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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 438

After conducting a pilot study on aerobic training and stress management in Year 11 students, a researcher found inconsistent results using a single data collection method.

Critically analyse which combination of data collection methods (observation, survey, and/or interview) would provide the most valid and reliable data for a full-scale investigation into this topic. Justify your response with specific examples of how each method would be implemented.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • A combination of surveys, observation, and selective interviews would provide the most comprehensive data, as each method addresses different aspects of the relationship between aerobic training and stress management.
  • Surveys using validated tools like the Perceived Stress Scale should be administered pre-, mid-, and post-program to quantify changes in perceived stress levels, providing standardised numerical data that can be statistically analysed to identify trends across the participant group.
  • Direct observation during standardized stress tests (such as timed cognitive tasks) before and after the training program would provide objective physiological data through measuring visible stress responses like sweating, fidgeting, or facial expressions, complementing the subjective survey data.
  • Physiological measurements could be incorporated into observation sessions by recording vital signs like heart rate variability and blood pressure during stress tests, providing objective indicators of the body’s stress response that participants might not be consciously aware of.
  • Semi-structured interviews with a representative sample of participants showing varying degrees of improvement would explore the mechanisms behind individual differences, potentially revealing why some students benefited more than others from the aerobic training.
  • Interviews would also allow exploration of how participants applied stress management techniques learned through aerobic training to real-life situations outside the program, providing ecological validity that laboratory measurements cannot capture.
  • This triangulated approach compensates for the weaknesses of each individual method – surveys might be affected by social desirability bias, observations might miss internal experiences, and interviews alone might not provide generalizable data.
  • Implementation should include proper sequencing of methods, with surveys and observations conducted at consistent intervals throughout the program, and interviews conducted at the conclusion to prevent interview questions from influencing survey responses or observed behaviors.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • A combination of surveys, observation, and selective interviews would provide the most comprehensive data, as each method addresses different aspects of the relationship between aerobic training and stress management.
  • Surveys using validated tools like the Perceived Stress Scale should be administered pre-, mid-, and post-program to quantify changes in perceived stress levels, providing standardised numerical data that can be statistically analysed to identify trends across the participant group.
  • Direct observation during standardized stress tests (such as timed cognitive tasks) before and after the training program would provide objective physiological data through measuring visible stress responses like sweating, fidgeting, or facial expressions, complementing the subjective survey data.
  • Physiological measurements could be incorporated into observation sessions by recording vital signs like heart rate variability and blood pressure during stress tests, providing objective indicators of the body’s stress response that participants might not be consciously aware of.
  • Semi-structured interviews with a representative sample of participants showing varying degrees of improvement would explore the mechanisms behind individual differences, potentially revealing why some students benefited more than others from the aerobic training.
  • Interviews would also allow exploration of how participants applied stress management techniques learned through aerobic training to real-life situations outside the program, providing ecological validity that laboratory measurements cannot capture.
  • This triangulated approach compensates for the weaknesses of each individual method – surveys might be affected by social desirability bias, observations might miss internal experiences, and interviews alone might not provide generalizable data.
  • Implementation should include proper sequencing of methods, with surveys and observations conducted at consistent intervals throughout the program, and interviews conducted at the conclusion to prevent interview questions from influencing survey responses or observed behaviors.

Proof, EXT1 P1 EQ-Bank 4

  1. Show that  .    (1 mark)

  2. Using the result in part (a), or otherwise, prove by mathematical induction that, for
  3.    (3 marks)
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a.    
    .

 
b.   

Show Worked Solution
a.    
    .

 

b.   


 


 

 

 

 
 
 
 

 

 

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 431

A student investigated the effects of a 10-week aerobic training program on resting metabolic rate (RMR) in adolescents. The results showed that while RMR increased significantly for the group overall, there was considerable variation in individual responses.

Propose THREE further research questions that could be explored based on these findings and explain how each question would help understand physiological responses to aerobic training.   (10 marks)

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Sample Answer – At least 3 questions including similar detail

  • “Is there a relationship between changes in resting metabolic rate and changes in resting heart rate following aerobic training?” investigates connections between different physiological measurements.
    • This question would help understand whether multiple physiological systems respond similarly to aerobic training or if they change independently, improving our understanding of how the body responds as a whole.
  • “Do males and females show similar changes in resting metabolic rate following the same aerobic training program?” examines potential sex differences in physiological responses.
    • Understanding how biological factors influence physiological responses to the same training stimulus would help explain the variation observed and could inform how different groups might respond to aerobic exercise.
  • “How do changes in resting metabolic rate differ between participants who trained in the morning versus those who trained in the afternoon?” investigates the influence of timing on physiological responses.
    • This question explores whether the body’s natural circadian rhythms affect how it responds to exercise, potentially explaining some of the individual variation observed in the original study.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – At least 3 questions including similar detail

  • “Is there a relationship between changes in resting metabolic rate and changes in resting heart rate following aerobic training?” investigates connections between different physiological measurements.
    • This question would help understand whether multiple physiological systems respond similarly to aerobic training or if they change independently, improving our understanding of how the body responds as a whole.
  • “Do males and females show similar changes in resting metabolic rate following the same aerobic training program?” examines potential sex differences in physiological responses.
    • Understanding how biological factors influence physiological responses to the same training stimulus would help explain the variation observed and could inform how different groups might respond to aerobic exercise.
  • “How do changes in resting metabolic rate differ between participants who trained in the morning versus those who trained in the afternoon?” investigates the influence of timing on physiological responses.
    • This question explores whether the body’s natural circadian rhythms affect how it responds to exercise, potentially explaining some of the individual variation observed in the original study.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 429

A student conducted research on the effects of a 12-week aerobic training program on stroke volume and cardiac output in adolescents. The results showed significant improvements in both measures at rest and during submaximal exercise, but the degree of improvement was strongly influenced by participants' initial fitness levels.

Evaluate TWO potential further research questions that could be explored based on these findings, justifying the scientific merit and practical application of each.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How long do the improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output last after the cessation of the aerobic training program?” would investigate the duration of physiological adaptations when training stops.
    • This question has scientific merit as it explores whether these cardiovascular adaptations are temporary or more permanent, helping us understand how the body maintains training effects.
    • Practically, this could help determine how frequently training needs to occur to maintain cardiovascular benefits, which is useful for designing physical education programs that balance different activities throughout the school year.
  • “Do different types of aerobic training (swimming, running, cycling) produce similar improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output for adolescents with similar fitness levels?” examines the effect of training mode on physiological responses.
    • The scientific merit lies in understanding whether the cardiovascular system adapts similarly regardless of training type or if certain forms of exercise produce greater adaptations.
    • Practically, this could help identify the most effective types of aerobic activities to include in school-based fitness programs, especially for adolescents who might have preferences for certain activities.
  • “Is there a relationship between the improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output and changes in resting heart rate following the training program?” investigates connections between different physiological adaptations.
    • This question has scientific merit as it examines whether cardiovascular adaptations occur proportionally or independently, deepening our understanding of how the body responds to aerobic training.
    • The practical application includes potentially using simpler measurements (like resting heart rate) to track training adaptations when more complex measurements of stroke volume and cardiac output aren’t feasible in school settings.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer – Any 2 of the following or similar

  • “How long do the improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output last after the cessation of the aerobic training program?” would investigate the duration of physiological adaptations when training stops.
    • This question has scientific merit as it explores whether these cardiovascular adaptations are temporary or more permanent, helping us understand how the body maintains training effects.
    • Practically, this could help determine how frequently training needs to occur to maintain cardiovascular benefits, which is useful for designing physical education programs that balance different activities throughout the school year.
  • “Do different types of aerobic training (swimming, running, cycling) produce similar improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output for adolescents with similar fitness levels?” examines the effect of training mode on physiological responses.
    • The scientific merit lies in understanding whether the cardiovascular system adapts similarly regardless of training type or if certain forms of exercise produce greater adaptations.
    • Practically, this could help identify the most effective types of aerobic activities to include in school-based fitness programs, especially for adolescents who might have preferences for certain activities.
  • “Is there a relationship between the improvements in stroke volume and cardiac output and changes in resting heart rate following the training program?” investigates connections between different physiological adaptations.
    • This question has scientific merit as it examines whether cardiovascular adaptations occur proportionally or independently, deepening our understanding of how the body responds to aerobic training.
    • The practical application includes potentially using simpler measurements (like resting heart rate) to track training adaptations when more complex measurements of stroke volume and cardiac output aren’t feasible in school settings.

PHYSICS, M2 EQ-Bank 5

Consider the system below:

Two blocks are connected by a light, inextensible string that passes over a frictionless pulley, as shown in the diagram. The 3.0 kg block rests on a smooth, horizontal surface, while the other 6.0 kg block hangs vertically off the edge of the table.

  1.  Calculate the acceleration of the entire system.   (3 marks)
  1. Hence, determine the magnitude of the tension, , in the string at point .   (1 mark)
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a.    

 

b.   

Show Worked Solution

a.    

   

→ By substituting the first equation into the second equation:

 
 
 
 
   

 

b.   

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 419

A school-based research project is investigating the physiological adaptations to a 10-week aerobic training program using both direct (laboratory) and indirect (field-based) measurements.

Critically analyse how the choice of data collection methods affects the validity, reliability, and credibility of findings in physiological investigations of aerobic training.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Laboratory tests like VO₂ max testing give more accurate results because they directly measure oxygen use, but field tests like the Beep Test better show how people perform in real sports situations.
  • Schools often can’t afford expensive lab equipment, so they use field tests which are easier to run but less precise, making researchers choose between perfect measurements and what’s actually possible.
  • Lab equipment is complicated to use correctly and requires training, so when inexperienced students or teachers handle it, the results might not be as consistent as they should be.
  • Field tests don’t always give the same results when repeated because they’re done in less controlled environments, but they might better motivate participants to try their hardest because they feel more like real competition.
  • Testing too often can give more detailed results about how fitness improves, but participants might get better at the tests just from practise, which can make it look like the training is more effective than it really is.
  • Using multiple types of measurements together (like heart rate, how hard the exercise feels, and performance scores) can give a better overall picture despite limitations of each individual measure.
  • Researchers might unconsciously influence results if they expect certain outcomes, so it’s important to have neutral people conduct the tests when possible.
  • School research needs to be honest about what the methods can and cannot show, rather than claiming the results are more accurate than they really are.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Laboratory tests like VO₂ max testing give more accurate results because they directly measure oxygen use, but field tests like the Beep Test better show how people perform in real sports situations.
  • Schools often can’t afford expensive lab equipment, so they use field tests which are easier to run but less precise, making researchers choose between perfect measurements and what’s actually possible.
  • Lab equipment is complicated to use correctly and requires training, so when inexperienced students or teachers handle it, the results might not be as consistent as they should be.
  • Field tests don’t always give the same results when repeated because they’re done in less controlled environments, but they might better motivate participants to try their hardest because they feel more like real competition.
  • Testing too often can give more detailed results about how fitness improves, but participants might get better at the tests just from practise, which can make it look like the training is more effective than it really is.
  • Using multiple types of measurements together (like heart rate, how hard the exercise feels, and performance scores) can give a better overall picture despite limitations of each individual measure.
  • Researchers might unconsciously influence results if they expect certain outcomes, so it’s important to have neutral people conduct the tests when possible.
  • School research needs to be honest about what the methods can and cannot show, rather than claiming the results are more accurate than they really are.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 415

In a school-based investigation on the effects of aerobic training on cardiovascular efficiency, researchers must carefully consider ethical implications alongside validity, reliability, and credibility.

Analyse how ethical considerations in data collection might impact the validity, reliability, and credibility of the investigation's findings.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Informed consent requirements may limit data collection methods to non-invasive procedures, potentially reducing validity if the most valid measures (such as blood lactate sampling) are excluded in favor of less invasive but less direct measurements.
  • Participant comfort and safety concerns may necessitate modifications to testing protocols, such as submaximal rather than maximal testing, which creates a reliability trade-off between participant welfare and obtaining the most consistent physiological responses.
  • The need to accommodate varying fitness levels ethically requires individualised protocols or early termination criteria, introducing methodological variability that may compromise the standardisation required for high reliability.
  • Privacy and confidentiality obligations might restrict the collection of potentially relevant health information or demographic data, limiting the ability to identify confounding variables that could impact validity.
  • Ethical requirements for voluntary participation acknowledge participants’ right to withdraw, potentially creating self-selection bias or incomplete data sets that affect the credibility of findings.
  • Despite these challenges, adhering to ethical standards ultimately enhances credibility as it demonstrates scientific integrity and responsible research practices, even if methodological compromises are made.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Informed consent requirements may limit data collection methods to non-invasive procedures, potentially reducing validity if the most valid measures (such as blood lactate sampling) are excluded in favor of less invasive but less direct measurements.
  • Participant comfort and safety concerns may necessitate modifications to testing protocols, such as submaximal rather than maximal testing, which creates a reliability trade-off between participant welfare and obtaining the most consistent physiological responses.
  • The need to accommodate varying fitness levels ethically requires individualised protocols or early termination criteria, introducing methodological variability that may compromise the standardisation required for high reliability.
  • Privacy and confidentiality obligations might restrict the collection of potentially relevant health information or demographic data, limiting the ability to identify confounding variables that could impact validity.
  • Ethical requirements for voluntary participation acknowledge participants’ right to withdraw, potentially creating self-selection bias or incomplete data sets that affect the credibility of findings.
  • Despite these challenges, adhering to ethical standards ultimately enhances credibility as it demonstrates scientific integrity and responsible research practices, even if methodological compromises are made.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 402

A student is planning an investigation into how aerobic training affects blood lactate levels, requiring finger-prick blood samples at rest, during exercise, and during recovery. Evaluate the ethical considerations that should be addressed in this investigation.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The invasive nature of blood sampling requires comprehensive informed consent that explicitly details the frequency, method, and potential discomfort of finger-prick procedures.
  • Participants must be screened for bleeding disorders, immunocompromised conditions, or needle phobias that would make blood sampling either physically or psychologically harmful.
  • The benefits of collecting direct blood lactate data must be weighed against the potential pain and anxiety caused by repeated finger-prick sampling during an aerobic session.
  • Proper training of those performing the sampling is an ethical requirement to minimise pain and prevent complications such as infection or excessive bleeding.
  • Appropriate biohazard procedures for handling blood samples must be strictly followed to protect both participants and researchers from potential contamination risks.
  • Participants’ right to withdraw must be emphasised, particularly during the actual sampling procedures if they experience more discomfort than anticipated.
  • A less invasive alternative method should be available for participants who consent to the investigation but experience excessive discomfort during initial blood sampling.
  • Privacy during blood collection and confidentiality of results are especially important with biological samples, requiring strict protocols for handling, storing, and eventually disposing of all blood-related materials.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The invasive nature of blood sampling requires comprehensive informed consent that explicitly details the frequency, method, and potential discomfort of finger-prick procedures.
  • Participants must be screened for bleeding disorders, immunocompromised conditions, or needle phobias that would make blood sampling either physically or psychologically harmful.
  • The benefits of collecting direct blood lactate data must be weighed against the potential pain and anxiety caused by repeated finger-prick sampling during an aerobic session.
  • Proper training of those performing the sampling is an ethical requirement to minimise pain and prevent complications such as infection or excessive bleeding.
  • Appropriate biohazard procedures for handling blood samples must be strictly followed to protect both participants and researchers from potential contamination risks.
  • Participants’ right to withdraw must be emphasised, particularly during the actual sampling procedures if they experience more discomfort than anticipated.
  • A less invasive alternative method should be available for participants who consent to the investigation but experience excessive discomfort during initial blood sampling.
  • Privacy during blood collection and confidentiality of results are especially important with biological samples, requiring strict protocols for handling, storing, and eventually disposing of all blood-related materials.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 390

