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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 985

Analyse different anaerobic interval training methods for individual sports versus team sports, including examples of contemporary training approaches.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Overview Statement:

  • Anaerobic interval training methods differ significantly between individual and team sports.
  • Work intervals, recovery periods, and contemporary approaches interact with sport demands.
  • These relationships determine optimal performance outcomes.

Component Relationship 1: Work-Rest Patterns

  • Individual sports use longer intervals (60-90 seconds) with complete recovery (3-5 minutes).
  • This connects to the need for maximum quality in each effort.
  • A 100m sprinter performs 6 x 60m sprints at 95% intensity because each sprint must replicate race speed.
  • Complete recovery enables consistent technique maintenance.
  • This pattern reveals that individual sports prioritise movement quality over quantity.

Component Relationship 2: Recovery Demands

  • Team sports employ shorter intervals (20-30 seconds) with incomplete rest.
  • These patterns influence the development of repeated sprint ability.
  • Soccer players perform 8 x 30-second efforts with 45-second recovery which mirrors game demands.
  • Incomplete recovery causes players to adapt to performing under fatigue.
  • The significance is team sports require sustained performance despite tiredness.

Contemporary Methods and Implications:

  • Sprint Interval Training (SIT) combines maximal efforts with extended recovery.
  • High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) offers flexible work-to-rest ratios.
  • SIT protocols of 4-6 x 30-second all-out efforts lead to improved power across both sport types.
  • HIIT adapts to specific needs: 30:30 for teams, 4min:2min for endurance events.
  • Therefore, contemporary methods provide time-efficient training for diverse sporting demands.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Overview Statement:

  • Anaerobic interval training methods differ significantly between individual and team sports.
  • Work intervals, recovery periods, and contemporary approaches interact with sport demands.
  • These relationships determine optimal performance outcomes.

Component Relationship 1: Work-Rest Patterns

  • Individual sports use longer intervals (60-90 seconds) with complete recovery (3-5 minutes).
  • This connects to the need for maximum quality in each effort.
  • A 100m sprinter performs 6 x 60m sprints at 95% intensity because each sprint must replicate race speed.
  • Complete recovery enables consistent technique maintenance.
  • This pattern reveals that individual sports prioritise movement quality over quantity.

Component Relationship 2: Recovery Demands

  • Team sports employ shorter intervals (20-30 seconds) with incomplete rest.
  • These patterns influence the development of repeated sprint ability.
  • Soccer players perform 8 x 30-second efforts with 45-second recovery which mirrors game demands.
  • Incomplete recovery causes players to adapt to performing under fatigue.
  • The significance is team sports require sustained performance despite tiredness.

Contemporary Methods and Implications:

  • Sprint Interval Training (SIT) combines maximal efforts with extended recovery.
  • High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) offers flexible work-to-rest ratios.
  • SIT protocols of 4-6 x 30-second all-out efforts lead to improved power across both sport types.
  • HIIT adapts to specific needs: 30:30 for teams, 4min:2min for endurance events.
  • Therefore, contemporary methods provide time-efficient training for diverse sporting demands.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 984

Analyse how different anaerobic interval training methods could be implemented and periodised across a competitive season for a 200 metre sprinter. In your response, consider energy system specificity, training variables, and progression principles.   (9 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Early general preparation phase (3 – 4 months pre-competition) should incorporate longer intervals (150 – 300m) at submaximal intensity (80 – 85%) with longer recovery periods (3 – 4 minutes) to develop basic anaerobic capacity without excessive physiological stress.
  • Mid preparation phase (2 – 3 months pre-competition) should progress to medium length intervals (60 – 150m) at higher intensities (85 – 90%) with moderate recovery (2 – 3 minutes) to enhance glycolytic system capacity and lactate tolerance.
  • Specific preparation phase (1 – 2 months pre-competition) should introduce shorter, more intense intervals (30 – 80m) at near-maximal effort (0 – 95%) with longer recovery (3 – 5 minutes) to develop ATP-PCr power and alactic capacity essential for 200m performance.
  • Competition phase should incorporate highly specific interval training including race-pace 200m runs with full recovery (8 – 10 minutes) to simulate competition demands while minimising fatigue accumulation.
  • Work-to-rest ratios should progress from approximately \(1:3\) in early phases to \(1:8\) – \(1:10\) in competition phases to reflect the increasing intensity and the need for quality over quantity.
  • Volume (total distance covered in intervals) should periodically decrease as intensity increases, respecting the inverse relationship between these variables to prevent overtraining.
  • Technique-focused elements should be incorporated throughout all phases but especially during higher-intensity intervals to ensure mechanical efficiency is maintained under fatigue conditions.
  • Training should transition from more glycolytic-dominant intervals (150 – 300m) early in the season to more ATP-PCr dominant intervals (30 – 80m) closer to competition, reflecting the proportional contribution of energy systems to 200m performance.
  • Recovery between anaerobic interval sessions should increase from 48 hours in early phases to 72+ hours near competition to ensure complete adaptation and prevent accumulated fatigue.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Early general preparation phase (3 – 4 months pre-competition) should incorporate longer intervals (150 – 300m) at submaximal intensity (80 – 85%) with longer recovery periods (3 – 4 minutes) to develop basic anaerobic capacity without excessive physiological stress.
  • Mid preparation phase (2 – 3 months pre-competition) should progress to medium length intervals (60 – 150m) at higher intensities (85 – 90%) with moderate recovery (2 – 3 minutes) to enhance glycolytic system capacity and lactate tolerance.
  • Specific preparation phase (1 – 2 months pre-competition) should introduce shorter, more intense intervals (30 – 80m) at near-maximal effort (0 – 95%) with longer recovery (3 – 5 minutes) to develop ATP-PCr power and alactic capacity essential for 200m performance.
  • Competition phase should incorporate highly specific interval training including race-pace 200m runs with full recovery (8 – 10 minutes) to simulate competition demands while minimising fatigue accumulation.
  • Work-to-rest ratios should progress from approximately \(1:3\) in early phases to \(1:8\) – \(1:10\) in competition phases to reflect the increasing intensity and the need for quality over quantity.
  • Volume (total distance covered in intervals) should periodically decrease as intensity increases, respecting the inverse relationship between these variables to prevent overtraining.
  • Technique-focused elements should be incorporated throughout all phases but especially during higher-intensity intervals to ensure mechanical efficiency is maintained under fatigue conditions.
  • Training should transition from more glycolytic-dominant intervals (150 – 300m) early in the season to more ATP-PCr dominant intervals (30 – 80m) closer to competition, reflecting the proportional contribution of energy systems to 200m performance.
  • Recovery between anaerobic interval sessions should increase from 48 hours in early phases to 72+ hours near competition to ensure complete adaptation and prevent accumulated fatigue.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 17

A sealed container contains 2.0 kg of steam at 100\(^{\circ}\)C. The container is placed in a fridge and cooled until all the steam has condensed and the resulting water has cooled to 5\(^{\circ}\)C. Using the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water: 2.3 \(\times\) 10\(^6\) J kg\(^{-1}\),

  1. Calculate the energy removed during condensation.   (1 marks)
  1. Calculate the total energy that must be removed from the container.   (2 mark)
  1. Explain why steam burns are more dangerous than boiling water burns.   (2 mark)
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a.    \(4.6 \times 10^6\ \text{J}\)

b.    \(5.4 \times 10^6\ \text{J}\)

c.   Steam burns are more dangerous than boiling water burns as:

  • Steam contains additional energy in the form of latent heat from the phase change.
  • When steam condenses on the skin, it releases this latent heat of vaporisation, transferring more energy than boiling water at the same temperature, causing more severe tissue damage.
Show Worked Solution

a.    Using the specific latent heat of vaporisation:

\(Q = 2 \times 2.3 \times 10^6 = 4.6 \times 10^6\ \text{J}\)
 

b.    The heat energy lost to reduce the temperature of water from 100\(^{\circ}\)C to 5\(^{\circ}\)C:

\(Q=mc\Delta T = 2 \times 4.18 \times 10^3 \times (100-5) = 7.942 \times 10^5\ \text{J}\)

  • The total energy that must be removed from the container is the latent heat of vaporization and the energy require to cool the water down to 5\(^{\circ}\).
  •     \(E_T= 4.6 \times 10^6 + 7.942 \times 10^5 = 5.4 \times 10^6\ \text{J}\) 

c.   Steam burns are more dangerous than boiling water burns because:

  • Steam contains additional energy in the form of latent heat from the phase change.
  • When steam condenses on the skin, it releases this latent heat of vaporisation, transferring more energy than boiling water at the same temperature, causing more severe tissue damage.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 15

What happens to the temperature of the air inside a can of compressed gas when the gas is suddenly released into the open air? Explain your answer using thermodynamic principles.   (3 marks)

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  • When the compressed gas is suddenly released, it undergoes rapid expansion. During this expansion, the gas does work on the surroundings as it pushes against the external pressure.
  • Because this happens quickly, there is little or no time for heat energy to enter the system from the surroundings.
  • As a result, the internal energy of the gas decreases, which leads to a decrease in temperature. This is explained by the first law of thermodynamics:
  •    \(\Delta U = Q-W\)
  • In this case, \(Q \approx 0\) (no heat input), so  \(\Delta U = -W\), meaning internal energy (and therefore temperature) drops.
Show Worked Solution
  • When the compressed gas is suddenly released, it undergoes rapid expansion. During this expansion, the gas does work on the surroundings as it pushes against the external pressure. Because this happens quickly, there is little or no time for heat energy to enter the system from the surroundings.
  • As a result, the internal energy of the gas decreases, which leads to a decrease in temperature. This is explained by the first law of thermodynamics:
  •    \(\Delta U = Q-W\)
  • In this case, \(Q \approx 0\) (no heat input), so  \(\Delta U = -W\), meaning internal energy (and therefore temperature) drops.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 14

A student performs an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

She heats a 0.40 kg block of aluminium to 90\(^{\circ}\)C, then quickly places it into a beaker containing 0.60 kg of oil at an initial temperature of 25\(^{\circ}\)C. After some time, the final equilibrium temperature of the aluminium and the oil is found to be 32\(^{\circ}\)C. The student knows that the specific heat capacity of the oil is 2.00 \(\times\) 10\(^3\) J kg\(^{-1}\)\(^{\circ}\)C\(^{-1}\).

Use this data to calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium.   (4 marks)

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\(362\ \text{J/kg}^{\circ}\text{C}\)

Show Worked Solution
  • The energy lost by the block of aluminium is gained by the oil.
  •    \(Q_{\text{oil}} = mc \Delta T = 0.60 \times 2.00 \times 10^3 \times (32-25) = 8400\ \text{J}\).
  •    \(c_{\text{Al}} = \dfrac{Q}{m\Delta t} = \dfrac{8400}{0.4 \times (90-32)} = 362\ \text{J/kg}^{\circ}\text{C}\)
  • The specific heat capacity of Aluminium is \(362\ \text{J/kg}^{\circ}\text{C}\).

v1 Measurement, STD2 M1 2013 HSC 15a*

The diagram shows the front of a tent supported by three vertical poles. The poles are 1.4 m apart. The height of each outer pole is 1.6 m, and the height of the middle pole is 2 m. The roof hangs between the poles.

The front of the tent has area `A\ text(m²)`. 

  1. Use the trapezoidal rule to estimate `A`.    (2 marks)

  2. Explain whether the trapezoidal rule give a greater or smaller estimate of  `A`?  (1 mark)

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  1. `5.04\ text(m²)`
  2. `text(The trapezoidal rule assumes a straight line between)`

     

    `text(all points and therefore would estimate a greater)`

     

    `text(area than the actual area of the tent front.)`

Show Worked Solution
i.    `A` `~~ h/2 [y_0 + 2y_1 + y_2]`
    `~~ 1.4/2 [1.6 + (2 xx 2) + 1.6]`
    `~~ 0.7 [7.2]`
    `~~ 5.04\ text(m²)`

 

ii.  `text(The trapezoidal rule assumes a straight line between)`

`text(all points and therefore would estimate a greater)`

`text(area than the actual area of the tent front.)`

v1 Measurement, STD2 M1 2015 HSC 30a

A school projector left in idle mode consumes 95 watts of power. The cost of electricity is 28 cents per kWh.

There are 12 projectors in the school, each idle for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week.

How much does it cost the school to leave all the projectors idle for a 10-week school term? (2 marks)

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`$95.76`

Show Worked Solution

`text(95 watts per projector)`

`text(Hours per term:) \ 6 xx 5 xx 10 = 300`

`text(Total watt-hours)` `=95 xx 12 xx 300`
  `= 342\ 000`
  `= 342\ text(kWh)`

 

`:.\ \text{Cost}` `=342 xx $0.28`
  `= \ $95.76`

v1 Measurement, STD2 M1 2013 HSC 26d

A section of Jim’s electricity bill is shown.

  1. What is the value of `X`?    (1 mark)
  2. How much will Jim save if he uses 523.5 kWh of energy at the Off-peak rate rather than at the Shoulder rate?   (2 marks)
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  1. `531.2`
  2. `$51.30`
Show Worked Solution
i.     `X` `= \text{Last Reading} + \text{Energy Used}`
    `= 274.8+256.4`
    `= 531.2`

 

ii.     `text(Cost)_{text(Shoulder)}` `= 523.5 × 19.4 = 10155.9 \text{ cents}`
    `= \$101.56`
  `text(Cost)_{text(Offpeak)}` `= 523.5 × 9.6 = 5025.6 \text{ cents}`
    `= \$50.26`
  `text(Saving)` `= 101.56-50.26 = \$51.30`

v1 Measurement, STD2 M7 2021 HSC 27

The price and the power consumption of two different models of air purifiers are shown.

\[ \begin{array}{|l|l|} \hline \text{Air Purifier X} & \text{Air Purifier Y} \\ \hline \text{Price: \$480} & \text{Price: \$462.40} \\ \hline \text{Power: 95 W} & \text{Power: 88 W} \\ \hline \end{array} \]

The average cost for electricity is 30c/kWh. A household runs an air purifier for an average of 10 hours a day.

  1. The annual cost of electricity for Air Purifier X for this household is \$104.03.
  2. For this household, what is the difference in the annual cost of electricity between Air Purifier X and Air Purifier Y? (2 marks)
  3. For this household, how many years will it take for the total cost of buying and using Air Purifier X to be equal to the cost of buying and using Air Purifier Y? (2 marks)
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  1. `$7.66`
  2. `2.3\ \text{years}`
Show Worked Solution
a. `text{Annual power usage (Y)}` `= 88 \times 10 \times 365 = 321200\ \text{Wh}`
    `= 321.2\ \text{kWh}`
  `text{Annual cost (Y)}` `= 321.2 \times 0.30 = \$96.36`
  `text{Annual cost (X)}` `= 95 \times 10 \times 365 / 1000 \times 0.30 = \$104.03`
  `text{Difference}` `= 104.03-96.36 = \$7.66`
b. `text{Price difference}` `= 480-462.40 = \$17.60`
  `text{Years to equal total cost}` `= 17.60 / 7.66 ≈ 2.3\ \text{years}`

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 10

A 150 mL sample of a liquid substance was heated at a constant rate. The sample of this substance has a mass of 300 g. The specific heat capacity of the substance, \(c\), is 0.50 J g\(^{-1}\) K\(^{-1}\).

