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HMS, BM EQ-Bank 348

Outline the relationship between exercise intensity and lactate levels during training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • Lactate levels remain relatively stable during low-intensity exercise as the aerobic system can meet energy demands without significant lactate production
  • As exercise intensity increases, the body begins to produce more lactate as the glycolytic energy system becomes more active
  • At the lactate threshold, production of lactate exceeds the body’s ability to remove it, causing a sharp rise in blood lactate concentration
  • During high-intensity exercise, lactate levels continue to rise significantly, contributing to muscle fatigue and limiting performance duration
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Lactate levels remain relatively stable during low-intensity exercise as the aerobic system can meet energy demands without significant lactate production
  • As exercise intensity increases, the body begins to produce more lactate as the glycolytic energy system becomes more active
  • At the lactate threshold, production of lactate exceeds the body’s ability to remove it, causing a sharp rise in blood lactate concentration
  • During high-intensity exercise, lactate levels continue to rise significantly, contributing to muscle fatigue and limiting performance duration

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 346 MC

During a 400-metre sprint, an athlete experiences a rapid increase in lactate levels. Which statement correctly explains what happens to the athlete's body during this activity?

  1. The aerobic energy system is the primary energy provider, resulting in decreased lactate levels
  2. Lactate production increases as the body relies on the ATP-PCr system for energy
  3. The athlete's muscles use more oxygen, which reduces lactate production in the bloodstream
  4. Lactate accumulates in the muscles as the glycolytic system produces energy without sufficient oxygen
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: Lactate accumulates in the muscles as the glycolytic system produces energy without sufficient oxygen

  • During high-intensity activities like a 400-metre sprint, the body relies heavily on the glycolytic energy system, which produces lactate as a by-product when working anaerobically (without sufficient oxygen).
  • Lactate then accumulates in the muscles and bloodstream.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: The aerobic system is not the primary energy provider during a sprint and would not result in decreased lactate levels
  • B is incorrect: The ATP-PCr system does not produce lactate as a by-product
  • C is incorrect: The muscles are unable to use enough oxygen during high-intensity exercise, leading to increased (not reduced) lactate production

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 342

Describe how cardiac output changes during a moderate aerobic training session and explain its relationship to oxygen delivery to muscles.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Cardiac output increases immediately at the onset of aerobic training from approximately 5 L/min at rest
  • This increase is due to a rise in both heart rate and stroke volume
  • Heart rate increases from resting rate of about 70 bpm to 120-150 bpm during moderate exercise
  • Stroke volume increases from approximately 70 mL at rest to 100-120 mL during exercise
  • The increased cardiac output allows for greater oxygen delivery to working muscles
  • This supports the aerobic energy system to produce ATP required for continued muscle contractions
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Cardiac output increases immediately at the onset of aerobic training from approximately 5 L/min at rest
  • This increase is due to a rise in both heart rate and stroke volume
  • Heart rate increases from resting rate of about 70 bpm to 120-150 bpm during moderate exercise
  • Stroke volume increases from approximately 70 mL at rest to 100-120 mL during exercise
  • The increased cardiac output allows for greater oxygen delivery to working muscles
  • This supports the aerobic energy system to produce ATP required for continued muscle contractions

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 339 MC

During a moderate-intensity training session, a swimmer has a heart rate of 130 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 120 mL. What is her cardiac output during this exercise?

  1. 120 L/min
  2. 15.6 L/min
  3. 1.56 L/min
  4. 250 L/min
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: 15.6 L/min

 
 
 

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Incorrect calculation of cardiac output
  • C is incorrect: Incorrect conversion from mL to L
  • D is incorrect: Incorrect calculation of cardiac output

Calculus, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 3

A pollutant, at time days, begins to enter a pond of still, unpolluted water at a rate of  , where is the volume of pollutant, in cubic metres, in the pond after days.

The pollutant does not dissolve or mix, and spreads across the pond, maintaining the shape of a thin circular disc of radius metres and constant depth of 1 millimetre.

  1. What is the maximum rate, in cubic metres per day, at which the pollutant will enter the pond, and for what value of will this rate occur?   (1 mark)

  2. At what rate is the radius of the disc increasing after days, where it may be assumed that the radius of the disc is 6.54 m ?
  3. Give your answer in metres per day correct to two decimal places.   (3 marks)

    1. Use the substitution    to express    as an integral involving only the variable .   (1 mark)

    2. Hence, or otherwise, find, in terms of , the total volume m of pollutant that has entered the pond after days.
    3. Give your answer in the form ,  where  .    (1 mark)

  5. What surface area of the pond would the coverage of the pollutant approach?
  6. Give your answer in square metres correct to two decimal places.  (2 marks)

  7. The clean-up of the pond begins after five days, where the pollutant is removed at a constant rate of 0.05 cubic metres per day until the pond is free of pollutant. However, efforts to stem the flow are unsuccessful and the pollutant continues to enter the pond at a rate of    cubic metres per day.
  8. After how many days, from the start of the clean-up, will the pond be free of pollutant? Give your answer in days correct to one decimal place.  (2 marks)

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a.    \(\dfrac{dV}{dt} \text{(max)}=\dfrac{1}{20} \ \text{m/day.}\)

b. 

c.i. 

c.ii. 

d.   

e.  

Show Worked Solution

a.   


 

b.   


 

c.i. 


 

c.ii. 
   
   
   

 

d.   

♦♦♦ Mean mark (d) 22%.

e.   

♦♦♦ Mean mark (e) 13%.