A group of students is designing an investigation into how different energy systems respond during a 45-minute aerobic training session that gradually increases in intensity. Evaluate various methods they could use to collect data on these physiological responses.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Blood lactate sampling provides direct measurement of lactate accumulation indicating anaerobic glycolytic system contribution but requires specialised equipment and is invasive, limiting sampling frequency.
  • Heart rate monitoring offers continuous data on cardiovascular demand throughout the session and can be correlated to energy system usage when combined with known individual maximum heart rate.
  • Respiratory gas analysis measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production would provide the most comprehensive data on aerobic energy system contribution but requires expensive equipment not typically available to students.
  • Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) offers subjective feedback on exercise intensity that correlates with energy system transitions but lacks the precision of physiological measurements.
  • A combination approach using heart rate monitoring continuously with periodic RPE ratings and strategically timed lactate samples (if available) would provide multi-dimensional data on energy system transitions during increasing exercise intensity.
  • Data collection should occur at rest, during defined intensity transition points, and during recovery to capture the full spectrum of physiological responses across energy systems.
  • Standardisation of exercise protocol is essential when collecting data on energy system responses, with clearly defined intensity increments at set time intervals.
  • The practical limitations of invasive methods must be weighed against the value of direct physiological measurements when selecting appropriate data collection methods for student investigations.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Blood lactate sampling provides direct measurement of lactate accumulation indicating anaerobic glycolytic system contribution but requires specialised equipment and is invasive, limiting sampling frequency.
  • Heart rate monitoring offers continuous data on cardiovascular demand throughout the session and can be correlated to energy system usage when combined with known individual maximum heart rate.
  • Respiratory gas analysis measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production would provide the most comprehensive data on aerobic energy system contribution but requires expensive equipment not typically available to students.
  • Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) offers subjective feedback on exercise intensity that correlates with energy system transitions but lacks the precision of physiological measurements.
  • A combination approach using heart rate monitoring continuously with periodic RPE ratings and strategically timed lactate samples (if available) would provide multi-dimensional data on energy system transitions during increasing exercise intensity.
  • Data collection should occur at rest, during defined intensity transition points, and during recovery to capture the full spectrum of physiological responses across energy systems.
  • Standardisation of exercise protocol is essential when collecting data on energy system responses, with clearly defined intensity increments at set time intervals.
  • The practical limitations of invasive methods must be weighed against the value of direct physiological measurements when selecting appropriate data collection methods for student investigations.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 377

The FITT principle (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) is commonly used to design aerobic training programs. Develop a research question that investigates how one component of the FITT principle affects a physiological response. Justify your choice of question and explain how you would ensure it is suitable for scientific investigation.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • A suitable research question would be: “How does varying exercise intensity (50%, 70%, and 90% of maximum heart rate) affect blood lactate levels during a 15-minute continuous cycling session?”
  • This question isolates one specific FITT component (intensity) while controlling others (frequency, time, and type) to establish clear cause-effect relationships.
  • Blood lactate is a measurable physiological response that directly reflects metabolic processes during aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
  • The question includes specific, quantifiable intensity levels creating distinct independent variable conditions for comparison.
  • The time frame (15 minutes) is sufficient to observe physiological responses while remaining practical for research participants to complete.
  • The question allows for collection of objective numerical data suitable for statistical analysis.
  • The investigation could be conducted using a repeated measures design where each participant completes all three intensity levels, minimizing individual variation.
  • Results would have practical applications for training prescription and understanding thresholds where metabolic pathways shift from primarily aerobic to increased anaerobic contribution.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • A suitable research question would be: “How does varying exercise intensity (50%, 70%, and 90% of maximum heart rate) affect blood lactate levels during a 15-minute continuous cycling session?”
  • This question isolates one specific FITT component (intensity) while controlling others (frequency, time, and type) to establish clear cause-effect relationships.
  • Blood lactate is a measurable physiological response that directly reflects metabolic processes during aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
  • The question includes specific, quantifiable intensity levels creating distinct independent variable conditions for comparison.
  • The time frame (15 minutes) is sufficient to observe physiological responses while remaining practical for research participants to complete.
  • The question allows for collection of objective numerical data suitable for statistical analysis.
  • The investigation could be conducted using a repeated measures design where each participant completes all three intensity levels, minimizing individual variation.
  • Results would have practical applications for training prescription and understanding thresholds where metabolic pathways shift from primarily aerobic to increased anaerobic contribution.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 375

A group of students has observed that their classmates appear to have different ventilation responses during aerobic training. Create a research question to investigate this observation and evaluate why this question would be suitable for scientific investigation of physiological responses to aerobic training.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • An appropriate research question would be: “How do ventilation rates differ between trained and untrained individuals during a 20-minute aerobic exercise session at 70% of maximum heart rate?”
  • This question identifies a specific physiological response (ventilation rate) that can be objectively measured using breathing frequency or spirometry.
  • The question establishes a clear comparative framework between defined groups (trained versus untrained) allowing for analysis of differences.
  • Exercise parameters are precisely defined (20 minutes, 70% MHR) ensuring standardisation across participants.
  • The question is testable using equipment likely available in a school setting (heart rate monitors and manual counting of breathing rate).
  • The investigation would generate quantitative data suitable for statistical analysis to determine significance of any observed differences.
  • Results could contribute to understanding of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training and potentially inform training recommendations.
  • The question avoids unnecessary complexity while still allowing for meaningful investigation of an observed physiological phenomenon.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • An appropriate research question would be: “How do ventilation rates differ between trained and untrained individuals during a 20-minute aerobic exercise session at 70% of maximum heart rate?”
  • This question identifies a specific physiological response (ventilation rate) that can be objectively measured using breathing frequency or spirometry.
  • The question establishes a clear comparative framework between defined groups (trained versus untrained) allowing for analysis of differences.
  • Exercise parameters are precisely defined (20 minutes, 70% MHR) ensuring standardisation across participants.
  • The question is testable using equipment likely available in a school setting (heart rate monitors and manual counting of breathing rate).
  • The investigation would generate quantitative data suitable for statistical analysis to determine significance of any observed differences.
  • Results could contribute to understanding of respiratory adaptations to aerobic training and potentially inform training recommendations.
  • The question avoids unnecessary complexity while still allowing for meaningful investigation of an observed physiological phenomenon.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 359 MC

During research on aerobic training responses, a student collected the following data:

What is the stroke volume at 10 minutes?

  1. 95 mL
  2. 112 mL
  3. 120 mL
  4. 140 mL
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  120 mL

 
 

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: This value is incorrect based on the cardiac output formula.
  • B is incorrect: This value is incorrect based on the cardiac output formula.
  • D is incorrect: This equals the heart rate, not the stroke volume.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 352

Evaluate the effectiveness of monitoring lactate levels to improve training outcomes for competitive athletes. Provide examples to support your answer.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Lactate testing provides objective data about an athlete’s physiological response to exercise, enabling precise training intensity prescription based on individual metabolic characteristics
  • Establishing accurate training zones based on lactate thresholds allows coaches to target specific energy systems and physiological adaptations more effectively than using heart rate or perceived exertion alone
  • Regular lactate monitoring can track training progress, with decreasing lactate levels at the same workload indicating improved fitness and metabolic efficiency
  • Portable lactate analysers allow for field testing in sport-specific conditions, providing more relevant data than laboratory testing for many athletes
  • However, lactate testing has limitations including cost of equipment, need for blood sampling, and expertise required for proper interpretation of results
  • Individual variability in lactate response can complicate interpretation, as some athletes naturally produce or tolerate higher lactate levels than others
  • For example, a cyclist might use lactate testing to determine their threshold power output (e.g., 280 watts), allowing precise training at intensities that develop aerobic capacity without excessive fatigue
  • Ultimately, lactate testing is most effective when used as part of a comprehensive monitoring approach that also considers other physiological markers, perceived exertion, and performance metrics
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Lactate testing provides objective data about an athlete’s physiological response to exercise, enabling precise training intensity prescription based on individual metabolic characteristics
  • Establishing accurate training zones based on lactate thresholds allows coaches to target specific energy systems and physiological adaptations more effectively than using heart rate or perceived exertion alone
  • Regular lactate monitoring can track training progress, with decreasing lactate levels at the same workload indicating improved fitness and metabolic efficiency
  • Portable lactate analysers allow for field testing in sport-specific conditions, providing more relevant data than laboratory testing for many athletes
  • However, lactate testing has limitations including cost of equipment, need for blood sampling, and expertise required for proper interpretation of results
  • Individual variability in lactate response can complicate interpretation, as some athletes naturally produce or tolerate higher lactate levels than others
  • For example, a cyclist might use lactate testing to determine their threshold power output (e.g., 280 watts), allowing precise training at intensities that develop aerobic capacity without excessive fatigue
  • Ultimately, lactate testing is most effective when used as part of a comprehensive monitoring approach that also considers other physiological markers, perceived exertion, and performance metrics

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 345

Evaluate how cardiac output interacts with ventilation rate and lactate levels as immediate physiological responses during a high-intensity training session.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Cardiac output response:

  • Increases significantly from resting levels (approximately 5 L/min) to potentially 20-25 L/min
  • This increase results from elevated heart rate and stroke volume
  • Heart rate can reach 170-190 bpm during high-intensity exercise
  • Stroke volume increases initially but may plateau during very high intensities

Ventilation rate relationship:

  • Ventilation rate increases alongside cardiac output
  • Both respond to the increased oxygen demand of working muscles
  • Ventilation rate may increase from 12-15 breaths/min at rest to 40-50 breaths/min
  • The increased ventilation supports the greater oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal
  • This coordination ensures efficient gas exchange at the lungs and tissues

Lactate level relationship:

  • During high-intensity training, energy production shifts increasingly toward anaerobic glycolysis
  • This leads to increased lactate production and accumulation
  • Rising lactate levels stimulate further increases in ventilation rate (respiratory compensation)
  • Cardiac output must remain elevated to help transport lactate from working muscles
  • Cardiac output also supports oxygen delivery for lactate clearance

Integrative response:

  • These three physiological responses work in coordination
  • Cardiac output increases ensure adequate oxygen delivery and waste removal
  • Elevated ventilation rate supports increased oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination
  • Rising lactate levels indicate the intensity exceeds the aerobic system’s capacity
  • The body attempts to maintain homeostasis through these coordinated responses

Training implications:

  • High-intensity training creates significant stress on these physiological systems
  • This stress, when applied appropriately, leads to adaptations including increased cardiac output capacity, improved ventilatory efficiency, and enhanced lactate clearance
  • These adaptations collectively improve performance capacity
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Cardiac output response:

  • Increases significantly from resting levels (approximately 5 L/min) to potentially 20-25 L/min
  • This increase results from elevated heart rate and stroke volume
  • Heart rate can reach 170-190 bpm during high-intensity exercise
  • Stroke volume increases initially but may plateau during very high intensities

Ventilation rate relationship:

  • Ventilation rate increases alongside cardiac output
  • Both respond to the increased oxygen demand of working muscles
  • Ventilation rate may increase from 12-15 breaths/min at rest to 40-50 breaths/min
  • The increased ventilation supports the greater oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal
  • This coordination ensures efficient gas exchange at the lungs and tissues

Lactate level relationship:

  • During high-intensity training, energy production shifts increasingly toward anaerobic glycolysis
  • This leads to increased lactate production and accumulation
  • Rising lactate levels stimulate further increases in ventilation rate (respiratory compensation)
  • Cardiac output must remain elevated to help transport lactate from working muscles
  • Cardiac output also supports oxygen delivery for lactate clearance

Integrative response:

  • These three physiological responses work in coordination
  • Cardiac output increases ensure adequate oxygen delivery and waste removal
  • Elevated ventilation rate supports increased oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination
  • Rising lactate levels indicate the intensity exceeds the aerobic system’s capacity
  • The body attempts to maintain homeostasis through these coordinated responses

Training implications:

  • High-intensity training creates significant stress on these physiological systems
  • This stress, when applied appropriately, leads to adaptations including increased cardiac output capacity, improved ventilatory efficiency, and enhanced lactate clearance
  • These adaptations collectively improve performance capacity

Calculus, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 3

A pollutant, at time days, begins to enter a pond of still, unpolluted water at a rate of  , where is the volume of pollutant, in cubic metres, in the pond after days.

The pollutant does not dissolve or mix, and spreads across the pond, maintaining the shape of a thin circular disc of radius metres and constant depth of 1 millimetre.

  1. What is the maximum rate, in cubic metres per day, at which the pollutant will enter the pond, and for what value of will this rate occur?   (1 mark)

  2. At what rate is the radius of the disc increasing after days, where it may be assumed that the radius of the disc is 6.54 m ?
  3. Give your answer in metres per day correct to two decimal places.   (3 marks)

    1. Use the substitution    to express    as an integral involving only the variable .   (1 mark)

    2. Hence, or otherwise, find, in terms of , the total volume m of pollutant that has entered the pond after days.
    3. Give your answer in the form ,  where  .    (1 mark)

  5. What surface area of the pond would the coverage of the pollutant approach?
  6. Give your answer in square metres correct to two decimal places.  (2 marks)

  7. The clean-up of the pond begins after five days, where the pollutant is removed at a constant rate of 0.05 cubic metres per day until the pond is free of pollutant. However, efforts to stem the flow are unsuccessful and the pollutant continues to enter the pond at a rate of    cubic metres per day.
  8. After how many days, from the start of the clean-up, will the pond be free of pollutant? Give your answer in days correct to one decimal place.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.    \(\dfrac{dV}{dt} \text{(max)}=\dfrac{1}{20} \ \text{m/day.}\)

b. 

c.i. 

c.ii. 

d.   

e.  

Show Worked Solution

a.   


 

b.   


 

c.i. 


 

c.ii. 
   
   
   

 

d.   

♦♦♦ Mean mark (d) 22%.

e.   