The heating curve obtained is shown below:
 

Calculate the latent heat absorbed by the sample during vaporization.   (3 marks)

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\(1.8\ \text{kJ}\)

Show Worked Solution
  • To calculate the latent heat absorbed during the flat portion of the heating curve (4–6 minutes), we use the concept that energy is supplied at a constant rate (constant power) throughout the process.
  • Since the heating source is the same, and the slope of the temperature increase before and after the phase change is linear, we can infer that the same amount of energy is delivered per second throughout the entire graph.
  • That means the power input (energy per unit time) is constant during both the heating and the vaporisation stages.
  • The thermal energy absorbed by the sample during the first 4 minutes is:
  •    \(Q= mc \Delta t = 300 \times 0.5 \times (44-20) = 3600\ \text{J}\)
  • The power of the first 4 minutes is:
  •    \(P = \dfrac{3600}{4} = 900\ \text{Jmin}^{-1}\).
  • As the power delivered remains constant throughout the entire process, the latent heat of vaporisation (minute 4-6 on the graph) is:
  •    \(Q_{\text{vap}} = 900 \times 2 = 1800\ \text{J} = 1.8\ \text{kJ}\).

Vectors, EXT1 V1 EQ-Bank 2

A particle is projected from the origin at an angle \(\theta\) to the horizontal and an initial speed of \(V\) metres per second.

It passes through a point 37.5 metres above and 75 metres horizontally from its point of projection, as shown in the diagram.
 

Find the initial speed, \(V\), and angle of projection, \(\theta\), of the particle and determine the expression of the position vector of the particle, \(\underset{\sim}{r}(t)\), where \(t\) is the time after projection (use  \(g=10\ \text{ms}^{-2}\)).   (5 marks)

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\(\underset{\sim}{r}(t)=5 \sqrt{30} t \underset{\sim}{i}+\left(5 \sqrt{30} t-5 t^2\right) \underset{\sim}{j}\)

Show Worked Solution

\begin{array}{ll}
\dot{x}=V \cos \theta & \quad \dot{y}=V \sin \theta-10 t \\
x=V t \, \cos \theta & \quad y=V t \, \sin \theta-5 t^2
\end{array}

\(\text {Find} \ t \ \text{when}\ \ \dot{y}=0:\)

\(V \sin \theta-10 t=0 \ \  \Rightarrow \ \  t=\dfrac{V \sin \theta}{10}\)

\(\text{At max height,} \ \ \dot{y}=0 \ \ \text {and} \ \ x=\dfrac{1}{2} \times \ \text {range = 75 m}\)

\(\Rightarrow \ \text{At} \ \ t=\dfrac{V \sin \theta}{10}, x=75, y=37.5:\)

\(\dfrac{x}{y}\) \(=\dfrac{V t \cos \theta}{V t \sin \theta-5 t^2}\)  
\(\dfrac{75}{37.5}\) \(=\dfrac{V \cdot \dfrac{V \sin \theta}{10} \cdot \cos \theta}{V \cdot \dfrac{V \sin \theta}{10} \cdot \sin \theta-5\left(\dfrac{V \sin \theta}{10}\right)^2}\)  
\(2\) \(=\dfrac{V^2 \sin \theta \cos \theta}{10} \ ÷ \  \left(\dfrac{V^2 \sin ^2 \theta}{10}-\dfrac{V^2 \sin ^2 \theta}{20}\right)\)  
\(2\) \(=\dfrac{V^2 \sin \theta \cos \theta}{10} \times \dfrac{20}{V^2 \sin ^2 \theta}\)  
\(2\) \(=2 \cot \theta\)  
\(\theta\) \(=\tan ^{-1}(1)\)  
  \(=45^{\circ}\)  

 
 \(\text{Since} \ \ x=75 \ \ \text{when} \ \ t=\dfrac{V \sin 45°}{10}=\dfrac{V}{10 \sqrt{2}}:\)

\(75=V \cdot \dfrac{V}{10 \sqrt{2}} \cdot \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\)

\(V^2=1500\)

\(V=10 \sqrt{15} \quad(v>0)\)

\(\therefore \underset{\sim}{r}(t)\) \(=\dfrac{10 \sqrt{15}}{\sqrt{2}} t \underset{\sim}{i}+\left(\dfrac{10 \sqrt{15}}{\sqrt{2}} t-5 t^2\right) \underset{\sim}{j}\)
  \(=5 \sqrt{30} t \underset{\sim}{i}+\left(5 \sqrt{30} t-5 t^2\right) \underset{\sim}{j}\)

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 983

Describe the factors that determine how much force an athlete can apply to sporting equipment.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Body mass and muscle size influence force production capacity. Larger athletes typically possess greater muscle mass and longer limb levers. These physical characteristics provide mechanical advantages when interacting with equipment like bats, racquets or throwing implements.
  • Biomechanical technique determines force transfer efficiency from body to equipment. Optimal technique involves correct joint angles, movement sequencing and contact timing. Poor technique results in force dissipation and reduced equipment velocity regardless of athlete strength.
  • Muscle fibre composition affects instantaneous force generation. Fast-twitch fibres produce higher peak forces than slow-twitch fibres. Athletes with predominantly fast-twitch composition excel in explosive equipment-based activities like shot put or batting.
  • Training-induced adaptations modify force production capabilities. Strength training increases muscle size and improves nerve-muscle communication. Power training improves speed of force production, particularly important for rapid equipment acceleration.
  • Movement coordination involves sequential body segment activation from ground contact through equipment release. Effective patterns include leg drive, hip rotation, trunk flexion and arm extension. Each segment contributes to final force magnitude applied to equipment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Body mass and muscle size influence force production capacity. Larger athletes typically possess greater muscle mass and longer limb levers. These physical characteristics provide mechanical advantages when interacting with equipment like bats, racquets or throwing implements.
  • Biomechanical technique determines force transfer efficiency from body to equipment. Optimal technique involves correct joint angles, movement sequencing and contact timing. Poor technique results in force dissipation and reduced equipment velocity regardless of athlete strength.
  • Muscle fibre composition affects instantaneous force generation. Fast-twitch fibres produce higher peak forces than slow-twitch fibres. Athletes with predominantly fast-twitch composition excel in explosive equipment-based activities like shot put or batting.
  • Training-induced adaptations modify force production capabilities. Strength training increases muscle size and improves nerve-muscle communication. Power training improves speed of force production, particularly important for rapid equipment acceleration.
  • Movement coordination involves sequential body segment activation from ground contact through equipment release. Effective patterns include leg drive, hip rotation, trunk flexion and arm extension. Each segment contributes to final force magnitude applied to equipment.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 980

To what extent can biomechanical principles of force application be optimised for different sporting contexts and equipment types?   (8 marks)

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Judgment Statement

  • Force application principles can be significantly optimised across sporting contexts through technique modifications and equipment design, though physical limits exist.

Sport-Specific Optimisation

  • Different sports extensively benefit from tailored force application strategies. Each sport’s unique demands allow specific technique adjustments for maximum effectiveness.
  • Tennis players adjust grip pressure and swing paths for 40% more power on serves versus drops. Golfers modify stance and swing for different clubs, achieving 20-30 metre distance variations.
  • Evidence demonstrates sport-specific training improves force application by 25-35%. This proves principles adapt successfully to varied contexts.

Equipment Enhancement

  • Modern equipment substantially improves force optimisation through better design and materials. Technology enhances how athletes transfer body forces to sporting implements.
  • Carbon fibre racquets increase force transfer by 30% over wood. Specialised running shoes improve ground force application by 15% on different surfaces.
  • Research shows equipment advances contribute 20% performance gains, confirming technology significantly extends optimisation potential.

Physical Limitations

  • However, optimisation faces unchangeable constraints from body size and physics laws. Athletes cannot exceed personal force limits regardless of technique or equipment.
  • Smaller athletes generate 40% less maximum force than larger competitors. Newton’s laws create fixed relationships between force, mass and acceleration.
  • Despite optimisation, these barriers remain absolute. Individual capacity and physics set firm boundaries.

Reaffirmation

  • Biomechanical principles achieve significant optimisation across sports and equipment, with proven 20-35% improvements possible. Main evidence includes technique adaptations and technology advances.
  • While physical limits exist, optimisation within these boundaries remains highly valuable. Therefore, understanding force principles proves essential for maximising individual potential.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Force application principles can be significantly optimised across sporting contexts through technique modifications and equipment design, though physical limits exist.

Sport-Specific Optimisation

  • Different sports extensively benefit from tailored force application strategies. Each sport’s unique demands allow specific technique adjustments for maximum effectiveness.
  • Tennis players adjust grip pressure and swing paths for 40% more power on serves versus drops. Golfers modify stance and swing for different clubs, achieving 20-30 metre distance variations.
  • Evidence demonstrates sport-specific training improves force application by 25-35%. This proves principles adapt successfully to varied contexts.

Equipment Enhancement

  • Modern equipment substantially improves force optimisation through better design and materials. Technology enhances how athletes transfer body forces to sporting implements.
  • Carbon fibre racquets increase force transfer by 30% over wood. Specialised running shoes improve ground force application by 15% on different surfaces.
  • Research shows equipment advances contribute 20% performance gains, confirming technology significantly extends optimisation potential.

Physical Limitations

  • However, optimisation faces unchangeable constraints from body size and physics laws. Athletes cannot exceed personal force limits regardless of technique or equipment.
  • Smaller athletes generate 40% less maximum force than larger competitors. Newton’s laws create fixed relationships between force, mass and acceleration.
  • Despite optimisation, these barriers remain absolute. Individual capacity and physics set firm boundaries.

Reaffirmation

  • Biomechanical principles achieve significant optimisation across sports and equipment, with proven 20-35% improvements possible. Main evidence includes technique adaptations and technology advances.
  • While physical limits exist, optimisation within these boundaries remains highly valuable. Therefore, understanding force principles proves essential for maximising individual potential.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 979

To what extent do proper force absorption techniques contribute to both performance enhancement and injury prevention in sport?   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

  • Proper force absorption techniques significantly contribute to both performance and injury prevention, though effectiveness varies with fatigue and competition demands.

Performance Enhancement Evidence

  • Force absorption substantially improves athletic performance by enabling smooth movement transitions. Athletes who absorb forces well maintain control and quickly generate subsequent movements.
  • Basketball players absorbing landing forces correctly transition immediately into explosive rebounds. Gymnasts mastering absorption maintain balance for higher scores.
  • Studies indicate 30% faster movement transitions with proper absorption technique. This proves force absorption directly enhances competitive performance across sports.

Injury Prevention Benefits

  • Absorption techniques greatly reduce injury risk by spreading impact forces throughout the body. Proper joint bending and muscle engagement prevent stress concentration on vulnerable structures.
  • Long jumpers bending knees during landing reduce joint stress by 60%. Martial artists using absorption techniques safely receive impacts without damage.
  • Research demonstrates 45% fewer injuries when athletes apply correct absorption. This confirms the protective value extends across all impact sports.

Contextual Limitations

  • However, effectiveness decreases under fatigue and unexpected situations. Athletes struggle maintaining technique when tired or facing uncontrolled forces.
  • Contact sport players cannot control incoming force directions, limiting optimal absorption. Fatigue reduces muscle control affecting technique quality.
  • Despite these constraints, benefits remain substantial when athletes train absorption under varied conditions.

Reaffirmation

  • Force absorption techniques significantly contribute to performance and safety, with proven benefits outweighing limitations. Evidence supporting this includes transition speed improvements and injury reduction statistics.
  • Although situational factors affect application, proper training maximises benefits. Therefore, force absorption remains essential for athletic success and longevity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

  • Proper force absorption techniques significantly contribute to both performance and injury prevention, though effectiveness varies with fatigue and competition demands.

Performance Enhancement Evidence

  • Force absorption substantially improves athletic performance by enabling smooth movement transitions. Athletes who absorb forces well maintain control and quickly generate subsequent movements.
  • Basketball players absorbing landing forces correctly transition immediately into explosive rebounds. Gymnasts mastering absorption maintain balance for higher scores.
  • Studies indicate 30% faster movement transitions with proper absorption technique. This proves force absorption directly enhances competitive performance across sports.

Injury Prevention Benefits

  • Absorption techniques greatly reduce injury risk by spreading impact forces throughout the body. Proper joint bending and muscle engagement prevent stress concentration on vulnerable structures.
  • Long jumpers bending knees during landing reduce joint stress by 60%. Martial artists using absorption techniques safely receive impacts without damage.
  • Research demonstrates 45% fewer injuries when athletes apply correct absorption. This confirms the protective value extends across all impact sports.

Contextual Limitations

  • However, effectiveness decreases under fatigue and unexpected situations. Athletes struggle maintaining technique when tired or facing uncontrolled forces.
  • Contact sport players cannot control incoming force directions, limiting optimal absorption. Fatigue reduces muscle control affecting technique quality.
  • Despite these constraints, benefits remain substantial when athletes train absorption under varied conditions.

Reaffirmation

  • Force absorption techniques significantly contribute to performance and safety, with proven benefits outweighing limitations. Evidence supporting this includes transition speed improvements and injury reduction statistics.
  • Although situational factors affect application, proper training maximises benefits. Therefore, force absorption remains essential for athletic success and longevity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 978

To what extent does understanding force application principles improve athletic performance and reduce injury risk?   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Judgment Statement

  • Understanding force application principles significantly improves athletic performance and injury prevention, with evidence supporting major benefits when properly implemented.

Performance Enhancement

  • Athletes who understand force principles substantially increase power output through better technique. Knowledge of action-reaction forces enables optimised positioning and timing.
  • Sprinters improve horizontal push by understanding ground forces, achieving 15-20% better acceleration. Weightlifters position correctly to lift 10-15% more safely.
  • Evidence strongly supports that understanding combined with practice creates measurable gains. Elite athletes demonstrate superior force application compared to novices.

Injury Risk Reduction

  • Force knowledge greatly reduces injury likelihood by promoting safer movement patterns. Athletes learn to spread forces across joints rather than concentrating stress.
  • Basketball players understanding landing forces reduce knee injuries by 50% through proper technique. Tennis players prevent shoulder problems by adjusting serve mechanics.
  • Research confirms injury rates drop significantly with biomechanical knowledge application. This demonstrates the protective value of force understanding.

Implementation Limitations

  • However, benefits depend on practical application with expert guidance. Theory alone provides limited improvement without translating into automatic movements.
  • Many athletes know principles but cannot apply under pressure. Individual differences require customised approaches.
  • Despite limitations, overall impact remains highly positive with quality coaching.

Reaffirmation

  • Force principles understanding significantly enhances performance and safety, though application determines benefits. Main supporting factors include proven gains and injury reduction.
  • While challenges exist, advantages outweigh limitations. Therefore, force knowledge proves essential for athletic development.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Understanding force application principles significantly improves athletic performance and injury prevention, with evidence supporting major benefits when properly implemented.

Performance Enhancement

  • Athletes who understand force principles substantially increase power output through better technique. Knowledge of action-reaction forces enables optimised positioning and timing.
  • Sprinters improve horizontal push by understanding ground forces, achieving 15-20% better acceleration. Weightlifters position correctly to lift 10-15% more safely.
  • Evidence strongly supports that understanding combined with practice creates measurable gains. Elite athletes demonstrate superior force application compared to novices.

Injury Risk Reduction

  • Force knowledge greatly reduces injury likelihood by promoting safer movement patterns. Athletes learn to spread forces across joints rather than concentrating stress.
  • Basketball players understanding landing forces reduce knee injuries by 50% through proper technique. Tennis players prevent shoulder problems by adjusting serve mechanics.
  • Research confirms injury rates drop significantly with biomechanical knowledge application. This demonstrates the protective value of force understanding.

