On another planet, a ball is launched vertically into the air from the ground. The height above the ground, `h` metres, can be modelled using the function `h=-6 t^2+24t`, where `t` is measured in seconds. The graph of the function is shown. --- 1 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) --- --- 3 WORK AREA LINES (style=lined) ---
Networks, STD2 N2 2023 HSC 17
The table shows some of the flight distances (rounded to the nearest 10 km) between various Australian cities.
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Algebra, STD2 M7 2023 HSC 16
The graph shows Peta's heart rate, in beats per minute, during the first 60 minutes of a marathon.
- What was Peta's heart rate 20 minutes after she started her marathon? (1 mark)
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- Peta started the marathon at 10 am. At what time would her heart rate first reach 140 beats/minute? (1 mark)
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Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2023 HSC 4 MC
A delivery truck was valued at $65 000 when new. The value of the truck depreciates at a rate of 22 cents per kilometre travelled.
What is the value of the truck after it has travelled a total distance of 132 600 km?
- $35 828
- $29 172
- $14 872
- $14 300
Financial Maths, STD2 F1 2023 HSC 1 MC
An amount of $2500 is invested at a simple interest rate of 3% per annum.
How much interest is earned in the first two years?
- $75
- $150
- $2575
- $2652
BIOLOGY, M3 2013 HSC 16 MC
The theory of evolution has been supported by studying the structures of vertebrate forelimbs from the fossil record.
This type of study is best described as
- biogeography.
- comparative biochemistry.
- comparative embryology.
- palaeontology.
BIOLOGY, M2 2014 HSC 35a
- Name a scientist from the 17th or 18th century who contributed to the development of ideas on the structure and function of plants. (1 mark)
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- Outline how the findings from a 17th or 18th century experiment informed scientists about plant structure and/or function. (3 marks)
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BIOLOGY, M1 2014 HSC 9 MC
What is the width of Cell Y?
- 3 mm
- 13 mm
- 130 \( \mu \)m
- 180 \( \mu \)m
BIOLOGY, M3 2015 HSC 1 MC
What is the name of the theory which describes evolution as patterns of rapid first appearances or extinctions followed by periods of little or no change?
- Gradualism
- Convergence
- Adaptive radiation
- Punctuated equilibrium
BIOLOGY, M3 2017 HSC 5 MC
BIOLOGY, M3 2018 HSC 5 MC
Darwin and Wallace proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Punctuated equilibrium differs from this theory in that punctuated equilibrium
- occurs in relatively short bursts of rapid change.
- requires genetic variation to exist in a population.
- is driven by selection pressures in the environment.
- discounts the idea that living organisms share a common ancestor.
BIOLOGY, M1 2017 HSC 10 MC
CHEMISTRY, M2 2005 HSC 25a
A student collected a 500 mL sample of water from a local creek for analysis. It was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The following data were collected.
\begin{array} {|l|r|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Mass of filter paper}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{0.16 g}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Mass of filter paper and solid}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{0.19 g}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Mass of evaporating basin}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{45.33 g}\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Mass of basin and solid remaining}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{45.59 g}\\
\hline
\end{array}
Calculate the percentage of total dissolved solids in the creek sample. (2 marks)
CHEMISTRY, M2 2005 HSC 3 MC
The heat of combustion of butan-1-ol \((\ce{C4H10O})\) is 2676 kJ mol\(^{-1}\).
What is the value of the heat of combustion in kJ g\(^{-1}\) ?
- 30.41
- 36.10
- 44.60
- 47.79
CHEMISTRY, M2 2006 HSC 18
A student studying the mass change that occurs during fermentation added glucose, water and yeast to a flask and stoppered the flask with some cotton wool.
The student measured the mass of the flask daily for seven days. The table shows the data collected.
\begin{array} {|c|c|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\ \ \ \textit{Day}\ \ \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \ \ \textit{Mass}\ \text{(g)}\ \ \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} 1 \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 381.05\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} 2 \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 376.96\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} 3 \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 373.42\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} 4 \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 370.44\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} 5 \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 370.42\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} 6 \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 370.40\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex} 7 \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & 370.39\\
\hline
\end{array}
- Calculate the moles of \(\ce{CO2}\) released between days 1 and 7. (1 mark)
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- Calculate the mass of glucose that underwent fermentation between days 1 and 7. Include a balanced chemical equation in your answer. (3 marks)
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CHEMISTRY, M2 2009 HSC 22
The nitrogen content of bread was determined using the following procedure:
-
- A sample of bread weighing 2.80 g was analysed.