♦♦♦ Mean mark (e) 13%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 338

Evaluate how different types of training affect the immediate response of stroke volume and how these responses contribute to performance in endurance and power-based sports.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During moderate-intensity aerobic training (e.g., continuous running at 60-70% maximum heart rate), stroke volume increases by 50-60% from resting values to deliver more blood per heart beat
  • This increase occurs because more blood returns to the heart (venous return) through the muscular pump effect and the heart contracts more forcefully
  • In high-intensity anaerobic training (e.g., sprint intervals), heart rate increases dramatically, which reduces filling time between beats, resulting in a smaller increase in stroke volume
  • For endurance athletes like marathon runners or cyclists, the larger stroke volume response during aerobic training directly improves cardiac output, supplying working muscles with oxygen more efficiently
  • The link between stroke volume and cardiac output (CO = SV × HR) means endurance athletes can maintain the same cardiac output with lower heart rates, conserving energy
  • For power athletes in sports like weightlifting or sprinting, the immediate stroke volume response is less significant as performance depends more on the ATP-PCr and glycolytic energy systems
  • In mixed sports like football or basketball, the ability to quickly increase stroke volume during transitions between high and moderate intensities helps maintain performance during the entire match
  • Training adaptations that enhance the immediate stroke volume response are more beneficial for endurance performance than power performance as they directly improve oxygen transport efficiency
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • During moderate-intensity aerobic training (e.g., continuous running at 60-70% maximum heart rate), stroke volume increases by 50-60% from resting values to deliver more blood per heart beat
  • This increase occurs because more blood returns to the heart (venous return) through the muscular pump effect and the heart contracts more forcefully
  • In high-intensity anaerobic training (e.g., sprint intervals), heart rate increases dramatically, which reduces filling time between beats, resulting in a smaller increase in stroke volume
  • For endurance athletes like marathon runners or cyclists, the larger stroke volume response during aerobic training directly improves cardiac output, supplying working muscles with oxygen more efficiently
  • The link between stroke volume and cardiac output (CO = SV × HR) means endurance athletes can maintain the same cardiac output with lower heart rates, conserving energy
  • For power athletes in sports like weightlifting or sprinting, the immediate stroke volume response is less significant as performance depends more on the ATP-PCr and glycolytic energy systems
  • In mixed sports like football or basketball, the ability to quickly increase stroke volume during transitions between high and moderate intensities helps maintain performance during the entire match
  • Training adaptations that enhance the immediate stroke volume response are more beneficial for endurance performance than power performance as they directly improve oxygen transport efficiency

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 331

Evaluate how ventilation rate interacts with other physiological responses during incremental exercise to exhaustion. Include in your response measures coaches could use to monitor these interactions.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Ventilation rate increases progressively during incremental exercise to meet increasing metabolic demands, starting from 12-15 breaths per minute at rest to potentially exceeding 50 breaths per minute at maximal effort.
  • Ventilation rate increases along with heart rate initially, both responding to the need to deliver more oxygen to working muscles.
  • As exercise intensity increases further, ventilation rate increases more rapidly to remove carbon dioxide produced during high-intensity exercise.
  • This increase in ventilation rate occurs around the same time lactate levels begin to rise significantly, marking the shift from predominantly aerobic to increasing anaerobic energy production.
  • At this point, ventilation rate increases sharply while exercise becomes more difficult to maintain,
  • Coaches can monitor these responses through several methods:
    • Observing breathing patterns during different exercise intensities
    • Using the talk test to estimate exercise intensity (difficulty speaking in full sentences indicates higher intensity)
    • Measuring recovery time of ventilation rate after exercise stops
    • Using simple tools to count breathing rates during training sessions
  • Understanding these relationships helps coaches design training programs that develop an athlete’s ability to handle different exercise intensities effectively.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Ventilation rate increases progressively during incremental exercise to meet increasing metabolic demands, starting from 12-15 breaths per minute at rest to potentially exceeding 50 breaths per minute at maximal effort.
  • Ventilation rate increases along with heart rate initially, both responding to the need to deliver more oxygen to working muscles.
  • As exercise intensity increases further, ventilation rate increases more rapidly to remove carbon dioxide produced during high-intensity exercise.
  • This increase in ventilation rate occurs around the same time lactate levels begin to rise significantly, marking the shift from predominantly aerobic to increasing anaerobic energy production.
  • At this point, ventilation rate increases sharply while exercise becomes more difficult to maintain,
  • Coaches can monitor these responses through several methods:
    • Observing breathing patterns during different exercise intensities
    • Using the talk test to estimate exercise intensity (difficulty speaking in full sentences indicates higher intensity)
    • Measuring recovery time of ventilation rate after exercise stops
    • Using simple tools to count breathing rates during training sessions
  • Understanding these relationships helps coaches design training programs that develop an athlete’s ability to handle different exercise intensities effectively.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 324

Analyse how different intensity levels of exercise affect the heart rate response in a trained versus untrained individual.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • During a progressive exercise test, heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume interact to meet the increasing metabolic demands of the working muscles.
  • Early stages (low intensity)
    • Heart rate increases linearly from resting levels (60-80 bpm) to approximately 110-130 bpm.
    • Cardiac output increases primarily due to increased stroke volume, which may increase from 70-80 ml/beat at rest to 100-120 ml/beat.
  • Moderate intensity
    • Heart rate continues to increase linearly (130-160 bpm) and stroke volume may reach its maximum capacity (120-150 ml/beat in average individuals).
    • The continued increase in cardiac output at this stage is primarily due to increasing heart rate.
  • High-intensity exercise (80-90% of maximum heart rate)
    • Stroke volume typically plateaus while heart rate continues to increase, approaching maximum levels (170-200 bpm depending on age).
    • Cardiac output continues to rise due to increasing heart rate despite stable stroke volume.
  • Very high intensity exercise
    • Less time is available for ventricular filling between beats, which may cause a slight decrease in stroke volume.
    • The heart compensates by further increasing heart rate to maintain or increase cardiac output.
  • The relationship between these variables demonstrates an effective compensatory mechanism that allows the cardiovascular system to meet metabolic demands efficiently.
  • In untrained individuals, heart rate increases more rapidly and stroke volume plateaus at a lower level
  • In trained individuals, require higher heart rates to achieve the same cardiac output.
  • The interrelationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume demonstrates how the cardiovascular system adapts during exercise, with cardiac output increasing through changes in both heart rate and stroke volume to meet the body’s changing oxygen demands.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During a progressive exercise test, heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume interact to meet the increasing metabolic demands of the working muscles.
  • Early stages (low intensity)
    • Heart rate increases linearly from resting levels (60-80 bpm) to approximately 110-130 bpm.
    • Cardiac output increases primarily due to increased stroke volume, which may increase from 70-80 ml/beat at rest to 100-120 ml/beat.
  • Moderate intensity
    • Heart rate continues to increase linearly (130-160 bpm) and stroke volume may reach its maximum capacity (120-150 ml/beat in average individuals).
    • The continued increase in cardiac output at this stage is primarily due to increasing heart rate.
  • High-intensity exercise (80-90% of maximum heart rate)
    • Stroke volume typically plateaus while heart rate continues to increase, approaching maximum levels (170-200 bpm depending on age).
    • Cardiac output continues to rise due to increasing heart rate despite stable stroke volume.
  • Very high intensity exercise
    • Less time is available for ventricular filling between beats, which may cause a slight decrease in stroke volume.
    • The heart compensates by further increasing heart rate to maintain or increase cardiac output.
  • The relationship between these variables demonstrates an effective compensatory mechanism that allows the cardiovascular system to meet metabolic demands efficiently.
  • In untrained individuals, heart rate increases more rapidly and stroke volume plateaus at a lower level
  • In trained individuals, require higher heart rates to achieve the same cardiac output.
  • The interrelationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume demonstrates how the cardiovascular system adapts during exercise, with cardiac output increasing through changes in both heart rate and stroke volume to meet the body’s changing oxygen demands.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 317

Analyse how the immediate physiological responses to high-intensity interval training differ from those during continuous moderate-intensity training. In your answer, address cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic responses.   (10 marks)

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Sample Answer 

Heart rate

  • HIIT
    • HR rises to near-maximum levels during work intervals
    • Partially recovers during rest periods, creating a fluctuating pattern.
  • CMIT
    • Steady elevated heart rate maintained throughout the session.

Stroke volume

  • HIIT
    • Reaches high levels during intense work intervals when the heart contracts forcefully.
    • Decreases during recovery periods.
  • CMIT
    • Increases to a moderate level and remains relatively consistent throughout the session.

Cardiac output

  • HIIT
    • Alternates between very high levels during work intervals and moderate levels during recovery
  • CMIT
    • Steady moderate cardiac output throughout training.

Blood pressure

  • HIIT
    • Sharp increases during work intervals with incomplete recovery between intervals 
  • CMIT
    • Moderate but stable increase in blood pressure.

Breathing rate

  • HIIT
    • Becomes very rapid during intense work intervals
    • Remains elevated during recovery periods as the body attempts to restore oxygen levels.
  • CMIT
    • Increases to a moderate level that matches the steady exercise intensity.

Oxygen consumption

  • HIIT
    • Repeatedly switches between very high demands during work intervals and recovery periods where the body attempts to repay oxygen deficit.
  • CMIT
    • Establishes a steady oxygen consumption that matches the consistent workload.

Lactate production

  • HIIT
    • Exceeds the body’s ability to remove it during intense intervals, causing lactate to accumulate throughout the session
  • CMIT
    • Production and removal remain relatively balanced, maintaining lactate at lower steady levels.

Energy systems

  • HIIT
    • Heavily relies on both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems during the intense intervals.
  • CMIT
    • Primarily uses the aerobic energy system throughout the session.

Muscle fibre recruitment

  • HIIT
    • Activates both slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres during high-intensity intervals
  • CMIT
    • Predominantly recruits slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant fibres.

Recovery patterns

  • HIIT
    • The body requires longer to return to resting levels due to greater physiological disruption
  • CMIT
    • Typically occurs more quickly since physiological systems weren’t pushed to their limits.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Heart rate

  • HIIT
    • HR rises to near-maximum levels during work intervals
    • Partially recovers during rest periods, creating a fluctuating pattern.
  • CMIT
    • Steady elevated heart rate maintained throughout the session.

Stroke volume

  • HIIT
    • Reaches high levels during intense work intervals when the heart contracts forcefully.
    • Decreases during recovery periods.
  • CMIT
    • Increases to a moderate level and remains relatively consistent throughout the session.

Cardiac output

  • HIIT
    • Alternates between very high levels during work intervals and moderate levels during recovery
  • CMIT
    • Steady moderate cardiac output throughout training.

Blood pressure

  • HIIT
    • Sharp increases during work intervals with incomplete recovery between intervals 
  • CMIT
    • Moderate but stable increase in blood pressure.

Breathing rate

  • HIIT
    • Becomes very rapid during intense work intervals
    • Remains elevated during recovery periods as the body attempts to restore oxygen levels.
  • CMIT
    • Increases to a moderate level that matches the steady exercise intensity.

Oxygen consumption

  • HIIT
    • Repeatedly switches between very high demands during work intervals and recovery periods where the body attempts to repay oxygen deficit.
  • CMIT
    • Establishes a steady oxygen consumption that matches the consistent workload.

Lactate production

  • HIIT
    • Exceeds the body’s ability to remove it during intense intervals, causing lactate to accumulate throughout the session
  • CMIT
    • Production and removal remain relatively balanced, maintaining lactate at lower steady levels.

Energy systems

  • HIIT
    • Heavily relies on both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems during the intense intervals.
  • CMIT
    • Primarily uses the aerobic energy system throughout the session.

Muscle fibre recruitment

  • HIIT
    • Activates both slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibres during high-intensity intervals
  • CMIT
    • Predominantly recruits slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant fibres.

Recovery patterns

  • HIIT
    • The body requires longer to return to resting levels due to greater physiological disruption
  • CMIT
    • Typically occurs more quickly since physiological systems weren’t pushed to their limits.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 316

Evaluate how monitoring immediate physiological responses during different types of training sessions can be used to optimise individual training programs.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer 

Heart rate

  • Monitoring during training provides immediate feedback about exercise intensity.
  • Allows athletes to train within specific heart rate zones that target improvements in either aerobic fitness or anaerobic capacity.
  • Monitoring how quickly heart rate returns to normal between exercise intervals helps identify an athlete’s recovery ability.
  • Can indicate when they need more rest to prevent excessive fatigue.

Breathing Rate

  • Observation helps identify when an athlete transitions from comfortable aerobic exercise to more challenging anaerobic work.
  • Allows coaches to design sessions that target specific energy systems.

Lactate levels

  • Measuring during training can determine an athlete’s lactate threshold.
  • Helps coaches set appropriate training intensities that improve the body’s ability to clear lactate during exercise.

Comparison to the same training

  • Comparison of heart rate response to the same training over time provides evidence of improvement.
  • A lower heart rate for the same exercise intensity indicates enhanced cardiovascular fitness.
  • Different athletes respond differently to the same training.
    • Some might show rapid heart rate increases with minimal lactate buildup.
    • Others might have the opposite response—highlighting the need for individualised training programs.

Physiological responses to different training

  • Monitoring across different types of training (such as intervals, continuous runs, or circuit training) helps identify which training methods are most effective for each individual athlete.

Tracking changes in responses

  • Tracking changes over a training season provides objective evidence of improvement or plateaus.
  • Allows coaches to modify training programs accordingly rather than following generic plans.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Heart rate

  • Monitoring during training provides immediate feedback about exercise intensity.
  • Allows athletes to train within specific heart rate zones that target improvements in either aerobic fitness or anaerobic capacity.
  • Monitoring how quickly heart rate returns to normal between exercise intervals helps identify an athlete’s recovery ability.
  • Can indicate when they need more rest to prevent excessive fatigue.

Breathing Rate

  • Observation helps identify when an athlete transitions from comfortable aerobic exercise to more challenging anaerobic work.
  • Allows coaches to design sessions that target specific energy systems.

Lactate levels

  • Measuring during training can determine an athlete’s lactate threshold.
  • Helps coaches set appropriate training intensities that improve the body’s ability to clear lactate during exercise.

Comparison to the same training

  • Comparison of heart rate response to the same training over time provides evidence of improvement.
  • A lower heart rate for the same exercise intensity indicates enhanced cardiovascular fitness.
  • Different athletes respond differently to the same training.
    • Some might show rapid heart rate increases with minimal lactate buildup.
    • Others might have the opposite response—highlighting the need for individualised training programs.

Physiological responses to different training

  • Monitoring across different types of training (such as intervals, continuous runs, or circuit training) helps identify which training methods are most effective for each individual athlete.

