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CHEMISTRY, M4 EQ-Bank 2

Ethanol is a hydrocarbon fuel which combusts completely according to the following equation:

A chemist burns 0.50 g of ethanol in excess oxygen during a calorimetry study, and the heat energy is used to heat 100.0 g of water. The initial temperature of the water in the calorimeter is 20.0 °C, which rises to a maximum of 45.0 °C after absorbing the energy from the combustion reaction. Based on these results, calculate the experimental molar heat of combustion for ethanol.   (4 marks)

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Show Worked Solution

Energy absorbed by the water:

Number of moles of ethanol burned:

Experimental molar heat of combustion:

CHEMISTRY, M4 EQ-Bank 11

Consider the reaction below at 298 K:

The standard enthalpies of formation and standard entropies are as follows:

Calculate the Gibbs free energy () for the reaction and determine whether the reaction is spontaneous at 298 K. Show all relevant calculations.   (4 marks)

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, indicating the reaction is spontaneous at 298 K.

Show Worked Solution

To calculate the Gibbs free energy () for the reaction, we use the following equation:

   

First, calculate the change in enthalpy () for the reaction:

   

   
 

Calculate the change in entropy () for the reaction:

 
   
   
   
   

 
Calculate :

The reaction is spontaneous at 298 K.

CHEMISTRY, M4 EQ-Bank 12

When aqueous solutions of and are mixed, the following exothermic reaction occurs:

If the temperature of the mixture is increased, explain how this will affect the Gibbs free energy and whether the reaction will become more or less spontaneous. In your response, refer to both the enthalpy and entropy changes involved in the reaction.   (3 marks)

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→ Gibbs free energy is calculated using  .

→ Since the reaction is exothermic, the enthalpy change  will be negative.

→ In this reaction, two ions combine to form a single ion, leading to a decrease in entropy , making it negative.

→ As the temperature increases, the term becomes more positive, which in turn causes  to increase.

→ As a result, the reaction becomes less spontaneous at higher temperatures.

Show Worked Solution

→ Gibbs free energy is calculated using  .

→ Since the reaction is exothermic, the enthalpy change  will be negative.

→ In this reaction, two ions combine to form a single ion, leading to a decrease in entropy , making it negative.

→ As the temperature increases, the term becomes more positive, which in turn causes  to increase.

→ As a result, the reaction becomes less spontaneous at higher temperatures.

Trigonometry, 2ADV T1 EQ-Bank 3

A tower is metres high.

At point , due south of the tower, the angle of elevation to the top of the tower, point , is 13°.

Point is due east of the tower, with an angle of elevation to the top of 24°, as shown in the diagram.

Point is 1.1 kilometres from Point and both points are on the same ground level as the base of the tower, point .
 


  1. Show .   (1 mark)

  2. Find a similar expression for .   (1 mark)

  3. Hence, or otherwise, determine the height, , of the tower. Give your answer correct to the nearest metre.   (3 marks)

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a.   

b.   

c.  

Show Worked Solution

a.   

 
 

 

b.   

 
 

 
c.  
  

 
 
 
 
 
   

BIOLOGY, M2 EQ-Bank 1

"Multicellular organisms exhibit different levels of cell complexity, from simple cells to highly specialised ones."

Justify this statement, providing examples to support your answer.   (4 marks)

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→ Multicellular organisms show different levels of cell complexity, starting with simple cells that perform basic functions, like skin cells, to highly specialised cells, such as neurons, which have unique structures for transmitting signals.

→ Cell groups within multicellular organisms cannot survive without other cell types performing their role.

→ A hierarchy arises, organising cells into tissues, organs and other systems, each with distinct functions that work together to support life.

→ For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which contracts to allow movement, while red blood cells transport oxygen through the circulatory system but cannot reproduce.

→ The specialisation of cells allows multicellular organisms to perform complex tasks more efficiently, contributing to the organism’s overall survival and adaptability.

→ This organisation enhances both the functionality and efficiency of biological processes

Show Worked Solution

→ Multicellular organisms show different levels of cell complexity, starting with simple cells that perform basic functions, like skin cells, to highly specialised cells, such as neurons, which have unique structures for transmitting signals.

→ Cell groups within multicellular organisms cannot survive without other cell types performing their role.

→ A hierarchy arises, organising cells into tissues, organs and other systems, each with distinct functions that work together to support life.

