The Varroa mite is an external parasite of European honey bees and considered to be the most serious pest of honey bees worldwide. 

1. Why is the Varroa mite infection considered to be an infectious disease.   (2 mark2)
   

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2. In June 2022, the Varroa mite was detected for the first time in Australia at the Port of Newcastle. It then spread to surrounding areas.
3. Explain TWO procedures that could have been employed to prevent the spread of the Varroa mite in honey bees.   (4 marks)
   

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The graph shows the number of cases of Swine Flu (a viral respiratory illness) from May to July 2009 in Australia.
 

What effective control measures could have been introduced between May and July to limit the spread of the disease in Australia?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\ & \\
\\
\textbf{A.}\\
\\
\textbf{B.}\\
\textbf{C.}\\
\\
\textbf{D.}\\
\\
\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \textit{May-June} & \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \textit{July} \\
\hline
\text{Quarantine all people arriving in} & \text{Encourage people to wear masks and } \\
\text{Australia} & \text{wash hands regularly} \\
\hline
\text{Issue antibiotics to overseas visitors} & \text{Isolate people with symptoms} \\
\hline
\text{Encourage people to wear masks and } & \text{Quarantine all people arriving in} \\
\text{wash hands regularly} & \text{Australia} \\
\hline
\text{Isolate people with symptoms} & \text{Vaccinate all people arriving in} \\
\text{} & \text{Australia} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

Outline similarities and/or differences in active and passive ways of acquiring immunity.   (3 marks)

Liver fluke is a disease caused by parasites that infect grazing animals, including sheep. The life cycle of the liver fluke is shown.
 

How could the transmission of this disease to humans be prevented?

1. Eradicating the snails
2. Administering antibiotics to sheep
3. Wearing gloves when handling sheep
4. Regularly spraying fields with herbicides

Scientific advances have resulted in new methods of managing plant diseases and insect pests.

Describe how TWO of these methods have changed the management of plant diseases and/or insect pests.   (5 marks)

Explain how TWO specific personal hygiene practices reduce the risk of infection.   (4 marks)

Explain how TWO different methods used to treat drinking water reduce the risk of infection.   (4 marks)

The following plants were presented to a quarantine office in Australia as part of a shipment of plants entering Australia for the plant nursery trade.

Which of the following is a decision that the quarantine office is likely to make?

1. Plant `W` can enter Australia as it looks like it has 'black spot' which already occurs in Australia.
2. Plant `X` can enter Australia as it is unlikely the disease it has will transfer to Australian species.
3. Plant `Y` cannot enter Australia as it has a disease caused by shortage of soil magnesium.
4. Plant `Z` cannot enter Australia because its appearance suggests it may be carrying live insects.

Refer to the following information to answer Questions 12 and 13.

Question 12

Which reason best explains why the corresponding control measure reduces this problem?

\begin{align*}
\begin{array}{l}
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{A.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{B.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\textbf{}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{C.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\textbf{}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textbf{D.}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\textbf{}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}\\
\end{array}
\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\textit{Control measure}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \textit{Reason} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Release of infertile flies}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}&\text{Infertile flies do not eat the fruit}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Release of infertile flies}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{The number of flies in the next}\\
\text{}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{generation is decreased}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Boiling fruit and feeding to}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{Chickens are unaffected by the} \\
\text{chickens}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{damaged fruit} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Boiling fruit and feeding to}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{The amount of waste for landfill is} \\
\text{chickens}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt}& \text{reduced} \\
\hline
\end{array}
\end{align*}

 
Question 13

The following measures could be used to prevent the spread of this fruit fly across Australia.

1. 1. Australia-wide release of infertile fruit flies
   2. Aerial spraying of orchards throughout the country
   3. Spot spraying of newly affected orchards in Western Australia
   4. Stopping the transport of fruit from Western Australia to other states

To prevent the spread of this fruit fly across Australia, which combination of measures would be most practical to use?

1. 1 and 2
2. 1 and 4
3. 2 and 3
4. 3 and 4

A group of islands are separated from each other by large stretches of water. Each island has its own policy on quarantine.

A nearby country is experiencing an outbreak of an infectious disease in its cattle.

An investigation is to be designed to find which of the quarantine policies operating on the islands is the most effective.

Which of the following would be a suitable design feature of the investigation?

1. The control is the smallest island.
2. The control is the number of infected cattle.
3. The independent variable is quarantine policy.
4. The independent variable is the number of infected cattle.

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Humans are infected when they consume food or water that is contaminated with the bacterium.

Outline THREE strategies that could prevent the spread of cholera.   (3 marks)

Citrus canker is a bacterial disease that originates in south-east Asia and affects citrus fruit.

What would be the most effective way to prevent the disease from spreading into or across Australia?

1. Monitor citrus trees and fruit continuously.
2. Certify orchards before fruit is transported.
3. Keep citrus trees and fruit entering Australia in quarantine stations until the incubation period has passed.
4. Inspect citrus trees and fruit entering Australia in quarantine stations before transportation across Australia.