Complex Numbers, SPEC2 2024 VCAA 2

  1. Express the relation    in the form  , where  ,   and  .   (2 marks)

  2. The line segment from    to    is the diameter of a circle.
  3. Find the equation of this circle in the form , where is the centre of the circle and is the radius.   (2 marks)

  4. A second circle is given by  .
  5. Sketch this circle on the Argand diagram below, labelling the imaginary axis intercepts with their values.  (2 marks)
     

     

  1. A ray originating at the point    passes through the point  ,  cutting the second circle into two segments.
    1. Sketch the ray on the Argand diagram provided in part c.  (1 mark)

    2. Find the equation of the ray in the form   where  and is measured in radians in terms of .  (1 mark)

  3. Find the area of the minor segment formed by the intersection of the ray and the circle.  (2 marks)

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a.   

b.   

c.    

d.i.   

d.ii.   

e.   

Show Worked Solution

a.   

 

 

b.   


 


 


 

c.   


 

d.i.   

d.ii.   

Mean mark (d.ii.) 56%.

e.   

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 334

Outline the relationship between stroke volume and training intensity during exercise.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Stroke volume increases as exercise intensity increases, up to approximately 40-60% of maximum intensity.
  • Beyond this point, stroke volume tends to plateau even if intensity continues to increase.
  • At very high intensities, stroke volume may decrease slightly due to reduced ventricular filling time (as heart rate becomes very high).
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • Stroke volume increases as exercise intensity increases, up to approximately 40-60% of maximum intensity.
  • Beyond this point, stroke volume tends to plateau even if intensity continues to increase.
  • At very high intensities, stroke volume may decrease slightly due to reduced ventricular filling time (as heart rate becomes very high).

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 332 MC

During a training session, an athlete experiences an increase in stroke volume. Which of the following best explains this physiological response?

  1. The number of times the heart beats per minute has increased
  2. The volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart has increased
  3. The amount of oxygen the lungs can absorb has increased
  4. The amount of blood circulating through the body has increased
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: The volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart has increased

  • Stroke volume refers to the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: This describes heart rate, not stroke volume
  • C is incorrect: This describes oxygen uptake, not stroke volume
  • D is incorrect: This describes blood volume, not stroke volume

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 328

Compare the ventilation rate response during a 100 m sprint with that of a 5 km run.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • 100 m sprint causes a sharp, rapid increase in ventilation rate due to the high-intensity anaerobic nature of the activity, reaching up to 40-50 breaths per minute.
  • In contrast, the 5 km run produces a more gradual but sustained increase in ventilation rate, typically stabilising around 30-40 breaths per minute once steady state is achieved.
  • The sprint creates an oxygen debt with ventilation rate remaining elevated post-exercise to repay this debt.
  • The 5 km run maintains a more consistent ventilation rate throughout with a more gradual recovery.
  • The sprint primarily uses the anaerobic energy system.
  • The 5 km run relies more on the aerobic system, affecting the timing and magnitude of ventilation rate changes.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • 100 m sprint causes a sharp, rapid increase in ventilation rate due to the high-intensity anaerobic nature of the activity, reaching up to 40-50 breaths per minute.
  • In contrast, the 5 km run produces a more gradual but sustained increase in ventilation rate, typically stabilising around 30-40 breaths per minute once steady state is achieved.
  • The sprint creates an oxygen debt with ventilation rate remaining elevated post-exercise to repay this debt.
  • The 5 km run maintains a more consistent ventilation rate throughout with a more gradual recovery.
  • The sprint primarily uses the anaerobic energy system.
  • The 5 km run relies more on the aerobic system, affecting the timing and magnitude of ventilation rate changes.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 325 MC

During a high-intensity interval training session, a netball player experiences several physiological responses. Which of the following best describes what happens to the player's ventilation rate during the active phases?

  1. Increases to provide more oxygen to working muscles
  2. Decreases to conserve energy for explosive movements
  3. Remains constant regardless of exercise intensity
  4. Cycles between high and low rates regardless of activity level
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Increases to provide more oxygen to working muscles

  • Ventilation rate increases during exercise to supply more oxygen to muscles and remove carbon dioxide.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Ventilation rate does not decrease during exercise; this would limit oxygen delivery.
  • C is incorrect: Ventilation rate varies directly with exercise intensity, not remaining constant.
  • D is incorrect: Ventilation rate responds to physiological demands, not cycling independently.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 321

Compare the heart rate responses to aerobic and anaerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

Aerobic training

  • HR increases steadily and is maintained at a moderate level (approximately 60-80% of maximum heart rate).
  • For example, during a 30-minute jog, heart rate may increase to 140-160 bpm and remain relatively stable.
  • HR can be sustained at moderate levels for extended periods as the body can continuously supply oxygen to meet energy demands.

Anaerobic training

  • HR increases rapidly to near-maximum levels (approximately 80-95% of maximum heart rate).
  • For example, during sprint intervals, heart rate may quickly rise to 170-190 bpm.
  • As HR quickly reach near-maximal levels they can only be maintained briefly as oxygen demand exceeds supply, causing rapid fatigue.

Recovery heart rate

  • After aerobic training HR typically returns to normal more quickly than after intense anaerobic training.
  • HR during aerobic training is more sustainable for longer periods, whereas anaerobic training can only be maintained for shorter durations due to rapid fatigue and oxygen debt.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Aerobic training

  • HR increases steadily and is maintained at a moderate level (approximately 60-80% of maximum heart rate).
  • For example, during a 30-minute jog, heart rate may increase to 140-160 bpm and remain relatively stable.
  • HR can be sustained at moderate levels for extended periods as the body can continuously supply oxygen to meet energy demands.