Implementation Limitations

  • However, benefits depend on practical application with expert guidance. Theory alone provides limited improvement without translating into automatic movements.
  • Many athletes know principles but cannot apply under pressure. Individual differences require customised approaches.
  • Despite limitations, overall impact remains highly positive with quality coaching.

Reaffirmation

  • Force principles understanding significantly enhances performance and safety, though application determines benefits. Main supporting factors include proven gains and injury reduction.
  • While challenges exist, advantages outweigh limitations. Therefore, force knowledge proves essential for athletic development.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 977

Explain the relationship between applied forces and reaction forces in athletic performance.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Athletes generate applied forces through muscular contractions directed at external surfaces. This occurs because muscles transfer force through bones to contact points. As a result, sprinters push against the track with considerable force.
  • Newton’s Third Law creates equal and opposite reaction forces instantly. When athletes push down and backward, surfaces generate upward and forward forces of identical magnitude. This relationship ensures balanced force pairs.
  • Athletic movement results from reaction forces propelling bodies opposite to applied forces. The reason is athletes cannot move without external forces acting upon them. Therefore, ground reaction forces enable all running and jumping.
  • Performance directly correlates with force magnitude – stronger applied forces produce larger reaction forces. This leads to faster speeds as acceleration follows F=ma. Evidence shows elite sprinters generate forces exceeding three times bodyweight.
  • Optimal technique maximises useful reaction forces through proper force direction and timing. Consequently, athletes align forces efficiently to reduce energy waste. This explains why training emphasises force vector optimisation for performance gains.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Athletes generate applied forces through muscular contractions directed at external surfaces. This occurs because muscles transfer force through bones to contact points. As a result, sprinters push against the track with considerable force.
  • Newton’s Third Law creates equal and opposite reaction forces instantly. When athletes push down and backward, surfaces generate upward and forward forces of identical magnitude. This relationship ensures balanced force pairs.
  • Athletic movement results from reaction forces propelling bodies opposite to applied forces. The reason is athletes cannot move without external forces acting upon them. Therefore, ground reaction forces enable all running and jumping.
  • Performance directly correlates with force magnitude – stronger applied forces produce larger reaction forces. This leads to faster speeds as acceleration follows F=ma. Evidence shows elite sprinters generate forces exceeding three times bodyweight.
  • Optimal technique maximises useful reaction forces through proper force direction and timing. Consequently, athletes align forces efficiently to reduce energy waste. This explains why training emphasises force vector optimisation for performance gains.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 976

Describe the biomechanical principles involved in effectively catching fast-moving objects.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Impact force absorption involves the relationship between object momentum and catching distance. The formula F = ma/t shows that extended catching distance reduces peak forces. Athletes extend arms fully before contact then draw the object toward the body.
  • Multi-point contact distribution spreads forces across multiple body segments. Both hands create larger contact surface area while engaging multiple joints. Force distribution occurs through fingers, wrists, elbows, and shoulders rather than single-point concentration.
  • Progressive joint movement characterises the kinetic chain during catching. Movement flows from fingers through to trunk segments. Each joint bends in sequence with muscles lengthening under control to absorb energy.
  • Pre-contact positioning requires anticipatory movements before ball arrival. Athletes adopt wide stances with flexed knees for stability. Arms position at appropriate height with slight elbow flexion, ready for extension and subsequent catching motion.
  • Visual tracking and timing coordinates body movements with object trajectory. Eyes maintain focus throughout the flight path. Hand positioning adjusts continuously based on visual information, with grasping timed for optimal catching distance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Impact force absorption involves the relationship between object momentum and catching distance. The formula F = ma/t shows that extended catching distance reduces peak forces. Athletes extend arms fully before contact then draw the object toward the body.
  • Multi-point contact distribution spreads forces across multiple body segments. Both hands create larger contact surface area while engaging multiple joints. Force distribution occurs through fingers, wrists, elbows, and shoulders rather than single-point concentration.
  • Progressive joint movement characterises the kinetic chain during catching. Movement flows from fingers through to trunk segments. Each joint bends in sequence with muscles lengthening under control to absorb energy.
  • Pre-contact positioning requires anticipatory movements before ball arrival. Athletes adopt wide stances with flexed knees for stability. Arms position at appropriate height with slight elbow flexion, ready for extension and subsequent catching motion.
  • Visual tracking and timing coordinates body movements with object trajectory. Eyes maintain focus throughout the flight path. Hand positioning adjusts continuously based on visual information, with grasping timed for optimal catching distance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 972

Analyse the relationship between fluid resistance forces and swimming efficiency in competitive performance.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Fluid resistance forces interact with swimming technique and body position to determine competitive efficiency. Key relationships include drag-speed interactions, technique adaptations, and performance trade-offs that affect energy expenditure and race outcomes.

Drag-Speed Relationship

  • Water resistance increases exponentially as swimming velocity rises, directly affecting energy demands. This force opposes forward motion by acting parallel to water flow against the swimmer.
  • Streamlined positions reduce resistance by up to 40% compared to poor alignment. This pattern shows elite swimmers maintain higher speeds with lower energy costs.
  • Evidence indicates that doubling speed quadruples drag forces. Therefore, small improvements in body position create significant efficiency gains during races.

Technique and Propulsion

  • Skilled swimmers transform resistance forces into forward propulsion through hand and body movements. Proper technique converts water pressure into useful thrust rather than just overcoming drag.
  • High elbow catches and body rotation redirect water flow to create forward push. Elite swimmers achieve 85% stroke efficiency while beginners manage only 60%.
  • This reveals how technical skill determines whether resistance hinders or helps performance. The trend indicates mastery of water manipulation separates elite from average swimmers.

Performance Trade-offs

  • Different events require balancing competing demands between reducing drag and maximising propulsion. Swimmers must choose between streamlining for low resistance or powerful strokes for speed.
  • Sprinters often accept higher resistance to generate maximum power, while distance swimmers prioritise efficiency over force. This demonstrates event-specific approaches to resistance management.
  • These patterns show no single solution exists for all swimming events.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Fluid resistance fundamentally shapes competitive swimming through complex interactions with technique, speed, and event demands. Swimmers who understand these relationships optimise their individual approach.
  • Consequently, training must address both resistance reduction and propulsion enhancement. The significance is that efficiency improvements through resistance management often exceed gains from fitness alone.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overview Statement

  • Fluid resistance forces interact with swimming technique and body position to determine competitive efficiency. Key relationships include drag-speed interactions, technique adaptations, and performance trade-offs that affect energy expenditure and race outcomes.

Drag-Speed Relationship

  • Water resistance increases exponentially as swimming velocity rises, directly affecting energy demands. This force opposes forward motion by acting parallel to water flow against the swimmer.
  • Streamlined positions reduce resistance by up to 40% compared to poor alignment. This pattern shows elite swimmers maintain higher speeds with lower energy costs.
  • Evidence indicates that doubling speed quadruples drag forces. Therefore, small improvements in body position create significant efficiency gains during races.

Technique and Propulsion

  • Skilled swimmers transform resistance forces into forward propulsion through hand and body movements. Proper technique converts water pressure into useful thrust rather than just overcoming drag.
  • High elbow catches and body rotation redirect water flow to create forward push. Elite swimmers achieve 85% stroke efficiency while beginners manage only 60%.
  • This reveals how technical skill determines whether resistance hinders or helps performance. The trend indicates mastery of water manipulation separates elite from average swimmers.

Performance Trade-offs

  • Different events require balancing competing demands between reducing drag and maximising propulsion. Swimmers must choose between streamlining for low resistance or powerful strokes for speed.
  • Sprinters often accept higher resistance to generate maximum power, while distance swimmers prioritise efficiency over force. This demonstrates event-specific approaches to resistance management.
  • These patterns show no single solution exists for all swimming events.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Fluid resistance fundamentally shapes competitive swimming through complex interactions with technique, speed, and event demands. Swimmers who understand these relationships optimise their individual approach.
  • Consequently, training must address both resistance reduction and propulsion enhancement. The significance is that efficiency improvements through resistance management often exceed gains from fitness alone.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 969

Evaluate the biomechanical principles that enable swimmers to maintain effective flotation during competitive performance.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Biomechanical principles are highly effective for maintaining competitive flotation. Three criteria determine effectiveness: body alignment, muscular control, and individual adaptability.

Body Alignment

  • Centre of gravity and buoyancy alignment strongly meets flotation requirements. Vertical alignment achieves horizontal positioning with minimal effort.
  • Elite swimmers demonstrate optimal alignment maintaining flat positions throughout races. This reduces drag by 40% compared to misalignment.
  • Evidence proves this principle fundamental – without alignment, other techniques fail. The principle achieves significant performance benefits.

Muscular Control

  • Core engagement adequately fulfils position maintenance needs. Abdominal contraction keeps hips elevated despite fatigue.
  • Demonstrates high effectiveness preventing leg drop that increases drag 25%. Sprinters show superior core strength at race speeds.
  • Conscious control allows adjustment based on conditions, proving highly valuable for success.

Individual Adaptability

  • Principles partially address body composition variations through technique modifications. Dense swimmers adjust kick patterns compensating for reduced buoyancy.
  • While somewhat effective, adaptations require extra energy. Sprinters with 8% body fat work harder than distance swimmers with 15%.
  • Shows limitations – physics cannot be overcome completely. Strategies achieve moderate success managing disadvantages.

Final Evaluation

  • Biomechanical principles prove highly effective when criteria work together. Alignment and control strongly support performance while adaptations adequately manage variations.
  • Strengths outweigh limitations as technique overcomes most disadvantages. Understanding these principles remains essential for competitive success.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Evaluation Statement

  • Biomechanical principles are highly effective for maintaining competitive flotation. Three criteria determine effectiveness: body alignment, muscular control, and individual adaptability.

Body Alignment

  • Centre of gravity and buoyancy alignment strongly meets flotation requirements. Vertical alignment achieves horizontal positioning with minimal effort.
  • Elite swimmers demonstrate optimal alignment maintaining flat positions throughout races. This reduces drag by 40% compared to misalignment.
  • Evidence proves this principle fundamental – without alignment, other techniques fail. The principle achieves significant performance benefits.

Muscular Control

  • Core engagement adequately fulfils position maintenance needs. Abdominal contraction keeps hips elevated despite fatigue.
  • Demonstrates high effectiveness preventing leg drop that increases drag 25%. Sprinters show superior core strength at race speeds.
  • Conscious control allows adjustment based on conditions, proving highly valuable for success.

Individual Adaptability

  • Principles partially address body composition variations through technique modifications. Dense swimmers adjust kick patterns compensating for reduced buoyancy.
  • While somewhat effective, adaptations require extra energy. Sprinters with 8% body fat work harder than distance swimmers with 15%.
  • Shows limitations – physics cannot be overcome completely. Strategies achieve moderate success managing disadvantages.

Final Evaluation

  • Biomechanical principles prove highly effective when criteria work together. Alignment and control strongly support performance while adaptations adequately manage variations.
  • Strengths outweigh limitations as technique overcomes most disadvantages. Understanding these principles remains essential for competitive success.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 962 MC

A weightlifter needs to develop maximum power for competition. Based on biomechanical principles, they should focus primarily on:

  1. Speed-dominated power to increase lifting velocity
  2. Flexibility training to improve range of motion
  3. Endurance training to sustain effort over time
  4. Strength-dominated power to overcome resistance
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct: Weightlifting requires strength-dominated power to overcome heavy resistance, prioritising force production over speed.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Speed-dominated power is more appropriate for jumping and running activities.
  • B is incorrect: While flexibility helps, power development is the primary requirement.
  • C is incorrect: Weightlifting is primarily anaerobic and power-focused, not endurance-based.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 960 MC

A cricket bowler delivers a ball with side-spin that curves away from a right-handed batter. This lateral movement is caused by:

  1. Wind resistance acting on the ball's seam
  2. Magnus force generated by the ball's rotation
  3. Gravitational pull affecting the ball's trajectory
  4. Air pressure changes from the bowler's release technique
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: Side-spin creates the Magnus force perpendicular to both the spin axis and direction of travel, causing lateral curve.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Seam position affects swing, but the question specifically describes side-spin effects.
  • C is incorrect: Gravity acts vertically and wouldn’t cause lateral movement.
  • D is incorrect: Release technique initiates spin but doesn’t directly create the curving force.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 464

How does SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities promote healthy and active lifestyles for young people?   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” (unofficial) keyword is bolded in the answer below.

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

  • Promotes the creation of walkways and footpaths that provides safe spaces for young people to exercise. This addresses the barriers to outdoor recreation in urban environments.
  • Opens up more green spaces in high-density suburbs, increasing opportunities for leisure and recreation activities that support mental and physical health.
  • Constructs designated cycling lanes on roads, offering safe and sustainable transport methods for young people while promoting regular physical activity through daily commuting.
  • Reduces traffic congestion and improves air quality by encouraging alternative transport methods.
  • Assists in reducing emissions and pollution by decreasing car dependency, This addresses environmental health determinants that particularly affect growing children and adolescents.
  • Tackles accessibility challenges in metropolitan suburbs and rural areas where public space may be limited due to population density or geographic isolation.
  • Facilitates social interaction and community connection through shared public spaces that support mental health and social development among young people.
  • Creates sustainable infrastructure that supports long-term community health across multiple generations.
Show Worked Solution

*Cause-and-effect language that directly addresses the “How” (unofficial) keyword is bolded in the answer below.

SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

  • Promotes the creation of walkways and footpaths that provides safe spaces for young people to exercise. This addresses the barriers to outdoor recreation in urban environments.
  • Opens up more green spaces in high-density suburbs, increasing opportunities for leisure and recreation activities that support mental and physical health.
  • Constructs designated cycling lanes on roads, offering safe and sustainable transport methods for young people while promoting regular physical activity through daily commuting.
  • Reduces traffic congestion and improves air quality by encouraging alternative transport methods.
  • Assists in reducing emissions and pollution by decreasing car dependency, This addresses environmental health determinants that particularly affect growing children and adolescents.
  • Tackles accessibility challenges in metropolitan suburbs and rural areas where public space may be limited due to population density or geographic isolation.
  • Facilitates social interaction and community connection through shared public spaces that support mental health and social development among young people.
  • Creates sustainable infrastructure that supports long-term community health across multiple generations.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 462

How do data collection challenges limit the Australian government's ability to effectively report on SDG progress?   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Recommended language to consider for “To What Extent” questions is bolded in the answer below.

Judgment Statement

  • Data collection challenges significantly limit Australia’s SDG reporting ability.
  • Evidence shows fragmented systems, missing indicators, and coordination barriers severely impact effectiveness.

Fragmented Data Systems

  • Evidence supporting this includes the fact that important data is scattered across multiple government departments with different collection methods.
  • States and territories maintain separate systems rather than unified approaches. This fragmentation means Australia cannot produce comprehensive SDG progress reports. For example, health data is collected differently in NSW versus Queensland which creates inconsistent national pictures.
  • The main factors supporting this include incompatible technology systems and varying departmental priorities.

Missing Measurement Frameworks

  • However, it is important to consider that some limitations are more severe than others.
  • Several SDG indicators have no accepted Australian measurement methods at all. This completely prevents reporting on certain goals regardless of coordination efforts.
  • Despite this, Australia remains one of the stronger performers compared to many nations because existing systems do provide partial data.
  • An alternative perspective to this issue suggests that while developing frameworks requires years of work, Australia is relatively well placed to create new measurement systems for collecting this data.
  • Nevertheless, current system shortcomings mean Australia cannot fully assess progress on all 17 SDGs.