Tracking changes in responses

  • Tracking changes over a training season provides objective evidence of improvement or plateaus.
  • Allows coaches to modify training programs accordingly rather than following generic plans.

Calculus, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 1

Consider the function with rule  .

  1. Sketch the graph of    on the set of axes below. Label the vertical asymptotes with their equations and label the stationary points with their coordinates.   (3 marks)
     


  1. The region bounded by the graph of    and the lines    and    is rotated about the -axis to form a solid of revolution.
    1. Write down a definite integral involving only the variable , that when evaluated, will give the volume of the solid.   (2 marks)

    2. Find the volume of the solid, correct to one decimal place.   (1 mark)

  1. Now consider the function with rule  , where .  
  2. For what value of will the graph of have no asymptotes?    (1 mark)

  3. The gradient function of is given by  .
  4. For what values of will the graph of have exactly
    1. one stationary point?   (1 mark)

    2. three stationary points?   (1 mark)

    3. five stationary points?   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only

a.   

b.i.   

b.ii. 

c.   

d.i.   

d.ii. 

d.iii.

Show Worked Solution

a.   


 

b.i    
   

 
b.ii. 
 

c.    


  

d.i.

♦♦♦ Mean mark (d.i.) 27%.
♦♦♦ Mean mark (d.ii.) 27%.
♦♦♦ Mean mark (d.iii.) 25%.
 

d.ii. 

  

 


 

d.iii 

   
 

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 310

Evaluate how the four components of the FITT principle interact when designing a training program for a 100 m sprinter. In your response, address how each component affects the body's energy systems and physiological adaptations.   (10 marks)

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Sample Answer

Individual FITT components for 100 m training:

  • Frequency: 3-4 days per week for high-intensity anaerobic sessions allows adequate recovery for ATP-PCr resynthesis
  • Intensity: Must exceed 90% of maximum to specifically target fast-twitch muscle fibres and neural recruitment patterns
  • Time: Very short work intervals (5-10 seconds) with full recovery (work:rest ratio of 1:10-1:20) ensures ATP-PCr system development
  • Type: Must include sprint-specific movements, plyometrics, and resistance training to develop power and acceleration

Interactions between components:

  • Increasing intensity requires reducing frequency to prevent neural fatigue and overtraining
  • When time (volume) increases, intensity must correspondingly decrease to maintain proper training stimulus
  • Type of training affects recovery requirements, influencing optimal frequency (e.g., CNS-intensive training requires more recovery)
  • Intensity and time have inverse relationship—as one increases, the other typically decreases

Energy system development:

  • ATP-PCr system adaptations include increased creatine phosphate storage and faster resynthesis rates
  • Alactic power (ATP-PCr) development requires high intensity, short time, and adequate frequency with full recovery
  • Limited glycolytic system development is needed for the final 2-3 seconds of a 100m race
  • Aerobic system training at low frequency maintains recovery capacity between high-intensity sessions

Physiological adaptations:

  • Neural adaptations include improved motor unit synchronisation and rate coding
  • Muscular adaptations focus on type IIx fibre recruitment and hypertrophy
  • Enzymatic adaptations enhance ATP-PCr resynthesis and creatine kinase activity
  • Neuromuscular efficiency improves through optimal interaction of all FITT components

Periodisation considerations:

  • Frequency must be periodised throughout the season—higher in preparation phases, lower near competition
  • Intensity progressively increases as competition approaches while volume decreases
  • Training type shifts from general to specific as the competitive season approaches
  • Monitoring techniques must assess recovery status to optimise FITT components

Individual factors affecting FITT interactions:

  • Training age influences how aggressively FITT variables can be manipulated
  • Fibre type distribution affects optimal intensity and recovery requirements
  • Individual recovery capacity determines frequency tolerance
  • Injury history may require modifications to intensity and type components
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Individual FITT components for 100m training:

  • Frequency: 3-4 days per week for high-intensity anaerobic sessions allows adequate recovery for ATP-PCr resynthesis
  • Intensity: Must exceed 90% of maximum to specifically target fast-twitch muscle fibres and neural recruitment patterns
  • Time: Very short work intervals (5-10 seconds) with full recovery (work:rest ratio of 1:10-1:20) ensures ATP-PCr system development
  • Type: Must include sprint-specific movements, plyometrics, and resistance training to develop power and acceleration

Interactions between components:

  • Increasing intensity requires reducing frequency to prevent neural fatigue and overtraining
  • When time (volume) increases, intensity must correspondingly decrease to maintain proper training stimulus
  • Type of training affects recovery requirements, influencing optimal frequency (e.g., CNS-intensive training requires more recovery)
  • Intensity and time have inverse relationship—as one increases, the other typically decreases

Energy system development:

  • ATP-PCr system adaptations include increased creatine phosphate storage and faster resynthesis rates
  • Alactic power (ATP-PCr) development requires high intensity, short time, and adequate frequency with full recovery
  • Limited glycolytic system development is needed for the final 2-3 seconds of a 100m race
  • Aerobic system training at low frequency maintains recovery capacity between high-intensity sessions

Physiological adaptations:

  • Neural adaptations include improved motor unit synchronisation and rate coding
  • Muscular adaptations focus on type IIx fibre recruitment and hypertrophy
  • Enzymatic adaptations enhance ATP-PCr resynthesis and creatine kinase activity
  • Neuromuscular efficiency improves through optimal interaction of all FITT components

Periodisation considerations:

  • Frequency must be periodised throughout the season—higher in preparation phases, lower near competition
  • Intensity progressively increases as competition approaches while volume decreases
  • Training type shifts from general to specific as the competitive season approaches
  • Monitoring techniques must assess recovery status to optimise FITT components

Individual factors affecting FITT interactions:

  • Training age influences how aggressively FITT variables can be manipulated
  • Fibre type distribution affects optimal intensity and recovery requirements
  • Individual recovery capacity determines frequency tolerance
  • Injury history may require modifications to intensity and type components

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 298

Design a comprehensive 12-week aerobic training program for a high school athlete transitioning from sprint events to middle-distance running, applying each component of the FITT principle.

Justify how your program design addresses the specific physical and technical demands of middle-distance events.   (15 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Overall program structure

  • Weeks 1-4: Aerobic base development phase
  • Weeks 5-8: Middle-distance specific development phase
  • Weeks 9-12: Race preparation phase

Frequency application

  • Weeks 1-4: 3-4 sessions per week (lower frequency to allow adaptation)
  • Weeks 5-8: 4-5 sessions per week (increased frequency as adaptation occurs)
  • Weeks 9-12: 5-6 sessions per week (optimal frequency for race preparation)

Justification:

  • Gradual increase accommodates the athlete’s transition from sprint training, which typically involves fewer but more intense sessions, to the higher volume required for middle-distance success

Intensity application

  • Weeks 1-4: Primarily 60-70% MHR with one session at 75-80% MHR weekly
  • Weeks 5-8: Two sessions at 65-75% MHR, two sessions at 75-85% MHR weekly
  • Weeks 9-12: One session at 65-75% MHR, three sessions at 80-90% MHR, one race-pace session weekly

Justification:

  • Progression develops the aerobic base initially lacking in sprint athletes while gradually introducing higher intensity work that leverages their existing anaerobic capacity, ultimately preparing them for the specific intensity demands of middle-distance races

Time application

  • Weeks 1-4: 20-30 minute sessions, gradually increasing to 40 minutes
  • Weeks 5-8: 35-50 minute sessions depending on intensity
  • Weeks 9-12: Varied from 25-55 minutes based on session purpose

Justification:

  • Progression accommodates the athlete’s limited endurance capacity initially while systematically building duration capacity to match the time domains of middle-distance events and their preparation requirements

Type application

  • Weeks 1-4: Continuous running, introduction to fartlek training
  • Weeks 5-8: Tempo runs, aerobic intervals (400m-800m), hill training
  • Weeks 9-12: Race-pace intervals, tactical simulations, race modeling

Justification:

  • Progression introduces the specific training modalities required for middle-distance success while maintaining some familiar elements from sprint training

Specific session examples

  • Week 2:  25-minute continuous run at 65% MHR, focusing on developing running economy and form
  • Week 6:  6 × 400m at 3k race pace with 2-minute recovery, developing specific endurance
  • Week 10:  3 × 800m at goal race pace with 3-minute recovery, developing race-specific pacing skills

Technical considerations

  • Integration of running form drills in each session to transition from sprint mechanics to middle-distance running economy
  • Progressive introduction of pacing practice to develop the ability to judge effort and speed over longer distances
  • Tactical elements introduced in weeks 9-12 to prepare for competitive scenarios

Program flexibility

  • Weekly adjustments based on adaptation rates and feedback
  • One flexible session per week that can be modified based on fatigue levels and training response
  • Recovery weeks planned after weeks 4 and 8 with reduced volume and intensity

Conclusion

  • This training program systematically applies the FITT principle to address the specific challenge of transitioning from sprint to middle-distance events.
  • Appropriate progression is provided in each component to develop the required capacities while leveraging the athlete’s existing strengths.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Overall program structure

  • Weeks 1-4: Aerobic base development phase
  • Weeks 5-8: Middle-distance specific development phase
  • Weeks 9-12: Race preparation phase

Frequency application

  • Weeks 1-4: 3-4 sessions per week (lower frequency to allow adaptation)
  • Weeks 5-8: 4-5 sessions per week (increased frequency as adaptation occurs)
  • Weeks 9-12: 5-6 sessions per week (optimal frequency for race preparation)

Justification:

  • Gradual increase accommodates the athlete’s transition from sprint training, which typically involves fewer but more intense sessions, to the higher volume required for middle-distance success

Intensity application

  • Weeks 1-4: Primarily 60-70% MHR with one session at 75-80% MHR weekly
  • Weeks 5-8: Two sessions at 65-75% MHR, two sessions at 75-85% MHR weekly
  • Weeks 9-12: One session at 65-75% MHR, three sessions at 80-90% MHR, one race-pace session weekly

Justification:

  • Progression develops the aerobic base initially lacking in sprint athletes while gradually introducing higher intensity work that leverages their existing anaerobic capacity, ultimately preparing them for the specific intensity demands of middle-distance races

Time application

  • Weeks 1-4: 20-30 minute sessions, gradually increasing to 40 minutes
  • Weeks 5-8: 35-50 minute sessions depending on intensity
  • Weeks 9-12: Varied from 25-55 minutes based on session purpose

Justification:

  • Progression accommodates the athlete’s limited endurance capacity initially while systematically building duration capacity to match the time domains of middle-distance events and their preparation requirements

Type application

  • Weeks 1-4: Continuous running, introduction to fartlek training
  • Weeks 5-8: Tempo runs, aerobic intervals (400m-800m), hill training
  • Weeks 9-12: Race-pace intervals, tactical simulations, race modeling

Justification:

  • Progression introduces the specific training modalities required for middle-distance success while maintaining some familiar elements from sprint training

Specific session examples

  • Week 2:  25-minute continuous run at 65% MHR, focusing on developing running economy and form
  • Week 6:  6 × 400m at 3k race pace with 2-minute recovery, developing specific endurance
  • Week 10:  3 × 800m at goal race pace with 3-minute recovery, developing race-specific pacing skills

Technical considerations

  • Integration of running form drills in each session to transition from sprint mechanics to middle-distance running economy
  • Progressive introduction of pacing practice to develop the ability to judge effort and speed over longer distances
  • Tactical elements introduced in weeks 9-12 to prepare for competitive scenarios

Program flexibility

  • Weekly adjustments based on adaptation rates and feedback
  • One flexible session per week that can be modified based on fatigue levels and training response
  • Recovery weeks planned after weeks 4 and 8 with reduced volume and intensity

Conclusion

  • This training program systematically applies the FITT principle to address the specific challenge of transitioning from sprint to middle-distance events.
  • Appropriate progression is provided in each component to develop the required capacities while leveraging the athlete’s existing strengths.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 287

A netball player has sustained an ankle injury and has been cleared to return to training. Evaluate how you would apply the FITT principle to design an appropriate anaerobic training program for their rehabilitation and return to play.   (10 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer 

Frequency

  • Initially limited to 2-3 sessions per week during early rehabilitation to allow adequate healing time and prevent re-injury
  • Progressive increase to 3-4 sessions as recovery advances
  • Return to normal training load (4-5 sessions) during late-stage rehabilitation.

Intensity – Progressive overload pattern:

  • Beginning with low-intensity (50-60% of maximum effort) controlled movements focusing on proprioception and stability.
  • Advancing to moderate intensity (60-80%) as pain and swelling decrease.
  • Finally returning to sport-specific high-intensity (80-95%) anaerobic drills in the final rehabilitation phase.

Time considerations

  • Initially focus on short duration activities (5-15 seconds) with extended rest periods (1:5 work-to-rest ratio) to prevent fatigue-related technique breakdown.
  • Gradually progressing to sport-specific interval patterns (15-30 seconds of work with 30-90 seconds recovery) that replicate game demands.

Type of exercise

  • Would start with controlled straight-line movements and basic strength exercises.
  • Evolving to multi-directional movements, agility drills, and sport-specific netball movements (cutting, landing, pivoting) that challenge the ankle under progressively more game-like conditions.

Cross-training methods:

  • Incorporated during early and mid-rehabilitation to maintain anaerobic fitness while reducing load on the injured ankle.
  • For example swimming sprints or upper-body circuit training.

Assessment measures

  • Implemented at each stage to evaluate readiness to progress, including pain levels, range of motion, strength testing, and functional performance tests specific to netball movements.

Psychological readiness:

  • Considered alongside physical parameters when designing the program, as fear of re-injury can impair performance and increase injury risk through compensatory movement patterns.

The principle of specificity:

  • Increasingly emphasised as rehabilitation progresses, with the final stages incorporating anaerobic training that closely mimics the position-specific demands the player will face during competition.

Individual response to training:

  • Monitored closely, with the FITT variables adjusted based on how the ankle responds to progressive loading.

This periodised approach using the FITT principle ensures:

  • A safe return to play by systematically rebuilding anaerobic capacity and neuromuscular control while protecting the healing ankle from excessive or inappropriate stress.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Frequency

  • Initially limited to 2-3 sessions per week during early rehabilitation to allow adequate healing time and prevent re-injury
  • Progressive increase to 3-4 sessions as recovery advances
  • Return to normal training load (4-5 sessions) during late-stage rehabilitation.

Intensity – Progressive overload pattern:

  • Beginning with low-intensity (50-60% of maximum effort) controlled movements focusing on proprioception and stability.
  • Advancing to moderate intensity (60-80%) as pain and swelling decrease.
  • Finally returning to sport-specific high-intensity (80-95%) anaerobic drills in the final rehabilitation phase.

Time considerations

  • Initially focus on short duration activities (5-15 seconds) with extended rest periods (1:5 work-to-rest ratio) to prevent fatigue-related technique breakdown.
  • Gradually progressing to sport-specific interval patterns (15-30 seconds of work with 30-90 seconds recovery) that replicate game demands.