Anaerobic training

  • HR increases rapidly to near-maximum levels (approximately 80-95% of maximum heart rate).
  • For example, during sprint intervals, heart rate may quickly rise to 170-190 bpm.
  • As HR quickly reach near-maximal levels they can only be maintained briefly as oxygen demand exceeds supply, causing rapid fatigue.

Recovery heart rate

  • After aerobic training HR typically returns to normal more quickly than after intense anaerobic training.
  • HR during aerobic training is more sustainable for longer periods, whereas anaerobic training can only be maintained for shorter durations due to rapid fatigue and oxygen debt.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 318 MC

During an athletics training session, a coach observes a sprinter's heart rate. Which of the following is the most likely immediate physiological response to high-intensity sprint training?

  1. Decreased heart rate
  2. Increased heart rate
  3. Decreased cardiac output
  4. No change in heart rate
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B: Increased heart rate

  • Immediate increase in heart rate to supply working muscles with oxygen and nutrients.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Heart rate increases not decreases during exercise.
  • C is incorrect: Cardiac output increases not decreases during exercise.
  • D is incorrect: Heart rate changes in response to exercise, it does not remain the same.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 312

Explain the immediate changes to lactate levels that occur during high-intensity sprint training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • At the onset of high-intensity sprint training, lactate levels begin to rise rapidly as the body uses the lactic acid energy system for immediate energy production.
  • During sprinting, the body produces lactate faster than it can remove it, causing lactate to build up in the blood and muscles.
  • As lactate accumulates during repeated sprints, it leads to increased acidity in the muscles, affecting performance and contributing to fatigue.
  • Between sprint intervals, lactate levels may slightly decrease during recovery periods but generally continue to rise throughout the training session.
  • Immediately after the training session, lactate levels remain high before gradually returning to normal during the recovery period.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • At the onset of high-intensity sprint training, lactate levels begin to rise rapidly as the body uses the lactic acid energy system for immediate energy production.
  • During sprinting, the body produces lactate faster than it can remove it, causing lactate to build up in the blood and muscles.
  • As lactate accumulates during repeated sprints, it leads to increased acidity in the muscles, affecting performance and contributing to fatigue.
  • Between sprint intervals, lactate levels may slightly decrease during recovery periods but generally continue to rise throughout the training session.
  • Immediately after the training session, lactate levels remain high before gradually returning to normal during the recovery period.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 307 MC

During an intense training session, an athlete's ventilation rate increases. What is the primary reason for this immediate physiological response?

  1. To increase oxygen delivery to working muscles and remove carbon dioxide
  2. To increase oxygen delivery to the lungs
  3. To decrease carbon dioxide levels in the blood
  4. To reduce heart rate during exercise
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A:  To increase oxygen delivery to working muscles and remove carbon dioxide

  • Ventilation rate increases to deliver more oxygen to working muscles and remove carbon dioxide produced during exercise.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Ventilation increases oxygen delivery to working muscles, not just the lungs
  • C is incorrect: Ventilation increases to remove carbon dioxide and deliver oxygen, not just decrease carbon dioxide.
  • D is incorrect: Increased ventilation doesn’t reduce heart rate during exercise.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 293

Describe how you would apply the FITT principle to design an aerobic training program for a beginner jogger.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Frequency

  • 3 sessions per week allowing for adequate recovery between sessions for a beginner.

Intensity

  • Low to moderate intensity (50-60% of maximum heart rate) to build an aerobic base without causing excessive fatigue.

Time

  • Start with 20-30 minutes per session and gradually increase as fitness improves.
  • The program would start with shorter sessions that incorporate walking breaks when needed to build the participant’s confidence and avoid injury.

Type

  • Continuous jogging at a steady pace on flat terrain to develop basic aerobic endurance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Frequency

  • 3 sessions per week allowing for adequate recovery between sessions for a beginner.

Intensity

  • Low to moderate intensity (50-60% of maximum heart rate) to build an aerobic base without causing excessive fatigue.

Time

  • Start with 20 – 30 minutes per session and gradually increase as fitness improves.
  • The program would start with shorter sessions that incorporate walking breaks when needed to build the participant’s confidence and avoid injury.

Type

  • Continuous jogging at a steady pace on flat terrain to develop basic aerobic endurance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 289

Describe two ways that the 'Type' component of the FITT principle can be varied in an anaerobic training program for a rugby player.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Circuit training can be implemented to improve muscular endurance and anaerobic capacity, with stations focusing on rugby-specific movements like explosive tackles, quick direction changes, and power-based exercises with short rest periods.
  • Sprint interval training can be used to develop the alactic anaerobic system needed for short bursts in rugby, varying between linear sprints, shuttle runs, and multi-directional sprints to replicate game demands.
  • Plyometric exercises can be incorporated to develop explosive power needed for jumping, tackling, and accelerating, using exercises like box jumps, depth jumps, and bound variations.
  • Resistance training with heavy loads (80-90% 1RM) and low repetitions can be used to build strength and power needed for rugby contact situations, focusing on compound movements like squats, deadlifts, and presses.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Circuit training can be implemented to improve muscular endurance and anaerobic capacity, with stations focusing on rugby-specific movements like explosive tackles, quick direction changes, and power-based exercises with short rest periods.
  • Sprint interval training can be used to develop the alactic anaerobic system needed for short bursts in rugby, varying between linear sprints, shuttle runs, and multi-directional sprints to replicate game demands.
  • Plyometric exercises can be incorporated to develop explosive power needed for jumping, tackling, and accelerating, using exercises like box jumps, depth jumps, and bound variations.
  • Resistance training with heavy loads (80-90% 1RM) and low repetitions can be used to build strength and power needed for rugby contact situations, focusing on compound movements like squats, deadlifts, and presses.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 288

