions and musculoskeletal conditions emerging as the leading disease groups.
  • Consequently, the healthcare system has shifted focus from treating acute infectious episodes to managing long-term chronic diseases that cause substantial disability and premature death.
  • This demonstrates why modern Australia faces different health challenges compared to previous generations, requiring preventive strategies and lifestyle interventions rather than just medical treatments.
  • Therefore, understanding this transition helps explain current patterns of morbidity and mortality in Australian populations.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 109 MC

Governments can address the future needs of an ageing population through urban planning by:

  1. Building more hospitals exclusively for elderly patients in city centres
  2. Creating age-friendly communities with accessible transportation and pedestrian-friendly pathways
  3. Restricting older adults from using public transportation during peak hours
  4. Requiring all new housing developments to include residential aged care facilities
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Urban planning should create age-friendly communities with accessible transportation and pedestrian-friendly pathways for older residents.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Age-friendly planning involves community design not just building specialised hospitals.
  • C is incorrect: Restricting access contradicts age-friendly community planning principles.
  • D is incorrect: Mandatory aged care facilities in developments isn’t age-friendly urban planning approach.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 107 MC

The trend showing Australia's population aged 65 and over steadily increasing in both absolute numbers and as a proportion of the total population indicates that:

  1. Immigration policies are successfully attracting younger migrants to Australia
  2. Healthcare spending will decrease as older adults require less medical intervention
  3. Both challenges and opportunities will emerge for Australia's health and welfare sectors
  4. Fertility rates are increasing to match the growing elderly population
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: The demographic shift presents both challenges and opportunities for health and welfare sectors.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Immigration success doesn’t change the fact that population is proportionally ageing.
  • B is incorrect: Healthcare spending will increase not decrease as older adults need more medical care.
  • D is incorrect: Fertility rates are decreasing not increasing which contributes to population ageing.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 105 MC

The government prioritises healthy ageing as a national research priority because:

  1. Older adults require more expensive medical equipment than younger patients
  2. Healthy ageing enables people to contribute economically for longer reducing government burden
  3. All chronic diseases can be prevented through healthy ageing programs
  4. Retirement villages generate significant tax revenue for local governments
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Government encourages healthy ageing to enable economic contribution for longer and reduce economic burden.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Priority is about economic contribution not medical equipment costs.
  • C is incorrect: Healthy ageing doesn’t prevent all chronic diseases but improves outcomes.
  • D is incorrect: Tax revenue from retirement villages is not the primary reason for prioritising healthy ageing.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 102 MC

Older adults who lack technology skills face health inequities primarily because:

  1. They cannot afford modern healthcare equipment and devices
  2. Healthcare systems increasingly rely on digital platforms for appointments and health management
  3. Traditional medical treatments are no longer available to non-technology users
  4. Younger healthcare providers refuse to treat patients without digital literacy
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Healthcare moving online creates barriers for older adults unfamiliar with digital appointment systems and telehealth.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The issue is digital literacy skills not affordability of healthcare equipment.
  • C is incorrect: Traditional treatments remain available the challenge is accessing services through digital systems.
  • D is incorrect: Healthcare providers don’t refuse treatment but systems require digital navigation skills.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 100 MC

Which factor demonstrates how intersectionality compounds health inequities for vulnerable groups?

  1. People with disability who live in rural areas face greater healthcare access challenges than those in cities
  2. Older people generally have higher rates of chronic disease than younger populations
  3. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in major cities have identical health outcomes to remote communities
  4. Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations always maintain better health status regardless of other factors
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Intersectionality means people with disability in rural areas experience compounded disadvantages from both factors.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: This describes single factor impact not intersectionality of multiple disadvantages.
  • C is incorrect: Location does create different health outcomes even within Indigenous communities.
  • D is incorrect: CALD health status can be affected by other socioeconomic and geographic factors.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 97 MC

The decline in cardiovascular disease mortality rates in Australia is attributed to improvements in both prevention and treatment, including:

  1. Reduction in risk factor levels and improved medical care with better medications
  2. Increased smoking rates and improved surgical techniques only
  3. Focus on treatment rather than prevention strategies
  4. Elimination of all modifiable risk factors from the population
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Decline due to reduced risk factors like smoking plus improved medications and surgical interventions.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Smoking rates decreased not increased and improvements include medications not just surgery.
  • C is incorrect: Both prevention and treatment contributed not just treatment focus.
  • D is incorrect: Risk factors reduced but not completely eliminated from the population.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 95 MC

Based on Australia's Health data trends, which pattern is observed for chronic conditions in Australia?

  1. All chronic conditions show decreasing incidence and mortality rates
  2. Mental health conditions and substance use disorders cause greatest burden in ages 5-44
  3. Musculoskeletal conditions are the leading cause of death in older Australians
  4. Chronic conditions contribute to less than 50% of total disease burden
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Mental health conditions and substance use disorders cause greatest burden in first half of life ages 5-44.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Different chronic conditions show varying trends some increasing others decreasing.
  • C is incorrect: Neurological conditions like dementia are leading cause in older adults not musculoskeletal.
  • D is incorrect: Chronic conditions account for majority not minority of total disease burden.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 033

Describe how new technologies in healthcare can address the sociological causes of risky health behaviours.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Social networks influence

  • Health apps can create positive peer pressure by sharing fitness achievements within social groups.
  • This transforms negative peer influence into supportive competition for healthy behaviours.

Workplace stress factors

  • AI-powered mental health apps provide immediate stress management techniques for high-pressure work environments.
  • This prevents workers from developing unhealthy coping mechanisms like excessive alcohol consumption.

Environmental and media impacts

  • Smart home technology monitors air quality to maintain smoke-free environments, reducing children’s exposure to smoking behaviours.
  • Content filtering on home devices can limit children’s exposure to the marketing of harmful products like vapes.
Show Worked Solution

Social networks influence

  • Health apps can create positive peer pressure by sharing fitness achievements within social groups.
  • This transforms negative peer influence into supportive competition for healthy behaviours.