→ For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which contracts to allow movement, while red blood cells transport oxygen through the circulatory system but cannot reproduce.

→ The specialisation of cells allows multicellular organisms to perform complex tasks more efficiently, contributing to the organism’s overall survival and adaptability.

→ This organisation enhances both the functionality and efficiency of biological processes

BIOLOGY, M1 EQ-Bank 9

Products of an enzyme-controlled reaction can sometimes inhibit the enzyme that produced them.

Discuss how this process can be advantageous for cellular metabolism.   (3 marks)

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→ When products of an enzyme-controlled reaction inhibit the enzyme that produced them, it regulates the cell’s metabolism (in a process known as feedback).

→ This process prevents the accumulation of excess products, ensuring that resources like ATP and raw materials are used efficiently.

→ By controlling the enzyme activity, the cell can balance production according to its needs, conserving energy and maintaining metabolic stability.

Show Worked Solution

→ When products of an enzyme-controlled reaction inhibit the enzyme that produced them, it regulates the cell’s metabolism (in a process known as feedback).

→ This process prevents the accumulation of excess products, ensuring that resources like ATP and raw materials are used efficiently.

→ By controlling the enzyme activity, the cell can balance production according to its needs, conserving energy and maintaining metabolic stability.

BIOLOGY, M1 EQ-Bank 7

How do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity? In your answer, briefly explain how extreme conditions of each factor influence enzyme function.   (4 marks)

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→ Temperature and pH significantly impact enzyme activity.

→ At high temperatures, enzymes can denature, losing their shape and functionality. At extreme heat, the active site can be destroyed or made inaccessible.

→ At low temperatures, enzyme activity slows down due to reduced molecular movement.

→ Certain enzymes have evolved to be most effective in specific pH environments (such as the acidity of the stomach) and are much less effective in more alkaline settings.

→ Extreme pH levels can alter the enzyme’s structure, affecting the active site’s ability to bind with substrates.

→ Optimal enzyme activity occurs within specific temperature and pH ranges for each enzyme.

Show Worked Solution

→ Temperature and pH significantly impact enzyme activity.

→ At high temperatures, enzymes can denature, losing their shape and functionality. At extreme heat, the active site can be destroyed or made inaccessible.

→ At low temperatures, enzyme activity slows down due to reduced molecular movement.

→ Certain enzymes have evolved to be most effective in specific pH environments (such as the acidity of the stomach) and are much less effective in more alkaline settings.

→ Extreme pH levels can alter the enzyme’s structure, affecting the active site’s ability to bind with substrates.

→ Optimal enzyme activity occurs within specific temperature and pH ranges for each enzyme.

BIOLOGY, M1 EQ-Bank 4

Compare the movement of a lipid-soluble substance and water across the cell membrane.

In your answer, explain how the structure of the membrane affects the transport of these molecules.   (2 marks)

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→ Lipid-soluble substances can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion because the cell membrane contains lipids.

→ In contrast, water is unable to penetrate the cell through the phospholipid bilayer.

→ Instead, water molecules must pass through special protein channels (pores) in the cell membrane.

Show Worked Solution

→ Lipid-soluble substances can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion because the cell membrane contains lipids.

→ In contrast, water is unable to penetrate the cell through the phospholipid bilayer.

→ Instead, water molecules must pass through special protein channels (pores) in the cell membrane.

BIOLOGY, M1 EQ-Bank 4 MC

In active transport, how does the cell maintain a steep concentration gradient across the membrane?

  1. By using ion channels to allow the passive diffusion of ions along the gradient.
  2. By using carrier proteins and ATP to pump ions from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
  3. By allowing water molecules to diffuse freely through the membrane, balancing the concentration.
  4. By increasing the surface area of the membrane to allow more diffusion of molecules.
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Show Worked Solution

→ Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move ions or molecules against their concentration gradient, often with the help of carrier proteins.

→ This process helps cells maintain steep concentration gradients essential for functions like nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

BIOLOGY, M1 EQ-Bank 8

Explain how lysosomes contribute to the maintenance of normally functioning cells, and describe what happens when the function of lysosomes is impaired.   (2 marks)

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→ Lysosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by breaking down waste materials, damaged organelles, and cellular debris using enzymes.

→ This prevents the accumulation of harmful substances.