Explain how you would modify the 'Frequency' component of the FITT principle for a netball player during pre-season versus in-season anaerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • During pre-season, the frequency of anaerobic training would be higher at 3-4 sessions per week to build a fitness base when there are no competitive matches.
  • In-season frequency would reduce to 1-2 dedicated anaerobic sessions per week to accommodate match play and avoid overtraining.
  • Recovery time between anaerobic sessions would be shorter during pre-season (24-48 hours) compared to in-season (48-72 hours) due to the additional fatigue from competitive matches.
  • As the finals approach, frequency might further decrease to focus on quality rather than quantity, ensuring players are fresh for competition while maintaining anaerobic capacity.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • During pre-season, the frequency of anaerobic training would be higher at 3-4 sessions per week to build a fitness base when there are no competitive matches.
  • In-season frequency would reduce to 1-2 dedicated anaerobic sessions per week to accommodate match play and avoid overtraining.
  • Recovery time between anaerobic sessions would be shorter during pre-season (24-48 hours) compared to in-season (48-72 hours) due to the additional fatigue from competitive matches.
  • As the finals approach, frequency might further decrease to focus on quality rather than quantity, ensuring players are fresh for competition while maintaining anaerobic capacity.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 283

Describe the FITT principle and its application to anaerobic training.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer 

  • The FITT principle is a framework that helps design effective fitness programs by focusing on Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (duration), and Type (what kind of exercise).
  • For anaerobic training, Frequency typically involves 3-4 sessions per week to allow adequate recovery between sessions.
  • Intensity should be high (80-95% of maximum heart rate or 1RM) as anaerobic training focuses on power and speed.
  • Time for anaerobic training involves short bursts of activity (10-60 seconds) followed by rest periods.
  • Type of training includes activities like sprint intervals, plyometrics, and resistance training that utilise the ATP-PCr or lactic acid energy systems.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

  • The FITT principle is a framework that helps design effective fitness programs by focusing on Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (duration), and Type (what kind of exercise).
  • For anaerobic training, Frequency typically involves 3-4 sessions per week to allow adequate recovery between sessions.
  • Intensity should be high (80-95% of maximum heart rate or 1RM) as anaerobic training focuses on power and speed.
  • Time for anaerobic training involves short bursts of activity (10-60 seconds) followed by rest periods.
  • Type of training includes activities like sprint intervals, plyometrics, and resistance training that utilise the ATP-PCr or lactic acid energy systems.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 282 MC

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of the 'Intensity' component of the FITT principle when applied to anaerobic training?

  1. The number of training sessions performed each week
  2. The duration of each workout or exercise session
  3. The level of exertion or effort during the activity expresed as a percentage of maximum heart rate or 1RM
  4. The specific exercise selection within the workout plan
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: The level of exertion or effort during the activity expressed as a percentage of maximum heart rate or 1RM

  • Intensity refers to how hard an individual is exercising, often measured as a percentage of maximum heart rate or 1RM (one-repetition maximum).

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Describes the Frequency component of FITT.
  • B is incorrect: Describes the Time component of FITT.
  • D is incorrect: Describes the Type component of FITT.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 280 MC

The FITT principle includes which of the following components?

  1. Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
  2. Flexibility, Intensity, Training, Threshold
  3. Frequency, Intervals, Timing, Technique
  4. Function, Intensity, Time, Type
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option A: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type

  • The FITT principle stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type.

Other Options:

  • B is incorrect: Flexibility and Threshold are not part of the FITT acronym.
  • C is incorrect: Intervals, Timing, and Technique are not part of the FITT acronym.
  • D is incorrect: Function is not part of the FITT acronym.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 277

Explain how you would apply each component of the FITT principle when designing an aerobic training program for a recreational tennis player.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Frequency:

  • 3-4 sessions per week with 24-48 hours between sessions to allow for recovery while providing sufficient training stimulus.
  • This accounts for the recreational player’s likely participation in tennis matches 1-2 times per week.

Intensity:

  • Primarily moderate intensity (65-75% MHR) for continuous training sessions to develop aerobic base, with one session per week at higher intensity (75-85% MHR) using intervals to develop lactate threshold.
  • Heart rate monitoring or Rating of Perceived Exertion (12-14 on Borg scale) can be used to ensure appropriate intensity.

Time:

  • 20-40 minutes per aerobic training session, with progressive increases of 5-10% every 2 weeks as adaptation occurs.
  • Interval sessions would include work periods of 2-4 minutes with 1-2 minute recovery periods, totaling 20-30 minutes of training time.

Type:

  • A variety of training modes including court-based movement patterns, continuous running, and interval training with tennis-specific movements.
  • Incorporating the racquet during some conditioning sessions increases specificity and maintains technical skill development.

Progression:

  • The program would gradually increase in all components over an 8-12 week period, with monitoring of adaptation through tennis-specific fitness tests and on-court performance.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Frequency:

  • 3-4 sessions per week with 24-48 hours between sessions to allow for recovery while providing sufficient training stimulus.
  • This accounts for the recreational player’s likely participation in tennis matches 1-2 times per week.

Intensity:

  • Primarily moderate intensity (65-75% MHR) for continuous training sessions to develop aerobic base, with one session per week at higher intensity (75-85% MHR) using intervals to develop lactate threshold.
  • Heart rate monitoring or Rating of Perceived Exertion (12-14 on Borg scale) can be used to ensure appropriate intensity.