Workplace stress factors

  • AI-powered mental health apps provide immediate stress management techniques for high-pressure work environments.
  • This prevents workers from developing unhealthy coping mechanisms like excessive alcohol consumption.

Environmental and media impacts

  • Smart home technology monitors air quality to maintain smoke-free environments, reducing children’s exposure to smoking behaviours.
  • Content filtering on home devices can limit children’s exposure to the marketing of harmful products like vapes.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 032

Discuss the benefits and challenges of using health apps to improve the health status of young Australians.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • [P] A key advantage is the accessibility of mental health support for young Australians.
  • [E] Health apps provide 24/7 assistance that aligns with young people’s digital preferences and removes traditional healthcare barriers.
  • [Ev] For example, Beyond Now offers immediate crisis planning for suicidal thoughts, while FoodSwitch enables healthier eating through barcode scanning.
  • [L] This accessibility directly improves health outcomes by meeting young people where they are most comfortable – on their devices.
     
  • [P] However, this must be weighed against the credibility crisis in health apps.
  • [E] The overwhelming number of apps (estimated at 200k+ globally) makes it difficult for young users to distinguish quality health tools from harmful ones.
  • [Ev] Social media influencers promote unverified apps similar to how e-cigarette marketing targets youth, often normalising risky behaviours.
  • [L] These issues undermine the potential health benefits.
     
  • [P] Despite these challenges, properly vetted apps offer significant potential for youth health improvement.
  • [E] When young people do access quality-assured apps, these tools effectively complement traditional healthcare services, particularly for prevention and early intervention.
  • [Ev] Mental health apps provide crucial early support for conditions like anxiety and depression, which affect almost half of females aged 16-24.
  • [L] This demonstrates that health apps can meaningfully improve young Australians’ health status when quality and access barriers are overcome.
Show Worked Solution
  • [P] A key advantage is the accessibility of mental health support for young Australians.
  • [E] Health apps provide 24/7 assistance that aligns with young people’s digital preferences and removes traditional healthcare barriers.
  • [Ev] For example, Beyond Now offers immediate crisis planning for suicidal thoughts, while FoodSwitch enables healthier eating through barcode scanning.
  • [L] This accessibility directly improves health outcomes by meeting young people where they are most comfortable – on their devices.
     
  • [P] However, this must be weighed against the credibility crisis in health apps.
  • [E] The overwhelming number of apps (estimated at 200k+ globally) makes it difficult for young users to distinguish quality health tools from harmful ones.
  • [Ev] Social media influencers promote unverified apps similar to how e-cigarette marketing targets youth, often normalising risky behaviours.
  • [L] These issues undermine the potential health benefits.
     
  • [P] Despite these challenges, properly vetted apps offer significant potential for youth health improvement.
  • [E] When young people do access quality-assured apps, these tools effectively complement traditional healthcare services, particularly for prevention and early intervention.
  • [Ev] Mental health apps provide crucial early support for conditions like anxiety and depression, which affect almost half of females aged 16-24.
  • [L] This demonstrates that health apps can meaningfully improve young Australians’ health status when quality and access barriers are overcome.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 030

Outline three ways in which artificial intelligence (AI) can improve health outcomes in Australia.   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

Answers could include 3 of the following:

  • AI can improve diagnostic accuracy by detecting patterns in scans and identifying disease earlier.
  • AI can personalise treatment plans by analysing genetic and test data for individual patients.
  • AI can improve access to care through telehealth and predicting where medicines are needed most.
  • AI can speed up the discovery of new medicines by analysing large datasets to identify disease causes and design new drugs.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include 3 of the following:

  • AI can improve diagnostic accuracy by detecting patterns in scans and identifying disease earlier.
  • AI can personalise treatment plans by analysing genetic and test data for individual patients.
  • AI can improve access to care through telehealth and predicting where medicines are needed most.
  • AI can speed up the discovery of new medicines by analysing large datasets to identify disease causes and design new drugs.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 029

Analyse how artificial intelligence in healthcare can address health inequities identified in Australia's health status data.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Overview

  • AI in healthcare can reduce inequities in Australia by improving diagnosis, personalised treatment and expanding access. These factors directly contribute to closing health gaps.

Gender-based diagnosis

  • Gender differences in disease symptoms often lead to unequal outcomes.
  • AI can analyse diverse datasets that reveal how conditions appear differently in men and women.
  • For example, female heart attack symptoms often differ from men’s. AI systems identify these patterns, which leads to earlier and more accurate diagnoses.
  • Mental health tools using AI can also encourage earlier intervention for men, who often avoid seeking help.
  • This results in reduced mortality for both genders.

Rural and chronic disease access

  • People in rural areas face reduced access to specialists. AI-enabled telehealth interacts with geography by connecting patients remotely to care.
  • Chronic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease depend on early detection and monitoring. Machine learning predicts disease progression and enables preventive care.
  • This is significant since chronic disease is the largest burden in Australia.
  • In this way, AI helps reduce inequity caused by remoteness as well as addressing disease management challenges.

Implications and Synthesis

  • AI in healthcare functions by standardising diagnosis, supporting prevention, and expanding access. These elements combine to reduce health gaps between groups.
  • The significance is that AI has strong potential to deliver fairer outcomes.
  • However, its impact depends on reliable, balanced data and its ethical use.
Show Worked Solution

Overview

  • AI in healthcare can reduce inequities in Australia by improving diagnosis, personalised treatment and expanding access. These factors directly contribute to closing health gaps.

Gender-based diagnosis

  • Gender differences in disease symptoms often lead to unequal outcomes.
  • AI can analyse diverse datasets that reveal how conditions appear differently in men and women.
  • For example, female heart attack symptoms often differ from men’s. AI systems identify these patterns, which leads to earlier and more accurate diagnoses.
  • Mental health tools using AI can also encourage earlier intervention for men, who often avoid seeking help.
  • This results in reduced mortality for both genders.