→ When lysosomal function is impaired, waste products and damaged components build up, leading to cellular dysfunction and potentially contributing to diseases that impair cellular efficiency and overall health.

Show Worked Solution

→ Lysosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by breaking down waste materials, damaged organelles, and cellular debris using enzymes.

→ This prevents the accumulation of harmful substances.

→ When lysosomal function is impaired, waste products and damaged components build up, leading to cellular dysfunction and potentially contributing to diseases that impair cellular efficiency and overall health.

BIOLOGY, M1 EQ-Bank 9 MC

Which of the following correctly describes the roles of lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus?

  1. Lysosomes break down waste using enzymes, and the Golgi apparatus transports substances across the membrane.
  2. Lysosomes synthesize lipids, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for transport.
  3. Lysosomes break down waste using enzymes, and the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for transport.
  4. Lysosomes produce energy for the cell, and the Golgi apparatus breaks down cellular waste.
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Show Worked Solution

→ Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down cellular waste and debris.

→ Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or use within the cell.

BIOLOGY, M1 EQ-Bank 5

According to the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

  1. describe the structure of the phospholipid bilayer.   (2 marks)

  2. explain the role of proteins.   (1 mark)

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a.    The phospholipid bilayer:

→ Consists of two layers of phospholipids.

→ One layer involves hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward toward the water-based environment while the opposite layer has hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails facing inward, away from water.
 

b.     Proteins:

→ are embedded in the double phospholid layer and play a role in the cell structure and communication.

Show Worked Solution

a.    The phospholipid bilayer:

→ Consists of two layers of phospholipids.

→ One layer involves hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward toward the water-based environment while the opposite layer has hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails facing inward, away from water.
 

b.     Proteins:

→ are embedded in the double phospholid layer and play a role in the cell structure and communication.

BIOLOGY, M5 2020 VCE 11a

A student wanted to investigate the effect of two different endonucleases (restriction enzymes) on a linear DNA fragment.

The student used three tubes containing a buffered solution of linear DNA fragments, each fragment being 9500 base pairs in length.

Two different endonucleases were available: BamHI and HindIII.

The student followed the steps below.

After 45 minutes the student obtained the results shown below

    Tube 1 Rube 2 Tube 3
DNA   BamHI HindIII BamHI
ladder       HindIII

Analyse the results of the experiment performed by the student.  (5 marks)

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Answers could include 5 of the following:

→ Smaller DNA fragments tend to migrate further during gel electrophoresis
    compared to larger fragments.

→ A standard or marker is used as a point of comparison and reference to
    determine the size of unknown DNA fragments.

→ The restriction enzyme BamH1 cuts the DNA molecule at a single location,
    resulting in the formation of two DNA fragments.

→ The restriction enzyme HindIII cuts the DNA molecule at two distinct
    locations, producing three DNA fragments.

→ When the DNA is cut with the HindIII enzyme, it results in the largest and
    smallest DNA fragments compared to other restriction enzyme digestions.

→ The DNA fragments generated by the BamH1 enzyme are 4000 bp and
    5500 bp in length, while the fragments produced by HindIII are 8000 bp,
    1000 bp, and 500 bp.

→ When the DNA is digested with both BamH1 and HindIII enzymes, a total
    of four DNA fragments are produced, with sizes of 5500 bp, 2500 bp,
    1000 bp, and 500 bp.

Show Worked Solution

Answers could include 5 of the following:

→ Smaller DNA fragments tend to migrate further during gel electrophoresis
    compared to larger fragments.

→ A standard or marker is used as a point of comparison and reference to
    determine the size of unknown DNA fragments.

→ The restriction enzyme BamH1 cuts the DNA molecule at a single location,
    resulting in the formation of two DNA fragments.

→ The restriction enzyme HindIII cuts the DNA molecule at two distinct
    locations, producing three DNA fragments.

→ When the DNA is cut with the HindIII enzyme, it results in the largest and
    smallest DNA fragments compared to other restriction enzyme digestions.

→ The DNA fragments generated by the BamH1 enzyme are 4000 bp and
    5500 bp in length, while the fragments produced by HindIII are 8000 bp,
    1000 bp, and 500 bp.

→ When the DNA is digested with both BamH1 and HindIII enzymes, a total
    of four DNA fragments are produced, with sizes of 5500 bp, 2500 bp,
    1000 bp, and 500 bp.