Time:

  • 20-40 minutes per aerobic training session, with progressive increases of 5-10% every 2 weeks as adaptation occurs.
  • Interval sessions would include work periods of 2-4 minutes with 1-2 minute recovery periods, totaling 20-30 minutes of training time.

Type:

  • A variety of training modes including court-based movement patterns, continuous running, and interval training with tennis-specific movements.
  • Incorporating the racquet during some conditioning sessions increases specificity and maintains technical skill development.

Progression:

  • The program would gradually increase in all components over an 8-12 week period, with monitoring of adaptation through tennis-specific fitness tests and on-court performance.

Statistics, SPEC1 2024 VCAA 6

The production of a brand of weed trimmer involves three stages, Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3, which take hours, hours and hours, respectively. Here and are independent random variables, which may be assumed to be normally distributed. Assume that Stage 2 starts immediately after Stage 1 ends and that Stage 3 starts immediately after Stage 2 ends.

The mean, standard deviation and cost at each stage are shown in the table below.

  1. Find the mean and the variance of the total time to produce one weed trimmer.   (1 mark)

  2. Find the variance of the total cost to produce one weed trimmer.   (2 marks)
  3. If a single weed trimmer is produced, find the probability that the time spent at Stage 2 will be less than the time spent at Stage 1.
  4. Give your answer correct to two decimal places.
  5. Use  ,  where is the standard normal variable with mean 0 and standard deviation 1.  (2 marks)

Show Answers Only

a.   

b.   

c.   

Show Worked Solution

a.   


 

b.   


 

♦ Mean mark (b) 45%.

c.   

 
   
   
♦ Mean mark (c) 50%.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 274 MC

A cross-country runner wants to improve their aerobic capacity. Which frequency component of the FITT principle is most appropriate for their training program?

  1. Training once per week with high intensity
  2. Training twice per week with moderate intensity
  3. Training 4-5 times per week with moderate-high intensity
  4. Training daily with maximum intensity
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: Training 4-5 times per week with moderate-high intensity

  • Provides sufficient frequency for aerobic adaptations while allowing adequate recovery.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Once weekly is insufficient frequency to develop aerobic capacity regardless of intensity.
  • B is incorrect: Twice weekly is below the minimum frequency needed for optimal aerobic development.
  • D is incorrect: Daily maximum intensity training would not allow sufficient recovery and could lead to overtraining.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 272 MC

For a basketball guard focusing on improving their aerobic endurance, which of the following best represents the appropriate application of the FITT principle?

  1. Frequency: 1-2 times per week; Intensity: 95% max heart rate; Time: 5-10 minutes; Type: Sprint training
  2. Frequency: 3-4 times per week; Intensity: 70-85% max heart rate; Time: 30-45 minutes; Type: Continuous training
  3. Frequency: daily training; Intensity: 50-60% max heart rate; Time: 60+ minutes; Type: Long slow distance
  4. Frequency: 2-3 times per week; Intensity: maximal effort; Time: 15-20 minutes; Type: Resistance training
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option B:  Weeks 1-2: 15-20 minutes; Weeks 3-4: 20-25 minutes; Weeks 5-6: 25-30 minutes

  • For aerobic endurance development in basketball, moderate-to-high intensity continuous training at 70-85% MHR for 30-45 minutes, 3-4 times per week provides the optimal stimulus.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: This represents anaerobic training with insufficient frequency for aerobic development.
  • C is incorrect: Daily training would not allow sufficient recovery, and the intensity is too low for optimal aerobic development.
  • D is incorrect: Resistance training primarily develops strength rather than aerobic endurance.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 271

Explain how the FITT principle can be applied when designing an aerobic training program for a middle-distance runner.   (5 marks)

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Sample Answer

Frequency:

  • 4-5 sessions per week allowing for sufficient recovery between sessions to prevent overtraining while providing adequate stimulus for adaptation.

Intensity:

  • 70-85% of maximum heart rate to develop aerobic capacity and improve lactate threshold which is critical for middle-distance events.

Time:

  • 30-60 minutes per session to develop endurance without excessive fatigue that could lead to injury.

Type:

  • Combination of continuous running, tempo runs and fartlek training to develop aerobic capacity while simulating race conditions.

Progession:

  • The FITT principle ensures a structured approach to training that addresses specific requirements of middle-distance running while allowing for progressive overload.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answe

Frequency:

  • 4-5 sessions per week allowing for sufficient recovery between sessions to prevent overtraining while providing adequate stimulus for adaptation.

Intensity:

  • 70-85% of maximum heart rate to develop aerobic capacity and improve lactate threshold which is critical for middle-distance events.

Time:

  • 30-60 minutes per session to develop endurance without excessive fatigue that could lead to injury.

Type:

  • Combination of continuous running, tempo runs and fartlek training to develop aerobic capacity while simulating race conditions.