Rural and chronic disease access

  • People in rural areas face reduced access to specialists. AI-enabled telehealth interacts with geography by connecting patients remotely to care.
  • Chronic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease depend on early detection and monitoring. Machine learning predicts disease progression and enables preventive care.
  • This is significant since chronic disease is the largest burden in Australia.
  • In this way, AI helps reduce inequity caused by remoteness as well as addressing disease management challenges.

Implications and Synthesis

  • AI in healthcare functions by standardising diagnosis, supporting prevention, and expanding access. These elements combine to reduce health gaps between groups.
  • The significance is that AI has strong potential to deliver fairer outcomes.
  • However, its impact depends on reliable, balanced data and its ethical use.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 044 MC

Which of the following best shows how assistive technology fosters participation and inclusion?

  1. A wheelchair allowing increased mobility
  2. An ergonomic keyboard assisting in the workplace
  3. A button hook reducing reliance on carers
  4. A hearing aid enhancing social interaction
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct. A hearing aid directly enhances communication and social interaction, which fosters participation and inclusion in community life.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. A wheelchair supports independence and mobility, but this relates more to freedom of movement than inclusion.
  • B is incorrect. An ergonomic keyboard assists workplace function, which improves learning and working, not inclusion.
  • C is incorrect. A button hook helps with daily tasks, reducing reliance on carers, but does not directly enhance participation with others.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 90 MC

The Australian government's commitment of $537 billion between 2022-26 demonstrates:

  1. A shift away from Medicare towards private health insurance funding
  2. Continued investment in the health system with substantial long-term financial commitment
  3. Reduction in health spending compared to previous budget periods
  4. Focus solely on hospital infrastructure rather than healthcare services
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: The $537 billion commitment shows continued investment and substantial long-term financial commitment to health.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The commitment includes strengthening Medicare not shifting away from it.
  • C is incorrect: This represents continued substantial investment not reduction in health spending.
  • D is incorrect: The commitment covers broad health system investment not just hospital infrastructure.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 87 MC

The ageing population will impact healthcare sustainability because:

  1. Older people prefer private health insurance over Medicare services
  2. There will be increased demand for healthcare services requiring more workforce and funding
  3. Prevention programs become less effective for people over 65 years
  4. Rural areas will have better access to healthcare than urban centres
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Increased demand from ageing population will result in higher costs and workforce needs.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Insurance preference doesn’t create sustainability challenges the increased demand does.
  • C is incorrect: Prevention programs remain important for all age groups including older adults.
  • D is incorrect: Rural areas face greater not better healthcare access challenges than urban centres.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 85 MC

The argument for increased prevention funding based on "containment of increasing costs" suggests that:

  1. Without prevention focus, healthcare costs could make adequate care unaffordable for ordinary Australians
  2. Prevention activities require expensive technological equipment to be effective
  3. Prevention programs generate revenue that can fund treatment services
  4. Private health insurance should cover all prevention costs to reduce government spending
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Prevention is the best way of containing continually increasing healthcare costs that could become unaffordable.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Prevention activities use existing accessible community structures not expensive technology.
  • C is incorrect: Prevention programs don’t generate revenue they save costs by preventing illness.
  • D is incorrect: The argument focuses on government investment in prevention not private insurance coverage.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 041 MC

A local hospital sees a sudden rise in asthma cases. AI detects this trend and directs more asthma medication to that area. Which benefit of AI is shown?

  1. Predicting disease outbreaks to improve resource distribution
  2. Personalising treatment plans based on genetic data
  3. Forecasting hospital demand to improve service delivery
  4. Helping treatments reach patients more quickly
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct. The scenario shows AI being used to quickly allocate medicines where they are needed, ensuring faster access to treatment.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. This refers to public health surveillance, whereas the scenario focuses on medication access.
  • B is incorrect. Personalised care involves tailoring treatment to an individual’s genetics, not population supply.
  • C is incorrect. Forecasting hospital demand is related but broader; the scenario highlights the immediate delivery of medicines.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 039 MC

A mother is using Feed Safe to guide her alcohol consumption when breastfeeding. Which health benefit does this best demonstrate?

  1. Promotes more accurate diagnosis
  2. Supports safe decision-making for individual health
  3. Provides guidance on safe parenting practices
  4. Monitors the nutritional intake of the infant
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. Feed Safe, as described, supports mothers in making safe health decisions regarding alcohol and breastfeeding.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. It relates more to medical imaging/AI than app-based decision support.
  • C is incorrect. This is too broad. Feed Safe targets a specific health choice, not general parenting.
  • D is incorrect. Alcohol consumption during breast feeding focuses on maternal consumption, not infant diet.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 83 MC

The organisational structure for regulation and monitoring of health premises and personnel is primarily the responsibility of:

  1. State and territory health authorities
  2. Federal Department of Health oversight committees
  3. Local government environmental health officers
  4. Private sector professional associations
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: State and territory health authorities have principal responsibility for regulation and monitoring of premises and personnel.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Federal government approves services but states handle regulation and monitoring.
  • C is incorrect: Local government monitors environmental standards not health personnel licensing.
  • D is incorrect: Professional associations contribute but don’t have primary regulatory authority.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 79 MC

A patient requiring breast cancer treatment would likely interact with which combination of health system sectors?

  1. Only government-funded public hospitals
  2. Private specialists, public hospitals and community support groups
  3. Federal health departments and local councils exclusively
  4. International organisations and private insurance companies
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Breast cancer treatment involves private specialists, public hospitals and community groups like Cancer Council.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Treatment typically involves multiple sectors not just public hospitals.
  • C is incorrect: Direct care not provided by federal departments or local councils.
  • D is incorrect: Treatment occurs within domestic health system not international organisations.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 76 MC

Private sector healthcare services in Australia are approved by which organisation?

  1. State health departments
  2. Local government councils
  3. Federal Department of Health
  4. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Private sector services are approved by the federal Department of Health.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: State departments regulate some aspects but not approval of private services.
  • B is incorrect: Local government handles environmental health not private service approval.
  • D is incorrect: AHPRA registers practitioners not healthcare service organisations.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 73 MC

The Australian government's direct responsibility for health services includes programs specifically for which groups?