Type of exercise

  • Would start with controlled straight-line movements and basic strength exercises.
  • Evolving to multi-directional movements, agility drills, and sport-specific netball movements (cutting, landing, pivoting) that challenge the ankle under progressively more game-like conditions.

Cross-training methods:

  • Incorporated during early and mid-rehabilitation to maintain anaerobic fitness while reducing load on the injured ankle.
  • For example swimming sprints or upper-body circuit training.

Assessment measures

  • Implemented at each stage to evaluate readiness to progress, including pain levels, range of motion, strength testing, and functional performance tests specific to netball movements.

Psychological readiness:

  • Considered alongside physical parameters when designing the program, as fear of re-injury can impair performance and increase injury risk through compensatory movement patterns.

The principle of specificity:

  • Increasingly emphasised as rehabilitation progresses, with the final stages incorporating anaerobic training that closely mimics the position-specific demands the player will face during competition.

Individual response to training:

  • Monitored closely, with the FITT variables adjusted based on how the ankle responds to progressive loading.

This periodised approach using the FITT principle ensures:

  • A safe return to play by systematically rebuilding anaerobic capacity and neuromuscular control while protecting the healing ankle from excessive or inappropriate stress.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 13

Outline an experimental procedure to determine the acceleration of a falling steel ball. Your explanation should include all the measurements that must be recorded, the calculations needed to compute the acceleration, and an identification of any potential sources of error in the experiment.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Procedure and Measurements:

→ Set up a vertical drop area with a height of two metres which can be measured using a measuring tape or ruler.

→ Position the steel ball at the measured height using a release mechanism or having someone drop it from the height of 2 metres from rest.

→ Start the stopwatch (or begin video recording) at the moment of release and stop the timer as soon as the ball hits the ground.

→ Repeat the drop several times (e.g., 3–5 trials) to obtain an average time of fall .

→ The acceleration of the ball can be calculated using the formula, , where , and is the time measured for the ball to drop. Hence .

Sources of Error:

→ Timing: Not starting the stopwatch at the exact times when the ball is released or stopping the stopwatch at the exact time when the ball hits the ground. 

→ Initial Velocity: if the person holding the steel ball does not drop it from rest.

→ Height: Inaccuracies in the measurement of the two metre drop height.

Show Worked Solution

Procedure and Measurements:

→ Set up a vertical drop area with a height of two metres which can be measured using a measuring tape or ruler.

→ Position the steel ball at the measured height using a release mechanism or having someone drop it from the height of 2 metres from rest.

→ Start the stopwatch (or begin video recording) at the moment of release and stop the timer as soon as the ball hits the ground.

→ Repeat the drop several times (e.g., 3–5 trials) to obtain an average time of fall ().

→ The acceleration of the ball can be calculated using the formula, , where , and is the time measured for the ball to drop. Rearranging the formula,  .
 

Sources of Error:

→ Timing: Not starting the stopwatch at the exact times when the ball is released or stopping the stopwatch at the exact time when the ball hits the ground. 

→ Initial Velocity: if the person holding the steel ball does not drop it from rest.

→ Height: Inaccuracies in the measurement of the two metre drop height.

EXAMCOPY MattTest Indenting

Consider the function , where

Part of the graph of is shown below.
 

  1. State the range of .   (1 mark)

  2. Matt 1
    1. lskdjflsdkfj 
    2. sldkjfsldkfj 
    1. Something
    1. abc
    2. def
  5. slkflskdfj
    1. slkdfjlsdkfj
    2. sdlkjfsdlkfj
    1. lskjdflksd
    2. sdkjflsdkfj
  7. See the items below
    1. first
    2. second
    3. third
    4. fourth
    5. fifth
    1. Find .   (2 marks)

    2. State the maximal domain over which is strictly increasing.   (1 mark)
    1. slkdjflskdfj 
    2. slkdfjlsdkfj
  10. lsksdlkfj
    1. sdflkjsd
    2. sdlfkj
    1. sdfsdlkf
  12. slkdfsldkfj
    1. slkdfjsldkfj
  13. Show that .   (1 mark)

  14. Find the domain and the rule of , the inverse of .   (3 marks)
  15. Let be the function , where and .
  1. The inverse function of is defined by .
  2. The area of the regions bound by the functions and can be expressed as a function, .
  3. The graph below shows the relevant area shaded.
     

  1. You are not required to find or define .
  1. Determine the range of values of such that .   (1 mark)

  2. Explain why the domain of does not include all values of .   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
a.    
b.i
b.ii
c.
d.
e.i 
e.ii No bounded area for
Show Worked Solution

a.   is the range.

b.i   
 
   
     
   
     

 
b.ii 

c.    
   

 
d.   To find the inverse swap and in

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
    Domain:
  

e.i   The vertical dilation factor of  is 

For ,

   [Using CAS]


♦♦♦♦ Mean mark (e.i) 10%.
MARKER’S COMMENT: Incorrect responses included and .

e.ii  When for  (or for  ) there is no bounded area.

  There will be no bounded area for .


♦♦♦♦ Mean mark (e.ii) 10%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 231

Evaluate the effectiveness of continuous training for improving the performance of a basketball player.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Strengths:

  • Effectively develops the required aerobic base needed to maintain performance throughout a full game duration, enabling players to sustain effort across four quarters and overtime periods without significant fatigue impact.
  • Significantly improves recovery capacity between the high intensity efforts required during basketball play by enhancing the body’s ability to remove lactate and restore ATP during brief stoppages in play.
  • Presents relatively low injury risk due to the moderate intensity nature of continuous training methods, allowing consistent training application throughout the season without overloading joints and muscles.
  • Provides easily monitored and adjustable intensity levels to ensure appropriate training stimulus, enabling coaches to track heart rates and modify workloads based on individual player fitness and positional requirements.

Limitations:

  • Does not adequately replicate the specific movement patterns required during basketball competition such as rapid acceleration/deceleration, jumping and lateral movements that characterise game play.
  • Fails to develop the anaerobic capacity needed for explosive movements in basketball like fast breaks, defensive slides and rebounding contests which require immediate energy system response.
  • May result in reduced interest and motivation due to the repetitive nature of continuous training, potentially leading to decreased training quality and reduced adherence to prescribed workloads.
  • Requires significant time commitment that could be better spent on skill development and game-specific training, potentially limiting technical improvement and tactical understanding during limited practice time.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Strengths:

  • Effectively develops the required aerobic base needed to maintain performance throughout a full game duration, enabling players to sustain effort across four quarters and overtime periods without significant fatigue impact.
  • Significantly improves recovery capacity between the high intensity efforts required during basketball play by enhancing the body’s ability to remove lactate and restore ATP during brief stoppages in play.
  • Presents relatively low injury risk due to the moderate intensity nature of continuous training methods, allowing consistent training application throughout the season without overloading joints and muscles.
  • Provides easily monitored and adjustable intensity levels to ensure appropriate training stimulus, enabling coaches to track heart rates and modify workloads based on individual player fitness and positional requirements.

Limitations:

  • Does not adequately replicate the specific movement patterns required during basketball competition such as rapid acceleration/deceleration, jumping and lateral movements that characterise game play.
  • Fails to develop the anaerobic capacity needed for explosive movements in basketball like fast breaks, defensive slides and rebounding contests which require immediate energy system response.
  • May result in reduced interest and motivation due to the repetitive nature of continuous training, potentially leading to decreased training quality and reduced adherence to prescribed workloads.
  • Requires significant time commitment that could be better spent on skill development and game-specific training, potentially limiting technical improvement and tactical understanding during limited practice time.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 230

Analyse how the principle of specificity would be applied when designing a continuous training program for a hockey player.   (7 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The principle of specificity requires training to match the particular demands of the sport, therefore continuous training for hockey must replicate the physiological and movement requirements of a 70-minute game.
  • Training intensity must match the aerobic demands of game play (70-80% of maximum heart rate), with continuous training designed to maintain this intensity while incorporating changes of direction and short accelerations to mirror match conditions.
  • Session duration should progressively build to 70 minutes to prepare the cardiorespiratory system for full match length, with the continuous nature of training developing the endurance needed to maintain performance throughout both halves.
  • Players must incorporate stick skills during continuous movement such as dribbling or passing drills while maintaining target heart rate, ensuring sport-specific coordination is developed under the fatigue conditions experienced during matches.
  • Position-specific movement patterns should be included in continuous training – for example, midfielders covering greater distances at steady state while forwards incorporate more directional changes at the same intensity level.
  • Position-specific movement patterns should be included in continuous training – for example, midfielders covering greater distances at steady state while forwards incorporate more directional changes at the same intensity level.
  • Progressive overload through gradually increased duration and intensity ensures continued aerobic development specific to hockey demands, with the ultimate goal of maintaining high-quality skill execution under match-like fatigue conditions.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The principle of specificity requires training to match the particular demands of the sport, therefore continuous training for hockey must replicate the physiological and movement requirements of a 70-minute game.
  • Training intensity must match the aerobic demands of game play (70-80% of maximum heart rate), with continuous training designed to maintain this intensity while incorporating changes of direction and short accelerations to mirror match conditions.
  • Session duration should progressively build to 70 minutes to prepare the cardiorespiratory system for full match length, with the continuous nature of training developing the endurance needed to maintain performance throughout both halves.
  • Players must incorporate stick skills during continuous movement such as dribbling or passing drills while maintaining target heart rate, ensuring sport-specific coordination is developed under the fatigue conditions experienced during matches.
  • Position-specific movement patterns should be included in continuous training – for example, midfielders covering greater distances at steady state while forwards incorporate more directional changes at the same intensity level.
  • Position-specific movement patterns should be included in continuous training – for example, midfielders covering greater distances at steady state while forwards incorporate more directional changes at the same intensity level.
  • Progressive overload through gradually increased duration and intensity ensures continued aerobic development specific to hockey demands, with the ultimate goal of maintaining high-quality skill execution under match-like fatigue conditions.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 223

Critically analyse how macronutrient requirements change based on predominant energy system use.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Carbohydrate needs vary between activities:

  • Endurance activities like distance running require higher carbohydrate intake to maintain blood glucose levels throughout the activity.
  • Sprint-based activities need moderate carbohydrates mainly to fuel short bursts of activity and restore energy between efforts.

Protein requirements differ based on activity type:

  • Aerobic activities need moderate protein mainly for enzyme production and minor muscle repair.
  • Anaerobic activities require higher protein intake due to greater muscle stress during explosive movements and power activities.

Fat plays different roles:

  • Aerobic activities can use fat as a secondary fuel source during long duration events when performed at lower intensities.
  • Anaerobic activities rely very little on fat for energy production due to the high intensity nature of the activity.

Meal timing varies with energy system use:

  • Aerobic athletes need to eat regularly throughout the day to maintain energy levels for training and competition.
  • Anaerobic athletes focus more on pre and post activity nutrition to support immediate energy needs.

Daily food choices reflect energy needs:

  • Aerobic athletes should choose more complex carbohydrates like whole grains and starchy vegetables for sustained energy.
  • Anaerobic athletes need a balance of both simple and complex carbohydrates with higher protein foods.

Overall nutrition planning requires understanding both systems:

  • Athletes need to consume adequate amounts of all macronutrients but in different proportions based on whether their sport primarily uses aerobic or anaerobic energy systems for optimal performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Carbohydrate needs vary between activities:

  • Endurance activities like distance running require higher carbohydrate intake to maintain blood glucose levels throughout the activity.
  • Sprint-based activities need moderate carbohydrates mainly to fuel short bursts of activity and restore energy between efforts.

Protein requirements differ based on activity type:

  • Aerobic activities need moderate protein mainly for enzyme production and minor muscle repair.
  • Anaerobic activities require higher protein intake due to greater muscle stress during explosive movements and power activities.

Fat plays different roles:

  • Aerobic activities can use fat as a secondary fuel source during long duration events when performed at lower intensities.
  • Anaerobic activities rely very little on fat for energy production due to the high intensity nature of the activity.

Meal timing varies with energy system use:

  • Aerobic athletes need to eat regularly throughout the day to maintain energy levels for training and competition.
  • Anaerobic athletes focus more on pre and post activity nutrition to support immediate energy needs.

Daily food choices reflect energy needs:

  • Aerobic athletes should choose more complex carbohydrates like whole grains and starchy vegetables for sustained energy.
  • Anaerobic athletes need a balance of both simple and complex carbohydrates with higher protein foods.

Overall nutrition planning requires understanding both systems:

  • Athletes need to consume adequate amounts of all macronutrients but in different proportions based on whether their sport primarily uses aerobic or anaerobic energy systems for optimal performance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 222

Evaluate nutritional strategies for a team sport involving both energy systems.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

Team sports require both immediate and sustained energy:

  • Players need adequate carbohydrates to fuel both their short sprints during play and maintain energy levels throughout the entire game, making a balanced diet with plenty of complex carbohydrates essential

Different playing positions have varied nutritional needs:

  • Players who perform more anaerobic activities like repeated sprinting need higher protein intake for muscle recovery, while those doing more continuous running require higher carbohydrate intake.

Meal timing is important:

  • Pre-game nutrition should include easily digestible carbohydrates to ensure energy availability for both immediate and sustained efforts during play, with light snacks available during breaks to maintain energy levels.

Post-game nutrition focuses on replenishment:

  • Players need to consume both carbohydrates to restore energy and protein to repair muscles, with food consumed soon after the game when the body is most receptive.

Hydration strategies need to be individualised:

  • Players should drink water regularly before and during the game based on their individual needs and the environmental conditions to maintain performance in both energy systems.

Daily nutrition planning matters:

  • Players need to consume adequate amounts of all nutrients including carbohydrates for energy, protein for muscle maintenance and recovery, and essential vitamins and minerals for optimal energy system function.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Team sports require both immediate and sustained energy:

  • Players need adequate carbohydrates to fuel both their short sprints during play and maintain energy levels throughout the entire game, making a balanced diet with plenty of complex carbohydrates essential

Different playing positions have varied nutritional needs:

  • Players who perform more anaerobic activities like repeated sprinting need higher protein intake for muscle recovery, while those doing more continuous running require higher carbohydrate intake.

Meal timing is important:

  • Pre-game nutrition should include easily digestible carbohydrates to ensure energy availability for both immediate and sustained efforts during play, with light snacks available during breaks to maintain energy levels.

Post-game nutrition focuses on replenishment:

  • Players need to consume both carbohydrates to restore energy and protein to repair muscles, with food consumed soon after the game when the body is most receptive.

Hydration strategies need to be individualised:

  • Players should drink water regularly before and during the game based on their individual needs and the environmental conditions to maintain performance in both energy systems.