Progession:

  • The FITT principle ensures a structured approach to training that addresses specific requirements of middle-distance running while allowing for progressive overload.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 268

Outline how the 'Frequency' component of the FITT principle differs for aerobic and anaerobic training programs.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Aerobic training programs typically include 3-5 sessions per week as they can be performed on consecutive days due to faster recovery of the aerobic system and lower neuromuscular fatigue.
  • Anaerobic training programs require more recovery time between sessions due to higher neuromuscular fatigue and greater muscle damage, typically limiting frequency to 2-4 sessions per week with 48-72 hours between high-intensity sessions.
  • Both programs need to consider the individual’s fitness level, with beginners requiring fewer sessions per week (2-3) compared to advanced athletes (4-6) to allow adequate recovery and adaptation.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Aerobic training programs typically include 3-5 sessions per week as they can be performed on consecutive days due to faster recovery of the aerobic system and lower neuromuscular fatigue.
  • Anaerobic training programs require more recovery time between sessions due to higher neuromuscular fatigue and greater muscle damage, typically limiting frequency to 2-4 sessions per week with 48-72 hours between high-intensity sessions.
  • Both programs need to consider the individual’s fitness level, with beginners requiring fewer sessions per week (2-3) compared to advanced athletes (4-6) to allow adequate recovery and adaptation.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 267

Outline how the 'Time' component of the FITT principle should be applied when designing an anaerobic training program.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • The time component for anaerobic training involves both work interval duration and total session duration, with work intervals typically lasting 10-60 seconds depending on the energy system targeted.
  • Total session duration is usually shorter than aerobic sessions (15-30 minutes of actual high-intensity work) due to the higher intensity and greater physiological stress.
  • Progression of the time component should be gradual (increasing by 5-10% per week) to allow adaptation while avoiding overtraining, with consideration for the athlete’s recovery ability and sport requirements.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • The time component for anaerobic training involves both work interval duration and total session duration, with work intervals typically lasting 10-60 seconds depending on the energy system targeted.
  • Total session duration is usually shorter than aerobic sessions (15-30 minutes of actual high-intensity work) due to the higher intensity and greater physiological stress.
  • Progression of the time component should be gradual (increasing by 5-10% per week) to allow adaptation while avoiding overtraining, with consideration for the athlete’s recovery ability and sport requirements.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 266

Describe how you would apply the 'Intensity' component of the FITT principle when designing an aerobic training program for a basketball player.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Initial phase:

  • Moderate intensity (65-75% MHR) to develop aerobic base, focusing on longer continuous training sessions to improve cardiac efficiency and foundation endurance.

Development phase:

  • Moderate-high intensity (75-85% MHR) incorporating interval training to develop the lactate threshold, which is crucial for basketball players who need to recover quickly between high-intensity bursts.

Sport-specific phase:

  • Game-intensity training (70-90% MHR with variations) using basketball-specific drills and small-sided games to simulate match demands while maintaining the training stimulus.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

Initial phase:

  • Moderate intensity (65-75% MHR) to develop aerobic base, focusing on longer continuous training sessions to improve cardiac efficiency and foundation endurance.

Development phase:

  • Moderate-high intensity (75-85% MHR) incorporating interval training to develop the lactate threshold, which is crucial for basketball players who need to recover quickly between high-intensity bursts.

Sport-specific phase:

  • Game-intensity training (70-90% MHR with variations) using basketball-specific drills and small-sided games to simulate match demands while maintaining the training stimulus.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 263 MC

A soccer midfielder is designing an aerobic training program during the off-season. According to the FITT principle, which intensity range would be most appropriate for the initial phase of training?

  1. 30-40% of maximum heart rate
  2. 50-60% of maximum heart rate
  3. 65-75% of maximum heart rate
  4. 85-95% of maximum heart rate
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C: 65-75% of maximum heart rate

  • 65-75% of maximum heart rate represents an appropriate moderate intensity to develop aerobic base fitness in the initial off-season phase.

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: 30-40% is too low for effective aerobic development and represents warm-up intensity.
  • B is incorrect: 50-60% is low-moderate intensity, generally used for active recovery or very early conditioning.
  • D is incorrect: 85-95% is too high for initial aerobic development and represents anaerobic training intensities.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 2 MC

A cyclist rides 500 m to the west and then turns to travel 1200 m to the north. What is the cyclist's final displacement?

  1. 1700 m
  2. 1700 m bearing N 23 W
  3. 1300 m bearing N 67 W
  4. 1300 m bearing N 23 W
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Show Worked Solution

Using vector addition:

 
 
   

 

Calculus, SPEC1 2024 VCAA 3

Let 

The rule can be written in the form  ,  where .

  1. Show that    and  .   (1 mark)

  2. The graph of has one turning point.  
  3. Find the coordinates of this turning point.  (2 marks)

  4. Sketch the graph of    on the set of axes below. Label the asymptotes with their equations and the axial intercepts with their coordinates.   (3 marks)
     

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a.   

b.   

c.   
       

Show Worked Solution

a.   
   
   
   

 

b.   

 
 
 

 


 

c.   

♦♦ Mean mark (c) 31%.
 
        

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 252

Describe how a soccer player would benefit from incorporating both continuous aerobic training and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in their training program.  (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Continuous aerobic training would improve the soccer player’s aerobic endurance, enabling them to maintain moderate intensity activity throughout a 90-minute match without excessive fatigue.
  • It would enhance their cardiovascular efficiency through adaptations like increased stroke volume, cardiac output and capillary density.
  • HIIT would improve the player’s ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts during crucial game moments, such as sprinting to make a tackle or scoring opportunity.
  • HIIT develops both aerobic and anaerobic fitness, improving the player’s lactate threshold and ability to recover quickly between high-intensity efforts.
  • Using both training methods provides a more complete conditioning approach that mimics the varied intensity demands experienced during soccer matches.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Continuous aerobic training would improve the soccer player’s aerobic endurance, enabling them to maintain moderate intensity activity throughout a 90-minute match without excessive fatigue.
  • It would enhance their cardiovascular efficiency through adaptations like increased stroke volume, cardiac output and capillary density.
  • HIIT would improve the player’s ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts during crucial game moments, such as sprinting to make a tackle or scoring opportunity.
  • HIIT develops both aerobic and anaerobic fitness, improving the player’s lactate threshold and ability to recover quickly between high-intensity efforts.
  • Using both training methods provides a more complete conditioning approach that mimics the varied intensity demands experienced during soccer matches.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 5 MC

A stone is tossed vertically upward from the edge of a canyon. It rises 9 meters above the rim before falling down to the canyon floor, which is 27 meters below the rim.