♦♦ Mean mark 50%.
COMMENT: 39% of responses received 0 or 1 mark

BIOLOGY, M5 2020 VCE 7 MC

The codon table below can be used to determine amino acids coded for by a nucleotide sequence.
 

 


 
 
 
 
 

It is correct to state

  1. identical amino acid sequences are found in all organisms.
  2. the genetic code is degenerate with respect to Met.
  3. the codon GGU adds Trp to a polypeptide chain.
  4. the DNA template sequence GAA codes for Leu.
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Show Worked Solution

Consider each option:

Option A: The codon table shows that some codons code for different amino acids in
certain alternative translation systems → Incorrect

Option B: The genetic code is degenerate, meaning multiple codons can code for the
same amino acid, but this is not specific to Met → Incorrect

Option C: According to the codon table, the codon GGU codes for the amino acid
glycine (Gly), not tryptophan (Trp). The codon for Trp is UGG → Incorrect

Option D: Looking at the first position G, second position A, and third position A,
the codon GAA codes for the amino acid leucine (Leu) → Correct


♦♦ Mean mark 41%. 
NOTE: 55% of students incorrectly chose A or B.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A4 2010 HSC 24b

Damo hires paddle boats in summertime as part of his water sports business. To calculate the cost,  , in dollars, of hiring  paddle boats, he uses the equation  .

He hires the paddle boats for $35 per hour and determines his income,  , in dollars, using the equation  .
 

Use the graph to solve the two equations simultaneously for and explain the significance of this solution for Damo's business.   (2 marks)

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Show Worked Solution


♦ Mean mark 36%.
MARKER’S COMMENT: The intersection on the graph is the same point at which the two simultaneous equations are solved for the given value of .

BIOLOGY, M6 2021 VCE 9

The following table provides information on three commonly grown genetically modified (GM) crops in Australia.

  1. Select one of the GM crops in the table above and justify whether or not this crop could be described as transgenic.   (1 mark)

  2. One issue with GM canola is the accidental release, during transport, of seeds along roadsides. Usually, unwanted plants that grow on the side of the road are killed using the herbicide glyphosate. However, GM canola is resistant to glyphosate.
  3. Suggest one practical solution for treating GM canola that is found growing along roadsides.  (1 mark)

  4. A new GM canola crop has been approved for use in Australia. It contains increased levels of omega-3 fatty acids, which are important in humans for building healthy cell membranes and for general growth and development, and also protect against a wide variety of diseases.
  5. Omega-3 has traditionally been sourced from fish. Due to the growing demand for sources of omega-3 , bioengineers have been encouraged to continue developing GM canola crops as a sustainable alternative.
  6. Discuss one social implication and one biological implication of using GM canola with increased levels of omega-3. Use a different implication in each response.   (4 marks)

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a.   Answers should include one of the following:

→ GM cotton contains genes from other species or bacteria and is therefore transgenic.

→ GM canola contains genes from other species or bacteria and is therefore transgenic.

→ GM safflower does not contain genes from another species and is therefore not transgenic.
 

b.    Possible answers include:

→ use alternative herbicides that the GM canola is not resistant to

→ digging out and removing roadside GM canola by hand

→ mowing the roadsides could help manage GM canola

→ burn the GM canola using controlled methods.
 

c.    Social Implication – possible answers could include:

→ Depending on market demand non-GM canola farmers may see increased sales and improved quality of life, or decreased sales and lower quality of life.

→ GM canola farmers may benefit from higher yields and lower production costs may lead to increased profits and a better quality of life.

→ Consumers may benefit from improved nutrition that may lead to reduced strain on the healthcare system.

→ If GM canola becomes more affordable and accessible than alternative sources of nutrition, such as fish, a wider range of consumers will enjoy the health benefits.

→ Decreased consumption of fish due to the availability of cheaper, more accessible GM canola could lead to reduced sales and lower incomes for fish farmers, potentially decreasing their quality of life.

→ Some consumers may be hesitant to purchase or consume GM food products. This could lead to decreased demand for GM canola and lower incomes for farmers growing it.
 

Biological Implication – possible answers could include:

→ Crossbreeding between GM canola and non-GM canola crops could lead to changes in the genome of the crops which may reduce the genetic variation within the GM canola crop

→ Consumer safety concerns regarding consumption of GM products could negatively impact the demand for GM canola and other GM crops.