Daily nutrition planning matters:

  • Players need to consume adequate amounts of all nutrients including carbohydrates for energy, protein for muscle maintenance and recovery, and essential vitamins and minerals for optimal energy system function.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 221

Analyse the role of carbohydrate intake in different sporting activities.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Essential for aerobic activities like long-distance running as carbohydrates provide the main source of energy through glucose breakdown in the presence of oxygen.
  • Less important for anaerobic activities like sprinting as these rely primarily on stored ATP for immediate energy rather than carbohydrate breakdown.
  • Affects energy availability differently: aerobic activities require constant supply of carbohydrates to maintain blood glucose levels while anaerobic activities use stored energy.
  • Influences activity duration as aerobic athletes need regular carbohydrate consumption to prevent fatigue while anaerobic athletes focus on pre-exercise carbohydrate intake.
  • Impacts energy system efficiency as adequate carbohydrate intake ensures optimal function of both aerobic and anaerobic systems during their respective activities.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Essential for aerobic activities like long-distance running as carbohydrates provide the main source of energy through glucose breakdown in the presence of oxygen.
  • Less important for anaerobic activities like sprinting as these rely primarily on stored ATP for immediate energy rather than carbohydrate breakdown.
  • Affects energy availability differently: aerobic activities require constant supply of carbohydrates to maintain blood glucose levels while anaerobic activities use stored energy.
  • Influences activity duration as aerobic athletes need regular carbohydrate consumption to prevent fatigue while anaerobic athletes focus on pre-exercise carbohydrate intake.
  • Impacts energy system efficiency as adequate carbohydrate intake ensures optimal function of both aerobic and anaerobic systems during their respective activities.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 220

Assess how understanding energy system nutrition can improve athletic performance.   (5 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

Allows targeted fuelling strategies:

  • Aerobic activities, like distance running, require regular carbohydrate intake during performance → 60-90 grams carbohydrate/hour.
  • Anaerobic activities, like sprinting, focus on pre-activity carbohydrate consumption to ensure energy availability.

Optimises recovery timing by understanding when different nutrients are needed:

  • High carbohydrate foods help replenish energy stores after aerobic activities.
  • Protein-rich foods support muscle repair after anaerobic efforts.

Enhances daily nutrition planning through understanding which macronutrients are most important:

  • Aerobic athletes need higher carbohydrate intake for sustained energy → 65% carbohydrates.
  • Anaerobic athletes require moderate carbohydrate with higher protein → 40% carbohydrates.

Prevents nutritional deficiencies by identifying specific needs:

  • Aerobic athletes need increased iron intake for oxygen transport (30% higher).
  • Anaerobic athletes require adequate B vitamins and zinc for immediate energy production.

Maximises energy availability by timing nutrient intake appropriately:

  • Aerobic athletes need regular meals throughout the day.
  • Anaerobic athletes focus on pre and post activity nutrition timing.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Allows targeted fuelling strategies:

  • Aerobic activities, like distance running, require regular carbohydrate intake during performance → 60-90 grams carbohydrate/hour.
  • Anaerobic activities, like sprinting, focus on pre-activity carbohydrate consumption to ensure energy availability.

Optimises recovery timing by understanding when different nutrients are needed:

  • High carbohydrate foods help replenish energy stores after aerobic activities.
  • Protein-rich foods support muscle repair after anaerobic efforts.

Enhances daily nutrition planning through understanding which macronutrients are most important:

  • Aerobic athletes need higher carbohydrate intake for sustained energy → 65% carbohydrates.
  • Anaerobic athletes require moderate carbohydrate with higher protein → 40% carbohydrates.

Prevents nutritional deficiencies by identifying specific needs:

  • Aerobic athletes need increased iron intake for oxygen transport (30% higher).
  • Anaerobic athletes require adequate B vitamins and zinc for immediate energy production.

Maximises energy availability by timing nutrient intake appropriately:

  • Aerobic athletes need regular meals throughout the day.
  • Anaerobic athletes focus on pre and post activity nutrition timing.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 205

Evaluate how an athlete's macronutrient requirements change when transitioning from aerobic to anaerobic training.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Carbohydrate needs shift from complex carbohydrates during endurance work to readily available simple carbohydrates required for anaerobic energy production
  • Protein requirements increase from 1.2g/kg to 1.6-1.8g/kg to support greater muscle fibre recruitment and repair during explosive movements
  • Fat utilisation decreases during anaerobic training as the body prioritises glucose metabolism, reducing dietary fat requirements for immediate energy
  • Timing of nutrient intake becomes critical, requiring precise pre-workout fueling and immediate post-workout recovery within the anabolic window
  • Pre-exercise meal focuses on lower fibre, higher simple carbohydrates to prevent digestive issues while ensuring quick energy for intensity
  • Recovery nutrition emphasises rapid glycogen replenishment using high GI carbohydrates as anaerobic training depletes stores more quickly
  • Hydration needs adjust during anaerobic work due to higher core temperature and sweat rates, requiring strategic electrolyte replacement
  • Supplement considerations shift toward creatine and BCAAs for power rather than endurance-focused supplements used in aerobic training
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Carbohydrate needs shift from complex carbohydrates during endurance work to readily available simple carbohydrates required for anaerobic energy production
  • Protein requirements increase from 1.2g/kg to 1.6-1.8g/kg to support greater muscle fibre recruitment and repair during explosive movements
  • Fat utilisation decreases during anaerobic training as the body prioritises glucose metabolism, reducing dietary fat requirements for immediate energy
  • Timing of nutrient intake becomes critical, requiring precise pre-workout fueling and immediate post-workout recovery within the anabolic window
  • Pre-exercise meal focuses on lower fibre, higher simple carbohydrates to prevent digestive issues while ensuring quick energy for intensity
  • Recovery nutrition emphasises rapid glycogen replenishment using high GI carbohydrates as anaerobic training depletes stores more quickly
  • Hydration needs adjust during anaerobic work due to higher core temperature and sweat rates, requiring strategic electrolyte replacement
  • Supplement considerations shift toward creatine and BCAAs for power rather than endurance-focused supplements used in aerobic training

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 198

Evaluate the effectiveness of micronutrient supplementation versus whole food sources for elite athletes.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Supplements provide precise dosage control which ensures specific nutritional targets are met
  • Whole foods offer better nutrient absorption rates due to natural cofactors present in food
  • Supplements carry risk of contamination with banned substances which could lead to failed drug tests
  • Natural foods provide additional beneficial compounds like antioxidants and fibre not found in supplements
  • Supplements effectively address diagnosed deficiencies when food intake is insufficient
  • Whole foods provide better sustained nutrient release throughout digestion process
  • Supplements offer convenient nutrient delivery during periods of heavy training or travel
  • Food sources provide more cost-effective long-term nutrition solution for most athletes
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Supplements provide precise dosage control which ensures specific nutritional targets are met
  • Whole foods offer better nutrient absorption rates due to natural cofactors present in food
  • Supplements carry risk of contamination with banned substances which could lead to failed drug tests
  • Natural foods provide additional beneficial compounds like antioxidants and fibre not found in supplements
  • Supplements effectively address diagnosed deficiencies when food intake is insufficient
  • Whole foods provide better sustained nutrient release throughout digestion process
  • Supplements offer convenient nutrient delivery during periods of heavy training or travel
  • Food sources provide more cost-effective long-term nutrition solution for most athletes

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 189

Explain how different causes of fatigue affect performance in a 2-minute rowing sprint.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During the initial explosive start, ATP-PCr stores become rapidly depleted within 10 seconds, resulting in an immediate decrease in power output for the rowing stroke.
  • The accumulation of lactic acid from the dominant glycolytic system causes the blood pH to drop significantly, interfering with the efficiency of muscle contractions and power generation through the middle section.
  • Local muscle glycogen stores begin depleting as the intensity continues, reducing the availability of immediate energy for the working muscles in the latter stages.
  • Neural fatigue progressively reduces the efficiency of muscle fibre recruitment, particularly affecting the large muscle groups required for maintaining proper rowing technique.
  • The psychological impact of fatigue affects technique execution and power application, leading to a decline in stroke efficiency and overall performance output.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During the initial explosive start, ATP-PCr stores become rapidly depleted within 10 seconds, resulting in an immediate decrease in power output for the rowing stroke.
  • The accumulation of lactic acid from the dominant glycolytic system causes the blood pH to drop significantly, interfering with the efficiency of muscle contractions and power generation through the middle section.
  • Local muscle glycogen stores begin depleting as the intensity continues, reducing the availability of immediate energy for the working muscles in the latter stages.
  • Neural fatigue progressively reduces the efficiency of muscle fibre recruitment, particularly affecting the large muscle groups required for maintaining proper rowing technique.
  • The psychological impact of fatigue affects technique execution and power application, leading to a decline in stroke efficiency and overall performance output.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 184

Analyse how the three energy systems interact to provide energy during a 1500 m race.   (8 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • As the race begins, the ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for the explosive start and initial acceleration to race pace within the first 10 seconds.
  • The lactic acid system then becomes increasingly important during the first 400 metres as runners establish position and settle into race pace, contributing approximately 15% of energy requirements.
  • The aerobic system becomes the dominant energy provider after the first lap, delivering approximately 85% of energy needs for the remainder of the race through oxidative phosphorylation.
  • During tactical surges or when overtaking competitors, there is increased contribution from the lactic acid system while the aerobic system continues to operate.
  • Brief reductions in pace allow partial replenishment of ATP-PCr stores which can then be utilised for short bursts of acceleration when responding to competitors’ moves.
  • Accumulated lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis may begin to impact performance in the final stages of the race if the pace has been too aggressive.
  • The aerobic system’s efficiency in providing energy while clearing metabolic waste products becomes crucial in maintaining race pace through the middle stages.
  • Throughout the race, all three energy systems operate simultaneously with their relative contributions shifting based on pace changes and tactical demands of the race.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • As the race begins, the ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for the explosive start and initial acceleration to race pace within the first 10 seconds.
  • The lactic acid system then becomes increasingly important during the first 400 metres as runners establish position and settle into race pace, contributing approximately 15% of energy requirements.
  • The aerobic system becomes the dominant energy provider after the first lap, delivering approximately 85% of energy needs for the remainder of the race through oxidative phosphorylation.
  • During tactical surges or when overtaking competitors, there is increased contribution from the lactic acid system while the aerobic system continues to operate.
  • Brief reductions in pace allow partial replenishment of ATP-PCr stores which can then be utilised for short bursts of acceleration when responding to competitors’ moves.
  • Accumulated lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis may begin to impact performance in the final stages of the race if the pace has been too aggressive.
  • The aerobic system’s efficiency in providing energy while clearing metabolic waste products becomes crucial in maintaining race pace through the middle stages.
  • Throughout the race, all three energy systems operate simultaneously with their relative contributions shifting based on pace changes and tactical demands of the race.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 183

Assess the interplay of energy systems during a 90-minute soccer match.   (6 marks)

Show Answers Only

Sample Answer

  • Throughout a soccer match, the ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for explosive movements like sprinting to beat defenders, jumping for headers and rapid direction changes that occur approximately every 90 seconds.
  • The lactic acid system becomes crucial during sequences of repeated high-intensity efforts such as overlapping runs or pressing sequences that extend beyond 10 seconds.
  • During periods of lower intensity activity like tactical repositioning or walking, the aerobic system dominates, providing over 80% of energy requirements across the full 90 minutes.
  • Natural breaks in play such as throw-ins or free kicks allow partial replenishment of ATP-PCr stores, enabling players to repeatedly perform explosive movements throughout the match.
  • As the game progresses into the later stages, accumulated lactic acid can impair muscle function leading to reduced power output and compromised skill execution.
  • A player’s aerobic fitness level ultimately determines their ability to maintain high-intensity intermittent performance while delaying the onset of fatigue across the full match duration.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Throughout a soccer match, the ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for explosive movements like sprinting to beat defenders, jumping for headers and rapid direction changes that occur approximately every 90 seconds.
  • The lactic acid system becomes crucial during sequences of repeated high-intensity efforts such as overlapping runs or pressing sequences that extend beyond 10 seconds.
  • During periods of lower intensity activity like tactical repositioning or walking, the aerobic system dominates, providing over 80% of energy requirements across the full 90 minutes.
  • Natural breaks in play such as throw-ins or free kicks allow partial replenishment of ATP-PCr stores, enabling players to repeatedly perform explosive movements throughout the match.
  • As the game progresses into the later stages, accumulated lactic acid can impair muscle function leading to reduced power output and compromised skill execution.
  • A player’s aerobic fitness level ultimately determines their ability to maintain high-intensity intermittent performance while delaying the onset of fatigue across the full match duration.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 176

Analyse the relationship between energy system recovery rates and training program design.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr recovery demands 30-second minimum rest intervals between explosive efforts to ensure phosphocreatine replenishment for power and speed training.
  • Glycolytic training requires 3-5 minute recovery periods between high-intensity efforts to allow adequate lactate clearance and maintain quality of performance.
  • Recovery duration must align with the specific energy system being targeted, with shorter rests developing anaerobic capacity and longer rests maintaining power output.
  • Work-to-rest ratios determine the physiological adaptations, with 1:3 developing anaerobic capacity and 1:5 maximizing power development.
  • Progressive overload is achieved through systematically reducing recovery periods as fitness improves, while maintaining exercise quality and intensity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • ATP-PCr recovery demands 30-second minimum rest intervals between explosive efforts to ensure phosphocreatine replenishment for power and speed training.
  • Glycolytic training requires 3-5 minute recovery periods between high-intensity efforts to allow adequate lactate clearance and maintain quality of performance.
  • Recovery duration must align with the specific energy system being targeted, with shorter rests developing anaerobic capacity and longer rests maintaining power output.
  • Work-to-rest ratios determine the physiological adaptations, with 1:3 developing anaerobic capacity and 1:5 maximizing power development.
  • Progressive overload is achieved through systematically reducing recovery periods as fitness improves, while maintaining exercise quality and intensity.

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2004 HSC 28a

A health rating, , is calculated by dividing a person’s weight, , in kilograms by the square of the person’s height, , in metres.

  1. Fred is 150 cm and weighs 72 kg. Calculate Fred’s health rating.  (1 mark)

  2. Over several years, Fred expects to grow 10 cm taller. By this time he wants his health rating to be 25. How much weight should he gain or lose to achieve his aim? Justify your answer with mathematical calculations.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only
Show Worked Solution

i. 

 

 

ii. 

 

 

EXAMCOPY Algebra, STD2 A4 2014 HSC 29a

The cost of hiring an open space for a music festival is  $120 000. The cost will be shared equally by the people attending the festival, so that    (in dollars) is the cost per person when    people attend the festival.

  1. Complete the table below by filling in the THREE missing values.   (1 mark)
  2. Using the values from the table, draw the graph showing the relationship between    and  .   (2 marks)
     
  3. What equation represents the relationship between and ?   (1 mark)

  4. Give ONE limitation of this equation in relation to this context.   (1 mark)

  5. Is it possible for the cost per person to be $94? Support your answer with appropriate calculations.   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only

i.   