What is the total distance travelled by the stone?

  1. 36 m
  2. 42 m
  3. 45 m
  4. 48 m
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Show Worked Solution

→ The distance the stone travels from the edge of the canyon up into the air and back down to the edge of the canyon is 9 m + 9 m = 18 m.

→ The distance travelled by the stone from the edge of the canyon to the bottom of the canyon is 27 m.

→ The total distance travelled by the stone is 18 m + 27 m = 45 m.

EXAMCOPY MattTest Indenting

Consider the function , where

Part of the graph of is shown below.
 

  1. State the range of .   (1 mark)

  2. Matt 1
    1. lskdjflsdkfj 
    2. sldkjfsldkfj 
    1. Something
    1. abc
    2. def
  5. slkflskdfj
    1. slkdfjlsdkfj
    2. sdlkjfsdlkfj
    1. lskjdflksd
    2. sdkjflsdkfj
  7. See the items below
    1. first
    2. second
    3. third
    4. fourth
    5. fifth
    1. Find .   (2 marks)

    2. State the maximal domain over which is strictly increasing.   (1 mark)
    1. slkdjflskdfj 
    2. slkdfjlsdkfj
  10. lsksdlkfj
    1. sdflkjsd
    2. sdlfkj
    1. sdfsdlkf
  12. slkdfsldkfj
    1. slkdfjsldkfj
  13. Show that .   (1 mark)

  14. Find the domain and the rule of , the inverse of .   (3 marks)
  15. Let be the function , where and .
  1. The inverse function of is defined by .
  2. The area of the regions bound by the functions and can be expressed as a function, .
  3. The graph below shows the relevant area shaded.
     

  1. You are not required to find or define .
  1. Determine the range of values of such that .   (1 mark)

  2. Explain why the domain of does not include all values of .   (1 mark)

Show Answers Only
a.    
b.i
b.ii
c.
d.
e.i 
e.ii No bounded area for
Show Worked Solution

a.   is the range.

b.i   
 
   
     
   
     

 
b.ii 

c.    
   

 
d.   To find the inverse swap and in

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
    Domain:
  

e.i   The vertical dilation factor of  is 

For ,

   [Using CAS]


♦♦♦♦ Mean mark (e.i) 10%.
MARKER’S COMMENT: Incorrect responses included and .

e.ii  When for  (or for  ) there is no bounded area.

  There will be no bounded area for .


♦♦♦♦ Mean mark (e.ii) 10%.

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 12

A skydiver jumps from a stationary aircraft and yells as soon as she starts falling. Four seconds later, while still falling, she hears the echo of her shout from the ground below.

  1. Calculate how far the skydiver has fallen after 4 seconds.   (1 mark)
  2. What is the total distance the sound of their shout travelled in 4 seconds? (Hint: the speed of sound is 340 m/s)   (1 mark)
  3. Determine the altitude from which the skydiver jumped if this scenario occurred.   (2 marks)
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a.    

b.    

c.    

Show Worked Solution

a.   

Using the formula


 

b.    
 

c.    Let initial height of the skydiver be .

→ When the skydiver hears the echo of their scream they would be at a height of .

→ As the sound of the scream travelled both of those distances:

 
 
 

PHYSICS, M1 EQ-Bank 2-3 MC

Using the velocity-time graph below
 

 
Part 1

Determine the magnitude of the displacement:

 
Part 2

Determine the average acceleration between 4 and 8 seconds:

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Part 1: 

Part 2: 

Show Worked Solution

Part 1

→ The displacement for the motion can be calculated by find the area under the velocity time graph. 

→ By splitting the graph up into the square and triangle, the area under the curve is:


 

Part 2

→ Average acceleration between t=4 and t=8 is:

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 247

Explain how heart rate monitoring can be used to ensure appropriate intensity in both aerobic and anaerobic training sessions.  (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Aerobic training intensity is effectively monitored through steady-state heart rate zones (60-75% max HR).
    • Example: distance runner maintaining 140-160 bpm during 45-minute continuous run.
  • HIIT sessions successfully utilise heart rate monitoring to ensure high-intensity work periods reach 85-95% max HR, while recovery periods return to 60-70% max HR.
  • Heart rate recovery between intervals provides an effective indicator of fitness improvements.
    • Example: faster return to recovery zone indicates improved cardiovascular adaptation.
  • Technology such as heart rate monitors with zone alerts proves effective in maintaining target intensities.
    • Example: alarm sounds if athlete drops below aerobic training zone.
  • Regular monitoring of resting heart rate effectively tracks overall training adaptation and potential overtraining.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Aerobic training intensity is effectively monitored through steady-state heart rate zones (60-75% max HR).
    • Example: distance runner maintaining 140-160 bpm during 45-minute continuous run.
  • HIIT sessions successfully utilise heart rate monitoring to ensure high-intensity work periods reach 85-95% max HR, while recovery periods return to 60-70% max HR.
  • Heart rate recovery between intervals provides an effective indicator of fitness improvements.
    • Example: faster return to recovery zone indicates improved cardiovascular adaptation.
  • Technology such as heart rate monitors with zone alerts proves effective in maintaining target intensities.
    • Example: alarm sounds if athlete drops below aerobic training zone.
  • Regular monitoring of resting heart rate effectively tracks overall training adaptation and potential overtraining.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 240