  1. All hospital patients and Medicare recipients
  2. War veterans and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities
  3. Private health insurance holders and dental patients
  4. Emergency department patients and aged care residents
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Australian government has direct responsibility for veteran and Indigenous health programs.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Hospital services managed by state governments not federal.
  • C is incorrect: Private insurance regulated but not directly provided by federal government.
  • D is incorrect: Emergency departments run by states and aged care shared responsibility.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 72 MC

Australia's healthcare governance involves multiple levels of government with distinct responsibilities. Which arrangement describes the division of responsibilities between federal and state governments?

  1. Federal government operates hospitals whilst state governments provide medical services funding
  2. State governments create national health policies whilst federal government implements local services
  3. Federal government provides funding and policies whilst state governments deliver hospital and community services
  4. Both levels of government share identical responsibilities for all aspects of healthcare delivery
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Federal funding/policy paired with state service delivery represents governance structure division.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: States operate hospitals whilst federal government provides funding, not reversed arrangement.
  • B is incorrect: Federal government creates national policies whilst states implement services locally.
  • D is incorrect: Government levels have distinct complementary responsibilities, not identical roles.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 70 MC

Health apps such as Headspace and Calm have become popular complementary healthcare products. What distinguishes these digital services from conventional medical treatments?

  1. They require validation from healthcare professionals to ensure appropriate use for individual needs
  2. They are only available through hospital-based healthcare delivery systems
  3. They provide accessible self-directed wellness support outside traditional clinical settings
  4. They can only be used by patients with diagnosed mental health conditions
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Health apps provide accessible self-directed support outside traditional clinical environments.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Health apps are designed for independent use without requiring professional validation.
  • B is incorrect: Apps are accessible through personal devices, not limited to hospital systems.
  • D is incorrect: Health apps are available to general population, not restricted to diagnosed conditions.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 67 MC

The FoodSwitch app represents a technological approach to preventative healthcare through complementary medicine. How does this application function as a preventative measure?

  1. It diagnoses existing nutritional deficiencies in users
  2. It helps Australians make better food choices to prevent obesity and cardiovascular disease
  3. It provides treatment protocols for diagnosed diabetes patients
  4. It replaces the need for regular medical check-ups with healthcare professionals
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: FoodSwitch prevents health issues by enabling better nutritional choices.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: App provides guidance rather than diagnosing existing deficiencies.
  • C is incorrect: Prevention focuses on avoiding disease development, not treating diagnosed conditions.
  • D is incorrect: Complementary approaches supplement rather than replace professional medical care.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 65 MC

A cancer patient undergoes conventional chemotherapy treatment whilst also consulting a naturopath to develop a holistic treatment plan combining pharmaceutical and herbal medicines. This scenario demonstrates complementary healthcare functioning as:

  1. A complete replacement for conventional medical oncology treatment
  2. An emergency intervention when conventional treatments fail completely
  3. A supplementary approach enhancing overall patient recovery alongside conventional treatment
  4. A primary treatment method taking precedence over pharmaceutical interventions
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct: Naturopathy supplements conventional chemotherapy to enhance overall patient recovery.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Scenario shows complementary use alongside, not replacement of conventional treatment.
  • B is incorrect: Supplementary use occurs during treatment, not as emergency backup option.
  • D is incorrect: Complementary approach supports rather than takes precedence over conventional treatment.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 62 MC

Traditional western medicine practitioners are increasingly recognising the value of complementary healthcare approaches. Which statement describes this integrative trend?

  1. Conventional doctors are completely replacing traditional medicine with alternative treatments
  2. Medical practitioners are incorporating selected complementary approaches alongside conventional treatments
  3. Alternative medicine practitioners are abandoning their traditional methods for western approaches
  4. Healthcare systems are eliminating all conventional treatments in favour of complementary medicine
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Medical practitioners incorporating complementary approaches demonstrates integrative healthcare development.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Integration involves combining approaches, not complete replacement of conventional medicine.
  • C is incorrect: Alternative practitioners maintain their methods while working within integrated systems.
  • D is incorrect: Integration combines both approaches rather than eliminating conventional treatments.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 59 MC

When evaluating the effectiveness of Australia's healthcare system, which combination of indicators provides the MOST comprehensive assessment?

  1. Health outcomes, accessibility measures, financial sustainability and patient satisfaction ratings
  2. Total healthcare spending compared to other OECD countries only
  3. Number of hospitals and medical practitioners per capita exclusively
  4. Private health insurance uptake rates and pharmaceutical company profits primarily
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Multiple indicators including outcomes, access, sustainability, and satisfaction provide comprehensive evaluation.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Spending comparison alone doesn’t assess health outcomes or system effectiveness.
  • C is incorrect: Infrastructure numbers don’t measure actual health outcomes or service quality.
  • D is incorrect: Insurance and profit measures don’t directly indicate population health effectiveness.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 028

Describe TWO advantages of precision surgery over traditional surgical techniques, giving examples of each.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Advantage 1 – Greater accuracy and reduced complications

  • Precision surgery uses robotic assistance to make smaller, steadier movements than human hands.
  • Example: The da Vinci robotic system allows removal of cancerous tissue with minimal damage to surrounding areas, lowering risk of complications.

Advantage 2 – Faster recovery and less invasive procedures

  • Smaller incisions reduce blood loss and scarring. Patients can also spend significantly less time in hospital.
  • Example: LASIK laser eye surgery reshapes the cornea to correct vision, with most patients resuming normal activities within days.
Show Worked Solution

Advantage 1 – Greater accuracy and reduced complications

  • Precision surgery uses robotic assistance to make smaller, steadier movements than human hands.
  • Example: The da Vinci robotic system allows removal of cancerous tissue with minimal damage to surrounding areas, lowering risk of complications.

Advantage 2 – Faster recovery and less invasive procedures

  • Smaller incisions reduce blood loss and scarring. Patients can also spend significantly less time in hospital.
  • Example: LASIK laser eye surgery reshapes the cornea to correct vision, with most patients resuming normal activities within days.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 027

Wearable devices and portable technologies are changing the way health is measured.