Reaffirmation

  • Data challenges significantly constrain Australia’s SDG reporting capabilities.
  • Systemic differences in reporting between jurisdictions combine with missing indicators to create substantial barriers to reporting.
  • These limitations mean Australia cannot effectively demonstrate progress toward 2030 targets.
  • Implications suggest an urgent need for national coordination and standardised data systems.
Show Worked Solution

*Recommended language to consider for “To What Extent” questions is bolded in the answer below.

Judgment Statement

  • Data collection challenges significantly limit Australia’s SDG reporting ability.
  • Evidence shows fragmented systems, missing indicators, and coordination barriers severely impact effectiveness.

Fragmented Data Systems

  • Evidence supporting this includes the fact that important data is scattered across multiple government departments with different collection methods.
  • States and territories maintain separate systems rather than unified approaches. This fragmentation means Australia cannot produce comprehensive SDG progress reports. For example, health data is collected differently in NSW versus Queensland which creates inconsistent national pictures.
  • The main factors supporting this include incompatible technology systems and varying departmental priorities.

Missing Measurement Frameworks

  • However, it is important to consider that some limitations are more severe than others.
  • Several SDG indicators have no accepted Australian measurement methods at all. This completely prevents reporting on certain goals regardless of coordination efforts.
  • Despite this, Australia remains one of the stronger performers compared to many nations because existing systems do provide partial data.
  • An alternative perspective to this issue suggests that while developing frameworks requires years of work, Australia is relatively well placed to create new measurement systems for collecting this data.
  • Nevertheless, current system shortcomings mean Australia cannot fully assess progress on all 17 SDGs.

Reaffirmation

  • Data challenges significantly constrain Australia’s SDG reporting capabilities.
  • Systemic differences in reporting between jurisdictions combine with missing indicators to create substantial barriers to reporting.
  • These limitations mean Australia cannot effectively demonstrate progress toward 2030 targets.
  • Implications suggest an urgent need for national coordination and standardised data systems.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 460

Explain how WHO promotes shared responsibility across different sectors to improve health outcomes.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

  • WHO encourages multi-sector collaboration because isolated interventions fail to address health holistically.
  • Healthcare, education, workplace, urban planning and global partnerships are encouraged to work together, creating synergistic effects that amplify the impact on population health.
  • Healthcare focuses on early detection and treatment of diseases which prevents serious complications while also providing expertise for prevention programs.
  • Health education informs students about risk factors and healthy choices, thereby reducing future health burdens.
  • Workplace programs often provide exercise facilities and stress reduction that reduces sick leave, consequently improving productivity.
  • Urban planning creates parks and bike lanes that encourage physical activity which leads to decreased obesity rates.
  • Global partnerships accelerate the development of healthcare technology by enabling countries to share research findings and pool resources.
  • As a result, this multi-sector approach addresses social determinants rather than merely treating symptoms after illness occurs, thus creating sustainable health improvements.
  • This demonstrates why integrated strategies succeed where single-sector interventions fail, generating comprehensive wellbeing outcomes.
Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

  • WHO encourages multi-sector collaboration because isolated interventions fail to address health holistically.
  • Healthcare, education, workplace, urban planning and global partnerships are encouraged to work together, creating synergistic effects that amplify the impact on population health.
  • Healthcare focuses on early detection and treatment of diseases which prevents serious complications while also providing expertise for prevention programs.
  • Health education informs students about risk factors and healthy choices, thereby reducing future health burdens.
  • Workplace programs often provide exercise facilities and stress reduction that reduces sick leave, consequently improving productivity.
  • Urban planning creates parks and bike lanes that encourage physical activity which leads to decreased obesity rates.
  • Global partnerships accelerate the development of healthcare technology by enabling countries to share research findings and pool resources.
  • As a result, this multi-sector approach addresses social determinants rather than merely treating symptoms after illness occurs, thus creating sustainable health improvements.
  • This demonstrates why integrated strategies succeed where single-sector interventions fail, generating comprehensive wellbeing outcomes.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 458

Explain how the SDGs address the interconnected nature of global challenges.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

  • The 17 SDGs address interconnected challenges because global problems share common root causes. For example, poverty can be directly linked to poor health, limited education, and environmental degradation simultaneously.
  • Due to this connection, goals need to be designed to work together rather than in isolation.
  • The framework functions through five areas: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership.
  • This works by ensuring each area supports the others. For instance, when SDG 1 (poverty) improves, this leads to better outcomes in SDG 2 (hunger) and SDG 3 (health).
  • Further, there is a direct link between environmental protection and human wellbeing. This happens when climate action (SDG 13) enables food security through sustainable farming. As a result, protecting the planet directly supports human prosperity.
  • All 193 UN nations adopt SDGs because global challenges cross borders. This results in universal cooperation where wealthy nations support developing countries.
  • Consequently, coordinated global action generates measurable results by addressing interconnected challenges. In this way, the SDGs succeed through integrated solutions rather than isolated efforts.
Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

  • The 17 SDGs address interconnected challenges because global problems share common root causes. For example, poverty can be directly linked to poor health, limited education, and environmental degradation simultaneously.
  • Due to this connection, goals need to be designed to work together rather than in isolation.
  • The framework functions through five areas: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership.
  • This works by ensuring each area supports the others. For instance, when SDG 1 (poverty) improves, this leads to better outcomes in SDG 2 (hunger) and SDG 3 (health).
  • Further, there is a direct link between environmental protection and human wellbeing. This happens when climate action (SDG 13) enables food security through sustainable farming. As a result, protecting the planet directly supports human prosperity.
  • All 193 UN nations adopt SDGs because global challenges cross borders. This results in universal cooperation where wealthy nations support developing countries.
  • Consequently, coordinated global action generates measurable results by addressing interconnected challenges. In this way, the SDGs succeed through integrated solutions rather than isolated efforts.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 6

A student investigates how heat travels through different materials. They smear small pieces of wax onto rods made of aluminium and plastic, placing identical metal pins into the wax at regular intervals. The rods are then heated at one end using a Bunsen burner. The student times how long it takes for each pin to fall as the wax melts.

After testing the aluminium rod, the experiment is repeated using a plastic rod under the same conditions.

Using your understanding of heat transfer in solids, explain what property of the materials is being investigated. Describe what you expect to observe for each material, and explain your reasoning using principles of thermal conduction.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only
  • This experiment investigates the thermal conductivity of different materials. When one end of each rod is heated by the Bunsen burner, heat energy travels along the rod via conduction, where thermal energy is transferred through collisions between particles.
  • Metals like aluminium are good conductors because they have free-moving electrons that rapidly transfer energy through the material.
  • In contrast, plastics are poor conductors (insulators) because they lack these free electrons, and energy is transferred only through slower molecular vibrations.
  • On the aluminium rod, the pins will fall off more quickly and in succession, starting from the end nearest the heat source. This shows that heat is conducted rapidly and efficiently along the metal rod.
  • On the plastic rod, the pins will either not fall off at all or will fall off much more slowly and inconsistently, because plastic does not effectively transfer heat along its length.
Show Worked Solution
  • This experiment investigates the thermal conductivity of different materials. When one end of each rod is heated by the Bunsen burner, heat energy travels along the rod via conduction, where thermal energy is transferred through collisions between particles.
  • Metals like aluminium are good conductors because they have free-moving electrons that rapidly transfer energy through the material.
  • In contrast, plastics are poor conductors (insulators) because they lack these free electrons, and energy is transferred only through slower molecular vibrations.
  • On the aluminium rod, the pins will fall off more quickly and in succession, starting from the end nearest the heat source. This shows that heat is conducted rapidly and efficiently along the metal rod.
  • On the plastic rod, the pins will either not fall off at all or will fall off much more slowly and inconsistently, because plastic does not effectively transfer heat along its length.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 11

Sound waves can undergo different types of interactions when they encounter obstacles or boundaries.

  1. Describe how diffraction and reflection affect the propagation of sound in everyday situations.   (2 marks)
  1. A musical instrument produces sound by forming standing waves within a tube. Explain how resonance and superposition contribute to the production of clear, sustained notes in such an instrument.   (2 marks)
Show Answers Only

a.    Sound wave propagation:

  • Reflection of sound occurs when sound waves bounce off hard surfaces, like walls or cliffs. This allows echoes to be heard in large halls or open spaces.
  • Diffraction allows sound to bend around obstacles or spread out after passing through narrow openings. This is why we can still hear someone speaking around a corner, even without direct line of sight.

b.   Musical instruments sound production:

  • Resonance occurs when the frequency of the sound wave matches the natural frequency of the air column in the instrument, causing amplification of the sound.
  • Superposition of the incident and reflected waves inside the tube creates standing waves, with nodes and antinodes, reinforcing specific frequencies and allowing clear, sustained musical notes to be produced.
Show Worked Solution

a.    Sound wave propagation:

  • Reflection of sound occurs when sound waves bounce off hard surfaces, like walls or cliffs. This allows echoes to be heard in large halls or open spaces.
  • Diffraction allows sound to bend around obstacles or spread out after passing through narrow openings. This is why we can still hear someone speaking around a corner, even without direct line of sight.

b.   Musical instruments sound production:

  • Resonance occurs when the frequency of the sound wave matches the natural frequency of the air column in the instrument, causing amplification of the sound.
  • Superposition of the incident and reflected waves inside the tube creates standing waves, with nodes and antinodes, reinforcing specific frequencies and allowing clear, sustained musical notes to be produced.

v1 Measurement, STD2 M1 2014 HSC 20 MC

In a household of 5, each member uses an average of 8 minutes of hot water per day.

The household uses a 7.5 kW hot water unit.

Electricity is charged at 30.2 c/kWh when the hot water unit is being used.

What is the electricity cost for the hot water used by this household in one week?

  1. $7.92
  2. $9.84
  3. $10.57
  4. $11.32
Show Answers Only

`C`

Show Worked Solution

`text(Usage per day) = 5 xx 8 = 40\ text(mins)`

`text(Usage per week) = 7 xx 40 = 280\ text(mins)`

`text(Convert minutes to hours) = 280/60 = 4.67\ \text{hours}`

`text(Energy used in kWh) = 4.67 xx 7.5 = 35.0\ \text{kWh}`

`text(Cost in cents) = 35.0 xx 30.2 = 1057`

`= 1057\text(¢)`

`= $10.57`

`=> C`

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 448

Evaluate the potential effectiveness of using multiple SDGs to address the complex health needs of young people in Australian communities.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Evaluation Statement

  • Using multiple SDGs is highly effective for addressing complex youth health needs in Australian communities.
  • This evaluation examines a comprehensive coverage of health determinants and practical implementation capacity.

Comprehensive Coverage of Health Determinants

  • Multiple SDGs effectively meet the need for addressing interconnected youth health factors.
  • Evidence supporting this includes combining healthcare (SDG 3), education (SDG 4), and sustainable communities (SDG 11). Furthermore, the NDIS demonstrates superior outcomes by integrating healthcare, educational support, and community engagement.
  • Positive Behaviour for Learning shows how education improvements increase Aboriginal youth healthcare engagement.
  • Overall, a critical strength is addressing root causes rather than symptoms alone.
  • This comprehensive approach achieves significant improvements compared to single-issue interventions.

Practical Implementation Capacity

  • Local communities partially fulfil requirements for coordinating multiple SDGs effectively.
  • Communities must navigate complex funding across federal, state, and local government levels.
  • Evidence indicates many communities lack sophisticated planning frameworks needed for integration.
  • While strong in major cities, rural areas show limited capacity for multi-SDG coordination.
  • Voluntary participation creates inconsistent service coverage across regions. Although effective for well-resourced communities, the voluntary nature of many SDG providers proves less suitable for disadvantaged areas.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows multiple SDGs offer a highly valuable framework for youth health.
  • The strengths in comprehensive health improvement outweigh implementation challenges.
  • Although coordination proves difficult, integrated approaches deliver better long-term outcomes.
  • In summary, the evaluation demonstrates a need for simplified coordination tools and increased community support.
  • Implications suggest communities need better training and resources to fully benefit from integrated SDG approaches.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • Using multiple SDGs is highly effective for addressing complex youth health needs in Australian communities.
  • This evaluation examines a comprehensive coverage of health determinants and practical implementation capacity.

Comprehensive Coverage of Health Determinants

  • Multiple SDGs effectively meet the need for addressing interconnected youth health factors.
  • Evidence supporting this includes combining healthcare (SDG 3), education (SDG 4), and sustainable communities (SDG 11). Furthermore, the NDIS demonstrates superior outcomes by integrating healthcare, educational support, and community engagement.
  • Positive Behaviour for Learning shows how education improvements increase Aboriginal youth healthcare engagement.
  • Overall, a critical strength is addressing root causes rather than symptoms alone.
  • This comprehensive approach achieves significant improvements compared to single-issue interventions.

Practical Implementation Capacity

  • Local communities partially fulfil requirements for coordinating multiple SDGs effectively.
  • Communities must navigate complex funding across federal, state, and local government levels.
  • Evidence indicates many communities lack sophisticated planning frameworks needed for integration.
  • While strong in major cities, rural areas show limited capacity for multi-SDG coordination.
  • Voluntary participation creates inconsistent service coverage across regions. Although effective for well-resourced communities, the voluntary nature of many SDG providers proves less suitable for disadvantaged areas.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows multiple SDGs offer a highly valuable framework for youth health.
  • The strengths in comprehensive health improvement outweigh implementation challenges.
  • Although coordination proves difficult, integrated approaches deliver better long-term outcomes.
  • In summary, the evaluation demonstrates a need for simplified coordination tools and increased community support.
  • Implications suggest communities need better training and resources to fully benefit from integrated SDG approaches.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 447

Assess how effectively different sectors in Australia are collaborating to achieve the SDGs.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Judgment Statement

  • Australian sectors demonstrate moderately successful collaboration in achieving SDGs.
  • This assessment is based on individual sector progress and the effectiveness of inter-sector coordination.

Individual Sector Progress

  • Government shows considerable commitment through policy integration and SDG alignment.
  • Evidence supporting this includes agencies incorporating SDGs into reporting despite data fragmentation challenges.
  • The business sector is demonstrating strong voluntary participation through workplace wellness programs.
  • Companies are also active in providing safe environments, living wages and reviewing their supply chains.
  • Universities achieve significant multiplier effects by training future SDG implementers.
  • Overall, collaboration within sectors is demonstrating high effectiveness in building long-term capacity to achieve SDG’s.

Inter-sector Coordination

  • Coordination between sectors shows limited effectiveness for integrated transformation.
  • Complex challenges require shared measurement frameworks that currently don’t exist.
  • Local initiatives like “We’re All in this Together” produce promising results. However, scaling these programs nationally faces major coordination barriers.
  • The results indicate weak accountability systems between sectors.
  • Different sectors find it much easier to address SDG’s in isolation rather than collaborative partnerships.
  • This minimal coordination impact prevents achieving transformative outcomes.

Overall Assessment

  • When all factors are considered, Australia shows moderate SDG collaboration success.
  • Individual sectors perform well independently but fail to integrate efforts effectively.
  • On balance, this proves sufficient for incremental progress but insufficient for transformation.
  • The assessment reveals urgent need for formal coordination mechanisms and shared accountability.
  • Implications suggest establishing national frameworks to connect sector initiatives for greater impact.
Show Worked Solution

Judgment Statement

  • Australian sectors demonstrate moderately successful collaboration in achieving SDGs.
  • This assessment is based on individual sector progress and the effectiveness of inter-sector coordination.