Describe how Sprint Interval Training (SIT) could be used in a netball training program.   (4 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • SIT involves very high intensity work periods (>95% effort) with complete rest intervals, targeting anaerobic power development.
  • This training method is particularly relevant to netball which requires repeated explosive movements interspersed with recovery periods.
  • Example netball session: 6 x 30 second court sprints incorporating game-specific movements such as changes of direction, acceleration/deceleration and defensive slides. Each sprint should be performed at maximal effort to develop power and speed.
  • Allowing 2-3 minutes complete rest between efforts enables ATP-PCr system recovery. This ensures each subsequent effort can be performed at maximal intensity, optimising training adaptations for power and speed development.
  • Develops repeat sprint ability needed for transitioning between attack/defense.
  • The program should follow progressive overload principles by gradually increasing repetitions (from 6 to 10), reducing rest periods (from 3 to 2 minutes), or increasing work duration (30 to 45 seconds) as players’ fitness improves across the season.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • SIT involves very high intensity work periods (>95% effort) with complete rest intervals, targeting anaerobic power development.
  • This training method is particularly relevant to netball which requires repeated explosive movements interspersed with recovery periods.
  • Example netball session: 6 x 30 second court sprints incorporating game-specific movements such as changes of direction, acceleration/deceleration and defensive slides. Each sprint should be performed at maximal effort to develop power and speed.
  • Allowing 2-3 minutes complete rest between efforts enables ATP-PCr system recovery. This ensures each subsequent effort can be performed at maximal intensity, optimising training adaptations for power and speed development.
  • Develops repeat sprint ability needed for transitioning between attack/defense.
  • The program should follow progressive overload principles by gradually increasing repetitions (from 6 to 10), reducing rest periods (from 3 to 2 minutes), or increasing work duration (30 to 45 seconds) as players’ fitness improves across the season.

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 239

Outline the key differences between aerobic and anaerobic training methods.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

  • Aerobic training involves continuous activity at moderate intensity for extended periods (e.g., >20 mins) with oxygen as primary energy source
  • Anaerobic training involves high intensity activity for short durations with structured rest periods (e.g., HIIT 30 sec work/30 sec rest)
  • Aerobic training develops cardiovascular endurance through increased stroke volume, decreased resting heart rate and improved oxygen delivery to muscles
  • Anaerobic training develops power, speed and muscular strength through enhanced fast twitch muscle fibre recruitment and increased tolerance to lactic acid
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer

  • Aerobic training involves continuous activity at moderate intensity for extended periods (e.g., >20 mins) with oxygen as the primary energy source
  • Anaerobic training involves high intensity activity for short durations with structured rest periods (e.g., HIIT 30 sec work/30 sec rest)
  • Aerobic training develops cardiovascular endurance through increased stroke volume, decreased resting heart rate and improved oxygen delivery to muscles
  • Anaerobic training develops power, speed and muscular strength through enhanced fast twitch muscle fibre recruitment and increased tolerance to lactic acid

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 236 MC

A basketball coach implements this drill:

  • 20 seconds maximum effort sprints
  • 10 seconds rest
  • 8 repetitions
  • 3 sets
  • 2 minutes rest between sets

This training method is:

  1. Fartlek training
  2. Continuous training
  3. High Intensity Interval Training
  4. Circuit training
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option C:  High Intensity Interval Training

  • Structured high intensity work periods with defined rest represents HIIT

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Fartlek doesn’t have structured intervals
  • B is incorrect: Continuous training has no rest periods
  • D is incorrect: Circuit training involves different exercises

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 232 MC

A netball team's coach implements the following training program:

  • 30-second high-intensity sprints
  • 30 seconds rest between sets
  • 10 repetitions

This training method is best classified as:

  1. Continuous aerobic training
  2. Fartlek training
  3. Circuit training
  4. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
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Show Worked Solution

Consider Option D: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

  • The structured high-intensity intervals with set rest periods is characteristic of HIIT training

Other Options:

  • A is incorrect: Continuous aerobic training does not include rest intervals
  • B is incorrect: Fartlek training involves varied speeds but not structured intervals
  • C is incorrect: Circuit training involves different exercises at stations

HMS, BM EQ-Bank 226

Outline TWO characteristics of continuous training that make it suitable for improving cardiorespiratory endurance.   (3 marks)

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Sample Answer

Characteristics: Duration – Intensity – Rest Periods (Any two)

  • Long duration (20+ mins) is essential as it allows sufficient time for the aerobic energy system to become the primary energy source, enabling adaptations such as increased stroke volume and improved oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Moderate intensity (60-75% MHR) enables a steady state of exercise to be maintained without causing early fatigue, allowing the cardiovascular system to efficiently supply oxygen and remove waste products over an extended period.
  • No rest periods forces continuous oxygen delivery to working muscles which enhances aerobic adaptations over time, including increased capillarization and improved gas exchange in the lungs.
Show Worked Solution

Sample Answer 

Characteristics: Duration – Intensity – Rest Periods (Any two)

  • Long duration (20+ mins) is essential as it allows sufficient time for the aerobic energy system to become the primary energy source, enabling adaptations such as increased stroke volume and improved oxygen delivery to working muscles.
  • Moderate intensity (60-75% MHR) enables a steady state of exercise to be maintained without causing early fatigue, allowing the cardiovascular system to efficiently supply oxygen and remove waste products over an extended period.
  • No rest periods forces continuous oxygen delivery to working muscles which enhances aerobic adaptations over time, including increased capillarization and improved gas exchange in the lungs.