Analyse how these innovations have shifted health assessment beyond hospitals and clinics, and discuss the consequences of this shift for both healthcare professionals and individuals managing their own health.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Overview

  • Wearable devices and portable technologies have changed how health is measured. These tools now connect personal data with professional care.
  • This change presents new opportunities and challenges for individuals and healthcare workers.

Consequences for health professionals

  • Smartwatches and portable ultrasounds are two examples where consumer wearable devices interact with clinical practice.
  • A smartwatch measuring heart rate can connect to digital health records, allowing continuous updates.
  • Similarly, portable ultrasounds enable rural doctors to diagnose without hospital imaging.
  • This interaction leads to earlier identification of problems and faster responses.
  • The implication is that healthcare becomes more proactive, but professionals must adapt to the increased flow of patient data that has become available.

Consequences for individuals

  • Continuous monitoring by individuals influences their health behaviours.
  • Devices that track sleep, steps, or diet affect motivation and self-management. For example, reminders to move or log food intake result in behaviour change.
  • At the same time, constant alerts cause stress or over-reliance on numbers.
  • This relationship shows the double impact: empowerment on one hand, anxiety on the other.
  • Healthcare workers must guide patients to interpret this information accurately and react appropriately.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Together, these technologies create a system where individuals gather data and professionals interpret it.
  • This means that roles are shifting, with patients more involved in their care.
  • The significance is improved access and prevention, but also greater demand for professional support.
  • Therefore, wearable technology is critically reshaping health measurement and redefining patient–professional relationships.
Show Worked Solution

Overview

  • Wearable devices and portable technologies have changed how health is measured. These tools now connect personal data with professional care.
  • This change presents new opportunities and challenges for individuals and healthcare workers.

Consequences for health professionals

  • Smartwatches and portable ultrasounds are two examples where consumer wearable devices interact with clinical practice.
  • A smartwatch measuring heart rate can connect to digital health records, allowing continuous updates.
  • Similarly, portable ultrasounds enable rural doctors to diagnose without hospital imaging.
  • This interaction leads to earlier identification of problems and faster responses.
  • The implication is that healthcare becomes more proactive, but professionals must adapt to the increased flow of patient data that has become available.

Consequences for individuals

  • Continuous monitoring by individuals influences their health behaviours.
  • Devices that track sleep, steps, or diet affect motivation and self-management. For example, reminders to move or log food intake result in behaviour change.
  • At the same time, constant alerts cause stress or over-reliance on numbers.
  • This relationship shows the double impact: empowerment on one hand, anxiety on the other.
  • Healthcare workers must guide patients to interpret this information accurately and react appropriately.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Together, these technologies create a system where individuals gather data and professionals interpret it.
  • This means that roles are shifting, with patients more involved in their care.
  • The significance is improved access and prevention, but also greater demand for professional support.
  • Therefore, wearable technology is critically reshaping health measurement and redefining patient–professional relationships.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 026

Discuss how precision surgery technologies contribute to both patient outcomes and healthcare system efficiency. In your answer include references to at least two relevant technologies.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • [P] A key advantage of precision surgery is the improvement of patient outcomes through greater accuracy.
  • [E] These technologies enhance surgical precision by reducing surgeon tremors and enabling smaller, controlled incisions.
  • [Ev] For instance, the da Vinci robotic system allows surgeons to remove cancerous tissue with minimal damage to surrounding areas.
  • [L] As a result, patients experience fewer complications, shorter recovery times, and increased confidence in surgical procedures.
     
  • [P] Another strength is the contribution of precision surgery to overall healthcare efficiency.
  • [E] Minimally invasive techniques reduce hospital stays, freeing up resources for other patients.
  • [Ev] LASIK eye surgery demonstrates this efficiency, as patients often resume daily activities within days, lowering long-term care needs.
  • [L] Therefore, precision surgery reduces demand on hospital beds and staff, helping the system operate more effectively.
     
  • [P] However, this must be weighed against the significant costs and access limitations of precision surgery.
  • [E] While these technologies create efficiencies, initial investment and maintenance costs remain substantial. Critics contend that access is limited to the wealthy.
  • [Ev] Systems such as the NuVasive Pulse also require specialised training and ongoing education, creating resource burdens.
  • [L] Nevertheless, long-term benefits such as reduced complications and shorter hospital stays indicate that these technologies still promote sustainability in healthcare delivery.
Show Worked Solution
  • [P] A key advantage of precision surgery is the improvement of patient outcomes through greater accuracy.
  • [E] These technologies enhance surgical precision by reducing surgeon tremors and enabling smaller, controlled incisions.
  • [Ev] For instance, the da Vinci robotic system allows surgeons to remove cancerous tissue with minimal damage to surrounding areas.
  • [L] As a result, patients experience fewer complications, shorter recovery times, and increased confidence in surgical procedures.
     
  • [P] Another strength is the contribution of precision surgery to overall healthcare efficiency.
  • [E] Minimally invasive techniques reduce hospital stays, freeing up resources for other patients.
  • [Ev] LASIK eye surgery demonstrates this efficiency, as patients often resume daily activities within days, lowering long-term care needs.
  • [L] Therefore, precision surgery reduces demand on hospital beds and staff, helping the system operate more effectively.
     
  • [P] However, this must be weighed against the significant costs and access limitations of precision surgery.
  • [E] While these technologies create efficiencies, initial investment and maintenance costs remain substantial. Critics contend that access is limited to the wealthy.
  • [Ev] Systems such as the NuVasive Pulse also require specialised training and ongoing education, creating resource burdens.
  • [L] Nevertheless, long-term benefits such as reduced complications and shorter hospital stays indicate that these technologies still promote sustainability in healthcare delivery.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 025

Explain how remote monitoring technology reduces the burden on Australia's healthcare system.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Home monitoring prevents hospital admissions 

  • Telehealth devices track vital signs at home for chronic disease patients. This works by alerting healthcare workers to changes before emergencies occur.
  • Supporting the use of this technology is a CSIRO telehealth trial that showed hospital admissions were reduced by over 50% for users.
  • This creates significant cost savings given a hospital bed overnight stay costs around $2000.