- The nitrogen in the sample was converted into ammonia.
- The ammonia was collected in 50.0 mL of 0.125 mol L\(^{-1}\) hydrochloric acid. All of the ammonia was neutralised, leaving an excess of hydrochloric acid.
- The excess hydrochloric acid was titrated with 23.30 mL of 0.116 mol L\(^{-1}\) sodium hydroxide solution.
- Write balanced equations for the TWO reactions involving hydrochloric acid. (2 marks)
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- Calculate the moles of excess hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)
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- Calculate the moles of ammonia. (2 marks)
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- Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in the bread. (2 marks)
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CHEMISTRY, M2 2010 HSC 15 MC
What mass of ethanol \(\ce{C2H5OH}\) is obtained when 5.68 g of carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation, at 25°C and 100 kPa ?
\(\ce{C6H12O6 \rightarrow 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH}\)
- 2.95 g
- 5.95 g
- 33.6 g
- 147.2 g
CHEMISTRY, M2 2010 HSC 31ai
A student collected a 250 mL sample of water from a local dam for analysis. The data collected are shown in the table.
\begin{array} {|l|r|}
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Mass of filter paper}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{0.23 g} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Mass of filter paper and solid}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{0.47 g} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Mass of evaporating basin}\rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{43.53 g} \\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{2.5ex}\text{Mass of basin and solid remaining}\ \ \rule[-1ex]{0pt}{0pt} & \text{44.67 g} \\
\hline
\end{array}
The water was filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness.
Calculate the percentage of the total dissolved solids in the dam sample. (2 marks)
CHEMISTRY, M2 2012 HSC 5 MC
Which of the following is a balanced equation representing the fermentation of glucose?
- \(\ce{C6H12O6}(aq) \rightarrow \ce{2C3H6O3}(aq)\)
- \(\ce{C6H12O6}(aq) \rightarrow \ce{2C2H5OH}(aq) + \ce{2CO2}(g)\)
- \(\ce{C6H12O6}(a q) + \ce{6O2}(g) \rightarrow \ce{6CO2}(g) + \ce{6H2O}(l)\)
- \(\ce{C6H12O6}(aq) + \ce{3O2}(g) \rightarrow \ce{C2H5OH}(aq) + \ce{4CO2}(g) + \ce{3H2O}(l)\)
CHEMISTRY, M2 2013 HSC 4 MC
Butan-1-ol burns in oxygen according to the following equation.
\(\ce{C4H9OH(l)} + \ce{6O2(g)} \rightarrow \ce{4CO2(g)} + \ce{5H2O(l)} \)
How many moles of carbon dioxide would form if two moles of butan-1-ol were burnt in excess oxygen?
- 2
- 4
- 8
- 10
CHEMISTRY, M1 2008 HSC 18a
Draw Lewis electron dot structures for oxygen \( (\ce{O})\) and ozone \( (\ce{O3}) \). (2 marks)
CHEMISTRY, M1 2008 HSC 3 MC
Which term describes the relationship between oxygen and ozone?
- Allotropes
- Conjugates
- Isomers
- Isotopes
CHEMISTRY, M1 2009 HSC 30bi
What is the maximum number of electrons that a p-orbital can hold? (1 mark)
CHEMISTRY, M1 2009 HSC 4 MC
What flame colour is produced by barium ions in a flame test?
- Red
- Blue
- Green
- Orange
CHEMISTRY, M1 2009 HSC 1 MC
Which of the following is an important factor in predicting the nuclear stability of an isotope?
- Atomic radius
- Nuclear radius
- The ratio of neutrons to protons
- The ratio of electrons to protons
CHEMISTRY, M1 2015 HSC 3 MC
What flame colour do copper ions produce when heated?
- Brick red
- Blue-green
- Pale purple
- Yellow-orange
CHEMISTRY, M1 2013 HSC 6 MC
CHEMISTRY, M1 2013 HSC 5 MC
When placed in the Periodic Table, the recently discovered element 116 would be found in the same group as
- element 16.
- element 43.
- element 87.
- element 102 .
BIOLOGY, M4 2016 HSC 35c
- What are TWO features of chromosomes used in karyotype analysis? (2 marks)
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- Sketch a graph that depicts changes in human population over the last 10 000 years. Identify a point on the graph that shows the effect of a technological advance on world population. (2 marks)
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BIOLOGY, M3 2013 HSC 26
A virus was used to kill rabbits in Australia. After first release of the virus nearly all rabbits were killed, but over time the numbers recovered.