Individual Sector Progress

  • Government shows considerable commitment through policy integration and SDG alignment.
  • Evidence supporting this includes agencies incorporating SDGs into reporting despite data fragmentation challenges.
  • The business sector is demonstrating strong voluntary participation through workplace wellness programs.
  • Companies are also active in providing safe environments, living wages and reviewing their supply chains.
  • Universities achieve significant multiplier effects by training future SDG implementers.
  • Overall, collaboration within sectors is demonstrating high effectiveness in building long-term capacity to achieve SDG’s.

Inter-sector Coordination

  • Coordination between sectors shows limited effectiveness for integrated transformation.
  • Complex challenges require shared measurement frameworks that currently don’t exist.
  • Local initiatives like “We’re All in this Together” produce promising results. However, scaling these programs nationally faces major coordination barriers.
  • The results indicate weak accountability systems between sectors.
  • Different sectors find it much easier to address SDG’s in isolation rather than collaborative partnerships.
  • This minimal coordination impact prevents achieving transformative outcomes.

Overall Assessment

  • When all factors are considered, Australia shows moderate SDG collaboration success.
  • Individual sectors perform well independently but fail to integrate efforts effectively.
  • On balance, this proves sufficient for incremental progress but insufficient for transformation.
  • The assessment reveals urgent need for formal coordination mechanisms and shared accountability.
  • Implications suggest establishing national frameworks to connect sector initiatives for greater impact.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 446

Evaluate the effectiveness of WHO's health lens approach in achieving comprehensive health outcomes through the SDGs.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Evaluation Statement

  • WHO’s health lens approach is partially effective in achieving comprehensive health outcomes through SDGs.
  • This evaluation is based on multi-sector integration success and implementation feasibility challenges.

Multi-sector Integration Success

  • WHO’s health lens approach views health not just as a medical issue but as an outcome influenced by all sectors of society that requires coordinated action.
  • The approach strongly meets the need for addressing health’s root causes through collaboration.
  • Comprehensive health outcomes require healthcare (SDG 3), education (SDG 4), workplaces (SDG 8) and urban planning (SDG 11) working together. For example, coronary heart disease prevention shows superior outcomes when all sectors contribute simultaneously.
  • Likewise, healthcare connects with SDG 6 (clean water) to reduce waterborne diseases and integrated approaches that address poverty reduction (SDG 1) produce significantly better health outcomes.

Implementation Feasibility

  • Getting different sectors to work together only partly meets real-world needs.
  • Health, education and other sectors work on different schedules when implementing SDGs.
  • It’s hard to measure how non-health programs actually improve health. Results take years to show up, making partners lose patience.
  • The highly integrated approach works well on paper but struggles particularly in resource poor countries.
  • In fact, high costs prevent all countries from implementing all 17 SDGs effectively.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows WHO’s health lens achieves moderate effectiveness.
  • WHO’s approach shows strengths in comprehensive improvement which mitigates coordination difficulties.
  • Although effective for well-resourced nations pursuing multiple SDGs, it is less suitable for developing nations.
  • Implications suggest countries should adjust the approach to match their resources while still keeping different sectors working together on SDGs.
Show Worked Solution

Evaluation Statement

  • WHO’s health lens approach is partially effective in achieving comprehensive health outcomes through SDGs.
  • This evaluation is based on multi-sector integration success and implementation feasibility challenges.

Multi-sector Integration Success

  • WHO’s health lens approach views health not just as a medical issue but as an outcome influenced by all sectors of society that requires coordinated action.
  • The approach strongly meets the need for addressing health’s root causes through collaboration.
  • Comprehensive health outcomes require healthcare (SDG 3), education (SDG 4), workplaces (SDG 8) and urban planning (SDG 11) working together. For example, coronary heart disease prevention shows superior outcomes when all sectors contribute simultaneously.
  • Likewise, healthcare connects with SDG 6 (clean water) to reduce waterborne diseases and integrated approaches that address poverty reduction (SDG 1) produce significantly better health outcomes.

Implementation Feasibility

  • Getting different sectors to work together only partly meets real-world needs.
  • Health, education and other sectors work on different schedules when implementing SDGs.
  • It’s hard to measure how non-health programs actually improve health. Results take years to show up, making partners lose patience.
  • The highly integrated approach works well on paper but struggles particularly in resource poor countries.
  • In fact, high costs prevent all countries from implementing all 17 SDGs effectively.

Final Evaluation

  • Weighing these factors shows WHO’s health lens achieves moderate effectiveness.
  • WHO’s approach shows strengths in comprehensive improvement which mitigates coordination difficulties.
  • Although effective for well-resourced nations pursuing multiple SDGs, it is less suitable for developing nations.
  • Implications suggest countries should adjust the approach to match their resources while still keeping different sectors working together on SDGs.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 445

Assess the significance of the SDGs as a framework for addressing global challenges by 2030.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Recommended words/phrases for answering “Assess” questions are bolded in the answer below.

Judgment Statement

  • The SDGs demonstrate substantial effectiveness as a global framework but face significant implementation challenges.
  • This assessment is based on universal participation scope and practical achievement barriers.

Universal Participation and Scope

  • The framework achieves unprecedented global consensus with all 193 UN Member States committed.
  • The framework design shows that the 17 goals ain to address the interconnected challenges from poverty to climate action.
  • This demonstrates strong effectiveness in creating universal accountability for both developed and developing nations.
  • The holistic approach covering People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership illustrates a comprehensive design.
  • This framework is a significant advancement over previous fragmented development efforts.
  • Furthermore, it produces measurable coordination where education improvements simultaneously advance poverty reduction and gender equality.

Implementation Challenges

  • The ambitious 2030 timeline shows limited practicality given current progress rates.
  • Countries struggle with measuring complex indicators across 17 diverse goals.
  • Evidence indicates competing national priorities divert resources during economic downturns, thereby demonstrating only moderate success in attracting sustained political commitment.
  • Also, coordination requirements exceed many nations’ administrative capacities.
  • The results highlight a strong framework design but weak execution mechanisms.
  • A key concern is limited funding availability which undermines the framework’s ability to achieving long lasting change.

Overall Assessment

  • When all factors are considered, the SDGs prove highly valuable as a conceptual framework.
  • The substantial quality of universal agreement outweighs implementation difficulties.
  • On balance, this framework represents humanity’s best coordinated attempt at addressing global challenges. However, achieving 2030 targets requires urgent acceleration of efforts.
  • Implications of this assessment suggest the need for simplified indicators and increased financial support.
Show Worked Solution

*Recommended words/phrases for answering “Assess” questions are bolded in the answer below.

Judgment Statement

  • The SDGs demonstrate substantial effectiveness as a global framework but face significant implementation challenges.
  • This assessment is based on universal participation scope and practical achievement barriers.

Universal Participation and Scope

  • The framework achieves unprecedented global consensus with all 193 UN Member States committed.
  • The framework design shows that the 17 goals ain to address the interconnected challenges from poverty to climate action.
  • This demonstrates strong effectiveness in creating universal accountability for both developed and developing nations.
  • The holistic approach covering People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnership illustrates a comprehensive design.
  • This framework is a significant advancement over previous fragmented development efforts.
  • Furthermore, it produces measurable coordination where education improvements simultaneously advance poverty reduction and gender equality.

Implementation Challenges

  • The ambitious 2030 timeline shows limited practicality given current progress rates.
  • Countries struggle with measuring complex indicators across 17 diverse goals.
  • Evidence indicates competing national priorities divert resources during economic downturns, thereby demonstrating only moderate success in attracting sustained political commitment.
  • Also, coordination requirements exceed many nations’ administrative capacities.
  • The results highlight a strong framework design but weak execution mechanisms.
  • A key concern is limited funding availability which undermines the framework’s ability to achieving long lasting change.

Overall Assessment

  • When all factors are considered, the SDGs prove highly valuable as a conceptual framework.
  • The substantial quality of universal agreement outweighs implementation difficulties.
  • On balance, this framework represents humanity’s best coordinated attempt at addressing global challenges. However, achieving 2030 targets requires urgent acceleration of efforts.
  • Implications of this assessment suggest the need for simplified indicators and increased financial support.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 444

Analyse how cultural identity and traditional practices protect and promote the mental health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Recommended words/phrases to convey relationships and implications are bolded.

Overview Statement

  • Cultural identity and traditional practices strengthen mental health through three key pathways: creating belonging, providing healing methods, and fostering community connections.
  • These factors create holistic wellbeing systems for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) young people.

Cultural Identity and Belonging 

  • Strong cultural identity promotes strong mental health in an individual by providing purpose and cultural connection.
  • When young people participate in ceremonies and learn traditional languages, this prevents the isolation that leads to mental health challenges
  • Research reveals Aboriginal youth engaged in cultural activities exhibit much higher self-esteem than disconnected peers.
  • This indicates that cultural grounding functions as protective armour against psychological distress.
  • Therefore, identity directly influences resilience by creating unshakeable foundations of self-worth.
  • This pattern shows that culture acts as a primary prevention for mental health issues.

Traditional Healing and Community Support

  • Traditional practices complement Western mental health services by providing culturally authentic healing methods.
  • Smoking ceremonies and Elder mentorship enable trauma processing that resonates with Indigenous worldviews.
  • Young people accessing both traditional and contemporary support demonstrate better recovery rates.
  • Consequently, dual approaches are important as they create healthcare that addresses both spiritual and psychological needs.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These interconnected relationships create a protective framework that is unique to Indigenous cultures.
  • This analysis indicates mental health programs are most effective when they incorporate cultural elements.
  • The significance is that strengthening cultural connections results in measurable mental health improvements.
  • Supporting traditional practices therefore represents essential public health strategy for Indigenous youth wellbeing.
Show Worked Solution

*Recommended words/phrases to convey relationships and implications are bolded.

Overview Statement

  • Cultural identity and traditional practices strengthen mental health through three key pathways: creating belonging, providing healing methods, and fostering community connections.
  • These factors create holistic wellbeing systems for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) young people.

Cultural Identity and Belonging 

  • Strong cultural identity promotes strong mental health in an individual by providing purpose and cultural connection.
  • When young people participate in ceremonies and learn traditional languages, this prevents the isolation that leads to mental health challenges
  • Research reveals Aboriginal youth engaged in cultural activities exhibit much higher self-esteem than disconnected peers.
  • This indicates that cultural grounding functions as protective armour against psychological distress.
  • Therefore, identity directly influences resilience by creating unshakeable foundations of self-worth.
  • This pattern shows that culture acts as a primary prevention for mental health issues.

Traditional Healing and Community Support

  • Traditional practices complement Western mental health services by providing culturally authentic healing methods.
  • Smoking ceremonies and Elder mentorship enable trauma processing that resonates with Indigenous worldviews.
  • Young people accessing both traditional and contemporary support demonstrate better recovery rates.
  • Consequently, dual approaches are important as they create healthcare that addresses both spiritual and psychological needs.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These interconnected relationships create a protective framework that is unique to Indigenous cultures.
  • This analysis indicates mental health programs are most effective when they incorporate cultural elements.
  • The significance is that strengthening cultural connections results in measurable mental health improvements.
  • Supporting traditional practices therefore represents essential public health strategy for Indigenous youth wellbeing.

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F4 2022 HSC 27

A business buys a delivery van for $60 000. The two depreciation methods under consideration are the declining-balance method and the straight-line method.

  1. For the declining-balance method, the salvage value of the van after `n` years is given by the formula
  2. `S=V_(0)xx(0.75)^(n),`
  3. where `S` is the salvage value and `V_(0)` is the initial cost of the asset.
    1. What is the annual rate of depreciation used in this formula?  (1 mark)

    2. Calculate the salvage value of the van after 2 years, based on the given formula.  (1 mark)

  4. Using the straight-line method, the van depreciates by 13.75% of its purchase price each year.
  5. After how many full years will the value of the van be equal to or less than the value found in part (a) (ii)?  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
  1.  i. `25text{%}`
  2. ii. `$33\ 750`
  3. `3\ text{years}`
Show Worked Solution

a.i.  `text{Depreciation rate}\ = 1-0.75 = 0.25 = 25text{%}`

a.ii.  `text{Find}\ \ S\ \ text{when}\ \ n=2:`

`S` `= V_0 xx (0.75)^2`
  `= 60\ 000 xx 0.5625`
  `= $33\ 750`

b.  `text{Using the SL method}`

`S_n` `= 60\ 000-(0.1375 xx 60\ 000) xx n`
  `= 60\ 000-8250n`

`text{Set}\ \ S_n \leq 33\ 750`

`33\ 750` `= 60\ 000-8250n`
`8250n` `= 26\ 250`
`n` `= 26\ 250 / 8250 = 3.18`
  `⇒ 3\ text{years (to nearest full year)}`
♦♦ Solid performance expected if depreciation concepts are understood.
HINT: Watch out for rounding when comparing values in part (b).

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 443

To what extent does developing multiple individual strengthening skills, help young people address complex health challenges such as balancing academic pressure with maintaining physical and mental wellbeing?   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Recommended language to consider for “To What Extent” questions is bolded in the answer below.

Judgment Statement

  • Multiple strengthening skills significantly help young people manage complex health challenges.
  • Evidence shows integrated skills create comprehensive solutions for academic and wellbeing balance.

Integrated Skill Effectiveness

  • Evidence supporting this includes problem-solving skills enabling systematic approaches to competing demands.
  • One major reason why this works is that young people with time management and stress-reduction techniques show moderately higher wellbeing during exam periods.
  • Coping strategies combined with clear purpose help maintain exercise routines despite increased life stressors.
  • This demonstrates that multiple skills working together significantly outperform single approaches.
  • An alternative perspective is that single focused skills might be easier to master, but evidence shows integrated approaches prove more effective.

Limitations in Extreme Situations

  • However, it is important to consider that extreme academic pressure can overwhelm even strong skill sets.
  • Some students with excellent skills still experience burnout during HSC preparation.
  • Despite this, multiple skills remain the stronger factor because they provide options when one approach fails.
  • Students with diverse skills recover faster from setbacks, largely due to their ability to switch strategies.

Reaffirmation

  • Evidence confirms multiple strengthening skills significantly enhance young people’s capacity for balance.
  • The main factors supporting this include integrated problem-solving and healthy coping.
  • This implies schools should only minimally focus on single skills and instead prioritise teaching diverse skill sets.
  • Developing multiple skills creates resilient young people who thrive academically while maintaining wellbeing.
Show Worked Solution

*Recommended language to consider for “To What Extent” questions is bolded in the answer below.

Judgment Statement

  • Multiple strengthening skills significantly help young people manage complex health challenges.
  • Evidence shows integrated skills create comprehensive solutions for academic and wellbeing balance.

Integrated Skill Effectiveness

  • Evidence supporting this includes problem-solving skills enabling systematic approaches to competing demands.
  • One major reason why this works is that young people with time management and stress-reduction techniques show moderately higher wellbeing during exam periods.
  • Coping strategies combined with clear purpose help maintain exercise routines despite increased life stressors.
  • This demonstrates that multiple skills working together significantly outperform single approaches.
  • An alternative perspective is that single focused skills might be easier to master, but evidence shows integrated approaches prove more effective.

Limitations in Extreme Situations

  • However, it is important to consider that extreme academic pressure can overwhelm even strong skill sets.
  • Some students with excellent skills still experience burnout during HSC preparation.
  • Despite this, multiple skills remain the stronger factor because they provide options when one approach fails.
  • Students with diverse skills recover faster from setbacks, largely due to their ability to switch strategies.