→ If GM canola leads to a reduction in fish consumption, it could have a positive impact on fish populations by reducing over-fishing. This could help to restore and maintain healthy fish populations in the long run.

→ Improved nutrition for consumers through the consumption of GM crops could lead to better health outcomes and improved well-being for the broader population.

Show Worked Solution

a.   Answers should include one of the following:

→ GM cotton contains genes from other species or bacteria and is therefore transgenic.

→ GM canola contains genes from other species or bacteria and is therefore transgenic.

→ GM safflower does not contain genes from another species and is therefore not transgenic.
 

b.    Possible answers include:

→ use alternative herbicides that the GM canola is not resistant to

→ digging out and removing roadside GM canola by hand

→ mowing the roadsides could help manage GM canola

→ burn the GM canola using controlled methods.
 

c.    Social Implication – possible answers could include:

→ Depending on market demand non-GM canola farmers may see increased sales and improved quality of life, or decreased sales and lower quality of life.

→ GM canola farmers may benefit from higher yields and lower production costs may lead to increased profits and a better quality of life.

→ Consumers may benefit from improved nutrition that may lead to reduced strain on the healthcare system.

→ If GM canola becomes more affordable and accessible than alternative sources of nutrition, such as fish, a wider range of consumers will enjoy the health benefits.

→ Decreased consumption of fish due to the availability of cheaper, more accessible GM canola could lead to reduced sales and lower incomes for fish farmers, potentially decreasing their quality of life.

→ Some consumers may be hesitant to purchase or consume GM food products. This could lead to decreased demand for GM canola and lower incomes for farmers growing it.
 

Biological Implication – possible answers could include:

→ Crossbreeding between GM canola and non-GM canola crops could lead to changes in the genome of the crops which may reduce the genetic variation within the GM canola crop

→ Consumer safety concerns regarding consumption of GM products could negatively impact the demand for GM canola and other GM crops.

→ If GM canola leads to a reduction in fish consumption, it could have a positive impact on fish populations by reducing over-fishing. This could help to restore and maintain healthy fish populations in the long run.

→ Improved nutrition for consumers through the consumption of GM crops could lead to better health outcomes and improved well-being for the broader population.

♦ Mean mark (c) 47%.

BIOLOGY, M6 2021 VCE 30 MC

The short-beaked echidna can be found in Australia and New Guinea. 

A university Biology student set out to compare DNA from four different short-beaked echidnas living in four different locations. The student aimed to determine the country of origin of each echidna. This was achieved using primers that amplified a 430 base pair (bp) sequence from the echidna's mitochondrial genome.

A flow chart of the steps taken by the student is shown below.
 

Which one of the following would be a requirement of either Step 1 or Step 2?

  1. Step 2 would require the use of a thermocycling machine to maintain the temperature at 37 °C.
  2. Step 1 would require the quill samples to have been stored at a very high temperature.
  3. Step 1 would require the extraction of DNA from the nuclei of quill epithelial cells.
  4. Step 2 would usually require a reaction mixture containing two primers.
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Show Worked Solution

→ Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), step 2,  needs two primers for the amplification of DNA.

→ Step 1 is the isolation of mtDNA, which is not present in the nucleus.
 


♦ Mean mark 46%.
COMMENT: 31% of students chose option C.

CHEMISTRY, M8 2012 VCE 6

The iron content in multivitamin tablets was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.

The absorbances of four standards were measured.

Three multivitamin tablets were selected. Each tablet was dissolved in 100.0 mL of water. The absorbance of each of the three solutions was then measured.

The following absorbances were obtained.

  1.  i.  Use the grid below to construct a calibration graph of the absorbances of the standard solutions.  (2 marks)

  2. ii.  Determine the average iron content, in milligrams, of the multivitamin tablets.  (2 marks)

Spectroscopic techniques work on the principle that, under certain conditions, atoms, molecules or ions will interact with electromagnetic radiation. The type of interaction depends on the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation.

  1. Name one spectroscopic technique that you have studied this year.
    1. Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this technique use?  (1 mark)

    2. How does this part of the electromagnetic spectrum interact with matter? What information does this spectroscopic technique provide?  (2 marks)

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a.i.  

a.ii. 
 

b.i. Answers could include:

→ AAS (visible light)

→ UV-Vis (UV or visible light)

→ IR (Infrared radiation)

→ NMR (radio waves)
 

b.ii. Spectroscopic technique: AAS (one of many possible – see b.i.)