Outline how Darwin/Wallace's theory of evolution could be used to explain the recovery of rabbit numbers. (3 marks)
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BIOLOGY, M3 2016 HSC 22
Name an Australian ectotherm and describe its response to a decrease in ambient temperature. (2 marks)
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BIOLOGY, M2 2015 HSC 24
Data can be provided by a pulse oximeter pegged to a person's finger, as shown in the diagram.
- What is the oxygen saturation for this person? (1 mark)
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- Outline TWO limitations of using only the information provided in the diagram to determine the 'health' of a person. (2 marks)
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- Explain TWO advantages in using a pulse oximeter to measure oxygen saturation compared to using another named technology in a specific setting. (4 marks)
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BIOLOGY, M2 2016 HSC 27
The diagram shows a vascular bundle from a flowering plant.
- On the diagram, clearly label a xylem vessel. (1 mark)
- A mutation in this species causes the walls of the xylem vessels to be significantly reduced in thickness.
- Explain why the leaves of these mutant strains will wilt more easily. (3 marks)
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BIOLOGY, M2 2016 HSC 21
Give TWO potential benefits of artificial blood. (2 marks)
BIOLOGY, M1 2017 HSC 21
CHEMISTRY, M5 EQ-Bank 21
Potassium chloride readily dissolves in water. With the use of a labelled diagram, describe the changes in bonding and entropy that occurs during this process. (4 marks)
CHEMISTRY, M6 EQ-Bank 3 MC
The structure of an organic compound is shown.
Which row of the table correctly shows how this compound reacts with bromine water and with blue litmus?
CHEMISTRY, M5 EQ-Bank 22
Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas to form hydrogen iodide according to the following equation.
\( \ce{H2(g) + I2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2HI(g)}\) at 700 k
At equilibrium, the concentrations for \(\ce{H2, I2}\) and \(\ce{HI}\) are as follows: 0.326 mol L–1, 0.326 mol L–1 and 2.39 mol L–1 respectively.
What is the value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction? (2 marks)
CHEMISTRY, M5 EQ-Bank 3 MC
Consider the following reaction.
\( \ce{2NOCl(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)}\).
What is the equilibrium expression for this reaction?
- `(2[\text{NO}][\text{Cl}_2])/(2[\text{NOCl}])`
- `([\text{NO}]^(2)[\text{Cl}_2])/([\text{NOCl}]^(2))`
- `(2[\text{NOCl}])/(2[\text{NO}][\text{Cl}_2])`
- `([\text{NOCl}]^2)/(2[\text{NO}]^2[\text{Cl}_2])`
CHEMISTRY, M5 EQ-Bank 21
Three gases \(\ce{X, Y}\) and \(\ce{Z}\) were mixed in a closed container and allowed to reach equilibrium. A change was imposed at time \(\ce{$T$}\) and the equilibrium was re-established. The concentration of each gas is plotted against time.
- What is a possible change that was imposed at time \(\ce{$T$}\)? (1 mark)
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- Write a chemical reaction that is represented by the concentration graph above. (2 marks)
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CHEMISTRY, M7 EQ-Bank 23
- Design a procedure that can be used to produce the ester, ethyl ethanoate, in a school laboratory. (4 marks)
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- Describe a safety precaution in the production of an ester in a school laboratory. (2 marks)
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CHEMISTRY, M8 EQ-Bank 27
Explain how infrared spectroscopy is used in the analysis and identification of organic substances. (3 marks)
CHEMISTRY, M8 EQ-Bank 22
- The diagram is a schematic representation of a mass spectrometer.
- Name and outline the function of the part labelled `A` in the diagram. (2 marks)
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- Outline the advantages of using mass spectrometry for analysis of a compound. (3 marks)
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CHEMISTRY, M8 EQ-Bank 21
The diagram shows the deflection paths of different ions through a mass spectrometer.
Account for the different deflection paths. (3 marks)
CHEMISTRY, M5 EQ-Bank 4 MC
Particle reacts with particle to form the molecule . The system comes to an equilibrium.
The diagram shows the initial reactants.
Which combination of diagrams best represents the molecule in a dynamic equilibrium and a static equilibrium?