Early intervention shortens hospital stays

  • Remote monitoring enables doctors to detect problems quickly. This happens because devices can communicate real-time data about measurements such as heart rate, oxygen levels, and blood pressure.
  • Consequently, if patients do need hospitalisation, stays are much shorter.
  • This in turn frees up beds for other patients.

Technology reduces healthcare visits

  • Patients manage conditions from home using monitoring equipment. This leads to fewer GP visits, specialist appointments, and procedures.
  • The reason for this is that continuous monitoring generates better disease management.
  • Therefore, healthcare professionals can focus on patients who need immediate care.
  • This demonstrates why the return on investment into remote monitoring technology is estimated at 5:1.
Show Worked Solution

Home monitoring prevents hospital admissions 

  • Telehealth devices track vital signs at home for chronic disease patients. This works by alerting healthcare workers to changes before emergencies occur.
  • Supporting the use of this technology is a CSIRO telehealth trial that showed hospital admissions were reduced by over 50% for users.
  • This creates significant cost savings given a hospital bed overnight stay costs around $2000.

Early intervention shortens hospital stays

  • Remote monitoring enables doctors to detect problems quickly. This happens because devices can communicate real-time data about measurements such as heart rate, oxygen levels, and blood pressure.
  • Consequently, if patients do need hospitalisation, stays are much shorter.
  • This in turn frees up beds for other patients.

Technology reduces healthcare visits

  • Patients manage conditions from home using monitoring equipment. This leads to fewer GP visits, specialist appointments, and procedures.
  • The reason for this is that continuous monitoring generates better disease management.
  • Therefore, healthcare professionals can focus on patients who need immediate care.
  • This demonstrates why the return on investment into remote monitoring technology is estimated at 5:1.

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 7

Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation:

\(\ce{Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) -> ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)}\)

  1. What mass of hydrochloric acid will react with 6.54 g of zinc?   (3 marks)
  1. If 5.00 g of hydrochloric acid is reacted with 6.54 g of zinc, which is the limiting reagent?   (1 mark)
  1. What mass of hydrogen gas will be produced using the quantities in part b?   (2 marks)
Show Answers Only

a.    \(7.29\ \text{g}\)

b.    Hydrochloric acid is the limiting reagent.

c.    \(0.138\ \text{g}\)

Show Worked Solution

a.    \(n\ce{(Zn)} = \dfrac{m}{MM} = \dfrac{6.54}{65.38} = 0.100\ \text{mol}\).

As the molar ratio is \(1\ \text{mol}\ \ce{Zn}: 2\ \text{mol}\ \ce{HCl}\),

\(n\ce{(HCl)} = 2 \times 0.100 = 0.200\ \text{mol}\).

\(m\ce{(HCl)} = 0.200 \times (1.008 + 35.45) = 7.29\ \text{g}\).
 

b.    5.00 g of \(\ce{HCl}\) is present while 7.29 g is required

\(\Rightarrow\) Hydrochloric acid is the limiting reagent.
 

c.    Since hydrochloric acid is the limiting reagent,

\(n\ce{(HCl)} = \dfrac{5.00}{36.458} = 0.13714\ \text{mol}\).

Molar ratio between \(\ce{HCl}\) and \(\ce{H2}\) is \(2\ \text{mol}\ \ce{HCl}: 1\ \text{mol}\ \ce{H2}\),

\(n\ce{(H2)} = \dfrac{1}{2} \times 0.13714 = 0.0686\ \text{mol}\).

\(m\ce{(H2)} = 0.0686 \times 2.016 = 0.138\ \text{g}\).

CHEMISTRY, M2 EQ-Bank 6

Aluminium oxide can be formed when aluminium metal reacts with oxygen gas according to the equation:

\(\ce{4Al(s) + 3O2(g) \rightarrow 2Al2O3(s)}\)

In an experiment, 2.70 g of aluminium is heated strongly in oxygen.

  1. How many moles of aluminium are present in 2.70 g of aluminium?   (1 mark)
  1. Calculate the mass of oxygen gas that combines with 2.70 g of aluminium in this experiment.   (2 marks)
  1. Calculate the mass of aluminium oxide which is formed. Show all working.   (2 marks)
Show Answers Only

a.    \(0.10\ \text{mol}\)

b.    \( 2.40\ \text{g}\)

c.    \(5.10\ \text{g}\)

Show Worked Solution

a.    \(n\ce{(Al)} = \dfrac{m}{MM} = \dfrac{2.70}{26.98} = 0.10\ \text{mol}\)
 

b.    The molar ratio of aluminium to oxygen is \(4:3\).

Hence, \(n\ce{(O)} = \dfrac{3}{4} \times n\ce{(Al)} = \dfrac{3}{4} \times 0.10 = 0.075\).

\(m\ce{(O2)} = n \times MM = 0.075 \times 32.00 = 2.40\ \text{g}\).
 

c.    \(n\ce{(Al2O3)} = \dfrac{2}{4} \times n\ce{(Al)} = \dfrac{1}{2} \times 0.10 = 0.05\ \text{mol}\).

\(m\ce{(Al2O3)} = n \times MM = 0.05 \times (2(26.98) + 3(16.00)) = 5.10\ \text{g}\).

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 024

Explain how early diagnosis technologies can improve health outcomes. In your answer, give examples of TWO relevant technologies.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Early detection enables timely treatment.

  • PET scans, for example, identify abnormal cell activity before symptoms appear. This occurs because these scans detect metabolic changes at cellular level.
  • As a result, doctors can start treatment when diseases are most responsive. This leads to higher survival rates and better prognosis.

Precise identification prevents disease progression.

  • The ACEMID system uses 92 cameras to create 3D body models that identify every mole within 1 second. This works by detecting minute changes in size or appearance.
  • Consequently, melanomas are caught before spreading.
  • This triggers immediate medical intervention, which means that cancer doesn’t advance to dangerous stages.