Reaffirmation

  • Evidence confirms multiple strengthening skills significantly enhance young people’s capacity for balance.
  • The main factors supporting this include integrated problem-solving and healthy coping.
  • This implies schools should only minimally focus on single skills and instead prioritise teaching diverse skill sets.
  • Developing multiple skills creates resilient young people who thrive academically while maintaining wellbeing.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 441

Analyse how strong community connectedness can influence young people to make ethical choices that benefit both individual and collective wellbeing.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Language that helps to highlight relationships and draw out implications is bolded throughout the answer below.

Overview Statement

  • Community connectedness shapes ethical decision-making through social accountability, positive role models, and sense of belonging
  • These components influence young people’s choices creating mutual benefits for individuals and communities

Social Accountability

  • Strong community bonds connect to ethical behaviour through awareness of how actions affect others
  • When young people feel accountable, this leads to careful consideration before acting.
  • This reveals that caring relationships prevent selfish choices.
  • Therefore, social accountability can help transform decisions into collective considerations.

Role Models and Belonging

  • Positive role models directly influence ethical development through observation and imitation.
  • For example, sports coaches demonstrating fair play enable young athletes to adopt similar standards.
  • Simultaneously, a sense of belonging can motivate ethical choices to protect community reputation.
  • Young people who feel they belong contribute through volunteering and service.
  • This pattern shows belonging creates emotional investment in collective wellbeing.
  • Consequently, young people make choices that show they value their community.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Community and role model relationships form an ethical ecosystem supporting youth development.
  • This analysis demonstrates how individual wellbeing can thrive when supported by strong collective ethical standards.
  • Therefore, investing in community programs is critical as it cultivates ethical development that benefits both young people and their communities
  • The significance is that strong connectedness enables young people to become ethical citizens who balance personal needs with community benefit.
Show Worked Solution

*Good words/phrases to convey relationships and implications are bolded.

Overview Statement

  • Community connectedness shapes ethical decision-making through social accountability, positive role models, and sense of belonging
  • These components influence young people’s choices creating mutual benefits for individuals and communities

Social Accountability

  • Strong community bonds connect to ethical behaviour through awareness of how actions affect others
  • When young people feel accountable, this leads to careful consideration before acting.
  • This reveals that caring relationships prevent selfish choices.
  • Therefore, social accountability can help transform decisions into collective considerations.

Role Models and Belonging

  • Positive role models directly influence ethical development through observation and imitation.
  • For example, sports coaches demonstrating fair play enable young athletes to adopt similar standards.
  • Simultaneously, a sense of belonging can motivate ethical choices to protect community reputation.
  • Young people who feel they belong contribute through volunteering and service.
  • This pattern shows belonging creates emotional investment in collective wellbeing.
  • Consequently, young people make choices that show they value their community.

Implications and Synthesis

  • Community and role model relationships form an ethical ecosystem supporting youth development.
  • This analysis demonstrates how individual wellbeing can thrive when supported by strong collective ethical standards.
  • Therefore, investing in community programs is critical as it cultivates ethical development that benefits both young people and their communities
  • The significance is that strong connectedness enables young people to become ethical citizens who balance personal needs with community benefit.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 435 MC

A young person wants to address mental health stigma in their school community after experiencing anxiety themselves. Which approach best combines multiple strengthening skills?

  1. Create an anonymous online forum where students can share mental health struggles without adult supervision
  2. Organise peer support groups with teacher guidance while advocating for improved school mental health resources
  3. Focus exclusively on their own recovery without involving others in mental health discussions
  4. Distribute mental health information pamphlets without engaging in direct communication with peers
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • B is correct: A sense of purpose is demonstrated through advocacy, connectedness through peer support, and ethical behaviour through responsible adult involvement.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Shows sense of purpose but lacks ethical consideration of safety and appropriate supervision for vulnerable discussions.
  • C is incorrect: Demonstrates self-care but misses opportunities for connectedness and broader sense of purpose.
  • D is incorrect: Shows some sense of purpose but lacks meaningful connectedness and engagement with the community.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 429

Body image concerns and disordered eating patterns significantly impact the physical and mental health of young Australians.

Analyse the protective factors that can prevent these issues and the skills and actions that young people can develop to promote positive body image and healthy eating behaviours.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

ANSWER STYLE #1: General Points to use within student-chosen answer structure

*Recommended words/phrases to convey relationships and implications are bolded.

Overview Statement

  • Protective factors including support networks, health literacy, and critical thinking skills can shape and reinforce personal actions to help prevent body image issues.
  • These factors influence young people’s relationships with food and body image through multiple pathways.

Support Networks and Health Literacy

  • Strong family support in combination with accurate nutritional knowledge helps foster a strong protection against disordered eating.
  • This reveals that emotional support combined with factual information prevents harmful diet trends
  • In this way, relationships and knowledge work together to build realistic body perspectives.
  • This means that protection requires both emotional and educational components.

Critical Thinking and Personal Actions

  • Media literacy skills directly influence young people’s ability to set health-focused goals.
  • This works by teaching young people to spot fake images, which empowers them to reject unhealthy weight-loss goals.
  • Young people who critically analyse advertising tactics develop wellbeing goals that prioritise energy and fitness. This is a clear illustration of critical thinking transforming into positive health behaviours.
  • As a consequence, understanding media manipulation promotes sustainable lifestyle choices over quick fixes.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These protective factors form an integrated defence system against body image issues.
  • This analysis indicates that skills development must combine with supportive environments to be most effective.
  • Consequently, when schools and families are dealing with issues of body image and eating disorders, they must combine both education and emotional support.
  • The significance is that isolated interventions fail while comprehensive strategies can create lasting protection.

 

ANSWER STYLE #2: Highly structured (PEEL)

*PEEL – Solution is structured using an adjusted PEEL method; [P] Identify components and their relationship, [E] explain the interaction/influence between them, [Ev] provide evidence showing the relationship in action, [L] linking sentence back to question.

  • [P] Personal support networks and critical thinking skills combine to protect against body image issues.
  • [E] The relationship between family support and media literacy creates multiple defence layers against harmful messages.
  • [Ev] Young people with strong family connections who also possess media analysis skills are at much less risk of developing eating disorders.
  • [L] This interaction demonstrates how protective factors work together to prevent body image concerns.
     
  • [P] Health knowledge and assertiveness skills work together to help young people make informed food choices.
  • [E] Access to dietitian advice directly influences young people’s ability to resist harmful diet trends on social media.
  • Ev] Teens who consult qualified professionals develop confidence to challenge peer pressure about restrictive eating.
  • [L] These elements working together enable young people to maintain healthy eating behaviours despite external pressures.
     
  • [P] Individual resilience skills and community advocacy create a reinforcing cycle of positive body image.
  • [E] When confident individuals take action, they can change the attitudes of those around them.
  • [Ev] Students who promote body diversity at school feel better about themselves while helping classmates accept different body types.
  • [L] This relationship reveals how personal skills translate into broader protective environments.
     
  • [P] Goal-setting focused on wellbeing rather than weight operates on multiple levels of protection.
  • [E] Health-focused objectives promote action and influence psychological attitudes.
  • [Ev] For example, young people pursuing fitness goals experience improved mental health regardless of body shape changes.
  • [L] Together, these protective factors and skills and actions determine long-term resilience against disordered eating patterns.
Show Worked Solution

*Recommended words/phrases to convey relationships and implications are bolded.

Overview Statement

  • Protective factors including support networks, health literacy, and critical thinking skills can shape and reinforce personal actions to help prevent body image issues.
  • These factors influence young people’s relationships with food and body image through multiple pathways.

Support Networks and Health Literacy

  • Strong family support in combination with accurate nutritional knowledge helps foster a strong protection against disordered eating.
  • This reveals that emotional support combined with factual information prevents harmful diet trends
  • In this way, relationships and knowledge work together to build realistic body perspectives.
  • This means that protection requires both emotional and educational components.

Critical Thinking and Personal Actions

  • Media literacy skills directly influence young people’s ability to set health-focused goals.
  • This works by teaching young people to spot fake images, which empowers them to reject unhealthy weight-loss goals.
  • Young people who critically analyse advertising tactics develop wellbeing goals that prioritise energy and fitness. This is a clear illustration of critical thinking transforming into positive health behaviours.
  • As a consequence, understanding media manipulation promotes sustainable lifestyle choices over quick fixes.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These protective factors form an integrated defence system against body image issues.
  • This analysis indicates that skills development must combine with supportive environments to be most effective.
  • Consequently, when schools and families are dealing with issues of body image and eating disorders, they must combine both education and emotional support.
  • The significance is that isolated interventions fail while comprehensive strategies can create lasting protection.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 8

Two guitar strings are played together, producing a fluctuating loud–soft sound pattern (beats). The first string is known to vibrate at 300 Hz, and the second string is slightly out of tune.

  1. If the beat frequency heard is 6 Hz, calculate the two possible frequencies the second string could be vibrating at.   (2 marks)
  1. Describe the phenomenon of beats in terms of the superposition of sound waves and wave interference.   (3 marks)
Show Answers Only

a.    \(f_{\text{beat}} = \abs{300-f_1} = 6\).

  • The absolute difference between the two frequencies is equal to \(6\). 
  •   \(f_1 = 300 \pm 6\ \ \Rightarrow \ \ f_1 = 306\ \text{or } 294\).

b.    Description of “beats”:

  • Beats are caused by the superposition of two sound waves with slightly different frequencies.
  • As the two waves interfere, they produce constructive interference (louder sound) when their compressions and rarefactions align, and destructive interference (softer sound) when they are out of phase.
  • This interference results in a periodic fluctuation in volume, called a beat, with a frequency equal to the difference between the two original frequencies.
  • This demonstrates the wave nature of sound, where sound behaves as a longitudinal wave capable of interference and superposition.
Show Worked Solution

a.    \(f_{\text{beat}} = \abs{300-f_1} = 6\).

  • The absolute difference between the two frequencies is equal to \(6\). 
  •   \(f_1 = 300 \pm 6\ \ \Rightarrow \ \ f_1 = 306\ \text{or } 294\).

b.    Description of “beats”:

  • Beats are caused by the superposition of two sound waves with slightly different frequencies.
  • As the two waves interfere, they produce constructive interference (louder sound) when their compressions and rarefactions align, and destructive interference (softer sound) when they are out of phase.
  • This interference results in a periodic fluctuation in volume, called a beat, with a frequency equal to the difference between the two original frequencies.
  • This demonstrates the wave nature of sound, where sound behaves as a longitudinal wave capable of interference and superposition.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 6

The diagram below shows the fundamental standing wave pattern in an air column that is closed at one end and open at the other.
 

 

  1. On the same diagram, draw the shape of the first overtone (which corresponds to the third harmonic) standing wave pattern.   (2 marks)

  2. State the frequencies of the fundamental and the first overtone (third harmonic) resonance modes for this air column.   (2 mark)
Show Answers Only

a.    
         

 b.   The fundamental frequency is 425 Hz.

The frequency of the first overtone is 1275 Hz.

Show Worked Solution

a.  
         
 

b.    For the fundamental frequency \((f_1)\), \(\dfrac{\lambda_1}{4} = 0.2\ \text{m}\ \Rightarrow\ \lambda_1 = 0.8\ \text{m}\)

\(f_1 = \dfrac{v}{\lambda_1} = \dfrac{340}{0.8} = 425\ \text{Hz}\).

For the frequency of the first overtone \((f_2)\):

\(f_2 = 3 \times f_1 = 3 \times 425 = 1275\ \text{Hz}\).

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 4 MC

Two musicians are tuning their instruments by playing notes at nearly the same frequency. As they adjust their instruments to match each other more closely in pitch, they begin to notice changes in the beat pattern.

What happens to the beat frequency and what do they hear when the two notes are perfectly in tune?

  1. The beats get slower, and then completely stop when the frequencies match.
  2. The beats get faster, and then completely stop when the frequencies match.
  3. The beats get louder, and continue at the same rate as the frequencies match.
  4. The beats get slower, and become more regular when the frequencies match.
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution
  • Beats occur when two sound waves of slightly different frequencies interfere with each other, creating a pulsing effect in loudness. The frequency of the beats is equal to the absolute difference between the two frequencies:
  •    \(f_{\text{beat}} = \abs{f_1-f_2}\)
  • As the two notes get closer in pitch, the difference between their frequencies decreases. This causes the beat frequency to get lower, so the beats sound slower.
  • When the two frequencies become exactly the same, the beat frequency becomes zero. This means no more interference pattern occurs, and the beats disappear completely. At this point, the two instruments are perfectly in tune, and you hear a single, steady tone.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 430

Australian research indicates that gambling participation increases dramatically when young people reach the legal gambling age of 18, with many forms of gambling showing substantial increases as young people gain legal access.

Analyse how individual strengthening skills can protect young people from developing gambling problems and enhance their overall wellbeing as they transition into legal gambling accessibility.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Language to use that helps to highlight relationships and draw out implications is bolded.

Overview Statement

  • Individual strengthening skills including self-efficacy, health literacy, problem solving and resilience, interact with each other to protect young people from gambling problems.
  • These skills form protective relationships that influence decision-making as young people become old enough to legally gamble.

Self-efficacy and Health Literacy Relationship

  • Self-efficacy crosses over with health literacy by enabling young people to understand gambling risks.
  • When young people understand how gambling odds work against them and recognise addiction warning signs, they make informed choices to avoid gambling.
  • Evidence shows young adults with high self-efficacy combined with gambling awareness reduce participation by almost 50%.
  • This means that knowledge alone isn’t sufficient – confidence to act on that knowledge determines protective outcomes.
  • Therefore, these skills work together to resist peer pressure.

Problem-solving and Resilience Interaction

  • Problem-solving abilities depend on resilience when facing circumstances that trigger gambling urges.
  • Resilient young people use problem-solving to identify healthy alternatives like sport participation.
  • This relationship enables them to address real world pressures without any accompanying financial risk.
  • Consequently, this combination prevents gambling becoming a coping mechanism for adult pressures.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These skills function as an integrated protection system rather than isolated factors.
  • Evidence indicates that pre-adult skill development can result in lifelong gambling resistance and the critical importance of pre-emptive education programs.
  • By strengthening multiple skills simultaneously, individuals can create a strong protection against gambling.
  • Young people equipped with this skill system are much more likely to transition safely into legal gambling age.
Show Worked Solution

*Language to use that helps to highlight relationships and draw out implications is bolded.

Overview Statement

  • Individual strengthening skills including self-efficacy, health literacy, problem solving and resilience, interact with each other to protect young people from gambling problems.
  • These skills form protective relationships that influence decision-making as young people become old enough to legally gamble.

Self-efficacy and Health Literacy Relationship

  • Self-efficacy crosses over with health literacy by enabling young people to understand gambling risks.
  • When young people understand how gambling odds work against them and recognise addiction warning signs, they make informed choices to avoid gambling.
  • Evidence shows young adults with high self-efficacy combined with gambling awareness reduce participation by almost 50%.
  • This means that knowledge alone isn’t sufficient – confidence to act on that knowledge determines protective outcomes.
  • Therefore, these skills work together to resist peer pressure.

Problem-solving and Resilience Interaction

  • Problem-solving abilities depend on resilience when facing circumstances that trigger gambling urges.
  • Resilient young people use problem-solving to identify healthy alternatives like sport participation.
  • This relationship enables them to address real world pressures without any accompanying financial risk.
  • Consequently, this combination prevents gambling becoming a coping mechanism for adult pressures.

Implications and Synthesis

  • These skills function as an integrated protection system rather than isolated factors.
  • Evidence indicates that pre-adult skill development can result in lifelong gambling resistance and the critical importance of pre-emptive education programs.
  • By strengthening multiple skills simultaneously, individuals can create a strong protection against gambling.
  • Young people equipped with this skill system are much more likely to transition safely into legal gambling age.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 128

Alex is a 17-year-old living in a rural town who has been experiencing depression and anxiety following family breakdown. The nearest mental health professional is 200km away, and Alex's family cannot afford private treatment. The local school has basic counselling services, but Alex feels uncomfortable accessing them due to stigma in the small community.