→ During AAS energy of a certain frequency is transferred to electrons within atoms to move them into higher energy levels.

→ The absorption of the light indicates the concentration of the targeted element within the sample.

Show Worked Solution

a.i.  

a.ii. Average absorbance (tablets)

Using the graph: absorbance value of


 

b.i.  Answers could include:

→ AAS (visible light)

→ UV-Vis (UV or visible light)

→ IR (Infrared radiation)

→ NMR (radiowaves)
 

b.ii. Spectroscopic technique: AAS (one of many possible – see b.i.)

→ During AAS energy of a certain frequency is transferred to electrons within atoms to move them into higher energy levels.

→ The absorption of the light indicates the concentration of the targeted element within the sample.

♦ Mean mark (b.ii) 42%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A4 SM-Bank 4

Bec is a baker and makes cookies to sell every week.

The cost of making cookies, $,  can be calculated using the equation

Bec sells the cookies for $4.50 each, and her income is calculated using the equation

  1. On the grid above, draw the graphs of   and .  (2 marks)

  2. On the graph, label the breakeven point and the loss zone.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

(i) and (ii)

Show Worked Solution
i.   

 

ii. 

v1 Algebra, STD2 A4 2005 HSC 28b

Jake and Preston are planning a fund-raising event at the local swim centre. They can have access to the giant pool float for $550 and the party room hire for $250. A sausage sizzle and drinks will cost them $9 per person.

  1. Write a formula for the cost ($C) of running the event for people. (1 mark)

The graph shows planned income and costs when the ticket price is $15. 
  

  1. Estimate the minimum number of people needed at the fund raising event to cover the costs.  (1 mark)

  2. How much profit will be made if 200 people attend the fund raiser? (1 mark)

Jake and Preston have 300 tickets to sell. They want to make a profit of $1510.

  1. What should be the price of a ticket, assuming all 300 tickets will be sold?  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
Show Worked Solution
i.   
   

 

ii. 

 

iii. 

 
 

 

 

 

iv. 

 

 


 

 

v1 Algebra, STD2 A4 2020 HSC 24

There are two tanks at an industrial plant, Tank A and Tank B. Initially, Tank A holds 2520 litres of liquid fertiliser and Tank B is empty.

  1. Tank A begins to empty liquid fertiliser into a transport vehicle at a constant rate of 40 litres per minute.

     

    The volume of liquid fertiliser in Tank A is modelled by    where is the volume in litres and  is the time in minutes from when the tank begins to drain the fertiliser.

     

    On the grid below, draw the graph of this model and label it as Tank A.   (1 mark)
     

     

  2. Tank B remains empty until    when liquid fertiliser is added to it at a constant rate of 60 litres per minute.
     By drawing a line on the grid (above), or otherwise, find the value of    when the two tanks contain the same volume of liquid fertiliser.  (2 marks)

  3. Using the graphs drawn, or otherwise, find the value of    (where  ) when the total volume of liquid fertiliser in the two tanks is 1400 litres.  (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
  1.  
      
Show Worked Solution

a.    
 

 

b.     
 

 

c.  


  

♦♦ Mean mark part (c) 22%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A4 2019 HSC 36

A small business makes and dog kennels.

Technology was used to draw straight-line graphs to represent the cost of making the dog kennels and the revenue from selling dog kennels . The -axis displays the number of dog kennels and the -axis displays the cost/revenue in dollars.
 


 

  1. How many dog kennels need to sold to break even?  (1 mark)

  2. By first forming equations for cost and revenue , determine how many dog kennels need to be sold to earn a profit of $2500.  (3 marks)

Show Answers Only
Show Worked Solution

a. 

  

b.   


   


 

  


♦♦ Mean mark 28%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A4 2011 HSC 20 MC

A function centre hosts events for up to 500 people. The cost , in dollars, for the centre
to host an event, where people attend, is given by:

The centre charges $120 per person. Its income , in dollars, is given by:


 

How much greater is the income of the function centre when 500 people attend an event, than its income at the breakeven point?

Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution

 

 


♦ Mean mark 50%
COMMENT: Students can read the income levels directly off the graph to save time and then check with the equations given.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A2 2009 HSC 13 MC

The volume of water in a tank changes over six months, as shown in the graph.
 

Consider the overall decrease in the volume of water.

What is the average percentage decrease in the volume of water per month over this time, to the nearest percent?

  1. 6%
  2. 12%
  3. 35%
  4. 64%
Show Answers Only

Show Worked Solution
 

 

 
 

 


♦ Mean mark 48%.
 COMMENT: Remember that % decrease requires the decrease in volume to be divided by the original volume (50,000L)

v1 Algebra, STD2 A2 2009 HSC 24d

A factory makes both cloth and leather lounges. In any week

• the total number of cloth lounges and leather lounges that are made is 400
• the maximum number of leather lounges made is 270
• the maximum number of cloth lounges made is 325.

The factory manager has drawn a graph to show the numbers of leather lounges () and cloth lounges () that can be made.
 

 

  1. Find the equation of the line .   (1 mark)

  2. Explain why this line is only relevant between and for this factory.     (1 mark)

  3. The profit per week, , can be found by using the equation  .

     

    Compare the profits at and .     (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

  2.  

     

     

     

Show Worked Solution

i.   


♦♦♦ Mean mark part (i) 14%.
Using is a less efficient but equally valid method, using    and  (-intercept).

ii.   


♦ Mean mark part (ii) 49%.

iii. 

 
 

  

 
 

  


♦ Mean mark (iii)40%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A2 2010 HSC 27c

The graph shows tax payable against taxable income, in thousands of dollars.
  

  1. Use the graph to find the tax payable on a taxable income of .  (1 mark)

  2. Use suitable points from the graph to show that the gradient of the section of the graph marked    is  .    (1 mark)

  3. How much of each dollar earned between    and  is payable in tax? Give your answer correct to the nearest whole number.   (1 mark)

  4. Write an equation that could be used to calculate the tax payable, , in terms of the taxable income, , for taxable incomes between    and  .   (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
Show Worked Solution
i.   

  

ii. 

 
 
 

♦♦ Mean mark (ii) 25%.

iii. 

 

♦♦♦ Mean mark (iii) 12%!
MARKER’S COMMENT: Interpreting gradients is an examiner favourite, so make sure you are confident in this area.

iv. 

 
 

♦♦♦ Mean mark (iv) 15%.
STRATEGY: The earlier parts of this question direct students to the most efficient way to solve this question. Make sure earlier parts of a question are front and centre of your mind when devising strategy.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A2 2007 HSC 27b

A cafe uses eight long-life light globes for 7 hours every day of the year. The purchase price of each light globe is $11.00 and they each cost    per hour to run.

  1. Write an equation for the total cost () of purchasing and running these eight light globes for one year in terms of  .    (2 marks)

  2. Find the value of    (correct to three decimal places) if the total cost of running these eight light globes for one year is $850.   (1 mark)

  3. If the use of the light globes increases to ten and a half hours per night every night of the year, does the total cost increase by one-and-a-half times? Justify your answer with appropriate calculations.   (1 mark)

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i. 

 
 

  

  

ii. 

 
 

 

iii. 

 

  

v1 Algebra, STD2 A2 2016 HSC 29e

The graph shows the life expectancy of people born between 1900 and 2010.
 


  1. According to the graph, what is the life expectancy of a person born in 1968?  (1 mark)

  2. With reference to the value of the gradient, explain the meaning of the gradient in this context.  (2 marks)

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i.   

ii.   

 
 

 

♦♦ Mean mark (ii) 33%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A2 SM-Bank 3

The average height, , in centimetres, of a boy between the ages of 7 years and 10 years can be represented by a line with equation

where is the age in years. For this line, the gradient is 7.

  1. What does this indicate about the heights of boys aged 7 to 10?   (1 mark)

  2. Give ONE reason why this equation is not suitable for predicting heights of boys older than 10.   (1 mark)

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i.   


 

ii.   

v1 Algebra, STD2 A2 2019 HSC 34

The relationship between British pounds  and Australian dollars  on a particular day is shown in the graph.
 

  1. Write the direct variation equation relating British pounds to Australian dollars in the form  . Leave as a fraction.  (1 mark)

  2. The relationship between Japanese yen and Australian dollars on the same day is given by the equation  .

     

    Convert Japanese yen to British pounds.  (2 marks)

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a.   