Comprehensive imaging reduces misdiagnosis

  • Advanced scanning generates detailed internal views. This process ensures doctors see exactly what’s happening inside the body.
  • Therefore, treatment plans target the actual problem. This in turn prevents unnecessary procedures and reduces patient stress.
  • The underlying reason is that accurate diagnosis creates appropriate treatment pathways from the start.
Show Worked Solution

Early detection enables timely treatment.

  • PET scans, for example, identify abnormal cell activity before symptoms appear. This occurs because these scans detect metabolic changes at cellular level.
  • As a result, doctors can start treatment when diseases are most responsive. This leads to higher survival rates and better prognosis.

Precise identification prevents disease progression.

  • The ACEMID system uses 92 cameras to create 3D body models that identify every mole within 1 second. This works by detecting minute changes in size or appearance.
  • Consequently, melanomas are caught before spreading.
  • This triggers immediate medical intervention, which means that cancer doesn’t advance to dangerous stages.

Comprehensive imaging reduces misdiagnosis

  • Advanced scanning generates detailed internal views. This process ensures doctors see exactly what’s happening inside the body.
  • Therefore, treatment plans target the actual problem. This in turn prevents unnecessary procedures and reduces patient stress.
  • The underlying reason is that accurate diagnosis creates appropriate treatment pathways from the start.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 023

Describe how precision surgery technology improves surgical outcomes for patients, using specific examples.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • Robotic assistance enhances accuracy – The da Vinci Robotic Surgical System eliminates surgeon hand tremors and fatigue, allowing more precise movements during complex surgeries.
  • Minimally invasive techniques reduce recovery – LASIK laser eye surgery uses targeted lasers instead of traditional incisions, resulting in faster healing, minimal downtime, and reduced infection risk.
  • Advanced imaging tools (3D scans, augmented reality guidance) provide detailed views of anatomy, improving accuracy in complex operations.
  • Outcomes include smaller incisions (minimal scarring), shorter recovery times, fewer complications and greater patient confidence in results.
Show Worked Solution
  • Robotic assistance enhances accuracy – The da Vinci Robotic Surgical System eliminates surgeon hand tremors and fatigue, allowing more precise movements during complex surgeries.
  • Minimally invasive techniques reduce recovery – LASIK laser eye surgery uses targeted lasers instead of traditional incisions, resulting in faster healing, minimal downtime, and reduced infection risk.
  • Advanced imaging tools (3D scans, augmented reality guidance) provide detailed views of anatomy, improving accuracy in complex operations.
  • Outcomes include smaller incisions (minimal scarring), shorter recovery times, fewer complications and greater patient confidence in results.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 56 MC

Rural and remote communities in Australia face unique healthcare challenges. Which emerging opportunity could significantly improve healthcare access for these populations?

  1. Requiring all rural residents to relocate to major cities for medical treatment
  2. Expanding telehealth services and mobile healthcare units with specialist support
  3. Reducing healthcare funding to remote areas to concentrate resources in cities
  4. Limiting healthcare services to basic first aid training for local community members
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Telehealth expansion and mobile services represent key opportunities for rural healthcare access.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Relocation requirements create barriers rather than opportunities for healthcare access.
  • C is incorrect: Reduced funding worsens rather than improves rural healthcare opportunities.
  • D is incorrect: Limited services create inequity rather than expanding healthcare opportunities.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 54 MC

Australia's healthcare system performs multiple interconnected functions. Which combination of roles demonstrates the system's comprehensive approach to population health?

  1. Health promotion campaigns, preventive screening programs, and chronic disease management
  2. Treatment of acute conditions and hospital-based surgical procedures only
  3. Private health insurance administration and pharmaceutical company regulation exclusively
  4. Emergency response services and intensive care unit operations primarily
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct: Health promotion, prevention, and chronic disease management show comprehensive population approach.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Limited to acute treatment without addressing prevention or health promotion.
  • C is incorrect: Administrative functions don’t represent direct healthcare delivery roles.
  • D is incorrect: Emergency services important but don’t represent comprehensive population health approach.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 033 MC

Which of the following is an example of precision surgery?

  1. PET scan
  2. MRI
  3. 3D holographic heart imaging
  4. da Vinci robotic system
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct. The da Vinci robotic system enables minimally invasive operations with high accuracy and reduced recovery times.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. A PET scan is used for early diagnosis, not surgery.
  • C is incorrect. MRI provides detailed imaging for diagnosis but does not involve surgical intervention.
  • D is incorrect. 3D holographic heart imaging assists with clarity of diagnosis and surgical planning, but it is not a surgical procedure itself.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 032 MC

What is the primary advantage of robotic-assisted surgery in improving patient outcomes?

  1. Robots can replace surgeons in performing complex procedures
  2. Robots significantly reduce the cost of all surgical procedures
  3. Robots allow highly precise movements
  4. Robots remove the need for anaesthesia and recovery time
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • C is correct. Robotic-assisted surgery reduces the effect of a surgeon’s tremors and allows highly precise movements leading to safer and less invasive procedures with improved outcomes.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. Robots assist but do not replace surgeons.
  • B is incorrect. Robotic surgery often increases costs due to expensive equipment.
  • D is incorrect. Anaesthesia and recovery are still necessary.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 031 MC

How do 3D holographic models most effectively improve cardiac diagnosis?

  1. They replace the need for other diagnostic tools, creating efficiencies in specialist care
  2. They provide detailed visualisation of heart anatomy for clarity of diagnosis
  3. They show high resolution external heart features
  4. They support decision-making by improving patient understanding of heart conditions
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct. 3D models improve cardiac diagnosis by giving detailed visualisation of internal heart anatomy, helping doctors identify issues.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. Holographic models complement, rather than replace, other diagnostic tools such as CT, PET, or MRI scans.
  • C is incorrect. The main benefit is not viewing external features, but understanding internal cardiac structures.
  • D is incorrect. While these models can improve patient understanding, their primary role is improving diagnostic accuracy.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 029 MC

Which best describes the role of the ACEMID system in early diagnosis?