 

ii. 

iii.   


 

iv.  

 

 
 

v.   

 

 

Show Worked Solution

i.   


 

ii. 

 

♦ Mean mark (iii) 48%

iii.   

 

♦♦♦ Mean mark (iv) 7%
COMMENT: When asked for limitations of an equation, look carefully at potential restrictions with respect to both the domain and range.

iv.  

 

 

 

v.   

 
♦ Mean mark (v) 38%

 

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 151

Analyse how the availability of different fuel sources affects an athlete's performance in a 90-minute soccer match.   (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for explosive sprints and tackles in the first few seconds of each high-intensity effort through stored creatine phosphate.
  • During the match, muscle glycogen serves as the primary fuel source, supporting both aerobic activity for general play and anaerobic bursts for sprinting or rapid directional changes.
  • As the match progresses and muscle glycogen becomes depleted, the body increasingly relies on fatty acid oxidation for energy production during lower intensity periods of play.
  • The maintenance of blood glucose levels through liver glycogen breakdown becomes crucial in the latter stages of the match to sustain both physical and mental performance.
  • Players often experience fatigue in the final 15 – 20 minutes of the match due to significant depletion of muscle glycogen stores, resulting in reduced sprint capacity and skill execution.
  • Athletes who engage in carbohydrate loading protocols prior to the match can increase their muscle glycogen stores by up to 50%, thereby delaying the onset of fatigue and maintaining performance intensity throughout the full 90 minutes.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The ATP-PCr system provides immediate energy for explosive sprints and tackles in the first few seconds of each high-intensity effort through stored creatine phosphate.
  • During the match, muscle glycogen serves as the primary fuel source, supporting both aerobic activity for general play and anaerobic bursts for sprinting or rapid directional changes.
  • As the match progresses and muscle glycogen becomes depleted, the body increasingly relies on fatty acid oxidation for energy production during lower intensity periods of play.
  • The maintenance of blood glucose levels through liver glycogen breakdown becomes crucial in the latter stages of the match to sustain both physical and mental performance.
  • Players often experience fatigue in the final 15 – 20 minutes of the match due to significant depletion of muscle glycogen stores, resulting in reduced sprint capacity and skill execution.
  • Athletes who engage in carbohydrate loading protocols prior to the match can increase their muscle glycogen stores by up to 50%, thereby delaying the onset of fatigue and maintaining performance intensity throughout the full 90 minutes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 141

Assess the interrelationship between body systems when performing inefficient weightlifting technique and justify the priorities for first aid response.   (10 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Poor weightlifting technique forces joints and muscles beyond safe ranges, compromising musculoskeletal stability and alignment.
  • Nociceptors trigger immediate pain responses and protective muscle spasms to prevent further tissue damage.
  • Increased blood flow initiates inflammatory responses in damaged tissues, leading to acute swelling and compression.
  • Respiratory rate increases to compensate for inefficient oxygen utilization, affecting technique control and stability.

First aid priorities must systematically address:

  • Check airway, breathing and circulation, particularly monitoring for signs of vasovagal response.
  • Assess specific injuries to spine, joints and muscles to determine severity and treatment needs.
  • Determine which injuries need immediate medical attention versus those requiring standard RICER protocol.
  • Immobilise affected areas appropriately while ensuring vital systems continue functioning normally.
  • Establish rehabilitation plan addressing strength restoration and movement pattern correction through graduated progressions.
  • Set clear recovery milestones for each affected system before allowing return to weightlifting.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Poor weightlifting technique forces joints and muscles beyond safe ranges, compromising musculoskeletal stability and alignment.
  • Nociceptors trigger immediate pain responses and protective muscle spasms to prevent further tissue damage.
  • Increased blood flow initiates inflammatory responses in damaged tissues, leading to acute swelling and compression.
  • Respiratory rate increases to compensate for inefficient oxygen utilization, affecting technique control and stability.

First aid priorities must systematically address:

  • Check airway, breathing and circulation, particularly monitoring for signs of vasovagal response.
  • Assess specific injuries to spine, joints and muscles to determine severity and treatment needs.
  • Determine which injuries need immediate medical attention versus those requiring standard RICER protocol.
  • Immobilise affected areas appropriately while ensuring vital systems continue functioning normally.
  • Establish rehabilitation plan addressing strength restoration and movement pattern correction through graduated progressions.
  • Set clear recovery milestones for each affected system before allowing return to weightlifting.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 127

Evaluate how the digestive and endocrine systems influence movement capacity and analyse first aid responses when these systems create undue stress on the body.   (12 marks)

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Sample Answer

Digestive System Impact:

  • Controls nutrient absorption essential for energy production during movement
  • Regulates fluid balance affecting hydration status
  • Blood flow redistribution during exercise affects digestive function
  • Digestive distress can impair movement efficiency and performance

Endocrine System Function:

  • Regulates blood glucose through insulin and glucagon
  • Controls cortisol release affecting stress response
  • Influences electrolyte balance through hormonal control
  • Adrenaline production impacts energy availability

System Stress Indicators:

  • Digestive stress presents as:
    • Severe cramping
    • Nausea or vomiting
    • Diarrhea risk
    • Reduced nutrient absorption
  • Endocrine stress shows through:
    • Blood glucose irregularities
    • Excessive sweating
    • Mood changes
    • Coordination deficits

First Aid Management:

  • Immediate assessment of:
    • Conscious state
    • Blood glucose levels if available
    • Hydration status
    • Core temperature
  • Intervention strategies:
    • Position for comfort
    • Small sips of electrolyte solution
    • Glucose administration if required
    • Activity cessation
    • Medical referral if symptoms severe

Prevention Protocols:

  • Nutrition timing strategies
  • Appropriate hydration planning
  • Recognition of early warning signs
  • Monitoring of hormonal stress responses
  • Implementation of rest periods
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Digestive System Impact:

  • Controls nutrient absorption essential for energy production during movement
  • Regulates fluid balance affecting hydration status
  • Blood flow redistribution during exercise affects digestive function
  • Digestive distress can impair movement efficiency and performance

Endocrine System Function:

  • Regulates blood glucose through insulin and glucagon
  • Controls cortisol release affecting stress response
  • Influences electrolyte balance through hormonal control
  • Adrenaline production impacts energy availability

System Stress Indicators:

  • Digestive stress presents as:
    • Severe cramping
    • Nausea or vomiting
    • Diarrhea risk
    • Reduced nutrient absorption
  • Endocrine stress shows through:
    • Blood glucose irregularities
    • Excessive sweating
    • Mood changes
    • Coordination deficits

First Aid Management:

  • Immediate assessment of:
    • Conscious state
    • Blood glucose levels if available
    • Hydration status
    • Core temperature
  • Intervention strategies:
    • Position for comfort
    • Small sips of electrolyte solution
    • Glucose administration if required
    • Activity cessation
    • Medical referral if symptoms severe

Prevention Protocols:

  • Nutrition timing strategies
  • Appropriate hydration planning
  • Recognition of early warning signs
  • Monitoring of hormonal stress responses
  • Implementation of rest periods

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 125

Evaluate the interrelationship between body systems during movement and justify when first aid intervention is required.   (12 marks)

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Sample Answer

System Interrelationships:

  • Nervous system initiates movement patterns through motor unit recruitment and coordinates timing through proprioceptive feedback
  • Muscular system generates force through concentric, eccentric and isometric contractions responding to neural signals
  • Skeletal system provides leverage points and joint articulation while protecting vital organs during movement
  • Circulatory system increases blood flow to active muscles and removes metabolic waste products
  • Respiratory system elevates breathing rate and depth to maintain oxygen delivery and CO2 removal

Movement Coordination:

  • Systems work simultaneously – e.g., quadriceps contraction requires nerve signals, blood supply, oxygen delivery and skeletal stability
  • Feedback loops maintain efficiency through proprioception and metabolic monitors
  • Compensation occurs if one system fails – e.g., other muscle groups activate to maintain posture if primary movers fatigue
  • Energy systems support continued function through ATP-PC, lactic acid and aerobic pathways

First Aid Assessment:

  • Primary survey assesses DRSABCD with focus on circulation and breathing function
  • Secondary survey examines range of motion, strength and coordination deficits
  • Recognition of system interaction – e.g., neural symptoms may indicate circulatory issues
  • Identification of primary vs secondary issues to determine treatment priorities

Intervention Criteria:

  • Immediate response to vital sign changes including breathing rate, pulse, and level of consciousness
  • Assessment of movement quality through observation of gait, balance and coordination
  • Evaluation of system compensation such as altered movement patterns or breathing changes
  • Implementation of appropriate protocols like RICER for musculoskeletal or recovery position for systemic issues

Management Strategies:

  • System-specific responses such as RICER for muscular system or controlled breathing for respiratory system
  • Holistic approach considering impact on all interconnected systems
  • Prevention of secondary issues through appropriate positioning and movement restriction
  • Appropriate referral pathways based on severity and systems involved
  • Return to activity guidelines incorporating gradual system reintegration and monitoring
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

System Interrelationships:

  • Nervous system initiates movement patterns through motor unit recruitment and coordinates timing through proprioceptive feedback
  • Muscular system generates force through concentric, eccentric and isometric contractions responding to neural signals
  • Skeletal system provides leverage points and joint articulation while protecting vital organs during movement
  • Circulatory system increases blood flow to active muscles and removes metabolic waste products
  • Respiratory system elevates breathing rate and depth to maintain oxygen delivery and CO2 removal

Movement Coordination:

  • Systems work simultaneously – e.g., quadriceps contraction requires nerve signals, blood supply, oxygen delivery and skeletal stability
  • Feedback loops maintain efficiency through proprioception and metabolic monitors
  • Compensation occurs if one system fails – e.g., other muscle groups activate to maintain posture if primary movers fatigue
  • Energy systems support continued function through ATP-PC, lactic acid and aerobic pathways

First Aid Assessment:

  • Primary survey assesses DRSABCD with focus on circulation and breathing function
  • Secondary survey examines range of motion, strength and coordination deficits
  • Recognition of system interaction – e.g., neural symptoms may indicate circulatory issues
  • Identification of primary vs secondary issues to determine treatment priorities

Intervention Criteria:

  • Immediate response to vital sign changes including breathing rate, pulse, and level of consciousness
  • Assessment of movement quality through observation of gait, balance and coordination
  • Evaluation of system compensation such as altered movement patterns or breathing changes
  • Implementation of appropriate protocols like RICER for musculoskeletal or recovery position for systemic issues

Management Strategies:

  • System-specific responses such as RICER for muscular system or controlled breathing for respiratory system
  • Holistic approach considering impact on all interconnected systems
  • Prevention of secondary issues through appropriate positioning and movement restriction
  • Appropriate referral pathways based on severity and systems involved
  • Return to activity guidelines incorporating gradual system reintegration and monitoring

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 118

Compare and contrast how body systems work together during the start, middle and end phases of a 5 km run.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Start Phase:

  • Nervous system increases respiratory rate while circulatory system elevates blood flow to muscles
  • Digestive system mobilizes glucose as endocrine system releases energy hormones
  • Muscular and skeletal systems establish rhythm through coordinated movement patterns
  • All systems transition from rest to high activity state

Middle Phase:

  • Respiratory and circulatory systems achieve steady state oxygen delivery
  • Muscular system maintains efficient contractions through skeletal leverage points
  • Nervous system automates movement while endocrine system regulates energy
  • Systems demonstrate optimal efficiency and coordination

End Phase:

  • Respiratory rate increases while circulation manages developing fatigue
  • Nervous system maintains technique as muscles experience fatigue
  • Endocrine system mobilises energy reserves while digestive system depletes
  • Systems show compensatory mechanisms to maintain performance
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Start Phase:

  • Nervous system increases respiratory rate while circulatory system elevates blood flow to muscles
  • Digestive system mobilizes glucose as endocrine system releases energy hormones
  • Muscular and skeletal systems establish rhythm through coordinated movement patterns
  • All systems transition from rest to high activity state

Middle Phase:

  • Respiratory and circulatory systems achieve steady state oxygen delivery
  • Muscular system maintains efficient contractions through skeletal leverage points
  • Nervous system automates movement while endocrine system regulates energy
  • Systems demonstrate optimal efficiency and coordination

End Phase:

  • Respiratory rate increases while circulation manages developing fatigue
  • Nervous system maintains technique as muscles experience fatigue
  • Endocrine system mobilises energy reserves while digestive system depletes
  • Systems show compensatory mechanisms to maintain performance

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 117

Analyse how the skeletal, muscular and nervous systems work together differently in a power clean versus a deadlift.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Power Clean:

  • Multiple joints allow explosive triple extension; muscles generate rapid force; nerves coordinate fast recruitment.
  • Nervous system activates fast-twitch fibres while muscles contract powerfully through skeletal joint range.
  • Complex nerve pathways coordinate multiple muscle groups across key skeletal positions.
  • Nervous system integrates movement while muscles transfer force through skeletal chain.
  • Skeletal and muscular systems provide dynamic stability guided by neural feedback.

Deadlift:

  • Hip and knee joints provide base; muscles generate steady force; nerves recruit steadily.
  • Simple nerve pathways control gradual muscle tension through fixed skeletal path.
  • Nervous system maintains consistent muscle activation along stable joint angles.
  • Skeletal system provides rigid base while muscles control eccentric phase.
  • Limited joint movement requires steady muscle tension and basic neural control.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Power Clean:

  • Multiple joints allow explosive triple extension; muscles generate rapid force; nerves coordinate fast recruitment.
  • Nervous system activates fast-twitch fibres while muscles contract powerfully through skeletal joint range.
  • Complex nerve pathways coordinate multiple muscle groups across key skeletal positions.
  • Nervous system integrates movement while muscles transfer force through skeletal chain.
  • Skeletal and muscular systems provide dynamic stability guided by neural feedback.

Deadlift:

  • Hip and knee joints provide base; muscles generate steady force; nerves recruit steadily.
  • Simple nerve pathways control gradual muscle tension through fixed skeletal path.
  • Nervous system maintains consistent muscle activation along stable joint angles.
  • Skeletal system provides rigid base while muscles control eccentric phase.
  • Limited joint movement requires steady muscle tension and basic neural control.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 108 MC

During a powerful golf swing, what best describes the respiratory system's interaction with other body systems?