♦ Mean mark 42%.

b.  

 

 

 

  

v1 Algebra, STD1 A3 2021 HSC 25

The diagram shows a container which consists of a large hexagonal prism on top of a smaller hexagonal prism.
 

The container is filled with water at a constant rate into the top of the larger hexagonal prism.

The smaller prism is totally filled before the larger prism begins to fill.

It takes 5 minutes to fill the smaller cylinder.

Draw a possible graph of the water level in the container against time.  (2 marks)
 

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♦♦ Mean mark 38%.

v1 Algebra, STD1 A2 2020 HSC 20

The height of a bundle of photographic paper ( mm) varies directly with the number of sheets () of photographic paper that the bundle contains.

This relationship is modelled by the formula  , where    is a constant.

The height of a bundle containing 150 sheets of photographic paper is 2.7 centimetres.

  1. Show that the value of    is 0.18.   (1 mark)

  2. A bundle of photographic paper has a height of 36 centimetres. Calculate the number of sheets of photographic paper in the bundle.   (2 marks)

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a.   

 

  

b.     

 

♦ Mean mark 50%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A2 2011 HSC 23b

Sticks were used to create the following pattern. 
  

The number of sticks used is recorded in the table.

  1. Draw Shape 4 of this pattern.  (1 mark)

  2. How many sticks would be required for Shape 128?    (1 mark)

  3. Is it possible to create a shape in this pattern using exactly 609 sticks?

     

    Show suitable calculations to support your answer.    (2 marks)

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  i.   

ii.   

♦ Mean mark 48%.
MARKER’S COMMENT: Students should attempt to find a “rule” in such questions, and use this formula to solve the question, as per the Worked Solution.  
 

 

iii.   
 
 

    

v1 Algebra, STD2 A1 2011 HSC 21 MC

A train departs from Town A at 4.00 pm to travel to Town B. Its average speed for the journey is 80 km/h, and it arrives at 6.00 pm. A second train departs from Town A at 4.30 pm and arrives at Town B at 6.10 pm.

What is the average speed of the second train?

  1. 96 km/h
  2. 114 km/h
  3. 224 km/h
  4. 280 km/h
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♦♦ Mean mark 49%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A1 2014 HSC 4 MC

Young’s formula below is used to calculate the required dosages of medicine for children aged 1–12 years.
  

 
  

How much of the medicine should be given to an 18-month-old child in a 24-hour period if each adult dosage is 27 mL? The medicine is to be taken every 8 hours by both adults and children.

  1. 3 mL
  2. 6 mL
  3. 9 mL
  4. 12 mL
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♦♦ Mean mark 42%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A1 2015 HSC 30d

Monica is driving on a motorway at a speed of 105 kilometres per hour and has to brake suddenly. She has a reaction time of 1.3 seconds and a braking distance of 54.3 metres.

Stopping distance can be calculated using the following formula
 

 
What is Monica's stopping distance? Give your answer to 1 decimal place.  (2 marks)

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♦ Mean mark 34%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A1 SM-Bank 4

Yuan is driving in a school zone at a speed of 30 kilometres per hour and needs to stop immediately to avoid an accident.

It takes him 1.4 seconds to react and his breaking distance is 6.2 metres.

Stopping distance can be calculated using the following formula
 


 

What is Yuan's total stopping distance? Give your answer to 1 decimal place.  (2 marks)

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v1 Algebra, STD2 A1 2018 HSC 28e

Drake is driving at 80 km/h. He notices a branch on the road ahead and decides to apply the brakes. His reaction time is 1.2 seconds. His braking distance ( metres) is given by  , where  is speed in km/h.

Stopping distance can be calculated using the following formula
 


 

What is Drake’s stopping distance, to the nearest metre?  (3 marks)

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♦ Mean mark 46%.

v1 Algebra, STD2 A1 2013 HSC 29a

Jeremy tried to solve this equation and made a mistake in Line 2. 

  
Copy the equation in Line 1 and continue your solution to solve this equation for .

Show all lines of working.   (2 marks)

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♦♦ Mean mark 27%
STRATEGY: The RHS of the equation increases from 1 to 10 (from Line 1 to Line 2), indicating both sides must have been multiplied by 10.