  1. Measures oxygen saturation levels
  2. Tracks sleep cycle irregularities
  3. Creates a body avatar for melanoma detection
  4. Assists surgeons with robotic movements
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

  • C is correct. The ACEMID system creates a 3D body avatar using high-resolution imaging to detect and track moles.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. Oxygen saturation levels are measured using pulse oximeters, not the ACEMID system.
  • B is incorrect. Sleep cycle irregularities are tracked with apps and wearable devices.
  • D is incorrect. Robotic movements are linked to precision surgery.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 028 MC

Doctors using 3D holographic heart imaging gain which key advantage?

  1. Improved post-surgical recovery rates
  2. Greater clarity of anatomical structures for accurate diagnosis
  3. Automated robotic procedures without surgeon involvement
  4. Reduced need for health promotion
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

  • B is correct. 3D holographic heart imaging provides greater clarity of anatomical structures, allowing doctors to make more accurate diagnoses and plan effective treatment.

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. Improved post-surgical recovery rates result from effective treatment and precision surgery, not directly from imaging.
  • C is incorrect. Robotic procedures still require surgeon involvement.
  • D is incorrect. Health promotion remains vital regardless of imaging technology as it addresses prevention.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 027 MC

Which technology is commonly used for early detection of cancer?

  1. PET scan
  2. Fitness tracker
  3. Ultrasound imaging
  4. Sleep app
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

  • A is correct. A PET scan is commonly used for the early detection of cancer, as it identifies abnormal metabolic activity associated with tumour growth.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect. Fitness trackers measure steps, heart rate, and activity but cannot detect cancer.
  • C is incorrect. Ultrasound imaging can assist in identifying some abnormal growths but is not a primary tool for early cancer detection compared to PET scans, CT scans, or MRI.
  • D is incorrect. Sleep apps track sleep behaviours and patterns, not disease detection.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 51 MC

Community health centres typically involve collaboration between government funding and non-government service providers. How does this arrangement influence patient care delivery?

  1. Patients receive only basic services due to limited government oversight
  2. Service delivery becomes fragmented with poor coordination between providers
  3. Multiple funding sources create administrative complexity without patient benefits
  4. Diverse expertise and resources combine to offer comprehensive community-based care
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Collaborative arrangements combine diverse resources to enhance comprehensive community care.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Government-NGO collaboration often expands rather than limits service scope.
  • B is incorrect: Effective collaboration improves rather than fragments service coordination.
  • C is incorrect: Well-managed partnerships provide patient benefits despite administrative complexity.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 48 MC

People living in remote areas often face challenges accessing specialist healthcare services due to distance and limited local providers. Which collaborative approach BEST addresses these access and equity issues?

  1. Require all remote residents to relocate to major cities for healthcare access
  2. Provide healthcare only to remote communities that can afford private services
  3. Limit healthcare services to basic emergency care in remote locations
  4. Government-funded telehealth services combined with visiting specialist programs
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Telehealth and visiting specialists address geographic barriers through collaborative service delivery.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Relocation requirements would create inequitable access based on location.
  • C is incorrect: Financial barriers would prevent equitable healthcare access for remote communities.
  • D is incorrect: Limited services create inequity between remote and urban healthcare access.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 47 MC

Medicare provides universal healthcare coverage to ensure all Australians can access essential medical services regardless of their ability to pay. Which principle does this system BEST demonstrate?

  1. Healthcare should only be available to those who can afford private insurance
  2. Equity in healthcare access through removing financial barriers for essential services
  3. Competition between healthcare providers improves service quality
  4. Rural communities should receive different levels of healthcare than urban areas
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Medicare removes financial barriers ensuring equitable access to essential healthcare services.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Universal coverage ensures access regardless of financial capacity.
  • C is incorrect: While competition exists, Medicare focuses on equitable access.
  • D is incorrect: Equity principle aims for equal access regardless of geographic location.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 022 MC

Which combination of health measurements can advanced wearable devices typically provide to support preventative health management?

  1. Daily step count, sleep cycle stages, and oxygen saturation
  2. Activity levels, heart rate variability, and menstrual cycle patterns
  3. Real-time blood clot detection, surgical outcome prediction, and tumour growth rates
  4. Recovery time tracking, robotic-assisted movement analysis, and hospital admission rates
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct. The measurements described are highly relevant to preventative health as they provide insights into lifestyle and potential risks.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect. While wearable devices can collect data on the areas mentioned, the information is often more relevant to training optimisation or reproductive health.
  • C is incorrect. The measurements require advanced medical imaging and diagnostic tools, not consumer wearables.
  • D is incorrect. The areas mentioned are linked to precision surgery and hospital data systems, not wearable health measurement devices.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 021 MC

A smartwatch that records heart rate during exercise is primarily an example of technology used for:

  1. Measuring health
  2. Monitoring health
  3. Precision surgery
  4. Early diagnosis
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • A is correct. It is an example of measuring health, as it collects data on a specific physiological function.

Other options:

  • B is incorrect. Monitoring health involves tracking a condition or changes over time rather than simply recording exercise data.
  • C is incorrect. Precision surgery refers to surgical procedures using minimally invasive techniques, not wearable devices.
  • D is incorrect. Early diagnosis involves medical technologies like scans or imaging to detect disease before symptoms progress, not fitness tracking.

HMS, HAG EQ-Bank 020 MC

A portable ultrasound device that connects to a smartphone best demonstrates which aspect of health technology advancement?

  1. Increased cost of medical equipment
  2. Increased accessibility of healthcare
  3. Improved portability and accessibility of diagnostic tools
  4. Decreased quality of medical imaging
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution

  • C is correct. This option precisely captures both key aspects: the device is portable (small enough to plug into a smartphone) and accessible (can be used outside traditional healthcare settings).

Other options:

  • A is incorrect. This technology eliminates the need for expensive machines and it actually reduces costs.
  • C is incorrect. While partially correct, this option is too broad and doesn’t specifically address the technological advancement being demonstrated.
  • D is incorrect. These devices provide high quality images with little compromise in image quality despite the smaller size.