  1. Only supports the circulatory system
  2. Coordinates with multiple systems to meet increased oxygen demands
  3. Works in isolation from other systems
  4. Reduces function to allow other systems to dominate
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Delivers oxygen and removes waste products from active muscles

The respiratory system works with

  • circulatory, muscular, and nervous systems by increasing breathing rate and depth to meet the oxygen demands of the powerful movement.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Ignores system interdependence
  • C is incorrect: Misses broader system interactions
  • D is incorrect: Contradicts integrated function principle

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 102

Evaluate how neurological adaptations contribute to improved performance in a racquet sport of your choice.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Skill acquisition phase:

  • Development of specific neural pathways
  • Enhancement of sensory processing
  • Improved motor unit coordination
  • Better integration of visual and motor systems

Movement refinement:

  • More efficient muscle activation patterns
  • Enhanced anticipatory ability
  • Better error correction
  • Reduced energy expenditure

Performance impact:

  • Improved shot accuracy
  • Faster reaction times
  • Better movement economy
  • Enhanced decision making

Limitations:

  • Need for ongoing practice
  • Impact of competition pressure
  • Environmental influences
  • Recovery requirements
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Skill acquisition phase:

  • Development of specific neural pathways
  • Enhancement of sensory processing
  • Improved motor unit coordination
  • Better integration of visual and motor systems

Movement refinement:

  • More efficient muscle activation patterns
  • Enhanced anticipatory ability
  • Better error correction
  • Reduced energy expenditure

Performance impact:

  • Improved shot accuracy
  • Faster reaction times
  • Better movement economy
  • Enhanced decision making

Limitations:

  • Need for ongoing practice
  • Impact of competition pressure
  • Environmental influences
  • Recovery requirements

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 97

Evaluate how fatigue affects the nervous system's ability to maintain skilled performance in endurance events.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Central fatigue effects:

  • Reduced neural drive to muscles
  • Decreased motor unit recruitment
  • Impaired neurotransmitter function
  • Reduced movement precision and coordination

Peripheral fatigue effects:

  • Altered neuromuscular junction function
  • Slower nerve conduction velocity
  • Reduced sensitivity of muscle receptors
  • Delayed reflex responses

Impact on performance:

  • Deterioration in technique and skill execution
  • Increased reaction times
  • Reduced movement accuracy
  • Impaired balance and coordination

Compensatory mechanisms:

  • Increased conscious attention to movement
  • Modified movement patterns to maintain performance
  • Enhanced reliance on visual feedback
  • Adjusted pacing strategies
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Central fatigue effects:

  • Reduced neural drive to muscles
  • Decreased motor unit recruitment
  • Impaired neurotransmitter function
  • Reduced movement precision and coordination

Peripheral fatigue effects:

  • Altered neuromuscular junction function
  • Slower nerve conduction velocity
  • Reduced sensitivity of muscle receptors
  • Delayed reflex responses

Impact on performance:

  • Deterioration in technique and skill execution
  • Increased reaction times
  • Reduced movement accuracy
  • Impaired balance and coordination

Compensatory mechanisms:

  • Increased conscious attention to movement
  • Modified movement patterns to maintain performance
  • Enhanced reliance on visual feedback
  • Adjusted pacing strategies

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 92 MC

Which best describes how motor units are recruited during a bicep curl exercise?

  1. Large motor units are recruited before small motor units
  2. All motor units are recruited simultaneously
  3. Motor units are recruited randomly
  4. Small motor units are recruited before large motor units
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Small motor units are recruited before large motor units

According to the size principle, smaller motor units are recruited first, with larger units recruited as force requirements increase.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Opposite to size principle
  • B is incorrect: Would be inefficient use of energy
  • C is incorrect: Would not allow for smooth force production

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 84

Analyse how the interaction between fat-soluble vitamins and dietary fats impacts movement efficiency. In your response, refer to specific examples.  (6 marks)

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Sample Answer

The digestive system

  • Requires dietary fats to effectively absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), showing the interrelationship between nutrient absorption and movement.
  • Vitamin D absorbed through this process enables calcium absorption and bone health, directly affecting movement quality.

The endocrine system

  • Uses vitamin D as a hormone to influence muscle strength and coordination.
  • Optimal vitamin D levels enhance muscle protein synthesis leading to improved movement efficiency, while deficiency causes weakness.
  • Vitamin E functions as an antioxidant protecting cell membranes during exercise, with absorption dependent on dietary fat intake.
  • This antioxidant protection maintains muscle cell integrity during intense movement, supporting sustained performance and reducing exercise damage.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The digestive system

  • Requires dietary fats to effectively absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), showing the interrelationship between nutrient absorption and movement.
  • Vitamin D absorbed through this process enables calcium absorption and bone health, directly affecting movement quality.

The endocrine system

  • Uses vitamin D as a hormone to influence muscle strength and coordination.
  • Optimal vitamin D levels enhance muscle protein synthesis leading to improved movement efficiency, while deficiency causes weakness.
  • Vitamin E functions as an antioxidant protecting cell membranes during exercise, with absorption dependent on dietary fat intake.
  • This antioxidant protection maintains muscle cell integrity during intense movement, supporting sustained performance and reducing exercise damage.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 79

Evaluate how vitamin D status affects the interrelationship between endocrine function and calcium absorption during resistance training.  (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

The interrelationship manifests through multiple mechanisms:

Hormonal Effects:

  • Parathyroid hormone increases calcium release from bones when blood levels are low
  • Calcitonin prevents excessive calcium loss during intense training sessions
  • Vitamin D is converted to its active form by liver and kidney enzymes

Digestive Impacts:

  • Vitamin D enables calcium absorption in the small intestine through specific transport proteins
  • Phosphate must be absorbed alongside calcium for effective bone mineralisation
  • The intestine increases its absorption capacity in response to regular training

Training Implications:

  • Adequate vitamin D ensures calcium is available for bone strengthening during resistance training
  • Low vitamin D status impairs the strength of muscle contractions due to poor calcium regulation
  • Post-exercise recovery requires sufficient calcium for muscle repair processes

System Integration:

  • Calcium absorption cannot occur without proper hormone function
  • Low calcium levels trigger increased hormone production to maintain blood calcium
  • Both systems must work effectively to support training adaptations
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

The interrelationship manifests through multiple mechanisms:

Hormonal Effects:

  • Parathyroid hormone increases calcium release from bones when blood levels are low
  • Calcitonin prevents excessive calcium loss during intense training sessions
  • Vitamin D is converted to its active form by liver and kidney enzymes

Digestive Impacts:

  • Vitamin D enables calcium absorption in the small intestine through specific transport proteins
  • Phosphate must be absorbed alongside calcium for effective bone mineralisation
  • The intestine increases its absorption capacity in response to regular training

Training Implications:

  • Adequate vitamin D ensures calcium is available for bone strengthening during resistance training
  • Low vitamin D status impairs the strength of muscle contractions due to poor calcium regulation
  • Post-exercise recovery requires sufficient calcium for muscle repair processes

System Integration:

  • Calcium absorption cannot occur without proper hormone function
  • Low calcium levels trigger increased hormone production to maintain blood calcium
  • Both systems must work effectively to support training adaptations

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 74 MC

A badminton player in a five-set match shows declining performance. Which combination of factors most likely explains this?

  1. Increased insulin, reduced glucose uptake
  2. Elevated cortisol, impaired digestion
  3. Enhanced adrenaline, improved absorption
  4. Improves nutrient transport
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Elevated cortisol, impaired digestion

  • Prolonged stress hormones affect digestive function and energy availability.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Insulin typically decreases during exercise.
  • C is incorrect: Absorption decreases during intense exercise.
  • D is incorrect: This combination is physiologically contradictory.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 67

Explain how the cardiovascular system adapts to exercise at altitude (2500 m) over both short-term (24 - 48 hours) and long-term (3+ weeks) periods.  (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

Initial responses – Increased ventilation rate and depth:

  • The body immediately responds to lower oxygen partial pressure at altitude by increasing breathing rate and depth (hyperventilation) to maximize oxygen uptake in the lungs.

Short-term adaptations – increased heart rate and cardiac output:

  • Heart rate increases to compensate for reduced oxygen availability, while cardiac output rises to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to tissues, typically seen within the first 24 – 48 hours at altitude.

Long-term adaptations – increased EPO production:

  • The kidneys detect lower oxygen levels and increase production of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Increased red blood cell production and hemoglobin concentration:

  • Over 3+ weeks, the bone marrow responds to elevated EPO levels by producing more red blood cells, leading to a 10 – 15% increase in total hemoglobin concentration.

Enhanced oxygen carrying capacity:

  • The increased number of red blood cells and hemoglobin molecules significantly improves the blood’s ability to transport oxygen from the lungs to working muscles.

Improved capillarisation in muscle tissue:

  • New capillaries develop within muscle tissue to enhance oxygen delivery and removal of waste products, though this adaptation typically takes several weeks to develop fully.

Discussion of oxygen partial pressure effects:

  • The reduced partial pressure of oxygen at 2500m (approximately 75% of sea level) triggers these adaptations as the body attempts to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation despite the thinner air.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Initial responses – Increased ventilation rate and depth:

  • The body immediately responds to lower oxygen partial pressure at altitude by increasing breathing rate and depth (hyperventilation) to maximize oxygen uptake in the lungs.

Short-term adaptations – increased heart rate and cardiac output:

  • Heart rate increases to compensate for reduced oxygen availability, while cardiac output rises to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to tissues, typically seen within the first 24-48 hours at altitude.

Long-term adaptations – increased EPO production:

  • The kidneys detect lower oxygen levels and increase production of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

Increased red blood cell production and hemoglobin concentration:

  • Over 3+ weeks, the bone marrow responds to elevated EPO levels by producing more red blood cells, leading to a 10-15% increase in total hemoglobin concentration.

Enhanced oxygen carrying capacity:

  • The increased number of red blood cells and hemoglobin molecules significantly improves the blood’s ability to transport oxygen from the lungs to working muscles.

Improved capillarisation in muscle tissue:

  • New capillaries develop within muscle tissue to enhance oxygen delivery and removal of waste products, though this adaptation typically takes several weeks to develop fully.

Discussion of oxygen partial pressure effects:

  • The reduced partial pressure of oxygen at 2500m (approximately 75% of sea level) triggers these adaptations as the body attempts to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation despite the thinner air.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 63

Analyse how the interrelationship between the respiratory and circulatory systems can contribute to improved endurance performance in athletes.   (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The respiratory and circulatory systems work synergistically to enhance endurance performance through several adaptations and mechanisms.
  • When functioning together efficiently, significant improvement an athlete’s aerobic capacity and endurance capabilities can be achieved.
  • The respiratory system adapts by increasing vital capacity and strengthening respiratory muscles.
  • This allows for greater tidal volume and more efficient gaseous exchange in the alveoli.
  • The increased efficiency of oxygen diffusion from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries means more oxygen is available for working muscles.  
  • The circulatory system simultaneously adapts by increasing stroke volume and cardiac efficiency.
  • The pulmonary circulation becomes more efficient at managing increased blood flow
  • The systemic circulation develops greater capillarisation in working muscles
  • Improved vascularity enhances both oxygen delivery and waste product removal.

These adaptations working together result in:

  • Improved oxygen delivery to working muscles
  • Enhanced removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products
  • Greater efficiency in matching ventilation with perfusion
  • Increased endurance capacity through better oxygen utilization

The interrelationship between systems

  • Means that improvements in one system directly benefit the other → compound effect
    • that enhances overall endurance performance.
    • evidenced by increased VO2 max
    • delayed onset of fatigue in trained athletes
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The respiratory and circulatory systems work synergistically to enhance endurance performance through several adaptations and mechanisms.
  • When functioning together efficiently, significant improvement an athlete’s aerobic capacity and endurance capabilities can be achieved.
  • The respiratory system adapts by increasing vital capacity and strengthening respiratory muscles.
  • This allows for greater tidal volume and more efficient gaseous exchange in the alveoli.
  • The increased efficiency of oxygen diffusion from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries means more oxygen is available for working muscles.  
  • The circulatory system simultaneously adapts by increasing stroke volume and cardiac efficiency.
  • The pulmonary circulation becomes more efficient at managing increased blood flow
  • The systemic circulation develops greater capillarisation in working muscles
  • Improved vascularity enhances both oxygen delivery and waste product removal.

These adaptations working together result in:

  • Improved oxygen delivery to working muscles
  • Enhanced removal of carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products
  • Greater efficiency in matching ventilation with perfusion
  • Increased endurance capacity through better oxygen utilization

The interrelationship between systems

  • Means that improvements in one system directly benefit the other → compound effect
    • that enhances overall endurance performance.
    • evidenced by increased VO2 max
    • delayed onset of fatigue in trained athletes

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 57

Analyse how the structure of the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to support performance in a rock climber during a difficult ascent.  (8 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Bronchi branching increases surface area for gas exchange
  • Capillary networks around alveoli optimise oxygen transfer
  • Heart chambers coordinate blood flow with breathing
  • Intercostal muscles expand ribcage as intensity increases
  • Blood vessels in arms dilate to meet grip demands
  • Sustained climbing requires matched system efficiency
  • Recovery between moves allows system adjustment
  • Both systems adapt to changing body positions
  • Performance limited if either system reaches capacity
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Bronchi branching increases surface area for gas exchange
  • Capillary networks around alveoli optimise oxygen transfer
  • Heart chambers coordinate blood flow with breathing
  • Intercostal muscles expand ribcage as intensity increases
  • Blood vessels in arms dilate to meet grip demands
  • Sustained climbing requires matched system efficiency
  • Recovery between moves allows system adjustment
  • Both systems adapt to changing body positions
  • Performance limited if either system reaches capacity

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 46

Evaluate the importance of correct joint alignment in the prevention of injury during weight-bearing activities.  (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Even force distribution through joints:

  • Correct alignment ensures forces are distributed evenly across joint surfaces rather than concentrated in one area, minimising stress on articular cartilage.

Reduced stress on ligaments/tendons:

  • Proper alignment keeps ligaments and tendons working within their normal anatomical range, preventing overstretching and uneven loading.

Optimal muscle length-tension relationships:

  • Aligned joints allow muscles to work at their ideal length, providing efficient movement control and joint support.

Maintenance of normal movement patterns:

  • Correct alignment enables smooth joint motion along natural anatomical pathways, promoting efficient movement patterns.

Prevention of compensatory movements:

  • Proper joint positioning prevents other body parts from taking on excessive load to compensate for poor alignment.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Even force distribution through joints:

  • Correct alignment ensures forces are distributed evenly across joint surfaces rather than concentrated in one area, minimising stress on articular cartilage.

Reduced stress on ligaments/tendons:

  • Proper alignment keeps ligaments and tendons working within their normal anatomical range, preventing overstretching and uneven loading.

Optimal muscle length-tension relationships:

  • Aligned joints allow muscles to work at their ideal length, providing efficient movement control and joint support.

Maintenance of normal movement patterns:

  • Correct alignment enables smooth joint motion along natural anatomical pathways, promoting efficient movement patterns.

Prevention of compensatory movements:

  • Proper joint positioning prevents other body parts from taking on excessive load to compensate for poor alignment.