PHYSICS, M7 EQ-Bank 21
- A student was given a smartphone with a light sensor and an angle sensor, and a computer screen which emitted polarised light. A polariser was fixed over the top of the light sensor in the smartphone.
- The student wants to use this equipment to investigate Malus's Law of polarised light. Describe a procedure that is suitable for carrying out this investigation. (3 marks)
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- An experiment was conducted to demonstrate Malus's Law for plane polarisation of light. The results are shown in the graph.
- Based on the graph shown, how effective was the experiment in meeting its aim? (3 marks)
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PHYSICS, M7 EQ-Bank 3 MC
A spaceship sitting on its launch pad is measured to have a length `L`. This spaceship passes an outer planet at a speed of 0.95`c`.
Which observations of the length of the spaceship are correct?
PHYSICS, M7 EQ-Bank 1 MC
In which of the following areas of physics did James Clerk Maxwell NOT contribute to our understanding?
- The unification of electricity and magnetism through equations.
- Predicting light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
- Predicting the velocity of electromagnetic waves
- Validating the existence of electromagnetic waves
PHYSICS, M6 EQ-Bank 21
A current of 4.0 A flows in a wire that is placed in a magnetic field of 0.75 T. The wire is 0.80 m long and is at an angle of 45° to the field.
Calculate the force on the wire. (2 marks)
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PHYSICS, M6 EQ-Bank 24
Negatively charged particles were accelerated from rest between a pair of parallel metal plates. The potential difference between the plates was varied, and the final velocity of the particles was measured for each variation.
The data in the table show the potential difference between the plates and the square of the corresponding final velocity of the particles.
- Plot the data on the grid provided and draw a line of best fit.
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- A student hypothesised that the charged particles are electrons. Justify whether the student's hypothesis is correct or not. Support your answer using the data provided and relevant calculations.
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PHYSICS, M6 EQ-Bank 22
An 'electron gun' like that used by JJ Thomson is shown.
Electrons leave the cathode and are accelerated towards the anode.
- Show that the acceleration of the electrons as they just leave the cathode is `4 × 10^(16) \ text{m s}^(-2)`.
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- Calculate the velocity of an electron as it reaches the anode.
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PHYSICS, M6 EQ-Bank 2 MC
What is the role of a transformer at a power station?
- To reduce heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the current
- To reduce heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the voltage
- To increase heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the current
- To increase heating in the transmission lines by stepping up the voltage
PHYSICS, M6 EQ-Bank 2 MC
A student performed an experiment using two identical, current-carrying metal rods connected to a power supply. Rod `A` was placed at different distances from Rod `B`, and the measurements on the electronic balance were recorded.
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
- The current in `A`
- The length of the rods
- The mass recorded on the balance
- The distance between the two rods
BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 14
- Identify a disorder or disease, and describe how it affects the normal function of an organ. (2 marks)
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- Evaluate the effectiveness of a technology in managing the disorder or disease described in part (a). (4 marks)
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BIOLOGY, M7 EQ-Bank 23
The diagram shows the immune response after primary exposure to a pathogen.
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- On the diagram, continue the graph to show the immune response upon secondary exposure to the same pathogen. (2 marks)
- Using annotations on the diagram, explain the shape of the entire graph. (4 marks)
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BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 5 MC
Which of the following is an example of an educational program to reduce the incidence of skin cancer?
- An advertising campaign on TV to promote sun safety
- Making sunscreen freely available at pools and beaches
- Increasing the availability of free skin checks
- Providing free training to doctors to help them diagnose skin cancers
BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 4 MC
An investigation was undertaken to examine the cause of lactose intolerance, a non-infectious condition found in some humans who cannot digest milk. The investigation found variation in the occurrence of lactose intolerance in human populations from different parts of the world.
What is this investigation an example of?
- A study of ecosystems
- A microbiological study
- An epidemiological study
- A study of the human immune system
BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 1 MC
What is the main focus of the study of epidemiology?
- Skin diseases
- Changes in the characteristics of a species
- Factors involved in the occurrence, prevalence and spread of disease
- How the body maintains its functions in response to variations in the environment
BIOLOGY, M8 EQ-Bank 2 MC
The diagram shows a homeostatic mechanism in a mammal.
Which row of the table describes what happens to the muscles and the arteriole walls in the skin when the core body temperature is below normal?
BIOLOGY, M7 EQ-Bank 12
A practical investigation is to be carried out to test for the microbes found in food.
Complete the table to show how to minimise risks that are likely to arise in carrying out this investigation. (3 marks)
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