Discuss the effectiveness of ways in which the government, non-government organisations and the community could advocate for Alex's health needs.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Effective Government Advocacy:

  • [P] Government advocacy effectively addresses Alex’s access barriers through systematic solutions.
  • [E] Legislative power is able to create telehealth funding and mobile mental health services for rural areas.
  • [Ev] Medicare subsidies for online consultations eliminate 200km travel barriers.
  • [L] Government creates comprehensive, funded solutions to rural mental health inequities.

Limitations of Government Advocacy:

  • [P] Government advocacy fails to provide immediate crisis intervention.
  • [E] Bureaucratic red tape can create lengthy implementation delays.
  • [Ev] Policy changes requiring approval cannot address Alex’s urgent depression symptoms.
  • [L] Government solutions lack immediacy needed for mental health crises.

Effective NGO Advocacy:

  • [P] NGOs provide most effective immediate support for Alex’s circumstances.
  • [E] Independent operation enables rapid crisis response with youth-focused services.
  • [Ev] For example, NGO’s such as headspace offer 24/7 support, online counselling, addressing stigma concerns.
  • [L] In this way, NGOs fill critical gaps through immediate, accessible mental health intervention.

Limitations of NGO Advocacy:

  • [P] NGO advocacy limited by resource constraints and sustainability issues.
  • [E] Donation-dependent funding creates uncertainty.
  • [Ev] Cannot establish permanent rural infrastructure or guarantee ongoing availability.
  • [L] Resource limitations compromise long-term comprehensive support.

Effective Community Advocacy:

  • [P] Community advocacy can effectively address local stigma and social support needs.
  • [E] Local understanding enables culturally appropriate mental health initiatives.
  • [Ev] Peer support groups can normalise help-seeking behaviour in a rural context and direct Alex to government and NGO health services.
  • [L] Community can transform local attitudes supporting Alex’s recovery.

Limitations of Community Advocacy:

  • [P] Community advocacy cannot replace professional clinical intervention.
  • [E] Community members lack specialised mental health training and expertise.
  • [Ev] They also cannot assess Alex or prescribe drugs or treatment for his depression.
  • [L] Community support is valuable but insufficient, by itself, for Alex’s clinical needs. When it complements other governmental and NGO health services, the best outcomes are achievable.
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

Effective Government Advocacy

  • [P] Government advocacy effectively addresses Alex’s access barriers through systematic solutions.
  • [E] Legislative power is able to create telehealth funding and mobile mental health services for rural areas.
  • [Ev] Medicare subsidies for online consultations eliminate 200km travel barriers.
  • [L] Government creates comprehensive, funded solutions to rural mental health inequities.

Limitations of Government Advocacy

  • [P] Government advocacy fails to provide immediate crisis intervention.
  • [E] Bureaucratic red tape can create lengthy implementation delays.
  • [Ev] Policy changes requiring approval cannot address Alex’s urgent depression symptoms.
  • [L] Government solutions lack immediacy needed for mental health crises.

Effective NGO Advocacy

  • [P] NGOs provide most effective immediate support for Alex’s circumstances.
  • [E] Independent operation enables rapid crisis response with youth-focused services.
  • [Ev] For example, NGO’s such as headspace offer 24/7 support, online counselling, addressing stigma concerns.
  • [L] In this way, NGOs fill critical gaps through immediate, accessible mental health intervention.

Limitations of NGO Advocacy

  • [P] NGO advocacy limited by resource constraints and sustainability issues.
  • [E] Donation-dependent funding creates uncertainty.
  • [Ev] Cannot establish permanent rural infrastructure or guarantee ongoing availability.
  • [L] Resource limitations compromise long-term comprehensive support.

Effective Community Advocacy

  • [P] Community advocacy can effectively address local stigma and social support needs.
  • [E] Local understanding enables culturally appropriate mental health initiatives.
  • [Ev] Peer support groups can normalise help-seeking behaviour in a rural context and direct Alex to government and NGO health services.
  • [L] Community can transform local attitudes supporting Alex’s recovery.

Limitations of Community Advocacy

  • [P] Community advocacy cannot replace professional clinical intervention.
  • [E] Community members lack specialised mental health training and expertise.
  • [Ev] They also cannot assess Alex or prescribe drugs or treatment for his depression.
  • [L] Community support is valuable but insufficient, by itself, for Alex’s clinical needs. When it complements other governmental and NGO health services, the best outcomes are achievable.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 095 MC

A remote Aboriginal community has limited access to healthcare services. The government responds by establishing a mobile health clinic program and partnering with local Aboriginal Health Services to provide culturally appropriate care for young people.

This government action primarily demonstrates which combination of advocacy responsibilities?

  1. Setting policies and strengthening community partnerships.
  2. Developing personal skills and creating supportive environments.
  3. Building healthy public policy and reorienting health services.
  4. Allocating funding and implementing targeted programs.
Show Answers Only

\(D\)

Show Worked Solution
  • D is correct because the government is allocating funding (establishing the mobile clinic program) and implementing targeted programs (culturally appropriate care for young people in remote areas).

Other options:

  • A is incorrect because while partnerships exist, the primary focus is on funding allocation and program implementation rather than policy setting.
  • B is incorrect because these are Ottawa Charter action areas rather than the government’s specific advocacy roles.
  • C is incorrect because these are also Ottawa Charter action areas, not specific government advocacy responsibilities as outlined in the syllabus.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 127

A 16-year-old student, Maya, is struggling with anxiety but cannot access affordable mental health services through the public system due to long waiting lists. Meanwhile, her school has recently implemented a new wellbeing curriculum mandated by the state government.

Describe the differences between how government and non-government organisations would advocate for Maya's health needs in this situation.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Government advocacy:

  • Government advocacy for Maya would involve systematic, policy-level responses.
  • The government could addresses Maya’s needs through mandatory school wellbeing programs, funding public mental health services, and setting Medicare rebate structures.
  • However, government responses are often slow due to bureaucratic red tape and focus on population-wide solutions rather than immediate individual needs.
  • The government’s role is creating frameworks and policies that should prevent situations like Maya’s.

NGO advocacy:

  • NGO advocacy provides immediate, targeted support that government cannot deliver.
  • Organisations like headspace would offer Maya direct counselling services without waiting lists, filling gaps in the system.
  • NGOs advocate by providing evidence of unmet needs to government, offering specialised youth-focused services, and adapting quickly to emerging mental health trends.
  • They can provide culturally appropriate support and innovative service delivery models that complement government frameworks.
  • Both approaches are necessary – the government provides the funding and creates the framework while NGOs provide responsive, specialised advocacy and services.
Show Worked Solution

Government advocacy:

  • Government advocacy for Maya would involve systematic, policy-level responses.
  • The government could addresses Maya’s needs through mandatory school wellbeing programs, funding public mental health services, and setting Medicare rebate structures.
  • However, government responses are often slow due to bureaucratic red tape and focus on population-wide solutions rather than immediate individual needs.
  • The government’s role is creating frameworks and policies that should prevent situations like Maya’s.

NGO advocacy:

  • NGO advocacy provides immediate, targeted support that government cannot deliver.
  • Organisations like headspace would offer Maya direct counselling services without waiting lists, filling gaps in the system.
  • NGOs advocate by providing evidence of unmet needs to government, offering specialised youth-focused services, and adapting quickly to emerging mental health trends.
  • They can provide culturally appropriate support and innovative service delivery models that complement government frameworks.
  • Both approaches are necessary – the government provides the funding and creates the framework while NGOs provide responsive, specialised advocacy and services.

v1 Financial Maths, STD2 F4 2020 HSC 11 MC

An industrial machine is depreciated using the declining-balance method with a rate of 10% per quarter. The machine was bought for $12,000.

What is the salvage value of the machine after 2 years?

  1. $4893.21
  2. $5165.61
  3. $6543.82
  4. $7200.25
Show Answers Only

`B`

Show Worked Solution

♦ Remember: 10% depreciation per **quarter**, and 2 years = 8 quarters.

`V_0 = 12\ 000 \ , \ r = 0.10 \ , \ n = 8`

`S` `= V_0 (1-r)^n`
  `= 12\ 000 (1-0.10)^8`
  `= 12\ 000 (0.90)^8`
  `= 12\ 000 × 0.43046721`
  `= $5165.61`

`Rightarrow B`

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 5

A tightly stretched string, fixed at both ends, is 1.80 m long. When it vibrates at a frequency of 90 Hz, it forms a standing wave pattern with three antinodes (loops) as seen below:

  1. What is the wavelength of the waves on the string?   (1 mark)
  1. Calculate the wave speed along the string.   (1 mark)
  1. Determine the fundamental frequency (lowest possible standing wave frequency) for this string. Show your reasoning.   (2 marks)
Show Answers Only

a.    \(1.20\ \text{m}\)

b.    \(108\ \text{m/s}\)

c.    \(30\ \text{Hz}\)

Show Worked Solution

a.    There are \(\dfrac{3}{2}\lambda\) on the \(1.80\ \text{m}\) string.

\(\therefore \lambda = \dfrac{2}{3} \times 1.80 = 1.20\ \text{m}\)
 

b.    \(v = f\lambda = 90 \times 1.2 = 108\ \text{m/s}\).
 

c.    Fundamental frequency occurs when the wavelength of the standing wave is the largest.

  • This will occur when \(\dfrac{\lambda}{2} = 1.80\ \text{m} \ \Rightarrow \ \lambda = 3.6\ \text{m}\).
  •    \(f = \dfrac{v}{\lambda} = \dfrac{108}{3.6} = 30\ \text{Hz}\).

Calculus, 2ADV C4 EQ-Bank 1

Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_{-2}^0 \sqrt{4-x^2} \, d x\).   (3 marks)

Show Answers Only

\(\pi\)

Show Worked Solution

\(\sqrt{4-x^2} \ \ \text{is a semicircle, centre}\ \ (0,0) \ \ \text {and radius 2.}\)
 

STRATEGY: This integral is beyond 2ADV integration techniques. An alternate strategy is required.
\(\displaystyle \int_{-2}^0 \sqrt{4-x^2} \, d x \ \) \( \ =\ \text{Shaded area (above)}\)
  \(=\dfrac{1}{4} \times \pi+2^2\)
  \(=\pi\)

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 4

A fire truck is moving toward a stationary observer at a speed of 20 ms\(^{-1}\). The siren on the fire truck emits sound at a frequency of 600 Hz.
 

  1. Calculate the observed frequency of the siren as heard by the observer.   (1 mark)
  1. The flashing lights on the fire truck do not show a noticeable Doppler shift as it passes by. Explain why the Doppler effect for light is not observed in this situation.   (2 marks)
Show Answers Only

a.    \(638\ \text{Hz}\)

b.    The Doppler effect for light:

  • The effect does occur for light, but it is only noticeable when objects move at speeds close to the speed of light.
  • Since the fire truck is moving at only 20 ms\(^{-1}\), the change in frequency of the light is extremely small, far too small for the human eye to detect.
  • Therefore, the Doppler shift for the headlights is negligible and not observable in this everyday situation.
Show Worked Solution

a.    By the Doppler effect:

\(f^{′} = f \dfrac{v \pm v_{\text{observer}}}{v \mp v_{\text{source}}} = 600 \times \dfrac{340}{340-20} = 638\ \text{Hz}\)
 

b.    The Doppler effect for light:

  • The effect does occur for light, but it is only noticeable when objects move at speeds close to the speed of light.
  • Since the fire truck is moving at only 20 ms\(^{-1}\), the change in frequency of the light is extremely small, far too small for the human eye to detect.
  • Therefore, the Doppler shift for the headlights is negligible and not observable in this everyday situation.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 6

An arrow of height 2 cm is placed 6 cm in front of a biconvex lens of focal length 3cm.

  1. Draw a principle ray diagram to show the image that is formed.   (3 marks)

         

  1. Is the image real or virtual and give a reason for your answer.   (2 marks)
  1. Use the principle ray diagram to determine the size of the image.   (1 mark)
Show Answers Only

a.  
       

b.   The image is real.

  • The rays of light from the arrow are bent toward each other by the lens and actually converge on the opposite side of the lens.
  • Because the rays physically meet, a real image is formed.

c.    The size of the image is 2 cm.

Show Worked Solution

a.    
       
 

b.   The image is real.

  • The rays of light from the arrow are bent toward each other by the lens and actually converge on the opposite side of the lens.
  • Because the rays physically meet, a real image is formed.

c.    The size of the image is 2 cm.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 428

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people experience significantly higher rates of mental health issues and suicide compared to non-Indigenous young people.

Outline the roles of government and non-government organisations in addressing this issue and discuss strategies they could adopt to improve the mental health outcomes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Recommended phrases for balanced “for/against” language are bolded in the answer below.

Government Role

  • Provide funding for culturally appropriate mental health services specifically designed for ATSI communities

Government Strategies

  • Implement culturally responsive mental health programs in schools with high ATSI student populations. While this provides accessible early intervention, critics contend school-based programs often fail to be effective for disconnected youth.
  • Develop Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation partnerships. On one hand, this ensures cultural governance. On the other hand, bureaucratic requirements may slow implementation.

NGO Role

  • Deliver community-based support programs incorporating traditional healing practices alongside contemporary mental health approaches.

NGO Strategies

  • Establish peer support networks led by ATSI young people to reduce stigma. A key advantage is connecting young people with relatable role models. Conversely, young leaders may lack training for difficult cases. This creates both opportunities for culturally safe spaces and challenges in ensuring support quality.
  • Train ATSI Elders as mental health first aid advocates. From one perspective, this respects traditional knowledge systems. An alternative perspective suggests Elders may feel burdened with Western responsibilities. Nevertheless, combining traditional wisdom with contemporary training offers sustainable solutions despite potential tensions.
Show Worked Solution

*Recommended phrases for balanced “for/against” language are bolded in the answer below.

Government Role

  • Provide funding for culturally appropriate mental health services specifically designed for ATSI communities

Government Strategies

  • Implement culturally responsive mental health programs in schools with high ATSI student populations. While this provides accessible early intervention, critics contend school-based programs often fail to be effective for disconnected youth.
  • Develop Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation partnerships. On one hand, this ensures cultural governance. On the other hand, bureaucratic requirements may slow implementation.

NGO Role

  • Deliver community-based support programs incorporating traditional healing practices alongside contemporary mental health approaches.

NGO Strategies

  • Establish peer support networks led by ATSI young people to reduce stigma. A key advantage is connecting young people with relatable role models. Conversely, young leaders may lack training for difficult cases. This creates both opportunities for culturally safe spaces and challenges in ensuring support quality.
  • Train ATSI Elders as mental health first aid advocates. From one perspective, this respects traditional knowledge systems. An alternative perspective suggests Elders may feel burdened with Western responsibilities. Nevertheless, combining traditional wisdom with contemporary training offers sustainable solutions despite potential tensions.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 425

The eSafety Commissioner provides educational resources, cyberbullying reporting systems, and online safety programs specifically targeting Australian young people and their families.

Identify TWO such resources and explain how they address technology-related health issues in young Australians.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Answers could include any two of the following:

Cyberbullying reporting portal

  • This online system allows young people to report serious cyberbullying incidents directly to eSafety, who can then require social media platforms to remove harmful content within 24 hours.
  • This leads to immediate reduction in psychological harm because victims regain control over their online experience and see tangible action taken against perpetrators.
  • As a result, young people feel empowered to seek help early, which prevents the escalation of mental health issues like anxiety and depression that occur when cyberbullying continues unchecked.

Online safety education programs

  • These school-based initiatives teach young people to recognise online risks, manage their digital footprint, and develop resilience strategies against cyber-threats.
  • This works by building critical thinking skills that enable students to identify predatory behaviour, scams, and harmful content before engaging with them.
  • The reason this is effective is that prevention through education creates long-lasting protective behaviours, which results in fewer technology-related mental health issues and demonstrates why early intervention through schools is crucial.

Parent and carer resources

  • Educational materials help adults understand online risks, privacy settings, and age-appropriate content restrictions for different platforms.
  • This occurs because informed parents can implement protective measures at home, which creates safer digital environments where young people can explore technology without excessive exposure to harmful content.
  • This relationship results in stronger family communication about online experiences, thereby reducing the likelihood of young people hiding cyber-incidents and ensuring early intervention when problems arise.

Safer Internet Day campaigns

  • Annual awareness activities promote positive online behaviours, digital citizenship, and responsible technology use among young Australians through schools and community events.
  • This happens when widespread messaging reaches multiple stakeholders simultaneously, which causes a collective shift in understanding about healthy online interactions.
  • This demonstrates why community-wide approaches are powerful – they create social norms around respectful online behaviour, which leads to reduced cyberbullying incidents and establishes technology use as a shared responsibility between young people, families, and schools.
Show Worked Solution

*Language highlighting the cause-effect relationship is bolded in the answer below.

Answers could include any two of the following:

Cyberbullying reporting portal

  • This online system allows young people to report serious cyberbullying incidents directly to eSafety, who can then require social media platforms to remove harmful content within 24 hours.
  • This leads to immediate reduction in psychological harm because victims regain control over their online experience and see tangible action taken against perpetrators.
  • As a result, young people feel empowered to seek help early, which prevents the escalation of mental health issues like anxiety and depression that occur when cyberbullying continues unchecked.

Online safety education programs

  • These school-based initiatives teach young people to recognise online risks, manage their digital footprint, and develop resilience strategies against cyber-threats.
  • This works by building critical thinking skills that enable students to identify predatory behaviour, scams, and harmful content before engaging with them.
  • The reason this is effective is that prevention through education creates long-lasting protective behaviours, which results in fewer technology-related mental health issues and demonstrates why early intervention through schools is crucial.

Parent and carer resources

  • Educational materials help adults understand online risks, privacy settings, and age-appropriate content restrictions for different platforms.
  • This occurs because informed parents can implement protective measures at home, which creates safer digital environments where young people can explore technology without excessive exposure to harmful content.
  • This relationship results in stronger family communication about online experiences, thereby reducing the likelihood of young people hiding cyber-incidents and ensuring early intervention when problems arise.

Safer Internet Day campaigns

  • Annual awareness activities promote positive online behaviours, digital citizenship, and responsible technology use among young Australians through schools and community events.
  • This happens when widespread messaging reaches multiple stakeholders simultaneously, which causes a collective shift in understanding about healthy online interactions.
  • This demonstrates why community-wide approaches are powerful – they create social norms around respectful online behaviour, which leads to reduced cyberbullying incidents and establishes technology use as a shared responsibility between young people, families, and schools.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 422

Describe areas for further research that could build understanding and advocacy regarding sense of self and body issues among young Australians.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

Social media impact studies:

  • Longitudinal research examining how different social media platforms and usage patterns specifically influence body image development and self-esteem in Australian adolescents.

Cultural diversity research:

  • Investigating how body image perceptions vary across different cultural backgrounds within Australia’s multicultural youth population to develop culturally appropriate interventions.

Gender identity studies:

  • Research exploring body image experiences among gender-diverse young people to better understand their unique challenges and support needs.

Early intervention effectiveness:

  • Evaluating which school-based body positivity programs show the most promising results in preventing eating disorders and improving self-concept among young Australians.
Show Worked Solution

Social media impact studies:

  • Longitudinal research examining how different social media platforms and usage patterns specifically influence body image development and self-esteem in Australian adolescents.

Cultural diversity research:

  • Investigating how body image perceptions vary across different cultural backgrounds within Australia’s multicultural youth population to develop culturally appropriate interventions.

Gender identity studies:

  • Research exploring body image experiences among gender-diverse young people to better understand their unique challenges and support needs.

Early intervention effectiveness:

  • Evaluating which school-based body positivity programs show the most promising results in preventing eating disorders and improving self-concept among young Australians.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 10 MC

A candle is placed in front of a concave mirror, positioned beyond the centre of curvature.


Which of the following best describes the image formed by the mirror?

  1. Real, diminished and inverted
  2. Real, magnified and upright
  3. Virtual, diminished and upright
  4. Virtual, magnified and inverted
Show Answers Only

\(A\)

Show Worked Solution

When an object is placed beyond the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, the image formed is:

  • Real – because the reflected rays converge.
  • Inverted – the image appears upside down relative to the object.
  • Diminished – the image is smaller than the object.

\(\Rightarrow A\)

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 5

Optical fibres are made using materials with different refractive indices to allow total internal reflection. The diagram below shows an optical fibre with a core and an outer cladding.

A laser beam with a wavelength of 620 nm in air is directed into the fibre from air.
 

  1. Calculate the frequency of the laser light before entering the optical fibre.   (2 marks)
  1. The refractive index of the core is 1.50 and the cladding is 1.40. Calculate the critical angle at the core–cladding boundary.
    Show all working.   (2 marks)
  1. What is the frequency of the light while it is travelling through the optical fibre?   (1 mark)
Show Answers Only

a.    \(4.84 \times 10^{14}\ \text{Hz}\)

b.    \(61.9^{\circ}\)

c.    → Frequency of light is independent of the medium it is travelling through.

→ The frequency will be \(4.84 \times 10^{14}\ \text{Hz}\) as it travels though the optical fibre.

Show Worked Solution
a.     \(f\) \(=\dfrac{c}{\lambda}\)
    \(=\dfrac{3 \times 10^8}{620 \times 10^{-9}}\)
    \(=4.84 \times 10^{14}\ \text{Hz}\)

 

b.     \(\sin\theta_c\) \(=\dfrac{n_1}{n_2}\)
  \(\theta_c\) \(=\sin^{-1}\left(\dfrac{n_1}{n_2}\right)=\sin^{-1}\left(\dfrac{1.5}{1.7}\right)=61.9^{\circ}\)

 
c.    Frequency of light:

  • Frequency of light is independent of the medium it is travelling through.
  • The frequency will be \(4.84 \times 10^{14}\ \text{Hz}\) as it travels though the optical fibre.

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 9 MC

A point light source emits light uniformly in all directions. At a distance of 1 metre, a detector records a certain light intensity.

At what distance from the source would the intensity be expected to drop to \(\dfrac{1}{200}\)th of its value at 1 metre?

  1. 2 m
  2. 14 m
  3. 20 m
  4. 200 m
Show Answers Only

\(B\)

Show Worked Solution
  • Light intensity decreases via the inverse square law: \(I_1r_1^2 = I_2r_2^2\)
  • Let \(I_1 = 200\), \(r_1 = 1\)
  • Find \(r_2\) when  \(I_2 = 1\):
\(200 \times 1^2\) \(= 1 \times r_2^2\)  
\(r_2\) \(=\sqrt{200}=14.1\ \text{m}\)  

 
\(\Rightarrow B\)

PHYSICS, M3 EQ-Bank 11 MC

Which of the following best describes what happens to the wave as it enters medium 2?
 

  1. The wavelength decreases.
  2. The frequency increases.
  3. The wavelength increases.
  4. The frequency decreases.
Show Answers Only

\(C\)

Show Worked Solution
  • The light ray for the wave can be drawn as seen in the diagram below:
     

  • As the wave enters medium 2, the wave refracts away from the normal. This indicates that the wave is speeding up.
  • The frequency of the wave does not change when it enters a new medium. Therefore, as \(v = f\lambda\), the wavelength of the wave \(\lambda)\) must increase as the velocity increases.

\(\Rightarrow C\)

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 123

Discuss how physical resources in a community can act as both positive and negative determinants of health.   (4 marks)

Show Answers Only

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.

  • [P] Adequate physical resources promote positive health outcomes in communities.
  • [E] Parks, recreational facilities and safe walking paths encourage physical activity and social interaction.
  • [Ev] Research has shown that this reduces obesity rates and improves mental health through community engagement.
  • [L] In this way, well-developed infrastructure supports healthy lifestyle choices.
     
  • [P] In contrast, a lack of physical resources creates barriers to good health.
  • [E] Communities without adequate access to transport or recreational facilities such as playgrounds, parks and sporting ovals experience poorer health outcomes.
  • [Ev] Poor transport infrastructure can create a barrier to healthcare access and individuals who live in communities with inadequate recreational areas are more likely to be sedentary.
  • [L] Consequently, inadequate infrastructure perpetuates health inequities and increases disease and morbidity rates in those areas
Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.*

  • [P] Adequate physical resources promote positive health outcomes in communities.
  • [E] Parks, recreational facilities and safe walking paths encourage physical activity and social interaction.
  • [Ev] Research has shown that this reduces obesity rates and improves mental health through community engagement.
  • [L] In this way, well-developed infrastructure supports healthy lifestyle choices.
     
  • [P] In contrast, a lack of physical resources creates barriers to good health.
  • [E] Communities without adequate access to transport or recreational facilities such as playgrounds, parks and sporting ovals experience poorer health outcomes.
  • [Ev] Poor transport infrastructure can create a barrier to healthcare access and individuals who live in communities with inadequate recreational areas are more likely to be sedentary.
  • [L] Consequently, inadequate infrastructure perpetuates health inequities and increases disease and morbidity rates in those areas.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 122

Describe how political structures and policies can function as a determinant of health in Australia.   (5 marks)

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Answers could include a selection of the following:

Medicare

  • Political structures directly influence healthcare accessibility through universal healthcare programs like Medicare.
  • Medicare provides free treatment in public hospitals and subsidised medical services, reducing financial barriers to healthcare

Education and training

  • Government policies on education funding impact long-term health outcomes by determining resource allocation to schools.
  • Government investment in education and job training programs, such as the NSW Fee Free TAFE initiative, improves employment opportunities and health outcomes.

Public Health

  • Health regulations established by government control food safety, pharmaceutical standards and environmental health protections.
  • Public health initiatives funded by government address population health issues through vaccination programs and health promotion campaigns.

Housing

  • Political decisions on housing policies affect living conditions and associated health outcomes for different population groups.

Workforce Policies

  • Government healthcare workforce policies determine the availability and distribution of healthcare professionals across regions.

Health and Safety Standards

  • Legislative frameworks establish health and safety standards in workplaces, protecting worker health and preventing occupational injuries.

Budgeting 

  • Budget allocation decisions by political structures, such as the NSW Ministry of Health, determine funding allocations to health services like hospitals, emergency services and mental health.
  • Controlling this critical flow of resources makes the political office a key determinant of health in Australia.
Show Worked Solution

Answers could include a selection of the following:

Medicare

  • Political structures directly influence healthcare accessibility through universal healthcare programs like Medicare.
  • Medicare provides free treatment in public hospitals and subsidised medical services, reducing financial barriers to healthcare

Education and training

  • Government policies on education funding impact long-term health outcomes by determining resource allocation to schools.
  • Government investment in education and job training programs, such as the NSW Fee Free TAFE initiative, improves employment opportunities and health outcomes.

Public Health

  • Health regulations established by government control food safety, pharmaceutical standards and environmental health protections.
  • Public health initiatives funded by government address population health issues through vaccination programs and health promotion campaigns.

Housing

  • Political decisions on housing policies affect living conditions and associated health outcomes for different population groups.

Workforce Policies

  • Government healthcare workforce policies determine the availability and distribution of healthcare professionals across regions.

Health and Safety Standards

  • Legislative frameworks establish health and safety standards in workplaces, protecting worker health and preventing occupational injuries.

Budgeting 

  • Budget allocation decisions by political structures, such as the NSW Ministry of Health, determine funding allocations to health services like hospitals, emergency services and mental health.
  • Controlling this critical flow of resources makes the political office a key determinant of health in Australia.

HMS, HIC EQ-Bank 121

Discuss how language and media as broad features of society can both create and reduce health inequities in Australia.   (6 marks)

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*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.*

Creating Health Inequities

  • [P] On one hand, language barriers prevent effective healthcare access.
  • [E] This creates significant challenges when non-English speakers cannot communicate symptoms or understand treatment plans.
  • [Ev] For instance, Vietnamese elderly avoid hospitals due to interpreter shortages, leading to untreated diabetes complications.
  • [L] This demonstrates how language differences worsen health inequities.
     
  • [P] From one perspective, media representation excludes minority groups.
  • [E] This approach offers mainstream health messages but creates gaps for diverse communities.
  • [Ev] Aboriginal health campaigns using only English miss 30% of remote communities who prefer traditional languages.
  • [L] Media’s narrow focus amplifies existing health disparities.

Reducing Health Inequities

  • [P] Conversely, well directed multilingual health services can improve access.
  • [E] These initiatives can help diverse populations to navigate healthcare confidently and make informed decisions.
  • [Ev] For example, Medicare translating documents into 20 languages increased migrant health screening by 45%.
  • [L] In this way, language can directly reduce healthcare barriers.
     
  • [P] Culturally appropriate media can also be highly effective in promoting health equity.
  • [E] This creates opportunities for targeted health education reaching previously excluded groups.
  • [Ev] SBS radio’s multilingual COVID information reached 80% of migrant communities, improving vaccination rates.
  • [L] Media diversity effectively bridges health information gaps.

Despite these benefits, consistent funding for translation services remains challenging. Nevertheless, evidence shows language and media interventions significantly impact health equity when properly resourced.

Show Worked Solution

*PEEL – Solution is structured using separate PEEL methods for each side of the argument; [P] Identify the point, [E] expand on the point with a link to question asked, [Ev] apply evidence/examples, [L] linking sentence back to question.*

Creating Health Inequities

  • [P] On one hand, language barriers prevent effective healthcare access.
  • [E] This creates significant challenges when non-English speakers cannot communicate symptoms or understand treatment plans.
  • [Ev] For instance, Vietnamese elderly avoid hospitals due to interpreter shortages, leading to untreated diabetes complications.
  • [L] This demonstrates how language differences worsen health inequities.
     
  • [P] From one perspective, media representation excludes minority groups.
  • [E] This approach offers mainstream health messages but creates gaps for diverse communities.
  • [Ev] Aboriginal health campaigns using only English miss 30% of remote communities who prefer traditional languages.
  • [L] Media’s narrow focus amplifies existing health disparities.

Reducing Health Inequities

  • [P] Conversely, well directed multilingual health services can improve access.
  • [E] These initiatives can help diverse populations to navigate healthcare confidently and make informed decisions.
  • [Ev] For example, Medicare translating documents into 20 languages increased migrant health screening by 45%.
  • [L] In this way, language can directly reduce healthcare barriers.
     
  • [P] Culturally appropriate media can also be highly effective in promoting health equity.
  • [E] This creates opportunities for targeted health education reaching previously excluded groups.
  • [Ev] SBS radio’s multilingual COVID information reached 80% of migrant communities, improving vaccination rates.
  • [L] Media diversity effectively bridges health information gaps.

Despite these benefits, consistent funding for translation services remains challenging. Nevertheless, evidence shows language and media interventions significantly impact health equity when properly resourced.